adolescent idol worship in hong kong & mainland china: empirical studies and psychological...

Adolescent idol worship Adolescent idol worship in Hong Kong & Mainland China: in Hong Kong & Mainland China: Empirical studies and psychological Empirical studies and psychological

analysesanalyses

Dept. of Applied Social StudiesDept. of Applied Social StudiesCity Univ. of Hong KongCity Univ. of Hong KongDr. YUE Xiaodong Dr. YUE Xiaodong Dr. CHEUNG C. K. Jacky Dr. CHEUNG C. K. Jacky

談偶像談偶像張國榮張國榮提起這個名字，提起這個名字，頓感親切動聽！不禁心神蕩漾！頓感親切動聽！不禁心神蕩漾！偶像崇拜偶像崇拜現代少年的通病，不幸我也患上現代少年的通病，不幸我也患上！其實，很不公平的。偶像如一個空心人，！其實，很不公平的。偶像如一個空心人，我未見其人，只聞其聲。我只知其表，未知我未見其人，只聞其聲。我只知其表，未知其心其心便沉迷，便沉迷，難再自拔難再自拔！！

向姜文致意向姜文致意 ::

在花季里，心花怒放的日子總多於在花季里，心花怒放的日子總多於 “強說愁” 的時候，總是昂著頭不在意“強說愁” 的時候，總是昂著頭不在意任何事，似乎遺忘了你。升入高中後的某任何事，似乎遺忘了你。升入高中後的某一日，幾個同學正海闊天空地神聊時，有一日，幾個同學正海闊天空地神聊時，有人問我在中國最欣賞那一位男影星，我竟人問我在中國最欣賞那一位男影星，我竟不假思索，脫口而出：不假思索，脫口而出： "" 姜文！姜文！ " " 而後而後，，才驚訝於潛意識裏如何珍藏了你才驚訝於潛意識裏如何珍藏了你。。

Questions:Questions:

1.1. What idols do young people in HK and What idols do young people in HK and

MC worship nowadays?MC worship nowadays?

2.2. What psycho-social impacts does idol What psycho-social impacts does idol

worship have on adolescents’ growth?worship have on adolescents’ growth?

3.3. What theories can we give to explain such What theories can we give to explain such

phenomenon?phenomenon?

Method:Method: ParticipantsParticipants 298 secondary students in Hong Kong and 1,343 298 secondary students in Hong Kong and 1,343

secondary school students in Guangzhou, Nanchang secondary school students in Guangzhou, Nanchang

and Nanjing.and Nanjing.

QuestionnaireQuestionnaire

A well-prepared questionnaire measuring the relaA well-prepared questionnaire measuring the rela

tionship among idol adoring, idol modeling, alienatiotionship among idol adoring, idol modeling, alienatio

n and social anxiety.n and social anxiety.

Variables in the present study:Variables in the present study:

1.1. Idol-adoring:Idol-adoring: the degree of adoring an idol the degree of adoring an idol

2.2. Idol-idealization:Idol-idealization: the tendency to idealize an idol the tendency to idealize an idol

3.3. Idol-romantizationIdol-romantization:: the romantic fantasies for an idolthe romantic fantasies for an idol

4.4. Idol-emulation:Idol-emulation: 　　 the degree of role modeling of an idothe degree of role modeling of an ido

ll

5.5. Idol-identification: Idol-identification: the degree of identification with an idolthe degree of identification with an idol

6.6. Idol-expenditureIdol-expenditure:: 　　 the expenses spent on an idolthe expenses spent on an idol

7.7. Self efficacy: Self efficacy: the capability one feels for himselfthe capability one feels for himself

8.8. Social anxiety:Social anxiety: the anxiety one has for social interactionthe anxiety one has for social interaction

TO:TO: 黎明黎明 ::

　　藍天做紙藍天做紙 ,, 海水為墨海水為墨 ,, 寫不完寫不完我愛你的哀腸。我遏止不盡的情傾我愛你的哀腸。我遏止不盡的情傾瀉在你身上瀉在你身上 ,, 那散不開的那散不開的 ,, 是太濃是太濃太濃的愛太濃的愛 ,, 是我對你綿綿的依戀。是我對你綿綿的依戀。

