adoptive t-cell therapy for melanoma: trials and ... · automated closed systems for selection and...
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Adoptive T-cell Therapy for Melanoma:Trials and Tribulations in the
Quest for FDA ApprovalLaszlo G. Radvanyi
University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer CenterSITC Annual Meeting
Bethesda, MDOctober 27, 2012
Disclosures
• Genesis BioPharma
-
SAB
Presence of tumor-reactive T-cells in metastatic melanomas (TIL)
G1: Low SSC cells
100 101 102 103 104
CD8
100
101
102
103
104
MA
RT-
1 te
tram
er
0.6
31
100 101 102 103 104
CD8
100
101
102
103
104
gp10
0 te
tram
er
0.39
31.2
gp100 tetramer
M. Ross, L. Radvanyi
MART-1 tetramer
Gall bladder-associated metastasis
Directly infuse high numbersof expanded Tumor-infiltrating Lymphocytes (TIL)
Adoptive T-cell therapy (ACT):Increasing the tumor-specific T-cell army
Blockade
Tumor
IL-2
TIL versus single target Agapproaches (TCR/CAR transduction)
Mutanome(mutatopes)
Differentiationand self Ags
Recognizedby T cells
OKT3 + IL-2 + feeders
IL-2
REP stage
HD IL-2
Current state-of-the-art “selected”
TILACT protocol for melanoma
Lymphodepletedpatient (Cy + Flud)
Pre-REP stage(30-100 x 106) (20-150 x 109)
3-5 wks 2 wks
Tumor line /cryo
tumor cells
Selection of tumor-specific (↑
IFN-γ) fragments for REP
Timing of preconditioning and TIL+IL-2 therapy: MDACC
Day
215 22 26215 22 26
-7 -5 -1
0 1
-7 -5 -1
1
infusionTIL
High-doseIL-2
High-doseIL-2
Lymphodepletion
cytoxan fludarabine
Patient #2150/2153
Beforetherapy
1 month
18 months
Patient #2054/2256
Responses to TIL therapy
Response to TIL therapy
P re‐treatment1‐2 months
Pos t‐treatment
Response of brain metastasis to TIL
Waterfall plot of tumor regression in first 31 treated patients: MDACC
48% response rate(>50% decrease in tumor burden)
Clinical Response data from MDACC (as of July 10, 2012)
Best overall response:
*Some patients are still undergoing clinical response
Number ofpatients CR* PR* Total
51 2 (4%) 21(41%) 23 (45%)
12
Poster #1:
Bernatchez
et al.Adoptive cell therapy using expanded autologous
tumor-
infiltrating lymphocytes in metastatic
melanoma patients:Role of specific lymphocyte subsets
Kaplan-Meier curves of overall survival at MDACC (N=31)
Landmark analysis (from 3 month post-TIL)
Overall survival(from time of TIL infusion)
Growing Network of TIL Therapy Centers
NCI, MDMDACC, TX Sheba, IsraelMoffitt, FL
Uppsala, SwedenNKI, NL
Copenhagen, DKSeattle, WA
• Durable clinical responses in 40-50% of metastatic melanoma patients (NMA preparative regimen)
• Collectively, over 300
patients have been treatedover last 10 years with autologous
TIL+IL-2 (NMA)
Toronto, ON
Roadblocks to TIL Commercialization
Licensing /Commercialization
Roadblocks
• Labor-intensive • Long process (5-7 wks)
Selection of tumor-reactive TIL needed for best efficacy:-
Need tumor targets-
Unreliable in vitro assays
Open culture systems not amenable to automation
Practical “off-the-shelf”APCs
for TIL expansionNeeded (feeder problem)
No predictive biomarkersfor patient selection up-front:-
Tumor microenvironment-
Systemic/genetic elements
No reliable biomarkersof TIL product potency:-
Need biomarkers in TIL
Problem Solution• No reliable biomarkers of infused TIL potencypredictive of response
• Phenotypic biomarker analysis:-
T-cell EM subsets (CD8)-
Novel markers-
Function (Ag-specific / polyclonal)
• No predictive biomarkers forpatient selection for therapy:-
clinical response-
initial TIL outgrowth -
expanded TIL phenotypes
• Predictive tests before tumorresection for TIL outgrowth:-
IHC biomarkers in tumors-
gene expression in tumors-
systemic/genetic markers (blood)
• No method to isolatetumor-specific TIL up-front for expansion (save time)
• Selection from fresh TIL isolatesusing activation markers?
