adj forms of verbs

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Of the three, only the middle one is a possibility. But even here, it sounds slightly awkward. I think most people would say simply: That's very interesting. OR: It's very interesting. OR: I find that very interesting. If you want to use interest as a verb, rather than interesting as anadjective, you would need to say: That interests me a lot. That doesn't interest me very much. -ing adjective or -ed adjective? Remember: people might be interested in something and it is the thing itself that people find interesting. Other adjectives describing emotions follow a similar pattern: Compare the following: His explanation was confusing. Most students were confusedby it. I was disappointed no confusin g / confused disappointi ng / disappointe d exciting / excited shocking / shocked surprising / surprised tiring / tired amazing / amazed annoying / annoyed boring / bored

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Page 1: Adj Forms of Verbs

Of the three, only the middle one is a possibility. But even here, it sounds slightly awkward. I think most people would say simply:

That's very interesting. OR:

It's very interesting. OR:

I find that very interesting.

If you want to use interest as a verb, rather than interesting as anadjective, you would need to say:

That interests me a lot.

That doesn't interest me very much.

-ing adjective or -ed adjective?

Remember: people might be interested in something and it is the thing itself that people find interesting. Other adjectives describing emotions follow a similar pattern:

Compare the following:

His explanation was confusing. Most students were confusedby it.

I was disappointed not to get the promotion I deserved. Adisappointing day, yesterday.

I'm starting a new job and I'm quite excited about it. I think it will

confusing / confused

disappointing / disappointed

exciting / excited

shocking / shocked

surprising / surprised

tiring / tired

amazing / amazed

annoying / annoyed

boring / bored

Page 2: Adj Forms of Verbs

be quite exciting.

The news was shocking. We were shocked when we heard that everyone had drowned.

Everybody was surprised when Jenny came top of the class. It was really amazing!

It was a tiring day. I was dead tired after all that shopping.

Note that people can also be adjective -ing, if they awaken this emotion in others:

A: Frank is such a boring person, isn't he? I find his conversation really boring. B: He may be boring, but at least he's not as annoying as Ben who sniffs all the time. A: Paul's an amazing guy, isn't he? He amazes me. He can always see the funny side of things. B: I'm quite amazed by all the things Paul gets up to, I must say!

interested / disappointed / surprised / pleased + infinitive clause

Note that some of these adjectives are often followed by an infinitive clause:

I shall be interested to hear about how you get on in Cairo.

We were most surprised to see Kevin and Henry holding hands at the bus

Page 3: Adj Forms of Verbs

stop.

I must say we were disappointed to learn that he had abandoned his job.

I shall be pleased / delighted to accompany you to the exhibition on Thursday.

Interested in / surprised by / pleased with / etc

Note that if you are using a prepositional structure with these adjectives, it will normally be either with or by, sometimes both are possible. Interested, however, is usually followed by in. Compare the following:

We were pleased / delighted with all the wedding presents we received.

We were surprised by his rudeness at the family gathering. Quite disgusting!

I was quite disappointed with / by the film. He's normally such an exciting director.

I would be interested in working in Britain if I could get a work permit.

Interest / surprise / please / etc as verbs

Note that the verb forms of these adjectives describe

Page 4: Adj Forms of Verbs

an emotional state, not an action, and are thus rarely used with continuous tenses:

She wanted to please him, but disappointed him when he discovered that she had spent so much money. (NOT: … was disappointing him…)

It surprises me to see you making so many basic errors in this game. (NOT: It is surprising me…)

The novel interested me because it seemed to reflect real life so accurately.

It amused me so much that I kept bursting out with laughter.

brusting

ere are some sample phrases and sentences showing how these adjectives are used and

correspond with the English present participle (sometimes called a gerund):

la páginas siguientes, the following pages

Fuimos a la ciudad durmiente. We went to the sleeping city.

el presidente saliente, the outgoing president (i.e., leaving office)

Se necesita agua para la población creciente. Water is needed for a growing population.

una asombrante variedad, an amazing variety

Es un plan de estudios conduciente al título. It is a curriculum leading to the degree.