化州化州 FansFans ：蕙敏：蕙敏

Idol-adoringIdol-adoring

TO TO 此生至愛的偶像此生至愛的偶像黎明：黎明：

　　　　在我崇拜你以前在我崇拜你以前 ,, 世界是一個荒原世界是一個荒原 ;; 從我從我崇拜你開始崇拜你開始 ,, 世界成一個樂園世界成一個樂園 ;; 過去的許多歲過去的許多歲月，對我象一縷輕月，對我象一縷輕 ;; 未來的無限生涯，因你未來的無限生涯，因你而幸福無邊。而幸福無邊。　　你眼底一絲光彩　　你眼底一絲光彩 ,, 抵得住千言萬語抵得住千言萬語 ;; 你唇你唇邊燦爛一笑邊燦爛一笑 ,, 就是我歡樂源泉就是我歡樂源泉 ;; 這個世界有個這個世界有個你你 ,, 命運是何等周全命運是何等周全 ;; 總盼有那麼一天總盼有那麼一天 ,, 我們我們能有緣相見！能有緣相見！一個永遠支持你一個永遠支持你的女孩：嘉蕙的女孩：嘉蕙

Idol-idealizationIdol-idealization

TO:TO: 黎明黎明 ::

　　藍天做紙藍天做紙 ,, 海水為墨海水為墨 ,, 寫不完寫不完我愛你的哀腸。我遏止不盡的情傾我愛你的哀腸。我遏止不盡的情傾瀉在你身上瀉在你身上 ,, 那散不開的那散不開的 ,, 是太濃是太濃太濃的愛太濃的愛 ,, 是我對你綿綿的依戀。是我對你綿綿的依戀。

化州化州 FansFans ：蕙敏：蕙敏

Idol-romantizationIdol-romantization

Idol sexual Idol sexual appealappeal

Idol-identificationIdol-identification

成龍除送上照片外成龍除送上照片外 ,, 還用英語寫下不少關心語還用英語寫下不少關心語句句 ,,指世上有許多人都很關心他指世上有許多人都很關心他 ,, 其中包括成其中包括成龍自己龍自己 ,,希望希望 EmilioEmilio 好好保重身體。好好保重身體。

澳洲一位患腦癌的澳洲一位患腦癌的 9 9 歲小朋友歲小朋友 , 2 , 2 年來受盡年來受盡頑疾折磨頑疾折磨 , , 雖然徘徊雖然徘徊在生死邊緣在生死邊緣 , , 但仍樂但仍樂觀而積極生活觀而積極生活 , , 絕不絕不放棄。除了家人的關放棄。除了家人的關懷及其頑強的生命力懷及其頑強的生命力外外 , , 來成龍也是支持來成龍也是支持他與癌魔搏鬥的動力他與癌魔搏鬥的動力。成龍在銀幕上無窮。成龍在銀幕上無窮活力、正義的形象活力、正義的形象 , , 令這位小朋友成為成令這位小朋友成為成龍的超級影迷龍的超級影迷 , , 不但不但經常模仿成龍的動作經常模仿成龍的動作 ,, 房間也貼滿了成龍房間也貼滿了成龍的海報。的海報。

Idol-emulationIdol-emulation

3/4/2002 3/4/2002 東方日報東方日報

佐敦是“籃球飛人”，他勇佐敦是“籃球飛人”，他勇于拼搏，永不言敗，很強調團隊于拼搏，永不言敗，很強調團隊精神。他把每一次比賽都當成了精神。他把每一次比賽都當成了人生的挑戰，有著超人的震撼力人生的挑戰，有著超人的震撼力和領導力。他帶領芝加哥公牛隊和領導力。他帶領芝加哥公牛隊66 次獲得全美籃球聯賽冠軍，徹次獲得全美籃球聯賽冠軍，徹底改變了人們隊籃球的認識，他底改變了人們隊籃球的認識，他象征了美國精神……象征了美國精神……

Idol identificationIdol identification

Classification of NominatedClassification of Nominated IdolsIdols1.1. Star idols: Star idols: pop singers, movie stars, sport stars, pop singers, movie stars, sport stars,

DJ, etc.DJ, etc.

2. Luminaries:2. Luminaries: famous politicians, scholars, writers, famous politicians, scholars, writers,

musicians, businessmen, generals, etc.musicians, businessmen, generals, etc.