• PBMC feeder problem andavailability (costs)
• Off-the-shelf APCs
with definedstimulatory molecules
• Open systems too muchmanual handling (labor/cost)
• Automated closed systems forselection and expansion
Total TIL infused and CD8+ T cellsare critical parameters
CR/PR PD/SD0
20406080
100120140160
Clinical Response
Tota
l TIL
s in
fuse
d (x
109 ) p= 0.0002
CR/PR PD/SD0
20
40
60
80
100
p= 0.0009
Clinical Response
% C
D8+ T
-cel
l in
TIL
Total TIL and % CD8 TIL Infused andClinical Response: Sheba and MDACC Data
CR/PR PD/SD0
20
40
60
80
100 P= 0.0204
Clinical Response
% C
D8+ T
-cel
ls in
TIL
Sheba (N= 49) MDACC (N= 29)
CR/PR PD/SD0
20
40
60
80
100 P= 0.0011*
Clinical Response
% C
D8+ T
-cel
ls in
TIL
CR/PR PD/SD0
20406080
100120140160
P= 0.0003*
Clinical Response
Tota
l TIL
s in
fuse
d (x
109 )
Sheba + MDACC combined (N= 78)
CR/PR PD/SD0
20406080
100120140160
P< 0.0001*
Clinical Response
Tota
l TIL
s in
fuse
d (x
109 )
CR/PR PD/SD0
20
40
60
80
100P= 0.0002
Clinical Response
% C
D8+ T
-cel
ls in
TIL
CR/PR PD/SD0
20
40
60
80
100
120 P= 0.0077
Clinical Response
Tota
l TIL
s in
fuse
d (x
109 )
CR/PR PD/SD0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140P< 0.0001*
Clinical Response
Tota
l CD
8+ T
ILs
infu
sed
(x 1
09 )
Analysis of CD8+ T-cell differentiation status in infused TIL
TEM TEFF
CD45RA-CD62L+CD27+CD28+
CD45RA-CD62L-CD27+CD28+GB+Perf-
CD45RA-CD62L-CD27-CD28+GB++Perf+
PD-1BTLATIM-3
CD45RA-/+CD62L-CD27-CD28-CD57+GB++Perf++
TTDETCM/MSC
PD-1 and BTLA expression on CD8+ TIL
PD-1 BTLA TIM-30
20
40
60
80
100P< 0.05
CD8+ T-cell marker%
in C
D8+ p
opul
atio
n
Analysis of all patients (N=31)
FSC
SSC
Aqua
SSC
CD8
CD
4
PD-1
BTL
A
19 2
74 4
TIL #2144
Viable
FSC
SSC Viable
CD8
CD
4
PD-1
BTL
A
48 13
32 7
Aqua
SSC
TIL #2124
FSC
SSC Viable
CD8
CD
4
PD-1
BTL
A
48 13
32 7
Aqua
SSC
TIL #2124FSC
SSC
Aqua
SSC
CD8
CD
4
PD-1
BTL
A
17 50
13 20
TIL #2131
Post-REP TIL (treated)
BTLA+ TIL correlated with positive clinical response and not PD-1+ or TIM3+
CR/PR PD/SD0
20
40
60
80
100 P= 0.855
Clinical Response
% in
CD
8+ pop
ulat
ion
CR/PR PD/SD0
20
40
60
80
100 P= 0.104
Clinical Response
% in
CD
8+ pop
ulat
ion
P= 0.4987 P= 0.4943
CR/PR PD/SD0
20
40
60
80
100 P= 0.0023
Clinical Response
% in
CD
8+ pop
ulat
ion
P= 0.0034
CR/PR PD/SD0
20
40
60
80
100 P= 0.855
Clinical Response
% in
CD
8+ pop
ulat
ion
CR/PR PD/SD0
20
40
60
80
100 P= 0.104
Clinical Response
% in
CD
8+ pop
ulat
ion
P= 0.4987 P= 0.4943
CR/PR PD/SD0
20
40
60
80
100 P= 0.0023
Clinical Response
% in
CD
8+ pop
ulat
ion
P= 0.0034
PD-1 BTLA TIM-3
BTLA: “B-
and T- Lymphocyte Attenuator”
• Ig
family member (monomer like PD-1).• Negative costimulatory
molecule binding HVEM.
• May be a novel CD8+ T-cell differentiation marker.