El instrumento produce un sonido vibrante. The instrument produces a vibrating sound.

los españoles pertenecientes al partido, the Spaniards belonging to the party

la población comprante, the buying public

los datos determinantes, the determining data

These adjectival forms do not exist (or are not used) for many verbs, especially when some other

adjective form is available. Thus, for example,mentiente (from mentir) is not used to translate

Page 5: Adj Forms of Verbs

"lying," but mentiroso is; a boring film is una película aburrida, not una película aburriente; and

afighting spirit is un espíritu luchador, not un espíritu luchante.

Cooking class, crying baby,

Adjectives and VerbsThere are two things to consider when contemplating the relationship between adjectives

and verbs. The first is that adjectives can come after the verb:

The rock star was  crazy .

The cat’s tail is  long .

I am  furious  with my business partner.

The cookies smell  awesome !

That shirt looks  great  on you.

Note that these are forms of to be or “sense” verbs: to look, to seem, to appear, to taste, to

sound, to feel, to smell, etc. If these verbs are modifying the noun in front of them, an

adjective will always be required so the noun is properly modified.

The second thing to consider is verbs that turn into adjectives; these are calledparticiples.

Usually, the verb has -ing tacked onto the end of the root form, or it’s the past tense. The

adjective can be placed before the noun or after the verb.

The  smiling  baby is really  cute .

Smiling is used as an adjective here, as is cute. 

This is my  new washing  machine.

Washing is acting like an adjective for machine.

This is my  broken washing  machine.

This  washing  machine is  broken .

Broken is an adjective which is modifying washing machine.

In the summer,  frozen  popsicles are refreshing.

The secretary handed the boss the  translated  document.

After washing all the teacups, she found a  forgotten  one in the living room.

Page 6: Adj Forms of Verbs

-ed / -ing adjectivesMany English adjectives of emotion/feeling are formed from the -ed / -ing forms of verbs:

Positive

verb -ed -ing noun

You ____ me!

I'm _____! How _____! What _____!

amaze amazed amazing amazement

amuse amused amusing amusement

astound astounded astounding astonishment

bewitch bewitched bewitching bewitchment

captivate captivated captivating a captivation

challenge challenged challenging a challenge

charm charmed charming charm

comfort comforted comforting comfort

concern concerned concerning concern

convince convinced convincing conviction

encourage encouraged

encouraging encouragement

enchant enchanted enchanting enchantment

energize energized energizing energy

entertain entertaine entertaining entertainment

Page 7: Adj Forms of Verbs

d

enthrall enthralled enthralling enthrallment

excite excited exciting excitement

exhaust exhausted exhausting exhaustion

fascinate fascinated fascinating fascination

flatter flattered flattering flattery

fulfill fulfilled fulfilling fulfillment

gratify gratified gratifying gratification

gratify gratified gratifying gratification

humiliate humiliated humiliating humiliation

interest interested interesting interest

intrigue intrigued intriguing intrigue

move moved moving

please pleased pleasing (pleasant)

a pleasure

relax relaxed relaxing relaxation

relieve relieved relieving a relief

satisfy satisfied satisfying satisfaction

soothe soothed soothing

surprise surprised surprising a surprise

tempt tempted tempting temptation

Page 8: Adj Forms of Verbs

touch touched touching

thrill thrilled thrilling a thrill

titilate titilated titilating titilation

Negative

verb -ed -ing noun

You ____ me!

