adeiladau amaethyddol traddodiadol yng nghymru...4 adeiladau amaethyddol traddodiadol yng nghymru...

Adeiladau Amaethyddol Traddodiadol yng Nghymru Gofal a Chadwraeth

Traditional Agricultural Buildings in WalesCare and Conservation

Cadw yw is-adran amgylchedd hanesyddolLlywodraeth Cynulliad Cymru. Ei nod yw hyrwyddo gwaith cadwraeth ar gyfer amgylchedd hanesyddol Cymru a gwerthfawrogiad ohono.

Oh CadwLlywodraeth Cynulliad CymruPlas CarewUned 5/7 Cefn CoedParc NantgarwCaerdydd CF15 7QQ

Cyhoeddwyd yn gyntaf gan Cadw 2006

ISBN 1 85760 226 9

Cadw is the Welsh AssemblyGovernment’s historic environmentdivision. Its aim is to promote theconservation and appreciation of Wales’s historic environment.

© CadwWelsh Assembly GovernmentPlas CarewUnit 5/7 Cefn CoedParc NantgarwCardiff CF15 7QQ

First published by Cadw 2006

ISBN 1 85760 226 9

Adeiladau Amaethyddol Traddodiadol yng Nghymru Gofal a Chadwraeth

Traditional Agricultural Buildings in WalesCare and Conservation

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Adeiladau Amaethyddol Traddodiadol yng Nghymru • Traditional Agricultural Buildings in Wales

Introduction

Farming in Wales has a long history.Clues to its earlier chapters are traced on to the landscape: the marks of fieldsystems, former boundaries, the scars ofploughing. Buildings, too, survive, andeach one is a piece of evidence for thehistory of farming. In the uplands, thereare fragmentary remains of buildings that date from before 1500, but farmbuildings surviving in a complete stateare very rare before the late sixteenthcentury. In much of Wales, an extendedcampaign of farm improvement beganabout 1800. Enclosures and landreclamation remodelled the landscape;new crops and cropping practices wereintroduced; new types of building wereprovided; farms were rebuilt. The linkbetween buildings and the organizationof the land is much clearer, and buildingsprovide us with better clues to farmingpractice. It became common, for example,to provide accommodation for a higherpercentage of the stock, and there was a growing demand for better storage forcorn or hay, and these practices arereflected in the provision of new buildings.

Gyferbyn: Fferm ystad â chynllun manwl yn Eryri, wedi’i hadeiladu gan ddefnyddioconcrid yn y 1870au. Uchod: Defnyddiwydpolion pren garw a haearn gwrymiog iwneud yr ysgubor wellt hon (LlyfrgellGenedlaethol Cymru).

Opposite: A well planned estate farm in Snowdonia, built using concrete inthe 1870s. Above: Rough timber polesand corrugated iron were used to makethis hay barn (National Library ofWales).

CyflwyniadMae hen hanes i amaethu yng Nghymru.Mae olion ei phenodau cynharaf i’wcanfod ar y dirwedd: olion systemaucaeau, hen derfynau, creithiau aredig.Mae adeiladau yn goroesi hefyd ac maepob un yn dystiolaeth o hanes amaethu.Yn yr uwchdiroedd, mae oliongwasgaredig adeiladau sy’n dyddio ogyfnod cyn 1500, ond prin yw’r adeiladauamaethyddol a adeiladwyd cyn diweddyr unfed ganrif ar bymtheg sy’n goroesi’ngyflawn.Tua 1800, dechreuodd ymgyrchestynedig o welliannau amaethu yn yrhan fwyaf o Gymru. Ailwampiwyd ydirwedd yn sgîl amgáu ac adfer tir ;cyflwynwyd cnydau ac arferion cnydionewydd; codwyd mathau newydd oadeiladau; ailgodwyd ffermydd. Mae’rcyswllt rhwng adeiladau a’r modd ytrefnwyd y tir yn gliriach ac mae’radeiladau yn datgelu llawer inni am yrarferion amaethu. Er enghraifft, daeth yn arfer cyffredin i ddarparu llety ar gyfer canran uwch o’r stoc ac roeddgalw cynyddol am storfeydd gwell i’r ydneu’r gwair ac adlewyrchir yr arferionhyn yn yr adeiladau newydd a godwyd.

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Mae’r adeiladau sydd wedi goroesi ynasedau unigryw sy’n cyfrannu at ymdeimlad ole a’n dealltwriaeth o hanes. Oherwydd bodarferion amaethu yn parhau i newid, maeiddynt hefyd natur fregus iawn yng nghyd-destun yr amgylchedd hanesyddol. Ond gellidparhau i wneud defnydd o lawer o’nhadeiladau traddodiadol o hyd; weithiau at eudibenion gwreiddiol, ac weithiau, wedi’uhaddasu at ddefnydd newydd ar y fferm.Gydag atgyweiriadau doeth, gallai eraill gaeleu defnyddio o’r newydd. Mae’n hadeiladaufferm traddodiadol gorau mor arbennig fel eibod yn werth sicrhau eu defnyddioldeb drwyeu hatgyweirio a’u cynnal a’u cadw. Maecynlluniau amaeth-amgylcheddol a chynlluniaucadwraeth wledig eraill yn cydnabod hyn, abellach mae sawl ffynhonnell ariannu ar gaelsy’n hyrwyddo’r gwaith o’u cadw fel rhanbwysig o’r dreftadaeth wledig.

Nod y llyfr hwn yw egluro ac amlinellu natur arbennig adeiladau ffermtraddodiadol a dangos sut y gall gwaithcadwraeth sensitif helpu i gadw eu hanes yn fyw.

Yn gyffredinol, roedd gan breswylfeydd y perchenogion mawr ysguboriau, adeiladau a buarthauynghlwm wrthynt, yn ogystal ag adeiladweithiau y gwnaed gwelliannau iddynt; ond dim ond ynystod y blynyddoedd diweddaraf y bu modd i’r iwmyn a’r tenantiaid fanteisio ar y moethusrwyddgwledig hwn …Walter Davies, General View of the Agriculture and Domestic Economy of South Wales (1815).

The residences of the great proprietors in general, had conveniences of barns,buildings and yards attached, upon improved constructions; but it is of late years that the yeomanry and tenantry were invited to partake of this rustic luxury …Walter Davies, General View of the Agriculture and Domestic Economy of South Wales (1815).

The buildings that remain areirreplaceable assets that contribute to asense of place and our understanding ofhistory. Because farming practices continueto change, they have also become a veryvulnerable part of the historic envronment.But many traditional buildings can stillhave a useful life; sometimes for theiroriginal purpose, and sometimes, afteradaptation, for new uses on the farm. With judicious repair, others could bebrought back into use. The best of ourtraditional farm buildings are so specialthat it is worth ensuring that they remainserviceable through repair and maintenance.Agri-environment and other ruralconservation schemes recognize this, andthere are now several sources of fundingthat promote their preservation as animportant part of the rural heritage.

This book sets out to explain andillustrate the special character oftraditional farm buildings and to showhow sympathetic conservation can help to keep their history alive.

Uchod: Ysgubor yd fawr o’r ail ganrif ar bymtheg ar fferm yn Sir Fynwy.Gyferbyn: Gallai cymorth grant roi bywydnewydd i’r fferm segur hon ar yr ucheldir fel sied a storfa ddefaid (Cyngor BwrdeistrefSirol Conwy).

Above: A large seventeenth-century corn barn on a Monmouthshire farm.Opposite: Grant aid could give thisabandoned upland holding new life as a sheep shed and store (Conwy CountyBorough Council).

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Amaethu a’r dirweddFfurfir y dirwedd wledig yn ôl anghenionamaethu a’r adeiladau fferm yw canolbwynt yrholl systemau defnydd tir. Mae’r patrymau hyno ddefnydd yn amrywio yn ôl daearyddiaeth adiwylliant i roi amrywiaeth rhanbarthol a lleolamlwg.Yn draddodiadol roedd amaethu yngNghymru yn gymysgedd o ffermio âr ahwsmonaeth fugeiliol, ond roedd y cydbwyseddrhwng y ddau yn amrywio. Mae’r adeiladaufferm yn adlewyrchu’r amrywiadau hyn.

Roedd gan bob elfen o’r tir ei adeiladaucyfatebol ar y fferm. O’r caeau âr daeth ycnydau i’w storio a’u prosesu yn yr ysgubor.Roedd maint yr ysgubor yn cyfateb yn unionâ’r erwau yr arferid eu haredig, ac yn sgîl y twfyn y cynhyrchiant gwenith roedd angen codiysguboriau newydd neu ehangu’r henysguboriau. O ran y da byw a borai ar ydolydd, câi rhai ohonynt eu cadw dan do drosy gaeaf ac ar rai ffermydd arferid eu cadw igyd dan do. Arweiniodd y cynnydd ynniferoedd yr anifeiliaid at yr angen amadeiladau ychwanegol.

Farming and the landscape

The rural landscape is shaped by the needsof agriculture, and farm buildings are atthe hub of whole systems of land use.These patterns of use vary with geographyand culture to give marked regional andlocal variety. Farming in Wales wastraditionally a mix of arable and pastoralhusbandry, but the balance between thetwo fluctuated. Farm buildings mirrorthese variations.

Each element of the land had itscomplementary buildings in the farmstead.From the arable fields came the crops, tobe stored and processed in the barn. Thesize of the barn related directly to theacreage under the plough, and theexpansion of wheat production requiredthe construction of new barns or theenlargement of old ones. On the pasturesgrazed the stock, some or all of which wasover-wintered indoors. Increasing thenumber of beasts led to a need foradditional accommodation.

Cynhyrchant wartheg a defaid a gedwir yn uchel yn y mynyddoedd yn ystod yr haf; yno hefydmae eu perchnogion a’u teuluoedd sy’n byw yn ystod y tymor hwnnw mewn hafotai neu laethdaifel y gwna’r ffermwyr yn yr Alpau yn y Swistir.Richard Jones (1810).

Their produce is cattle and sheep which during the summer keep very high in themountains, followed by their owners with their families, who reside during thatseason in hafotai, or summer dwellings or dairy houses as the farmers in the Swissalps do. Richard Jones (1810).