Poster #8:
Haymaker et al.BTLA: New marker for a highly proliferative
CD8+ TIL subset
associated with melanoma regression during adoptivecell therapy
Persistence of CD8+BTLA+ TIL clones
Vβ gene family
Freq
uenc
y
CD8+BTLA-CD8+BTLA+
Infused TILDay 7
Day 21Day 40
CD8+BTLA+
Infused TIL
Day 7
Day 21
Day 40
CD8+BTLA-
Vβ gene family
Freq
uenc
y
CD8+BTLA-CD8+BTLA+
Infused TILDay 7
Day 21Day 40
CD8+BTLA+Infused TILDay 7
Day 21Day 40
Infused TILDay 7
Day 21Day 40
CD8+BTLA+
Infused TIL
Day 7
Day 21
Day 40
CD8+BTLA-Infused TIL
Day 7
Day 21
Day 40
Infused TIL
Day 7
Day 21
Day 40
CD8+BTLA-
BTLA+ BTLA-
Day 56
Infused TIL Vβ genes Persisting Vβ genes in bloodBTLA+ BTLA-
Day 0
Can biomarkers or signatures be identified as predictors of TIL efficacy?
Tumor
•T cell subsets• DCs•iNOS•NT•MDSCs•Chemokinesignatures
•IHC•Gene expression•RPPA
TIL
•Phenotype (subsets)•Function•Senescence issues•Gene expression•Ag specificity
•CD8 subsets•CTL activity•Gene expression•Telomere length•Methylome•Mutanome
andneo-epitopes?
Inbornhost factors
•“Immune phenotype”of patient•Tumor progressionfactors
•SNPs
(GWAS)•Inflammatorycytokines (serum)•Tumor markers
(serum)
SurgeryInitial TIL expansion
(Pre-REP phase)
4-5 weeks
FFPE / frozen tissue
PBMCSerum/plasma
Sample ofpre-REP TIL
TIL rapid expansion
(REP phase)
2 weeks
TILinfusion+ HD IL-2
Sample ofpost-REP TIL
10-12 weeks
PBMC and serum(day 14, 21, 40-42, 70
post TIL infusion)
PBMCSerum/plasma
Lymphodepletion
Predictive biomarkers in TIL therapy
IHC predictive markers?
Predictive biomarkers by IHC in original tumors used to grow TIL
1.
T cells:-
CD3, CD8, CD4 (peri-tumoral
/ intra-tumoral)
-
Foxp3-
PD-1 / BTLA -
TNF-R family (4-1BB / OX40)
2. Negative and positive markers of inflammation:-
protein nitrotyrosination
(NT) peroxynitrite
- iNOS-
CXCL10/IP-10
3. Macrophages/myeloid cells/DCs:-
CD163 -
S100A9
-
CD66b- DC-LAMP
4. Other immunosuppressive factors:- pSTAT3- IDO
PT / IM
IT
PT / IM
IT
PT / IM
IT
PT/IM
IT
CD8 in original tumor used to grow TIL(peritumoral
near invasive margin
versus intratumoral
Association between CD8 by IHC and CD8 % in expanded TIL (N= 42 pts)
% CD8 in TIL infused
% C
D8
by
IHC
P = 0.049, r2 = 0.305
Total CD8
P = 0.046, r2 = 0.310
% CD8 in TIL infused
% C
D8
by
IHC
Peri-tumoralPeritumoral
/ invasive margin
Association between CD8 expression by IHC in tumor and TIL clinical response
P = 0.08 P = 0.0072
P = 0.0273
PeritumoralP = 0.75 P = 0.17
P = 0.01
Intratumoral
P = 0.23 P = 0.0064
P = 0.0073
Total CD8
Peritumoral
/ invasive margin
Association between higher CD8 % atinvasive margin tumor and survival
Time (months)
≥35%<35%
Ove
rall
surv
ival
(%)
Log Rank P= 0.04
PT / IM CD8:
Relevance of TIL at the invasive margin (peri-tumoral)
Tumorin vivo
Relevance of TIL at the invasive margin (peri-tumoral)
Tumor fragmentex vivo
IL-2
Can we select up-front tumor-specificTIL for expansion?
OKT3 + IL-2 + feeders
IL-2
REP stage
HD IL-2
Lymphodepletedpatient (Cy + Flud)
Pre-REP stage
3-5 wks 2 wks
Selection of tumor-specific (↑
IFN-γ) fragments for REP
Can we select up-front tumor-specificTIL for expansion?