I'm _____! How _____! What _____!

aggravate aggravated aggravating aggravation

alarm alarmed alarming alarm

annoy annoyed annoying annoyance

bewilder bewildered bewildering bewilderment

bore bored boring boredom

confound confounded confounding

confuse confused confusing confusion

depress depressed depressing depression

devastate devastated devastating devastation

disappoint disappointed

disappointing

disappointment

discourage discouraged discouraging discouragement

disgust disgusted disgusting disgust

Page 9: Adj Forms of Verbs

dishearten disheartened

disheartening

disheartenment

dismay dismayed dismaying dismay

displease displeased displeasing displeasure

distress distressed distressing distress

disturb disturbed disturbing disturbance

embarrass embarrassed

embarrassing

embarrassment

exasperate exasperated exasperating exasperation

fatigue fatigued fatiguing fatigue

frighten frightened frightening fright

frustrate frustrated frustrating frustration

horrify horrified horrifying horror

insult insulted insulting an insult

irritate irritated irritating irritation

mortify mortified mortifying mortification

mystify mystified mystifying mystification

overwhelm overwhelmed

overwhelming

overwhelmingness

perplex perplexed perplexing perplexity

perturb perturbed perturbing perturbation

puzzle puzzled puzzling puzzlement

Page 10: Adj Forms of Verbs

shock shocked shocking a shock

sicken sickened sickening sickness

terrify terrified terrifying terror

threaten threatened threatening a threat

tire tired tiring tiredness

trouble troubled troubling trouble

unnerve unnerved unnerving

unsettle unsettled unsettling unsettledness

upset upset upsetting

vex vexed (vext) vexing vexation

Smile

Tire

Interest

Excite

-ed' and '-ing' adjectives: describing feelings and things'My holiday was relaxing. I felt really relaxed.'

Few, but common, adjectives end in either -ed or -ing:

worried/worrying, interested/interesting, excited/exciting

Page 11: Adj Forms of Verbs

'-ed' adjectives

Adjectives that end in -ed are used to describe how people feel:

'He was surprised to find that he had been upgraded to first class.'

'I was confused by the findings of the report.'

'She felt tired after working hard all day.'

 '-ing' adjectives

Adjectives that end in -ing are used to describe things and situations. Compare these example sentences to

the ones above:

'Being upgraded to first class is surprising.'

The findings of this report are confusing.'

'Working hard all day is tiring.'

 example table:

 

-ed and -ing adjectives tables

Feel '-ed' describe '-ing'

annoyed annoying

bored boring

confused confusing

depressed depressing

excited exciting

frustrated frustrating

frightened frightening

satisfied satisfying

shocked shocking

 

Watching

Page 12: Adj Forms of Verbs

Adjective Extreme Adjective

cold freezing

hot boiling

dirty filthy

hungry starving

scary terrifying

Hot: Scalding, baking, scorching, blistering, sizzling

Loud: Earsplitting, blaring, blasting, deafening

Painful: Agonizing, hellish, torturous, excruciating, wrenching

Crowded: Suffocating,

Page 13: Adj Forms of Verbs

Stinky: Putrid, reeking, nauseating(it makes you feel sick), rancid

Gross: Disgusting, nauseating, revolting, repulsive, "I almost puked/vomited"(--because of it)

Attractive: Gorgeous, sexy, hot, irresistible, mesmerizing, spellbinding

 You can also use "ridiculously" or "incredibly" instead of "very" or "really", or to make your

extreme adjective even more exaggerated.

e.g. This soup is ridiculously hot.

He is incredibly moronic.

 

"Absolutely", "completely", and "entirely" can also be used for certain (extreme) adjectives.

e.g. I'm absolutely freezing. (I am completely frozen.)

 

I don't know what part of speech these words actually are, but I'll list as many as I can remember

for you.

Each word has the same definition, for the most part.

I'll group together words that can be used in the same way. The words on this list are used for

EXAGGERATION.