Gyferbyn: Fferm ystad â chynllun tynn ar yr ucheldir yng Ngheredigion. Mae’radeiladau yn cynnwys ysgubor yd fach,ysgubor wellt fawr, beudai a stablau(CBHC). Uchod: Beudy ger Penmachno,Gwynedd. Defnyddiwyd adeiladau fel y rhain ar gyfer gwartheg a gâi eu cadw dan do dros y gaeaf ar diroedd pori gwasgaredig.

Opposite: A tightly planned estatefarmstead in upland Ceredigion. Thebuildings include a small corn barn,large hay barn, cow houses and stables(RCAHMW). Above: A field cow housenear Penmachno, Gwynedd. Buildingslike these were used for over-winteringcattle on dispersed grazing lands.

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Gellid dweud bod yr adeiladau ynadlewyrchu’r modd y trefnwyd y gwaith ar yfferm.Yn yr iseldir yn arbennig, mae’r adeiladauwedi’u casglu mewn grwp, canolbwynt yfferm. Erbyn diwedd y ddeunawfed ganrif,roedd llawer o’r tir a amgylchynai’r ffermwedi’i amgáu ar ffurf system o gaeau.Ynardaloedd yr uwchdir, ceid tirwedd fwyagored y tu hwnt i’r caeau âr a’r caeau poribach ac erbyn diwedd y ddeunawfed ganrifroedd wedi’i rhannu’n gaeau mawr o dir pori– y ffridd – gyda thir pori agored y tu hwntiddynt.

Yn yr uwchdiroedd, datblygodd systemarbennig o hwsmonaeth, gyda’i phatrymau ei hun. Roedd traddodiad cynnar odrawstrefa, lle byddai’r teulu i gyd yn ogystalâ’r anifeiliaid yn symud i’r porfeydd uwch ynyr haf – i’r hafodydd. Ond roedd hyn eisoesyn anarferol erbyn diwedd y ddeunawfedganrif, ac aeth yr hafotai hynny naddatblygodd yn ffermydd parhaol a’u peniddynt.

Yn Eryri, bu’r defnydd o dir porigwasgaredig yn gyfrifol am feithrin traddodiadhirhoedlog arall.Yn yr ardal hon, byddai’r stocyn cael ei chadw dan do dros y gaeaf, mewnbeudai, ac fe’i porthwyd ar wair o’r porfeyddcyfagos. Mae’r beudai hyn yn parhau i fod ynrhan bwysig o’r dirwedd. Mae’n bosibl bodrhai ohonynt yn dyddio o gyfnod mor gynnarâ’r ail ganrif ar bymtheg, sy’n awgrymu henhanes i’r arfer hwn.

Buildings can be seen to reflect the waywork on the farm was organized. In thelowlands particularly, the buildings aregathered together in a group, the focal pointof the farm. By the end of the eighteenthcentury, much of the surrounding land wasenclosed as a system of fields. In uplandareas, a more open landscape lay beyondthe arable and small pasture fields, whichby the end of the eighteenth century wastypically divided into large enclosed tractsof pasture — the ffridd — with opengrazing beyond.

A distinctive system of husbandrydeveloped, with its own patterns, in theuplands. There was an early tradition oftranshumance, in which not only animalsbut the whole family withdrew to uplandpastures — known as hafodydd — in thesummer. But this was already rare by theend of the eighteenth century, and thosesummer houses (hafotai) which did notbecome permanent farms lapsed into ruin.

In Snowdonia, the use of dispersedgrazing land fostered another enduringtradition. Here, stock was over-winteredindoors in field cow houses, and was fedon hay from nearby pastures. These cowhouses are still an important part of thelandscape. Some of them may date from as early as the seventeenth century,suggesting that this practice has a longhistory.

Beudy ger Dolgellau, Gwynedd.

A field cow house near Dolgellau,Gwynedd.

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Roedd tirwedd unigryw i ffermio defaid:roedd ffriddoedd helaeth wedi’u hamgáu ynnodwedd gyffredin o’r unfed ganrif arbymtheg ymlaen, ac mae’n bosibl bod rhaiohonynt yn dyddio o gyfnod cynharach.Yrunig nodweddion pensaernïol sy’n goroesi i’nhatgoffa o bwysigrwydd defaid yn yr economiwledig yw cytiau bugeiliaid a chorlannaudefaid mewn mannau strategol.

Gwelwyd newidiadau radical i’r dirweddamaethu yn ystod y bedwaredd ganrif arbymtheg. O tua 1800 ymlaen dyrannwyd tir afu’n dir comin ers cyfnod cynnar iawn, iberchnogion unigol o ganlyniad i’r DeddfauCau Tir seneddol enwog. Ar yr un pryd,sefydlwyd ffermydd newydd hefyd; rhai gandirfeddianwyr blaengar a fuddsoddai yn ygwaith o adfer a gwella’r tir a rhai ganffermwyr bychain a orfodwyd i grafubywoliaeth o’r tir ymylol yn sgîl y twf yn yboblogaeth.Yn aml y ffermydd diweddarachhyn a sefydlwyd ar dir llai ffafriol oedd ycyntaf i fynd yn anghyfannedd yn ystodcyfnodau o ddirwasgiad economaidd.

Mae’n bosibl bod gwybodaeth am ydefnydd o dir yn y gorffennol i’w chael yngngwead yr adeiladau fferm. Gallai chwarelibychain ar y fferm fod wedi darparucyflenwad o gerrig adeiladu. Defnyddiddeunyddiau a oedd i’w cael ar y fferm neu’rcyffiniau ar gyfer toeon gwellt a gall ydeunyddiau hyn gynnig tystiolaeth fanwl innio amgylcheddau amaethyddol blaenorol.

Sheep farming had its own landscape:vast enclosed sheep walks were becomingcommon from the sixteenth century, andsome may be earlier. Small shepherds’huts and strategically placed sheep-foldsare the sole architectural reminders of the importance of sheep in the ruraleconomy.

There were radical changes to thefarming landscape during the nineteenthcentury. Land held and used in commonfrom ancient times was allotted toindividual owners from about 1800, as a result of the notorious parliamentaryEnclosure Acts. At the same time, too,new farms were established; some byprogressive landlords who invested inreclaiming and improving the land, andsome by small farmers, who were forcedby the rise in population to workmarginal land. These late-establishedfarmsteads on less favourable land wereoften the first to be abandoned in timesof economic depression.

Farm buildings may contain in thedetail of their construction informationabout land use in the past. Small quarrieson the holding may have provided asupply of stone for building. Materials tobe found on the farm or in its immediateenvirons were used for thatching, and canprovide detailed evidence for pastagricultural environments.

Brig: Strwythur cellog corlan ddefaid ynEryri (CBHC). Polion garw a gwellt addefnyddiwyd i doi beudy fferm fach yngNgheredigion (uchod).

Top: The cellular structure of aSnowdonia sheep fold (RCAHMW).Above: Rough poles and straw ropeused to roof the little cow house of aCeredigion smallholding.

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Fferm a swyddogaethMae fferm yn uned weithiol sy’n cynnwys ty acadeiladau fferm. Mae amrywiaeth yr adeiladauyn adlewyrchu trefn economaidd y fferm gyfan.Roedd rhai mathau penodol o adeiladau ffermyn gysylltiedig â’r rhan fwyaf o weithgareddauamaethu: mae ffurfiau nodweddiadol wedidatblygu ar gyfer llochesi anifeiliaid, a storio aphrosesu cnydau. Roedd rhai adeiladau ffermyn cyfuno sawl swyddogaeth o dan yr un to, ondmae’r gwahaniaethau rhwng pob swyddogaethyn amlwg oherwydd y nodweddion gwahanola berthynai i bob un ohonynt.

Hyd at ddechrau’r bedwaredd ganrif arbymtheg, roedd hwsmonaeth gymysg yngyffredin ym mhob man, er mai stoc a ffermiollaeth oedd fwyaf cyffredin ar yr uwchdiroedd;yn yr iseldiroedd, daeth cynhyrchu grawn yngynyddol bwysig, yn sgîl rhyfeloedd Napoleon i ddechrau ac yna yn sgîl marchnadoeddcynyddol yr ardaloedd diwydiannol trefol, ynenwedig ar ôl 1850.Yn ddiweddarach,ysgogwyd arbenigedd rhanbarthol fwyfwy ardraws Prydain gan y gwelliannau ym maestrafnidiaeth ac yng Nghymru gwelwyd tueddgref tuag at fagu stoc a ffermio llaeth yn y rhanfwyaf o ardaloedd; erbyn diwedd y bedwaredd ganrif ar bymtheg roedd rhaiffermydd arbenigol wedi’u sefydlu.

Mae adeiladau fferm yn aml yn goroesinewidiadau o’r fath yn economi’r fferm, ac yndarparu tystiolaeth o ddulliau amaethu ydyddiau a fu.

Farm and function

A farmstead is a working unit of house and farm buildings. The array of buildings reflects the economicorganization of the whole farm. Most farming activities had dedicatedbuilding types: distinctive forms havedeveloped for animal shelter, and cropstorage and processing. Some farmbuildings combined several functionsunder one roof, but the different uses can be recognized because each use had different characteristics.

Until the early nineteenth century,mixed husbandry prevailed everywhere,though stock and dairy dominated in the uplands; whilst in the lowlands, grain production became increasinglyimportant, stimulated at first by theNapoleonic wars, then by the growingmarkets of urban industrial areas,especially after 1850. Later, improvedtransport encouraged greater regionalspecialization across Britain, and in Wales there was a strong shift towardsstock-rearing and dairy farming in mostareas; some specialist farms had beenestablished by the later nineteenthcentury.

Farm buildings often survive suchchanges in the economy of the farm, andprovide evidence for abandoned modes of farming.

Gyferbyn: Cysgodfan gyda llwybr wedi’i godi ar fferm yn Sir Fynwy. Uchod: Rhesamaethyddol ar gynllun L ar fferm yngngogledd Eryri, a ddatblygwyd yn ybedwaredd ganrif ar bymtheg drwy gyfunodwy hen ysgubor, gyda llety uchel i dda byw.

Opposite: A shelter shed with raisedwalkway on a Monmouthshire farm.Above: An L-plan agricultural range ona farm in north Snowdonia, developedin the nineteenth century by combiningtwo earlier barns, with loftedaccommodation, for livestock.