3. Family: 3. Family: parents, siblings, relatives, etc.parents, siblings, relatives, etc.

4.4. Friends: Friends: teachers, friends, classmates, etc.teachers, friends, classmates, etc.

5.5. Others:Others: fictional & cartoon figures, unidentified fictional & cartoon figures, unidentified

people, etc.people, etc.

Star IdolsStar Idols

LuminariesLuminaries

A LuminaryA Luminary

Idolization of star idols is a lot higher among Idolization of star idols is a lot higher among

adolescents in Hong Kong (HK) than in Mainladolescents in Hong Kong (HK) than in Mainl

and Chinese (MC). and Chinese (MC).

- 73.6%- 73.6% of idols are star for HK teenagersof idols are star for HK teenagers. .

- 42.3%- 42.3% are star idols for MC teenagersare star idols for MC teenagers. .

- 6.5%- 6.5% of idols are luminaries for HK teenagersof idols are luminaries for HK teenagers..

- 39.6%- 39.6% of idols are luminaries for MC teenagersof idols are luminaries for MC teenagers..

Major Finding Major Finding 1:1:

1998-2002 Data for HK & MC Adolescents1998-2002 Data for HK & MC AdolescentsHong Kong Data

Idols2001 sample

(N=242)

2000 sample

(N=185)

2000 sample

(N=132)

1999 sample

(N=122)

Stars 73.6% 44.3% 46.5% 68.1%

Luminaries 6.5% 13.7% 14.4% 14.4%

Family 1.8% 20.9% 1.6% 3.7%

Friends 1.6% 10.6% 1.2% 1.9%

Others 16.5% 10.5% 36.3% 11.9%

Mainland Data

Idols2001 sample

(N=652)

2000 sample

(N=350)

2000 sample

(N=122)

1999 sample

(N=114)

Stars 39.6% 36.3% 23.9% 39.7%

Luminaries 38.5% 32.9% 44.0% 35.1%

Family 9.4% 21.8% 11.8% 3.2%

Friends 1.0% 4.1% - 2.4%

Others 11.5% 4.9% 20.3% 20.6%

Most of the top 10 idols for HK teenagers are Most of the top 10 idols for HK teenagers are

star idols; most of the top 10 idols for MC star idols; most of the top 10 idols for MC

teenagers are luminary idols. teenagers are luminary idols. - On average, On average, 88 of the top of the top 1010 idols are stars for HK idols are stars for HK

teenagers.teenagers.- On average, On average, 66 of the top of the top 1010 idols are luminaries idols are luminaries

for MC teenagers.for MC teenagers.


1998-2002 1998-2002 Top 10 Idols for HK AdolescentsTop 10 Idols for HK Adolescents

2001 sample (a) 2001 sample (a)

(N=242)(N=242)2001 2001 sample (sample (b) b)

(N=720)(N=720)1999 sample1999 sample

(N=132)(N=132)1998 sample1998 sample

(N=122)(N=122)

1. Kelly Chen Kelly Chan Mother Jacky Cheung

2. Joey Yung Nicholas Tse Father Gigi Leung

3. Miriam Yeung Eason Chan Gigi Leung Aaron Kwok

4. Nicholas Tse Joey Yung Miriam Yeung Ekin Cheng

5. Twins Sammi Cheng Ekin Cheng Sammi Cheng

6. Sammi Cheng Miriam Yeung Michael Jordon

Beyond

7. Edison Chan Andy Lau Noriko Sakai Noriko Sakai

8. Gigi Leung Mother Aaron Kwok Kelly Chen

9. God / Jesus Edison Chan Kelly Chen Leon Lai

10. Cecilia Cheung

Father Zhu geliang FatherStar Luminaries Family

1998-20021998-2002 香港中學生香港中學生 1010 大偶像大偶像 20012001 年資料年資料 a a

(242(242 人數人數 ))

20012001 年資料年資料 b b

(720(720 人數人數 ))

19991999 年資料年資料

(132(132 人數人數 ))

19981998 年資料年資料

(122(122 人數人數 ))