OKT3 + IL-2 + feeders
REP stage
HD IL-2
Lymphodepletedpatient (Cy + Flud)
Pre-REP stage
3-5 wks 2 wks
Selection
TCR activation induced costimulatorymolecules (Ig
and TNF-R families)IC
OS
CTLA4
PD-1
+ - +
4-1B
BOX40
Ig superfamily TNF-R family
59
288
5
6139
0.20
PD-1
4-1B
B4-
1BB
PD-1
No tumorcells
Plus tumorcells (24 h)
4-1BB and PD-1 induction
Presence of recently activated 4-1BB+and OX40+ T cells in tumor isolates
0
10
20
30
40
-5 25 55 85
CD8+
41BB+ Ox40+
% o
f T-c
ell s
ubse
t
A B
0
10
20
30
40
-5 15 35 5541BB+ Ox40+
CD4+
% o
f T-c
ell s
ubse
t
B
4-1BB staining by IHC
Selection of 4-1BB+ CD8+ T cellshighly enriches tumor Ag-specific cells
TIL isolationfrom tumors
Anti-41BB Ab beadselection
REP
ELISPOT
41BBselected Unselected
Control
Ag-specific
Handling before REP
IL-2
HD IL-2
30-100 x 106
20-150 billion
1000-2000 X
Lymphodepletedrecipient (NMA)
Anti-4-1BBAnti-4-1BB
Addition of agonistic anti-4-1BB Abs during TIL production
Anti-4-1BB Ab
increases CD8+ T-cell yield and preserves CD28 expression
IL-2 IL-2+4-1BB0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
CD
8+ T
-cel
l yie
ld (x
106 c
ells
)TIL 2014
0 10 30 100
500
0
5
10
15
Anti-4-1BB Antibody [ng/ml]
CD8+
cel
l cou
nt (x
10^6
)TIL 2354
0 10 30 100
500
0
20
40
60
80
Anti-4-1BB [ng/ml]
CD8+
cell
coun
t (x1
0^6)
P< 0.05
Pre-REP
IL-2
IL-2+4-1BB
CD
28
CD
28C
D28
CD8
CD8
CD8
45
26
51
Pre-REP
IL-2
IL-2+4-1BB
CD
28
CD
28C
D28
CD8
CD8
CD8
45
26
51
Anti-41BB during TIL expansionincreases GB and Perforin
expression
Perforin changes
0
20
40
60
80P<0.05
P<0.05
CD
8+ P
erf+
(%)
Pre-REP REP REP+α41BB
3:1 1:1 1:30
5
10
15
20 Post-REPPost-REP+4-1BB
TIL 2292
Effector:Target
Cas
pase
3-c
leav
age
(%)
2473
+OKT3
2473
4-1B
B REP+OKT3
2478
+OKT3
2478
41BB R
EP+OKT324
81+OKT3
2481
41BB R
EP+OKT3
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
IFN-γ
(pg/
ml)
“Off-the-shelf”
APCs
for TIL REP:Engineered K562 cells
K562 dAPC
CD64
CD86
4-1BBL
mb IL-15
eGFP
Generation #1 aAPC(master cell bank made)
Problem Solution• No reliable biomarkers of infused TIL potencypredictive of response
• Phenotypic biomarker analysis:-
T-cell EM subsets (CD8)-
Novel markers-
Function (Ag-specific / polyclonal)
• No predictive biomarkers forpatient selection for therapy:-
clinical response-
initial TIL outgrowth -
expanded TIL phenotypes
• Predictive tests before tumorresection for TIL outgrowth:-
IHC biomarkers in tumors-
gene expression in tumors-
systemic/genetic markers (blood)
• No method to isolatetumor-specific TIL up-front for expansion (save time)
• Selection from fresh TIL isolatesusing activation markers?
• PBMC feeder problem andavailability (costs)
• Off-the-shelf APCs
with definedstimulatory molecules
• Open systems too muchmanual handling (labor/cost)
• Automated closed systems forselection and expansion
What the future TIL expansion protocol will look like (21-day process)?
Cell suspension
Clinical-grade cell sorting
4-1BB+
Tumor
1 day
Pre-REP(7 days)
21 days
REP(14 days)
PD-1+4-1BB+ICOS+
Closed dual bioreactor
TIL+aAPC+
IL-2/15/21
IL-2/15/21
AcknowledgementsChantale
Jie
Qing
Minying
Richard Jessica Cara Geok
• NCI• Melanoma Research Alliance• Adelson
Medical Research Foundation• Mulva
Foundation• Gilson-Longenbough
Foundation
Steve Rosenberg (NCI)Mark Dudley (NCI)
Jim Yang (NCI)Michal Besser
(Sheba)Jacob Schachter
(Sheba)Ena
Wang (NCI)Franco Marincola
(NCI)Nick Restifo
(NCI)Carl Ware (La Jolla)
• Prometheus (Proleukin)• Bristol Myers Squibb (4-1BB)• Genentech
(BTLA)
Patrick HwuTIL Lab at MDACC