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Adeiladau ar gyfer cnydau

Gweithredai’r ysgubor fel storfa ac adeiladgwaith lle dyrnwyd y grawn. Roedd angendrws ym mhob pen ar gyfer dyrnu (a oeddyn caniatáu i’r awel chwythu drwyddi ar gyfernithio), gyda llawr caled ar gyfer dyrnu yn ycanol. Mewn sawl ardal — yn enwedig yrardaloedd hynny lle cynhyrchid cnydau grawnar raddfa fawr — roedd gan yr ysguboriauddrysau mawr i roi mynediad i gertiau, ondpe câi’r ysgubau eu storio y tu allan a’u dwyni mewn ar gyfer dyrnu yn unig, byddai drwscul yn gwneud y tro. Fel arfer agennau awyruac nid ffenestri sydd gan ysguboriau agodwyd at ddibenion storio a dyrnu.

Roedd tirfeddianwyr blaengar yn cyflwyno peiriannau dyrnu a nithio oddiwedd y ddeunawfed ganrif ymlaen, ondprin fu’r datblygiadau peirianyddol ar lawer o ffermydd Cymru yn sgîl prinder arian i’wfuddsoddi. Roedd cenhedlaeth gyntaf ypeiriannau hyn yn gofyn am injan ceffyl, acmae rhai enghreifftiau o dai injan a godwydyn bwrpasol wedi goroesi. Roedd peiriannauager yn fwy prin o lawer, ond mae tai ar gyfer injan stêm sefydlog yn parhau ynnodwedd ym muarth rhai o’r ystadau mwyuchelgeisiol.

Er mwyn pesgi’r gwartheg, roedd angenrhyw fath o ddarpariaethau i baratoi porthiant.Cyflwynwyd melinau eithin a bwerwyd ganddwr ar ddechrau’r bedwaredd ganrif arbymtheg, ac yna wrth i gnydau porthiant ddodyn fwyfwy pwysig, weithiau defnyddiwyd

Buildings for crops

The barn was both a store and a working building, where grain wasthreshed. Threshing required opposedentrances (permitting a through-draughtfor winnowing), with a solid floor, forthreshing, between them. In many areas — and especially those dedicated toextensive cereal production — barns hadlarge doors to permit carts to enter, but ifsheaves were stored outside and broughtin purely for threshing, a narrowdoorway might suffice. Barns for storageand threshing usually have ventilationslits but no windows.

Progressive landlords were introducingthreshing and winnowing machines fromthe end of the eighteenth century, thoughshortage of funds to invest limited theprogress of mechanization on manyWelsh farms. The first generations ofthese machines required horse-engines,and some examples of purpose-builtengine houses survive. Steam-poweredmachines were much more rare, buthouses for stationary steam engines arestill a feature of the farmyard on some of the more ambitious estates.

If cattle were to be fattened on thefarm, some food preparation wasnecessary. Water-powered gorse millswere introduced in the early nineteenthcentury, then as fodder crops becamemore important, powered machinery was

Ysgubor hardd yn Sir Gaerfyrddin, gydadrysau uchel yn rhoi mynediad i loriaudyrnu dwbl (Archeoleg Cambria).

A fine Carmarthenshire barn, with highdoors giving access to twin threshingfloors (Cambria Archaeology).

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peiriannau a bwerwyd ar gyfer torri ac oddiwedd y bedwaredd ganrif ar bymthegymlaen roedd cegin foch yn gyffredin iawn.

Daeth ysguboriau ar gyfer storio gwairhefyd yn gyffredin yn ystod y bedwareddganrif ar bymtheg.Yn Eryri, mae ysguboriaugwair ag iddynt ochrau agored gyda phileri ogerrig neu lechi yn nodwedd ar lawer offermydd.Yn ddiweddarach, disodlwyd y tasauar gyfer gwair ac weithiau yd gan helm wair o haearn gwrymiog.

Adeiladau i’r da byw

Y stablRoedd ceffylau wedi graddol ddisodli’r ych ar gyfer gwaith trwm yn y ddeunawfed ganrif a’r ceffyl gwedd oedd yr anifail mwyafgwerthfawr ar y fferm. O’r holl adeiladauamaethyddol, y stabl yn aml yw’r adeilad agodwyd orau ac yn ôl cynllun manwl. Roeddffenestri gan lawer o stablau, ynghyd â thaflodar gyfer storio gwair neu fel llety ar gyfergweision fferm.

sometimes used for cutting, whilst boilinghouses were widespread from the laternineteenth century.

Barns for storing hay becamecommonplace during the nineteenthcentury. In Snowdonia, open-sided haybarns with stone or slate piers are afeature on many farms. Later, pole barnsor corrugated iron Dutch barns took theplace of thatched ricks for hay andsometimes for corn.

Buildings for Livestock

The stableHorses had gradually replaced oxen forheavy work from the eighteenth century,and the working horse was the mostvaluable animal on the farmstead. Thestable is often the most highly designedand best built of the agricultural buildings.Stables often had windows, and lofts forthe storage of hay or the accommodationof farm servants.

Ymhlith yr adeiladau eraill mae ysgubor, stabl, sied anifeiliaid a sied droliau. Gan fod yr yd bobamser yn cael ei storio yn yr ydlan, efallai na fyddai angen ysgubor fawr, ond ar fferm o unrhywfaint, byddai dwy yn gyfleuster mawr …Charles Hassall, General View of the Agriculture of the County of Carmarthen (1794).

The other buildings are a barn, a stable, a beast house, and a cart house. As the cornis always stacked in the rickyard, a large barn may be unnecessary, but on any extentof holding, two would be a great conveniency …Charles Hassall, General View of the Agriculture of the County of Carmarthen (1794).

Brig: Mae’r rhes o stablau hon ar fferm ynEryri yn debyg i dy o ran maint achymesuredd ei hadeiladu. Uchod: Mae’ndebygol i’r rhes fawr hon o stablau, a gysylltidâ Gweithiau Haearn Nant-y-glo, BlaenauGwent, fod yn gartref i ferlod tramffyrdd a’uporthiant.

Top: This stable range on a Snowdoniafarm resembles a house in scale andsymmetry. Above: This large stablerange, associated with NantygloIronworks, Blaenau Gwent, probablyhoused tramroad ponies and their fodder.

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Y beudyI’r gwrthwyneb, roedd y beudai yn adeiladaudiffenestr. Roedd taflod i’w chael yn amlmewn enghreifftiau cynnar, ond yn ybedwaredd ganrif ar bymtheg, fe’i hystyrid ynarfer da i gadw gwartheg mewn adeiladauunllawr.Yn y beudai diweddarach hyn cadwydyr anifeiliaid mewn corau; dim ond ar dennyny cadwyd yr anifeiliaid yn yr adeiladaucynharach. Roedd sawl patrwm i’r corau.Weithiau byddai’r anifeiliaid yn wynebu ar hydneu ar draws yr adeilad ac weithiau roeddcyntedd bwydo ar wahân. Hyd yn oed ar ôlcolli’r corau, gallai’r fframiau drysau i’r coraua’r cyntedd bwydo ddangos y patrwmgwreiddiol.Weithiau, dros fisoedd y gaeaf,byddai’r gwartheg yn cael eu cadw mewnsiediau a oedd yn agored ar un ochr gan roimynediad i fuarth wedi’i amgáu, aadwaenwyd fel cysgodfannau.

The cow houseBy contrast, cow houses were oftenwindow-less. Early examples often hadlofts, but it was considered good practicein the nineteenth century toaccommodate cows in single-storeyranges. In these later cow houses thebeasts were in stalls; in the earlierbuildings the animals had simply beentethered. There were various layoutpatterns of stalls. The animals might facealong or across the building, andsometimes there was a separate feedingpassage. Even when the stalls have beenlost, the doorways that gave access to thestalls and the feeding passage may showthe original layout. Cattle weresometimes over-wintered in open-frontedsheds, called shelter sheds, that gaveaccess on to an enclosed yard.

adeiladodd y tirfeddiannwr yr ysgubor, y sied droliau, y stabl, y beudy a’r sied ar gyfer da llai eumaint ond bu’n rhaid i’r tenant wneud yr halio am ddim. Cododd y tenant weithdy, sied i’r lloi asied i ddiogelu’r peiriant dyrnu, sied uwchlaw’r domen dail a bwthyn i’r labrwr ar y fferm.Royal Commission on Land (1895), Cyf III, t.184.

the landlord built the barn, carthouse, stable, cowhouse and shed for small cattle butthe tenant had to do all the haulage free. The tenant built a workshop, a shed for thecalves and a shed to protect the threshing machine, a shed above the manure heapand a cottage for the labourer on the farm.Royal Commission on Land (1895), Vol III, p.184.

Brig: Mae’r drysau llydan a diffyg ffenestri yn y rhes unllawr hon yn nodweddiadol ofeudai'r bedwaredd ganrif ar bymtheg.Uchod: Sied droliau ar fferm yn Sir Benfro.Mae ansawdd da'r gwaith carreg ynpwysleisio pwysigrwydd yr adeilad.

Top: The broad doorways and lack ofwindows in this single-storey range ischaracteristic of a nineteenth-centurycow house. Above: The cartshed on aPembrokeshire farmstead. The goodquality stonework emphasizes theimportance of the building.

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Y cwt mochY mochyn oedd prif gynhaliaeth economicartref y fferm ac mae cytiau moch ynnodwedd gyffredin. Mae’r rhan fwyaf ohonyntar ffurf sied fach â tho gyda lloc cysylltiedig.Tua diwedd y bedwaredd ganrif ar bymthegar y ffermydd mwy, byddai’r cwt moch wedi’igysylltu â chegin foch ar gyfer paratoiporthiant. Mae’n bosibl mai math cynharacho adeilad oedd y cwt moch crwn cromennog,ond roedd y math hwn o gwt yn parhau igael ei godi ar ffermydd bach yn y bedwareddganrif ar bymtheg.Yn aml, roedd ganddo loccaeedig, ond ceir hefyd rai enghreifftiau olochesi moch mewn caeau pori a awgrymaigenfaint a gâi fwy o ryddid i grwydro.