1. 陳慧琳陳慧琳母親張學友

2. 容祖兒謝霆鋒父親梁詠琪

3. 楊千嬅陳奕迅梁詠琪郭富城

4. 謝霆鋒容祖兒楊千嬅鄭伊健

5. Twins 鄭秀文鄭伊健鄭秀文

6. 鄭秀文楊千嬅米高‧佐敦 Beyond

7. 陳冠希劉德華酒井法子酒井法子

8. 梁詠琪母親郭富城陳慧琳

9. 神 / 耶穌陳冠希陳慧琳黎明

10. 張柏芝父親諸葛亮父親

明星偶像傑出人物偶像家人

2001 2001 Top 10 Idols for HK Top 10 Idols for HK AdolescentsAdolescents

1998-2002 1998-2002 Top 10 Idols for MC AdolescentsTop 10 Idols for MC Adolescents

2001 sample2001 sample

(N=652)(N=652)2000 sample 2000 sample

(N=350)(N=350)1999 sample1999 sample

(N=122)(N=122)1998 sample1998 sample

(N=114)(N=114)

1. Zhou Enlai Zhou Enlai Zhou Enlai Zhou Enlai

2. Bill Gates Teachers Mao Zedong Self

3. Mao Zedong Father Father Michael Jordon

4. Nicholas Tse Mother Mother Bill Gates

5. Father Michael Jordon Lu Xun Tom Cruise

6. Gigi Leung Mao Zedong Zhu rongji Father

7. Richie Ren Bill Gates Bill Gates Jacky Chan

8. Einstein Classmates Lei Feng Jacky Cheung

9. Deng Xiaoping

Lei Feng Deng Xiaoping Deng Xiaoping

10. Mother Lu Xun Zhao Yunhuan Mao Zedong

Stars Luminaries Family

1998-20021998-2002 內地中學生內地中學生 1010 大偶像比較大偶像比較內地資料內地資料

20012001 年資料年資料 (652(652 人數人數 ))

20002000 年資料年資料 (350(350 人數人數 ))

19991999 年資料年資料 (122(122 人數人數 ))

19981998 年資料年資料 (114(114 人數人數 ))

1. 周恩來周恩來周恩來周恩來

2. 蓋茨老師毛澤東自己

3. 毛澤東父親父親米高‧佐頓

4. 謝霆鋒母親母親蓋茨

5. 父親米高‧佐頓魯迅湯‧告魯斯

6. 梁詠琪毛澤東朱鎔基父親

7. 任賢齊蓋茨蓋茨成龍

8. 愛因斯坦同學雷鋒張學友

9. 鄧小平雷鋒鄧小平鄧小平

10. 母親魯迅邵雲環毛澤東

明星偶像傑出人物偶像家人

2001 2001 Top 10 Idols for MC Top 10 Idols for MC AdolescentsAdolescents

20012001 調查調查香港中學生香港中學生 1010 大偶像大偶像

20012001 調查內地中學生調查內地中學生 1010 大偶大偶像像

HK teenagers had a lot more fantasized romance fHK teenagers had a lot more fantasized romance f

or star idols than MC teenagers. or star idols than MC teenagers. - Fantasized romance was generally higher for HK- Fantasized romance was generally higher for HK

students than for MC students.students than for MC students.- Fantasized romance was generally higher in students who Fantasized romance was generally higher in students who

worshipped star idols.worshipped star idols.- Fantasized romance was generally higher in students Fantasized romance was generally higher in students

with higher idealization of idols, especially for with higher idealization of idols, especially for

females. females.


Idol Worship and Idol RomantizationIdol Worship and Idol Romantization

21.6 22.4 21.9 21.9

24.723.6

30.7 29.9 30.4 30.4

27.628.7

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Star Worship

No StarWorship

LowAdoring

HighAdoring

LowLearning

HighLearning

Mainiland

HK Younger

Older

Male

Female


Emulation of luminary idols Emulation of luminary idols

increase self-efficacy in students.increase self-efficacy in students.• The student who worshipped intellectual idols was higheThe student who worshipped intellectual idols was highe

r on self-efficacy, especially for HK students.r on self-efficacy, especially for HK students.• The higher students tried to emulate idols, the higher theThe higher students tried to emulate idols, the higher the

ir self-efficacy was, especially for HK students.ir self-efficacy was, especially for HK students.• The higher students tried to emulate luminary idols, the The higher students tried to emulate luminary idols, the

higher their self-efficacy was. higher their self-efficacy was.