Participial Adjectives

ADJECTIVES

PAGE 6/7

We saw in an earlier section that many adjectives can be identified by their endings. Another major subclass of adjectives can also be formally distinguished by endings, this time by -ed or -ing endings:

-edformcomputerized, determined, excited, misunderstood, renowned, self-centred, talented, unknown

-ingform

annoying, exasperating, frightening, gratifying, misleading, thrilling, time-consuming, worrying

Page 14: Adj Forms of Verbs

Remember that some -ed forms, such as misunderstood and unknown, do not end in -ed at all. This is simply a cover term for this form. Adjectives with -ed or -ing endings are known as PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES, because they have the same endings as verb participles (he was training for the Olympics, he had trained for the Olympics). In some cases there is a verb which corresponds to these adjectives (to annoy, to computerize, to excite, etc), while in others there is no corresponding verb (*to renown, *to self-centre, *to talent). Like other adjectives, participial adjectives can usually be modified byvery, extremely, or less (very determined, extremely self-centred,less frightening, etc). They can also take more and most to form comparatives and superlatives (annoying, more annoying, most annoying). Finally, most participial adjectives can be used both attributively and predicatively:

Attributive Predicative

That's an irritating noise That noise is irritating

This is an exciting film This film is exciting

He's a talented footballer That footballer is talented

Many participial adjectives, which have no corresponding verb, are formed by combining a noun with a participle:   

alcohol-based chemicals   battle-hardened soldiers   drug-induced coma   energy-saving devices   fact-finding mission   purpose-built accommodation

These, too, can be used predicatively (the chemicals are alcohol-based, the soldiers were battle-hardened, etc).

When participial adjectives are used predicatively, it may sometimes be difficult to distinguish between adjectival and verbal uses:    

Page 15: Adj Forms of Verbs

[1] the workers are striking

In the absence of any further context, the grammatical status of strikingis indeterminate here. The following expansions illustrate possible adjectival [1a] and verbal [1b] readings of [1]:    

[1a] the workers are very striking in their new uniforms (=`impressive', `conspicuous')

[1b] the workers are striking outside the factory gates (=`on strike')

Consider the following pair:   

[2] the noise is annoying   [3] the noise is annoying the neighbours

In [2], we can modify annoying using very:   

[2a] the noise is (very) annoying

But we cannot modify it in the same way in [3]:   

[3a] *the noise is (very) annoying the neighbours

The acceptability of [2a] indicates that annoying is an adjective in this construction. In [3], the verbal nature of annoying is indicated by the fact that we cannot add very , as in [3a]. It is further indicated by the presence of the neighbours (the direct object) after annoying. Notice also that we can turn [3] into a passive sentence (the neighbours were annoyed by the noise). In this case, annoying is the main verb of the sentence, and it is preceded by the progressive auxiliary verb is. In [2], there is only one verb, the main verb is.

We can distinguish between the following pairs using the same criteria:

Adjectival Verbal

This film is terrifying This film is terrifying the children

Your comments are alarmingYour comments are alarming the people

Page 16: Adj Forms of Verbs

The defendant's answers were misleading

The defendant's answers were misleading the jury

We can also identify -ing forms as verbal if it is possible to change the-ing form into a non-progressive verb:

Progressive Non-progressive

The children are dancing The children dance

My eyes are stinging My eyes sting

The wood is drying The wood dries

Compare these changes from progressive to non-progressive with the following:

the work is rewarding ~*the work rewards

the job was exacting ~*the job exacted

your paper was interesting

~*your paper interested

In these instances, the inability to produce fully acceptable non-progressive sentences indicates adjectival use.

Similar indeterminacy occurs with -ed forms. Again, we can generally use very to determine whether the -ed word is adjectival or verbal:

Page 17: Adj Forms of Verbs

The bomb was detonated ~*The bomb was very detonated

This document is hand-written ~*This document is very hand-written

My house was built in only twelve weeks

~*My house was very built in only twelve weeks

Ten people were killed ~*Ten people were very killed

The inability to supply very in these cases indicates a verbal rather than an adjectival construction. However, this test is less reliable with -ed forms than it is with -ing forms, since very can sometimes be supplied in both the adjectival and the verbal constructions:

Adjectival Verbal

I was embarrassed   I was very embarrassed

I was embarrassed by your behavior  I was very embarrassed by your behavior

She was surprised   She was very surprised

She was surprised by my reaction   She was very surprised by my reaction

The presence of a by-agent phrase (by your behaviour, by my reaction) indicates that the -ed form is verbal. Conversely, the presence of a complement, such as a that-clause, indicates that it is adjectival. Compare the following two constructions:

Adjectival:

The jury was convinced that the defendant was innocent

Verbal: The jury was convinced by the lawyer's argument

Here are some further examples of adjectival constructions (with complements) and verbal constructions (with by-agent phrases):

Page 18: Adj Forms of Verbs

Adjectival Verbal

I was delighted to meet you againI was delighted by his compliments

John is terrified of losing his job John is terrified by his boss

I was frightened that I'd be lateI was frightened by your expression

I was disappointed to hear your decision

I was disappointed by your decision

If the -ed form is verbal, we can change the passive construction in which it occurs into an active one:

Passive: I was delighted by his compliments

Active: His compliments delighted me

For more on active and passive constructions, see...   

As we have seen, discriminating between adjectival and verbal constructions is sometimes facilitated by the presence of additional context, such as by-agent phrases or adjective complements. However, when none of these indicators is present, grammatical indeterminacy remains. Consider the following examples from conversational English:

And you know if you don't know the simple command how to get out of something you're sunk [S1A-005-172]

But that's convenient because it's edged with wood isn't it [S1A-007-97]

With -ed and -ing participial forms, there is no grammatical indeterminacy if there

Page 19: Adj Forms of Verbs

is no corresponding verb. For example, in the job was time-consuming, and the allegations were unfounded, the participial forms are adjectives.

Similarly, the problem does not arise if the main verb is not be. For example, the participial forms in this book seems boring, and he remained offended are all adjectives. Compare the following:    

John was depressed    John felt depressed

I love the sound of falling rain...

as an adjective:

The main problem today is rising prices.That programme was really boring.He saw a woman lying on the floor.

Because the -ing noun or adjective is formed from a verb it can have any of the patterns which follow a verb, for example:

... an object:

I like playing tennis.I saw a dog chasing a cat.

... or an adverbial:

You can earn a lot of money by working hard.There were several people waiting for the bus.

... or a clause:

I heard someone saying that.

amusing interesting worrying shocking disappointing

boring surprising  exciting terrifying frightening

tiring annoying

 

after a noun:

Page 20: Adj Forms of Verbs

Who is that man standing over there?The boy talking to Angela is her younger brother.

and especially after verbs like see, watch, hear, smell etc.

I heard someone playing the piano.I can smell something burning.

her dying wishan ailing frienda falling starthe skidding vehicle

A sentence like He was entertaining is ambiguous out of context. Its meaning depends on

whether entertaining is treated as an adjective or as a verb. In He was very entertaining we

have an adjective--note the presence of the intensifier very--and in He was entertaining his

friends we have a verb--was entertaining is actually the full verb form taking a grammatical

object his friends."

(Ronald Wardhaugh, Understanding English Grammar: A Linguistic Approach, 2nd ed. Wiley-

Blackwell, 2003)

"As an example of borderline cases in lexical word classes, take the classification of words

ending with -ing. Almost all of these words have a verb base, so it is easy to assume that all

words ending in -ing are verbs. However, this conclusion is not correct. In fact, these words can

belong to any of three different classes: verb (sometimes called the -ingparticiple), noun, or

adjective (sometimes called participial adjective). Normally, the following tests can be applied to

determine the word class:

Verbs ending in -ing can act as the main verb of a verb phrase, and may be followed by a

noun or an adjective . . .: e.g. is eating lunch; becoming misty overnight.

Nouns ending in -ing can sometimes have a plural form (e.g. paintings), and can usually be

a head noun after a, the, or some other determiner: e.g. [the banning of some

chemicals], [her dancing].

Adjectives ending in -ing can appear before a noun, and can also occur after verbs such

as be and become: e.g. the travelling public; it was (very) confusing. They are very often

gradable, and can be preceded by degree adverbs such as very,

so, and too: veryforgiving, so interesting, too boring.

But these criteria cannot always be applied."

(Douglas Biber at al., Longman Student Grammar of Spoken English. Pearson, 2002)

Verbals