Y sied droliauRoedd y drol yn eitem werthfawr a fynnai ei llety ei hun.Yn aml arferid cyfuno’r sied ag iddi flaen agored gyda granar uwchben, gan fod grawn hefyd ynwerthfawr iawn. Roedd angen i’r storfa rawn fod yn lân ac wedi’i hawyru’n dda ac felly arferid plastro neu wyngalchu’rgranar.

The pigstyThe pig was a mainstay of the domesticeconomy of the farmstead, and pigstiesare commonplace. Most take the form ofa small roofed shed with an enclosed penattached. In the later nineteenth centuryon larger farms the pigsty might be linkedto a cegin foch or boiling house for thepreparation of fodder. The circulardomed sty may be an earlier buildingtype, but it was still being built on smallholdings in the nineteenth century. Itoften had an enclosed pen, but there arealso some examples of pig shelters inpasture fields, implying more freelyranging herds.

The cartshedThe cart was a valuable item of equipment,deserving its own accommodation. Itsopen-fronted shed was often combinedwith a granary above, grain beinganother valuable commodity. Storage ofgrain relied on good ventilation and aclean interior and the granary wastherefore often plastered or limewashed.

Cytiau moch o waith maen heb fodfedd o bren neu haearn, ac eithrio drwsWalter Davies, General View of the Agriculture and Domestic Economy of South Wales (1815).

Pigsties of entire masonry without an inch of wood or iron, excepting for a doorWalter Davies, General View of the Agriculture and Domestic Economy of South Wales (1815).

Brig: Cwt moch cromennog a chrwn a wnaedo gerrig sychion ym Morgannwg (CBHC).Uchod: Cytiau moch pâr ar fferm ystâd yn ybedwaredd ganrif ar bymtheg ym Mhowys,gyda thoeau o fflagenni lleol. Gwahenir yddwy gorlan gan flociau mawr o gerrig.(CBHC).

Top: A domed and circular drystonepigsty in Glamorgan (RCAHMW). Above: Paired pigsties on a nineteenth-century estate farm in Powys, roofedwith local stone flags. Large blocks ofstone separate the two pens (RCAHMW).

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Pensaernïaeth adeiladauffermEr mai yn ôl ffurfiau traddodiadol y codwydadeiladau fferm, roedd manylion eu cynllunyn amrywio yn ôl hanes cymdeithasol aceconomaidd penodol y fferm.

Caiff maint y fferm ei adlewyrchu ymmaint ei hadeiladau.Yr hyn sy’nnodweddiadol o Gymru yw’r amrywiaethmawr o ran maint daliadaethauamaethyddol.Yn ôl ffurflenni cyfrifiad o’rbedwaredd ganrif ar bymtheg disgrifiwyddynion â daliadaethau o gyn lleied â phedairerw fel ffermwyr.Yn amlwg, nid oedd ganfferm mor fach yr un anghenion o ranadeiladau â fferm y plas ar ystâd fawr.Mae ffermydd yn olrhain hierarchaetheconomaidd a chymdeithasol fanwl o’rtyddyn bychan, a fyddai wedi cynnwysannedd fechan a beudy cysylltiedig a chwtmoch yn unig, i gymhlyg mawr gydagadeiladau at lawer o ddibenion arbenigol.

Yn aml caiff perchenogaeth a statwsfferm, ni waeth beth fo’i maint, eihadlewyrchu yn ei nodweddion pensaernïol.Roedd adnoddau a buddsoddiadau ar gael iystadau mawr nad oeddent ar gael i’r deiliadbychan. Fodd bynnag, hyd yn oed ar ystadaumawr, y tenant fu’n gyfrifol yn aml am godineu atgyweirio’r adeiladau. Hwyrach y bu’rdrefn hon yn gyfrifol am gadw arferionadeiladau traddodiadol a rhanbarthol, gan eibod yn cadw’r cyfrifoldeb dros adeiladu ofewn y gymuned leol.

The architecture of farmbuildings

Although farm buildings tookconventional forms, the detail of theirdesign varied according to the particularsocial and economic history of the farm.

The size of a farm is reflected in thesize of its buildings. Wales is characterizedby an enormous diversity in the size ofagricultural holdings. In the nineteenth-century census returns, men havingholdings of as few as four acres weredescribed as farmers. Obviously such atiny farm did not have the samerequirement for buildings as the homefarm of a large estate. Farmsteads mapout a detailed economic and socialhierarchy from the tiny smallholding,which may have comprised only adwelling with a small cow house attachedand a pigsty, to the large complex withbuildings for many specialist functions.

The ownership and status of a farm,irrespective of its size, is often reflected inits architectural character. Large landedestates had access to resources andinvestment that were denied to the smallfreeholder. Even on large estates, though,it was often the tenant who built orrepaired the buildings. This may havepreserved traditional and regionalbuilding practices, since it kept theresponsibility for building within thelocal community.

Gyferbyn: Stabl, ysgubor a rhes beudy arfferm yn Sir Benfro. Daw ei gymeriad cryfo’r defnydd o ddeunyddiau adeiladu lleol a’rdulliau adeiladu. Mae’r toeau sydd wedi’ugrowtio’n helaeth yn nodwedd gyffredin oardaloedd arfordirol Sir Benfro. Uchod: Stabla beudy a welir drwy fwâu cerrig cain sieddroliau ar fferm ystad cartref ym Mhowys.Mae maint yr adeiladau a’u manylderansawdd uchel yn dangos eu statws(CBHC).

Opposite: A stable, barn and cow house range on a Pembrokeshire farm.Its strong character comes from the useof local building materials and methodsof construction. The heavily groutedroofs are a common feature of coastalPembrokeshire. Above: A stable andcow house range seen through theelegant stone arches of the cartshed on an estate home farm in Powys. Thescale of the buildings and their high-quality detailing indicate their status(RCAHMW).

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Patrwm y buarth

Ceir dau brif fath o batrwm: y fferm linellol,lle byddai’r adeiladau i gyd mewn rhes, a’rbuarth wedi’i ffurfio o sawl adeilad ar wahân.Tybir mai yn nhraddodiad y ty hir y maegwreiddiau’r fferm linellol.Yn ôl y traddodiadhwn roedd pobl a’u da byw yn byw o dan yrun to ac roedd y cyntedd i’r annedd yngweithredu fel y cyntedd bwydo i’r da byw.Mae’r tai hir gwirioneddol sydd wedi goroesiyn brin iawn: y patrwm mwy cyffredin yw’rrhes linellol o adeiladau gydag adeiladaufferm a’r ty wedi’u codi mewn rhes ond gydadrws ar wahân i bob un. Mae ffermydd o’rmath hwn yn fwy tebygol o fod yn gysylltiedigâ ffermio uwchdirol a gallant fod yn ffermyddcynharach, neu, yn syml, ffermydd llai.Wedidweud hynny, mabwysiadwyd y patrwmllinellol weithiau hyd yn oed ar gyfer ffermyddnewydd neu ffermydd mawr a ailgodwyd yn ybedwaredd ganrif ar bymtheg, efallai er mwyndefnyddio’r gofod a oedd ar gael yn effeithlon.

Roedd y patrymau eraill, lle gosodwydswyddogaethau gwahanol mewn adeiladau ar wahân yn amrywio o gasgliad anffurfiol oadeiladau annibynnol i fuarth a gynlluniwydyn ofalus.

Roedd sylwebyddion amaethyddol ynargymell ac yn cymeradwyo patrwm lletrefnwyd yr adeiladau mewn dilyniant priodol a rhesymegol, a lle y gellid casglu tail yn gyfleus. Roedd darparu trefniant morrhesymegol yn ddrud, gan ei bod yn gofyn am ymgyrch adeiladu gydlynus: mewn sefyllfa

The layout of the farmyard

There are two main styles of layout: the linear farmstead, in which all thebuildings are in line, and the yard madeup of several separate buildings. Thelinear farmstead is often thought tooriginate in the longhouse tradition, inwhich humans and stock were housedunder the same roof, and the entrancepassage for the dwelling served as thefeeding passage for the livestock. Truelonghouses are rare survivals: morecommon is a linear range in which thefarm buildings and the house are built inline, but each has independent access.Farms of this type are likely to beassociated with upland farming and maybe earlier, or simply smaller, farmsteads.That said, a linear arrangement wassometimes adopted even for newly builtor rebuilt large farms in the nineteenthcentury, perhaps for economy of space.

The alternative layout, in whichseparate functions were housed inseparate buildings, ranges from aninformal collection of independentbuildings, to a carefully planned yard.

Agricultural commentatorsrecommended and approved a layoutwhere the buildings were logicallyarranged in a functional sequence, andwhere manure could be convenientlycollected. Providing such a rationalarrangement was expensive, since it

Buarthau pâr ar Ynys Enlli, a adeiladwydtua 1870-75 fel rhan o’r gwaith cyffredinolo ailadeiladu ffermydd yr ynys gan drydyddBarwn Newborough. Maent yn enghreifftiaunodedig o gynllunio modelau fferm arddiwedd y bedwaredd ganrif ar bymtheg(CBHC).

Paired farm courts on Bardsey Island,built about 1870–75 as part of ageneral rebuilding of the island's farmsby the third Baron Newborough. Theyare remarkable examples of laternineteenth-century model farmplanning (RCAHMW).

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lle mai fesul tipyn y gellid amnewidadeiladau, roedd yn anodd sicrhau patrwm cydlynus. Felly gwaith ystadaublaengar a chyfoethog oedd y rhan fwyaf o’r ffermydd a godwyd yn ôl cynllun manwl, os nad bob un ohonynt.Mabwysiadwyd ymagwedd arbrofol gan rai ohonynt a chynlluniwyd y ffermydd yn hynod fanwl.

Deunyddiau adeiladu

Roedd y dewis o ddeunyddiau adeiladu yndibynnu ar gyllideb yn ogystal ag ar pa un aoedd y deunyddiau eu hun ar gael. Gallaitirfeddianwyr mwy cyfoethog gludodeunydd, neu noddi mwy o waith yn eu dull o ennill a gweithio, ac weithiau mewnffurfiau arbrofol o adeiladu. Cymhelliant rhaio’r arbrofion hyn oedd yr awydd i ddod ohyd i ddulliau rhatach o adeiladu: budiddordeb am gyfnod mewn concrid fel ygwelir yn y gyfres o ffermydd ar ystadGregynog ym Mhowys ac ar dir EdmundBuckley yn Ninas Mawddwy, Gwynedd.Arloeswr cynharach byth oedd Evan Thomaso Dy’r Sili ym mro Morgannwg: defnyddioddhaearn bwrw ar gyfer toi’r ysgubor a’r stablauar ei fferm fodel a ddyddiai o 1816–1817.