Idol Worship and Self EfficacyIdol Worship and Self Efficacy

55.556.0

58.4

52.952.4

50.0

44

46

48

50

52

54

56

58

60

Mainland Hong Kong Male FemaleNot HKPop Idol

HKPop Idol


Emulation of luminaries decrease social anxiety in Emulation of luminaries decrease social anxiety in

students, especially for HK students.students, especially for HK students. 1. 1. The higher identification with a luminary idols in students, tThe higher identification with a luminary idols in students, t

he lower their social anxiety was.he lower their social anxiety was.

2. 2. The higher emulation of luminary idols in students, the lower tThe higher emulation of luminary idols in students, the lower t

heir social anxiety was.heir social anxiety was.

3. Social anxiety was particularly high in female students who w3. Social anxiety was particularly high in female students who w

orshipped fictional idols.orshipped fictional idols.

The above findings show that:The above findings show that:

Idol Worship and Social AnxietyIdol Worship and Social Anxiety

45.349.6

45.047.446.6

55.2

45.0

30.5

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Low Learning, Mainland Low Learning, HK High Learning,Mainland

High Learning, HK

No Luminary Worship Luminary Worship


The idol expenditure is generally higher in The idol expenditure is generally higher in

HK students than in MC students.HK students than in MC students.

1. Idol expenses are higher for those who worshiped 1. Idol expenses are higher for those who worshiped

star idols and fictional figures, especially for HK ststar idols and fictional figures, especially for HK st

udents.udents.

2. Idol expenses are higher for those who idealized the2. Idol expenses are higher for those who idealized the

ir idols, ir idols, especially for HK students.especially for HK students.

Idol Idealization and Idol ExpenditureIdol Idealization and Idol Expenditure

30.0

49.4

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Low Idealization High Idealization

Idol Worship and Idol Idol Worship and Idol ExpenditureExpenditure

32.033.6

45.443.8

0

10

20

30

40

50

Low Star Worship High Star Worship Low Adoring High Adoring

Conclusions:Conclusions: 11.. Worshipping different kinds of idols had Worshipping different kinds of idols had different psychosocial impact.different psychosocial impact. 2. Teenagers in HK and MC had quite different 2. Teenagers in HK and MC had quite different patterns of idol worship. patterns of idol worship. 3. Emulation of luminaries are clearly beneficial to 3. Emulation of luminaries are clearly beneficial to adolescents’ psychosocial development. adolescents’ psychosocial development. 4. HK teenagers were less likely to emulate 4. HK teenagers were less likely to emulate luminaries and were more likely to worship luminaries and were more likely to worship star idols, the reverse is true to MC teenagers.star idols, the reverse is true to MC teenagers.

IdealizationIdealizationRomantizationRomantizationAbsolutizationAbsolutization

Personal lifePersonal lifePublic imagePublic imageCommoditiesCommodities

3 Theories to Explain 3 Theories to Explain

AdolescentAdolescent Idol Worship Idol Worship::

1.1. Identification TheoriesIdentification Theories: : (Freud, Fromm, Erikson, Marcia, (Freud, Fromm, Erikson, Marcia,

Blos, etc)Blos, etc)

2. Attachment Theories2. Attachment Theories:: (Greene & Adams-Price, (Greene & Adams-Price, White & White &

O’Brian, O’Brian, etc.) etc.)

3. Social Learning Theories3. Social Learning Theories:: (Bandura, Schunk, Hamilton & (Bandura, Schunk, Hamilton &

Darling, etc.) Darling, etc.)

TO TO 此生至愛的偶像此生至愛的偶像黎明：黎明：

　　　　在我崇拜你以前在我崇拜你以前 ,, 世界是一個荒原世界是一個荒原 ;; 從我從我崇拜你開始崇拜你開始 ,, 世界成一個樂園世界成一個樂園 ;; 過去的許多歲過去的許多歲月，對我象一縷輕月，對我象一縷輕 ;; 未來的無限生涯，因你未來的無限生涯，因你而幸福無邊。而幸福無邊。　　你眼底一絲光彩　　你眼底一絲光彩 ,, 抵得住千言萬語抵得住千言萬語 ;; 你唇你唇邊燦爛一笑邊燦爛一笑 ,, 就是我歡樂源泉就是我歡樂源泉 ;; 這個世界有個這個世界有個你你 ,, 命運是何等周全命運是何等周全 ;; 總盼有那麼一天總盼有那麼一天 ,, 我們我們能有緣相見！能有緣相見！一個永遠支持你一個永遠支持你的女孩：嘉蕙的女孩：嘉蕙