Mae’n debygol i’r rhydd-ddeiliaid bychana’r ffermwyr tenant fod yn ddibynnol iawn arddeunyddiau lleol, wedi’u rhoi at ei gilydd ynôl traddodiad yr ardal leol. Roedd eu rhanbarhaol yn y gwaith o godi adeiladau fferm

required a coordinated campaign ofbuilding: where buildings could only be replaced piecemeal, a coherent layoutwas harder to achieve. Most, if not all, of the tightly planned farmyards aretherefore the work of progressive andwealthy estates. Some of these took anexperimental approach, and the farmyards were rigorously designed.

Materials for construction

The choice of materials for buildingdepended on budget as well as availability.Wealthier landowners could bringmaterials in, or could sponsor morelabour in their winning and working, and sometimes in experimental forms ofconstruction. Some of these experimentswere motivated by the search for cheaperforms of building: there was a brief interestin concrete, as witnessed by a series offarms on the Gregynog estate in Powys,and on the land of Edmund Buckley inDinas Mawddwy, Gwynedd. An evenearlier pioneer was Evan Thomas of SullyHouse, in the vale of Glamorgan: on hismodel farm of about 1816–17 he usedcast iron for the roofs of barn and stables.

Small freeholders and tenant farmerswere likely to be heavily dependent onlocal materials, assembled in locallytraditional ways. Their continuing role in the construction of farm buildings

Brig:Yn stablau Gweithiau Haearn Nant-y-glo, defnyddiodd y to drawstiau haearn, acroedd y llechi wedi’u gwifro i geibrauhaearn. Uchod: Adeiladwyd y rhesi ar yfferm ystad hon yn Eryri drwy ddefnyddiogwaith adeiladu concrid yn y lle gwreiddiol,techneg arloesol ar y pryd.

Top: At Nantyglo Ironworks stables,the roof used iron trusses, and the slateswere wired to iron rafters. Above: Theranges on this estate farm in Snowdoniawere built using in situ concreteconstruction, a pioneering technique.

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yn gyfrifol, fwy na thebyg, am gynnalarferion traddodiadol. Datgelir lefelaugwahanol o fuddsoddiad mewn ffyrddcynnil iawn – yn y dewis a’r cyfuniad oddeunyddiau a’r modd y’u defnyddiwyd.

Weithiau, datgelwyd tystiolaeth bwysig o bensaernïaeth cartref gynnar mewnadeiladau fferm.Weithiau mae ffyrddtraddodiadol o adeiladu, a ddisodlwydmaes o law gan ddeunyddiau neudechnegau newydd, wedi’u cadw ynadeiladau’r fferm tra bod y tai sy’n eudefnyddio’n brin iawn o’r olion hyn. Unenghraifft yw to gwellt; enghraifft arall ywadeiladu wal gerrig sych. Mae’n bosibl i daicynharach fod wedi’u cadw’n llythrennol,wrth i hen dy gael ei ailddefnyddio atddibenion amaethyddol.

Dros amser, roedd dewis ehangach oddeunyddiau adeiladu ar gael i’w defnyddio.Er enghraifft, gyda datblygiad chwarelydda agweithgynhyrchu a’r gwelliant dilynol o rancludiant, gwelwyd cerrig a briciau yngraddol ddisodli pren.

PrenFframiau pren yw nodwedd mwyafcyffredin dwyrain Cymru, ond mae’n bosibliddo fod yn hyn na’r defnydd o gerrigmewn mannau eraill hefyd: gellir gweldgwaith coed cain weithiau wedi’i ymgorfforimewn adeiladau sydd wedi’u codi’n bennafo gerrig. Roedd dewis a pharatoi’r pren,creu uniadau a chodi’r ffrâm yn waithmedrus a gymerai lawer o amser.

probably helped to sustain traditionalpractices. Differing levels of investmentare revealed in subtle ways — in thechoice and combination of materials, and in their handling.

Sometimes important evidence forearly domestic architecture has beenuncovered in farm buildings. Traditionalways of building that were later replaced by new materials or techniquesare sometimes preserved in farmbuildings, while the houses using themhave become very scarce. The survival of thatch is one example; another is drystone wall construction. Early housesmay even be literally preserved, when aformer house has been re-used foragricultural purposes.

Over time, a wider choice of buildingmaterials became available. For example,with the development of quarrying andmanufacture, and then the improvementin transport, stone and brick graduallyreplaced timber.

TimberTimber-framing dominates much of east Wales, but it may have preceded the use of stone elsewhere: fine carpentrycan sometimes still be seen encapsulatedwithin buildings which are predominantlymade from stone. Selection andpreparation of the timber, and jointing and erecting the frame were all time-consuming, skilled tasks.

Dechreuodd yr ysgubor wellt hon ei bywydfel annedd: gellir gweld creithiau’r simnai ary talcen. Fe’i hadeiladwyd gan ddefnyddiopridd (clom), a defnyddiwyd canghennaugarw fel ceibrau ar gyfer y to gwellt(CBHC).

This Pembrokeshire hay barn startedlife as a dwelling: the scars of thechimney can be seen on the gable end.It was built using earth (clom), andrough branches were used as rafters forthe thatched roof (RCAHMW).

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Mewn adeiladau domestig, roedd ytraddodiad ffrâm bren ar ei gryfaf yn yr unfedganrif ar bymtheg a’r ail ganrif ar bymtheg;goroesodd gryn dipyn yn hwy mewnadeiladau fferm, er yn ddiweddarach, gwelwydmaint y trawstiau a ddefnyddiwyd yn lleihau.Er bod traddodiadau adeiladu yn gyffredinyng nghyd-destun adeiladau domestig acamaethyddol, mae gwahaniaethau i’w gweldyn y gwaith cladio a mewnlenwi yn y fframiau.Yn aml byddai ffrâm ty wedi’i mewnlenwi âphlethwaith a chlai, ond byddai paneliplethwaith agored neu fyrddau hindraul yngwneud y tro mewn adeilad fferm. Byddai’rpren wedi’i drin o bosibl â chalch, neu’nddiweddarach, â haen o bitwmen i’w gadw.

Weithiau mae’r paneli mewnlenwi wedi’udisodli gan waith brics a phwysau’r gwaithhwn fyddai wedi achosi i’r ffrâm anffurfio.Ynaml byddai strapiau haearn gan y gof yn caeleu gosod i gryfhau trawstiau a oedd ynmethu dal y pwysau.

In domestic building, the timber-frametradition was strongest in the sixteenthand seventeenth centuries; it survivedmuch longer in farm buildings, thoughlater on, timbers of diminishing size were used. Although the traditions ofconstruction are common across domestic and agricultural buildings, there are differences in the cladding andinfilling of the frame. Where the frame of a house was often infilled with wattleand daub, open wattle panels orweatherboarding might suffice in a farmbuilding. The wood might be treated withlime or, later, a coating of bitumen, as apreservative.

Sometimes the infill panels have laterbeen replaced with brickwork, and itsweight has caused the frame to distort.Blacksmith-made iron straps and ties wereoften introduced to strengthen timbersthat were struggling to perform their role.

Yn 1884, atgyweiriwyd y stabl gan y tirfeddiannwr, codwyd beudy ar gyfer 21 o fuchesi, sied i’r da a chytiau moch. Bûm yn gyfrifol am halio popeth oedd yn gysylltiedig â’r uchod ac rwyf ynbarod i brofi i’r gwaith halio gostio mwy i mi na’r adeiladau a’r costau atgyweirio i’r tirfeddiannwr.Gwrthodwyd rhyddid i mi gludo cerrig o chwarel ym mhen uchaf y fferm oherwydd yr oedd yngnghyffiniau gwarchodaeth cwningod, ac o ganlyniad, bu’n rhaid i mi fyned fwy na phum gwaith ypellter ar hyd ffordd wael tu hwnt.Royal Commission on Land (1895),Cyf III, t.184 (tystiolaeth T. Davies).

Mewn rhai ardaloedd, roedd pren yn cael eiddefnyddio o hyd ar gyfer adeiladu adeiladaufferm yn y bedwaredd ganrif ar bymtheg.Ynyr adeilad hwn yn Sir Drefaldwyn, mae’r tuallan wedi’i orchuddio â byrddau hindraul, ondmae’r parwydydd agored ar y tu mewn yndangos ei strwythur yn glir.

In some areas, timber was still being usedfor the construction of farm buildings inthe nineteenth century. In this building inMontgomeryshire the exterior isweatherboarded, but the open partitionsinside clearly reveal its structure.

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CarregMae cynifer o arddulliau o waith maen ag ymae o fathau o garreg yng Nghymru agallai’r modd y defnyddid y garregddibynnu ar p’un a gafodd ei chloddio o’rchwarel neu ei chasglu o waith clirio caeauneu o wely’r afon. Mae cymeriad unigrywyn perthyn i bob carreg adeiladu.Yngyffredinol roedd angen gwely morter daar gerrig glai de a gorllewin Cymru ermwyn codi wal gadarn, tra bod carregfolcanig Eryri yn cynhyrchu cerrig y gellideu cyd-gloi yn ddiogel i godi waliau cerrigsychion. Aeth cryn dipyn o ymdrech asgiliau i godi hyd yn oed yr adeilad mwyafdi-nod—a hynny er mwyn cludo’rdeunyddiau i’r safle, cyn hyd yn oed osodun garreg ar ben y llall. Gallai defnydd llawndychymyg o ddeunyddiau greu adeiladau agiddynt nodweddion hynod amrywiol.Roedd y defnydd o garreg nadd ar gyfermanylion, cyfuniad addurniadol o gerriggwahanol neu’r defnydd o garreg gyda

StoneThere are at least as many styles ofstonework as there are types of stone inWales, and how the stone was used mightdepend on whether it was quarried, orgathered as boulders in field clearance orfrom riverbeds. Different building stoneshave their own character. The shales ofsouth and west Wales generally needed agood mortar bed to make a sound wall,whereas the volcanics of Snowdoniaproduced a stone that could beinterlocked securely in drystoneconstruction. In even the humblestbuilding, considerable effort and skill wasexpended — not least in getting materialsto the site, before so much as one stonewas laid on top of another. Theimaginative use of materials couldproduce buildings of markedly variedcharacter. Dressed stone for detail, thedecorative combination of differentstones, or the use of stone with other

In 1884, the landlord repaired the stable, built a cowshed for 21 cows, a shed forcattle, and pigsties. I did the whole of the haulage of everything connected with theabove and I am prepared to prove that the haulage cost me more than the buildingsand repair cost the landlord. I was refused liberty to carry stones from a quarry at thetop of my farm because it was within the precinct of a rabbit reserve, and Iconsequently had to go more than five times the distance over a fearfully bad road.Royal Commission on Land, (1895), Vol III, p.184 (evidence of T. Davies).

Uchod: Dwy dechneg gyferbyniol o weithiogyda cerrig, wedi’u seilio ar nodweddionnodedig deunydd sydd ar gael yn lleol.

Above: Two contrasting techniques ofworking stone, based on the distinctivecharacteristics of locally availablematerial.

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deunyddiau eraill yn cyferbynnu â’r defnydd ogerrig o’r caeau/meysydd lleol. Mae’rgwahaniaethau hyn yn helpu i ddisgrifio cyd-destun economaidd a chymdeithasol yr adeilad,yn ogystal â daearyddiaeth fras y deunyddiau.

BricsHyd at ddiwedd y bedwaredd ganrif arbymtheg, gyda diwydianeiddio cynhyrchiant a chludiant rhad, roedd y defnydd o fricswedi’i gyfyngu i’r ardaloedd hynny a allaifanteisio ar gyflenwad cymharol leol o glai.Hyd yn oed wedyn, roedd yn arwydd o grynwariant: rhaid oedd cloddio’r clai, mowldio’rbrics a’u tanio, cludo’r deunyddiau i’r safle,cyn i’r llafurwyr medrus eu gosod.Yn aml,gwneid defnydd cyfyngedig o frics i ategu neu fewnlenwi ffrâm bren, neu i ddarparudeunydd nadd i’r cerrig adeiladu mwyanhydrin. Daeth brics yn fwy cyffredin yn sgîl gweithgynhyrchu ar raddfa fawr ac roedd hyn yn rhan o’r tueddiad ehangach i wneud llai o ddefnydd o ddeunyddiau a gynhyrchwyd yn lleol.

materials, contrasts with the basic use oflocal field stone. These distinctions help todescribe the economic and social contextof building, as well as a basic geographyof materials.

BrickUntil the later nineteenth century, with theindustrialization of production and theavailability of cheap transport, the use ofbrick was generally confined to areaswithin easy reach of a source of clay. Eventhen, it represented a display ofconspicuous consumption: the clay had tobe dug, the bricks moulded and fired, thematerials transported to site, before theskilled labour of laying them could begin.Often, brick was used sparingly, tounderpin or infill timber-framing, or toprovide dressings for the more intractablebuilding stones. With large-scalemanufacture, brick became much morecommonplace, part of a wider move awayfrom locally produced materials.

Anaml y byddai pobl yn adeiladau gyda briciau pe byddai deunyddiau gwell ar gael i’w prynu ambris cymedrolWalter Davies, General View of the Agriculture and Domestic Economy of South Wales (1815), t.124.

Very few persons would build with bricks, were other better materials procurable ata moderate expenseWalter Davies, General View of the Agriculture and Domestic Economy of South Wales,(1815), p.124.

Ysgubor storfa yn Sir Drefaldwyn aadeiladwyd â briciau a wnaed â llaw (uchod).Mae’r awyrellau siâp losen (uchod) yncyfuno’n daclus yr angen ymarferol â’r awyddaddurnol. Mae’r adeilad wedi’i atgyweirio’nddiweddar drwy Tir Gofal.

A storage barn in Montgomeryshire builtwith hand-made bricks (top). Thelozenge shaped vents (above) neatlycombine the practical with thedecorative. The building has recentlybeen repaired through Tir Gofal.

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Defnyddio calchRoedd calch yn elfen hanfodol i’r rhan fwyafo waith adeiladu; roedd yn allweddol i waithadeiladu traddodiadol oherwydd ei amrywbriodweddau defnyddiol. Cynhyrchwyd calchdrwy losgi calchfaen mewn odyn galch. Argyfer adeiladu, gellid ei ddefnyddio i wneudmorter, rendr a gwyngalch. Roedd gwerthamaethyddol ychwanegol iddo fel gwrtaith.

Mae technoleg adeiladu fodern yn dibynnu ar adeiladweithiau cadarn gydagarwynebeddau caled anhydraidd: mae’r athroniaeth adeiladu traddodiadol ynwahanol iawn.Yn aml, arferid defnyddiomorter calch ar hen adeiladau, a wnaed gydachalch wedi’i gymysgu â phridd, tywod neuhyd yn oed lwch glo. Mae hyn dipyn feddalachna’r sment Portland modern ac roedd yruniadau hyblyg a grëwyd yn caniatáu i’radeilad symud ychydig. Roedd yr uniadaumeddal hyn hefyd yn sicrhau bod y gwead ynhydraidd a oedd yn galluogi’r gwlybaniaeth idreiddio allan o’r cerrig neu’r brics i’r morterac yna gael ei anweddu yn ôl i’r aer.

Mewn rhai ardaloedd, roedd yn arfertraddodiadol i ddiogelu gwaith carreg gyda haen amddiffynnol o rendr calch.Weithiau byddai hyn yn haen lawn o rendr a oedd yn gorchuddio’r gwaith maen yn llwyr ac weithiau rendr rhannol a oedd yndangos amlinell y gwaith maen. Roedd hwnyn rhan annatod o’r wal, gan ddarparuamddiffyniad rhag hindreuliad tra’n gadael i’r wal anadlu. Caiff gwyngalch effaith debyg a gellir ei osod yn uniongyrchol ar frics

The uses of lime Lime was a vital component of mostbuilding; its many useful properties madeit a key ingredient in traditionalconstruction. Lime was a manufacturedproduct, made by burning limestone in akiln. For building, it could be used to makemortar, render and limewash. It was ofadditional agricultural value as a fertilizer.

Modern building technology relies onrigid structures with hard impenetrablesurfaces: traditional building philosophyis very different. Old buildings often useda lime mortar, made from lime mixedwith an aggregate such as earth, sand oreven coal dust. This is much softer than amodern Portland cement, and the flexiblejoints that were created allowed thebuilding some degree of movement. Thesesoft joints also ensured that the fabricwas ‘breathable’, enabling moisture to beabsorbed out of stone or brickwork bythe mortar, and then to evaporate backinto the atmosphere.

In some areas, it was traditionalpractice to protect stonework with a‘shelter coat’ of lime render. Sometimesthis was a full coat of render that coveredthe masonry completely, and sometimes apartial render that allowed the contoursof the stonework to show through. Thiswas an integral part of the wall,providing a defence against erosion bythe weather, while allowing the wall tobreathe. Limewash has a similar effect,

Uchod: Gwyngalch ar waliau mewnol ystablau yn Nant-y-glo. Gyferbyn: Buarthllawn stoc. Mae’r brif res o dy, sied droliauac ysgubor wedi’i nodi gan y defnydd owyngalch (Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru).

Above: Limewash on interior walls tothe stabling at Nantyglo. Opposite:A well stocked farmyard. The mainrange of house, cartshed and barn isdistinguished by the use of limewash(National Library of Wales).

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neu’r gwaith maen, neu fel yr haen olaf ar ben haen o rendr. Yn draddodiadol,ychwanegwyd ychydig o wêr i’r gwyngalch i wella ei wydnwch ac mewn rhaiardaloedd, roedd yn arferol ychwanegu lliw at y gwyngalch fel radl neu ocr coch.

Weithiau, er darbodusrwydd, dim ond y prif ffasâd neu’r drychiadau hynny a oedd yn nannedd y gwynt a’r glaw fyddai’n cael eu gwyngalchu. Fe’i defnyddidhefyd mewn adeiladau ffrâm bren fel elfeno’r gwaith paneli, neu fel gorffeniad i’r prenei hun. Oherwydd natur ddiheintiolgwyngalch, fe’i defnyddid y tu mewn hefydyn aml, yn enwedig lle cedwid da byw neurawn.

and might be applied directly on to the brickor stonework, or as the final coating on topof render. A small quantity of tallow wastraditionally added to limewash to improveits durability, and it was usual in some areasto add pigments such as raddle or ochre tocolour the limewash.

Sometimes weather-proofing of stoneworksurfaces with lime was prudently confinedto weather-facing elevations or the principalfaçade. It was also used in timber-framedbuildings, as a component of the panelwork,or as a surface finish for the timber itself.Because limewash also had prizeddisinfectant qualities, it was often appliedinternally, especially where livestock washoused or grain was stored.

Mae twristiaid i Forgannwg … yn sylwi ar yr arfer gyffredin o wyngalchu, nid yn unig y tu mewna’r tu allan i’r tai, ond ysguboriau a stablau hefyd, waliau buarthau a gerddi, cloddiau cerrig ygwrychoedd, a hyd yn oed gerrig mawr ar eu pennau’u hunain.Walter Davies, General View of the Agriculture and Domestic Economy of South Wales (1815), t.140.

Tourists to Glamorgan … notice the universal custom of whitewashing, not only theinside and outside of houses, but barns and stables also, walls of yards and gardens,the stone banks of quickset fences, and even solitary stones of large dimensionsWalter Davies, General View of the Agriculture and Domestic Ecnonomy of South Wales(1815), p.140.

Gwyngalch ar waliau mewnol yn yr ysguborhon yng Ngwynedd. Mae calch hefyd wedi’iddefnyddio yn y gwaith ffaglu plastr ar ochrisaf y to, a gafodd ei adnewyddu gydachymorth grant gan Barc Cenedlaethol Eryri.

Limewash on interior walls in thisGwynedd barn. Lime has also been usedin the plaster torching on the undersideof the roof, which was renewed with thehelp of a grant from SnowdoniaNational Park.