Attachment Attachment

趙薇痴情趙薇痴情 FANSFANS服毒自殺服毒自殺據內地傳媒報道據內地傳媒報道 ,, 一名迷戀趙薇一名迷戀趙薇的初中生的初中生 ,, 因家境貧困因家境貧困 ,, 從來沒有親眼從來沒有親眼見過趙薇及看過她的演出。這名趙薇見過趙薇及看過她的演出。這名趙薇 FF

ANSANS 是姓張的遼寧省人是姓張的遼寧省人 ,17,17 歲歲 ,, 於年於年初六和家人不辭而別，帶了初六和家人不辭而別，帶了 300300 元人民元人民幣隻身去溫州幣隻身去溫州 ,,準備賺些錢準備賺些錢 ,,希望有機希望有機會見趙薇會見趙薇 ,,與她做朋友。與她做朋友。

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豈料他到了溫州火車站後，錢花光了豈料他到了溫州火車站後，錢花光了，一時想不開，竟然在火車站候車室，一時想不開，竟然在火車站候車室服毒，服毒，發現後被發現後被立即送往醫院搶救。立即送往醫院搶救。他的左手掌心還寫著 “他的左手掌心還寫著 “趙薇，你成趙薇，你成全我吧全我吧。”而他的身上更有五張趙薇。”而他的身上更有五張趙薇照片，以及一封遺。照片，以及一封遺。經經醫護人員搶救醫護人員搶救，病情一度好轉，醒後他說的第一句，病情一度好轉，醒後他說的第一句

話，竟然是“話，竟然是“我愛趙薇我愛趙薇。”。”

Romantic FantasiesRomantic Fantasies

偶偶像像浪浪漫漫化化

IdentificationIdentification

殘障苦學有成捨己救人毀容殘障苦學有成捨己救人毀容三三香港優秀年輕人香港優秀年輕人獲點名讚揚獲點名讚揚

董特首在董特首在 20012001 年的施政報告中特別提及年的施政報告中特別提及 33 名香名香港優秀年輕人港優秀年輕人 ,, 以此勉勵成績低劣的的學生、誤入童以此勉勵成績低劣的的學生、誤入童黨，以及正失業的年輕人。包括在火警中因拯救鄰居黨，以及正失業的年輕人。包括在火警中因拯救鄰居

至被灼傷容貌的至被灼傷容貌的鄺麗妍鄺麗妍 ;; 患有黏多糖病致身體嚴重患有黏多糖病致身體嚴重

殘障仍好學不倦、願望成為作家的殘障仍好學不倦、願望成為作家的陳雯芳陳雯芳 ;; 以及左以及左腳行動不便，但在努力下在剛過去的會考中獲得四優腳行動不便，但在努力下在剛過去的會考中獲得四優

、三良佳績，成功升讀培正中學的、三良佳績，成功升讀培正中學的楊欣欣楊欣欣。。

Social Learning Social Learning

港府擬表揚救人的毀容少女港府擬表揚救人的毀容少女

1818 歲會考生歲會考生鄺麗妍鄺麗妍捨己救人的故事，觸捨己救人的故事，觸動全港各界人士的心靈，單是本報，昨日接獲超過動全港各界人士的心靈，單是本報，昨日接獲超過三百個熱心讀者的來電忍問表示捐助，而政府高官三百個熱心讀者的來電忍問表示捐助，而政府高官昨日亦主動到醫院探病，民攻事務總署署長劉李麗昨日亦主動到醫院探病，民攻事務總署署長劉李麗娟表示，會研究是否公開表揚麗妍的英勇事跡。臥娟表示，會研究是否公開表揚麗妍的英勇事跡。臥在病榻的麗妍對各界關懷表示感激，她還請大家不在病榻的麗妍對各界關懷表示感激，她還請大家不用擔心，充分表現出比同齡少年人成熟懂事的一面用擔心，充分表現出比同齡少年人成熟懂事的一面。。

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