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Deunydd toiBu unwaith amrywiaeth rhanbartholehangach mewn deunydd toi nag syddbellach. Gyda datblygiad chwarelydda arraddfa fawr, lledaenodd y defnydd o lechiar draws Cymru o ddechrau’r bedwareddganrif ar bymtheg. Bellach, mae deunyddiausy’n benodol i ardal leol yn gymharol brin,ond ceir rhai ardaloedd lle gwelir teiliaucarreg, a gwelir hefyd enghreifftiau o doeongwellt sydd wedi goroesi.

To gwelltRoedd traddodiadau rhanbarthol cryfynghlwm wrth ddulliau gwaith toi ac roeddamrywiaeth helaeth yn y dewis oddeunyddiau, ar gyfer yr haen sylfaenol a’rhaenau ar yr wyneb. Roedd towyr yndefnyddio deunyddiau lleol. Oherwydd ygellir adnabod deunyddiau planhigionmewn toeon hynafol, gallent gynnigtystiolaeth bwysig o economi’r fferm drwyddangos sut y defnyddid y tir.

Llechi a cherrigCafodd llechi eu defnyddio’n helaeth, ondroedd gwahaniaethau pwysig yn y modd yrymdriniwyd â hwy. Unwaith y cloddiwydam lechi’n fasnachol a’u cludo o amgylch ywlad, daeth yn arfer cyffredin i orchuddiotoi mewn llechi unffurf. Hoeliwyd y llechiteneuach, a dorrwyd gan beiriannau, i’restyll . Dim ond y llechi hyn neu’r llechicerrig a dorrwyd i amrywiaeth o feintiau ermwyn defnyddio’r holl ddeunydd a oedd ar

Roofing materialsThere was once much greater regionalvariety in roofing materials than there isnow. With the development of large-scalequarrying, the use of slate spread acrossWales from the beginning of thenineteenth century. Materials specific toan area are now relatively rare, but thereare still areas where stone tiling can befound, and there are also survivingexamples of thatch.

ThatchThere were strong regional traditions inthe manner of thatching, andconsiderable variation in the choice ofmaterials, both for the base and thesurface layers. Thatchers used materialsto be found locally. Because plantmaterial in ancient roofs can beidentified, they may provide importantevidence for the economy of the farmsteadby showing how the land was used.

Slate and stoneSlate may have been used widely, butthere were important differences in itshandling. Once slate was commerciallyquarried and transported around thecountryside, it became common for roofsto be covered in slates of even size. Thesethinner, machine-cut slates were nailed tothe battens. Older slates or stone slateswere cut into a variety of sizes to utilizeall the available material. They were thick

Brig: Galluogodd grant gan Cadw i’r to gwellthir ar y fferm fach hon yng Ngheredigion gael ei adfer. Uchod: Credir bod y llechi tohyn wedi dod o chwarel fach ar y fferm, ynSir Drefaldwyn.

Top: A grant from Cadw enabled thelong-straw thatch roof on thisCeredigion smallholding to be reinstated.Above: These roofing slates are thoughtto have come from a small quarry on thefarm, in Montgomeryshire.

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gael. Roeddent yn drwchus ac wedi’u gosodgyda phegiau pren. Byddai’r llechi hyn ofeintiau amrywiol yn cael eu didoli yn ôl eumaint a gosodwyd y mwyaf ar waelod y togan orffen gyda’r lleiaf ar grib y to mewnhaenau lleihaol.Yn anochel, mae gofyn mwy ofedrusrwydd i osod to o lechi amrywiol eumaint na defnyddio’r llechi modern unffurf.Mae’n hanfodol bod yr haenau yn lleihau oran maint mewn modd cyson. Bydd y llechi’namrywio o ran lled, ac mae’n rhaid bod ynofalus er mwyn sicrhau eu bod yngorgyffwrdd yn ddigonol fel bod y to’nddiddos. Ceir ambell i hynodrwyddrhanbarthol, fel to brat, neu do o lechi wedi’ugosod er darbodusrwydd a welir yn arbennigyn ne-orllewin Cymru: yma byddid yn hepgorpob ail neu drydedd lechen, gan arbeddeunyddiau, cynyddu awyriad a rhoi golwgnodedig i’r to. Mewn ardaloedd arfordirolagored, yn enwedig, neu pan fyddai’r llechilleol yn fach ac o ansawdd gwael, byddai’rllechi yn aml wedi’u gosod ar wely o fortercalch a’u growtio.

Mae teiliau’r grib ar hen doeon yn debygolo fod yn deiliau carreg neu glai ag iddyntuniadau bôn, tra bod cribau modern yn amlyn gorgyffwrdd.Weithiau diogelwyd ymyl y totraddodiadol gyda cherrig clo er mwyn atal yllechi ymyl rhag codi yn y gwynt. Mewn rhaiardaloedd, hoeliwyd llechi i’r ymylon feldiogelwch rhag y tywydd.

Y tu mewn, byddai’r toeon llechi cynnarweithiau’n cael eu selio oddi isod gydamwsogl; erbyn dechrau’r bedwaredd ganrif

and were fixed with wooden pegs. Theserandom-sized slates were sorted intosizes, and the largest ones were placed atthe bottom of the roof. They graduallyreduced in size up towards the ridge.These are known as diminishing courses.Setting out a random roof inevitablyrequires more skill than using moderneven-sized slates. It is essential that thecourses reduce evenly. The slates will varyin width, and care has to be taken toensure adequate overlaps are created tomake the roof weathertight. There aresome regional quirks, such as the to brator economy slate roofs found especiallyin south-west Wales: here, every secondor third slate in each row was left out,economizing on materials, increasingventilation, and lending a distinctiveappearance to the roof. In exposedcoastal areas especially, or where locallyavailable slates were small and of poorquality, slates were often bedded in limemortar and grouted.

The ridge tiles on old roofs are likelyto be butt-jointed stone or clay, whereasmodern ridges are often overlapping. Theedge of a traditional roof was sometimesprotected with coping stones to preventthe verge slates lifting up in the wind. Insome areas, slates were nailed to theverges as weather protection.

Internally, early slate roofs weresometimes sealed from the underneathwith moss; by the early nineteenth

Brig:To brat ar fferm yn Sir Gaerfyrddin.Uchod: To llechi haenol ar fferm yn SirBenfro. Mae cymeriad traddodiadol y to hwnwedi’i gynnal drwy waith atgyweiriorheolaidd.

Top: A to brat roof on a Carmarthenshirefarm. Above: A bedded slate roof on aPembrokeshire farm. The traditionalcharacter of this roof has beenmaintained through regular repair.

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ar bymtheg disodlwyd yr arfer hwn gan arfero orchuddio ochr isaf y llechi gydachymysgedd o blastr calch a blew gwartheg.

Tra’r oedd yn bosibl gosod to gwellt ar wely anwastad o bren, roedd angenstrwythur to mwy gwastad ar lechi.Mae pob to llechi yn arwydd o gryn wariant.

Haearn gwrymiogCynnyrch arall o’r Chwyldro Diwydiannoloedd haearn gwrymiog wedi’i galfaneiddio.Rhoddwyd patent i’r broses galfaneiddio yn1836 a dechreuwyd gwneud defnydd mwycyffredinol o’r deunydd hwn yn ail hanner ybedwaredd ganrif ar bymtheg. Fe’i defnyddidgan fwyaf fel deunydd toi — dros do gwellt aoedd yn dirywio, er enghraifft, neu yn llegwellt fel deunydd amgen rhad a pharhaol aradeiladau newydd. Roedd dalennau ohonohefyd yn ddeunydd cladio waliau cyfleus aosodwyd yn lle byrddau hindraul ar raiadeiladau ffrâm bren.Tuag at ddiwedd ybedwaredd ganrif ar bymtheg, gwelwyddyfodiad yr helm wair barod, ac roeddent yn britho cefn gwlad erbyn hanner cyntaf yr ugeinfed ganrif. Dynodir eu cost gymharolrad gan y ffaith eu bod yn nodwedd amlwgo’r ffermydd bychan ar gyrion mynyddoedd y Preselau er enghraifft.

century this practice had given place totorching the undersides with a mixture of lime plaster and cow hair.

Whereas thatch could be accommodatedto an uneven bed of timber, slate requiredmore precision in the levelling of the roofstructure. Every slate roof represents theoutlay of considerable expense.

Corrugated ironGalvanized corrugated iron was anotherproduct of the Industrial Revolution. The galvanizing process was patented in1836, and the material came into moregeneral use in the second half of thenineteenth century. Its most frequentapplication was as a roofing material, tocover failing thatch, for example, or as acheap and durable alternative to it in newbuilding. Sheets also made a convenientwall cladding, applied to replaceweatherboarding on some timber-framedbuildings. Towards the end of thenineteenth century, prefabricated Dutchbarns became available, and they becamewidespread during the earlier twentiethcentury. Their relative cheapness isindicated by their prevalence on thesmallholdings that occupy, for example,the margins of the Preseli range.

Mae haearn gwrymiog wedi’i ddefnyddio’naml yn y gwaith o atgyweirio toeau, ondroedd hefyd yn ddeunydd derbyniol ynddo’ihun ar gyfer toi a chladio, ac wrth adeiladuadeiladau parod.

Corrugated iron has often been used inthe repair of roofs, but it was also anaccepted material in its own right forroofing and cladding, and inprefabrication.

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Manylion mewnol

Fel adeiladau gwaith, mae adeiladau ffermwedi’u haddasu yn ôl gofynion cyfnewidiol.Serch hynny, mae defnydd cynharach o’radeiladau hyn wedi’u cadw mewn rhainodweddion mewnol.Weithiau mae corau,cafnau bwyd, mansieri a chistiau grawn yngoroesi ond hyd yn oed pan gollir y manylionhyn, gall fod cliwiau eraill i ddefnyddblaenorol yr adeilad. Er enghraifft, efallai ygwelir tystiolaeth o’r defnydd blaenorol a’rmodd y defnyddid y gofod yn y llawr. Maelloriau dyrnu yn lloriau o fath arbennig, ac felarfer fe’u gwneid o ddeunyddiau lleol:defnyddid amrywiaeth o drawstiau derw,llechi llawr, morter, cerrig cobl a phridd.Mewn stablau, roedd yn bwysig atal y ceffylrhag llithro ac roedd cerrig â rhychauynddynt, briciau neu deiliau yn gyffredin, er ydefnyddid cerrig cobl hefyd.Yn draddodiadol,defnyddid cerrig cobl hefyd ar gyfer lloriaubeudai.

Nid y tu mewn i’r adeiladau traddodiadol y defnyddid deunyddiau ar gyfer lloriau ynunig.Yn aml, byddai coblau wedi’u gosod yn y buarth ac mae tramwyfeydd ar oledd y tublaen i’r beudai neu’r stablau yn nodweddsy’n parhau ar rai ffermydd.

Interior detail

As working buildings, farm buildingshave been subject to adaptation to suitchanging requirements. Nevertheless,some interiors retain vestiges of earlieruses. Stalls, feeding troughs, mangers andgrain bins are sometimes still intact, buteven where these details have been lost,other clues to previous uses may survive.Floors, for example, may containevidence for the former use andarrangement of the space. Threshingfloors are a special type, and were usuallymade with locally available materials:oak plank, stone or slate flags, mortar,pitched cobbles and earth were allvariously used. In stables, it wasimportant to prevent the horse fromslipping, and scored stone, brick or tilewere common, though cobbles were alsoused. Cobbles were also the traditionalflooring in cow houses.

Laid floor surfaces are not confined to the interiors of traditional buildings.Yards were often also cobbled, and raised pitched walkways in front of cowhouses or stables remain a feature ofsome farms.

Uchod: Pyst rhwymo o haearn yn stablau Gweithiau Haearn Nant-y-glo.Gyferbyn: Corau pren, cafnau bwyd a rheseli gwellt ar fferm yn Sir Benfro.

Above: Iron tethering posts in the stables of the Nantyglo Ironworks. Opposite: Timber stalls, feeding troughsand hay racks in a Pembrokeshire farm.

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Cadw cymeriad adeiladauffermMae adeiladau fferm yn cyfrannu’n fawr atgymeriad lleol ac ymdeimad o le. Efallai fodadeiladau mwy di-nod ffermydd yr un morbwysig ag adeiladau cynnar neu fawr neuadeiladau sy’n bensaernïol uchelgeisiol.Peryglir gwerth hanesyddol unrhyw adeilado’r fath yn hawdd gan esgeulustod,addasiadau anghymarus neu waith atgyweirioamhriodol. Dylai unrhyw waith adfer fod ynseiliedig ar yr angen i sicrhau bod yr adeiladyn para yn yr hirdymor tra’n cynnal cymeriadyr adeilad. Mae hyn yn cynnwys ei olwg, eiwead hanesyddol a’i ddefnydd traddodiadol.Mae’r sgiliau a ymgorfforir yn ei adeiledd ynhaeddu parch. Mae’n bwysig dechrau drwyastudio’r adeiladau presennol, yn ofalus,parchu’u nodweddion arbennig a gweithiogyda deunydd gwreiddiol ac yn ôl manyliongwreiddiol ble bynnag y bo’n bosibl, gan osgoinewidiadau nad oes tystiolaeth i’w hategu.Mae traddodiadau gwahanol yn perthyn ibob ardal, wedi’u haddasu yn ôl amgylchiadaulleol a’r deunyddiau a oedd ar gael. Maeastudiaeth fanwl o arferion lleol yn fancychwyn amhrisiadwy i unrhyw raglen waith.

Conserving the characterof farm buildings

Farm buildings contribute strongly tolocal character and a sense of place. The modest buildings of smallholdingsmay be as important as early, large orarchitecturally ambitious buildings. Thehistoric value of any is all too easilycompromised by neglect, unsympatheticalteration or inappropriate repair. Anyremedial work should be guided by theneed to ensure long-term survival, whilstmaintaining the character of the building.This includes its visual appearance, itshistoric fabric, and its traditional use.The skills embodied in its constructiondeserve respect. It is important to start bymaking a careful study of the buildings as found, to respect their particularcharacteristics and to work with originalmaterial and detail wherever possible,avoiding changes for which there is noevidence. Each locality had its owntraditions, adapted to local conditionsand available materials. Careful study of local practice is an invaluable startingpoint to any programme of work.

Gyferbyn: Mae cymeriad traddodiadol yfferm hon yn Sir Benfro wedi’i gynnal drwywaith atgyweirio cyson. Uchod: Mae cymorthgrant tuag at waith atgyweirio cyffredinol acaildoi wedi adfywio’r fferm hon yn Eryri.

Opposite: The traditional character of this Pembrokeshire farmstead hasbeen maintained through steady repair.Above: Grant aid towards generalrepairs and reroofing have given thisSnowdonia farm range a new lease of life.

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Egwyddorion cyffredinol

• Mae cyfres gydlynus o arferion adeiladu i’wgweld mewn adeiladau fferm traddodiadol.Yn hanfodol i’r rhain mae’r egwyddor ygallai adeiladau ‘anadlu’ – y gallai gwlypterdreiddio’r ddwy ffordd. Mewn gwaithatgyweirio, dylid parchu egwyddoriongwreiddiol y gwaith adeiladu: osgoideunyddiau anhreiddiadwy ac annogawyriad.

• Mae gwerth hanesyddol i’r holl weadgwreiddiol, a gall fod yn anodd ailadrodd eibriodoleddau. Felly, dylid atgyweirio ynhytrach nag amnewid ble bynnag y bo’nbosibl, a dylid sicrhau’r gwaith atgyweiriolleiaf posibl.

• Codwyd adeiladau traddodiadol ganddefnyddio dulliau a sgiliau traddodiadol.Mae tystiolaeth o’r dulliau a’r sgiliau hynwedi’u cadw ym manylion y gwaithadeiladu. Mae gwaith atgyweirio cynnil yndiogelu’r wybodaeth hanesyddol hon.

• Pan gaiff technegau traddodiadol euparchu, cynhelir cywirdeb strwythurol yradeilad. Fodd bynnag, gall technegaumodern a brofwyd fod yn briodol i gywirogwendidau yn y gwaith adeiladu gwreiddiolneu sicrhau y collir cyn lleied â phosibl o’rdeunydd gwreiddiol. Er enghraifft, maeatgyfnerthu trawst gwan drwy folltio platiaudur o boptu iddo yn waith atgyweirioonest a fydd yn hawdd ei ddeall yn ydyfodol, gan gadw’r pren gwreiddiol.

General principles

• Traditional farm buildings demonstratea coherent set of building practices.Fundamental to these is the principlethat buildings could ‘breathe’ —moisture could get in, but it could alsoget out. In repair work, respect theoriginal principles of construction:avoid impervious materials andencourage ventilation.

• All original fabric has historic value,and its properties may be hard toreplicate. Therefore, repair rather thanreplace wherever possible, and keeprepair to the essential minimum.

• Traditional buildings were put togetherusing traditional methods and skills.The evidence of these is preserved in thedetail of construction. Conservativerepair preserves this historicinformation.

• When traditional techniques arerespected, the structural integrity of thebuilding is maintained. However,proven modern techniques can beappropriate to correct inherent defectsin the original construction or tominimize the loss of original material.For example, a weak beam reinforcedby bolting simple steel plates on eitherside is an honest repair that will beclear to understand in the future, andpreserves the original timber.

Beudy ger Penmachno. Helpodd cymorthgrant gan Barc Cenedlaethol Eryri iatgyweirio’r adeilad rhestredig hwn, a oedd wedi bod dan berygl hyd hynny.

A field cow house near Penmachno.Grant aid from Snowdonia NationalPark helped to repair this listed building, which had hitherto been at risk.

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• Yn aml mae adeiladau traddodiadol yndefnyddio deunyddiau lleol, a hwyrach mai’rardal leol yw’r ffynhonnell orau o ddeunyddiauar gyfer atgyweirio neu amnewid. Os nafydd hyn yn bosibl dylid dewis deunyddiausydd â phriodoleddau tebyg i’r gwreiddiol oran perfformiad yn ogystal â golwg.

Waliau

• Roedd amrywiaeth mawr yn y deunyddiaua’r ffyrdd y’u defnyddid.Wrth atgyweiriogwaith maen, dylid defnyddio’r un math ogarreg, arddull nadd a’r dulliau o osodgwaith newydd.

• Dylid osgoi defnyddio sment mewn adeiladlle defnyddiwyd morter calch yn wreiddiol.Bydd dwr yn difrodi’r garreg neu’r brics ynhytrach na chael ei amsugno gan y mortercalch.

• Mae morter calch hefyd yn ddeunyddhanesyddol. Dylid ystyried ail-bwyntio felatgyweirio, i’w wneud dim ond pan foangen. Mae calch bellach ar gael gangyflenwyr adeiladwyr a chyflenwyr arbenigol.Fel arfer, defnyddid deunyddiau lleol yngymysg â’r calch ac mae’n bwysig i unrhywwaith atgyweirio barchu’r cymysgedd a’rgolwg cyhyd ag y bo’n bosibl.

• Dylid ail-bwyntio waliau brics yn dwt, ganddefnyddio’r morter i ddiogelu ymylon yrhen friciau sy’n feddalach na briciau modern.Nid yw pwyntio strimynnog yn draddodiadol.

• Traditional buildings often used localmaterials, and the local area may be thebest source of materials for repair orreplacement. Where this is not possible,choose materials that have similarproperties to the original, inperformance as well as appearance.

Walls

• Materials and the ways in which theywere used varied enormously. Inrepairing stonework, match the type ofstone, the style of dressing and themethod of laying in any new work.

• Avoid using cement in a building wherelime mortar was used originally. Waterwill damage the stone or brick instead ofbeing absorbed by the lime mortar.

• Lime mortar is also a historic material.Treat repointing as a repair, to be carriedout only where necessary. Lime is nowreadily available from builders’merchants and specialist suppliers. Localmaterials were usually used for theaggregate mixed with the lime, and it isimportant that any repair should respectthe original mix and appearance as far aspossible.

• Repoint brick walls neatly, using themortar to protect the edges of old bricks,which are softer than modern bricks.Ribbon pointing is not traditional.

Gwaith carreg a atgyweiriwyd drwyddefnyddio morter calch, a ffenestr nodediga gadwyd.

Stonework repaired using lime mortar,and a distinctive window retained.

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• Dylid seilio’r dewis o orffeniad ar astudiaethofalus o’r gwead gwreiddiol. Dylid cadwneu ddefnyddio gorchuddion hanesyddolfel gwyngalch, rendr calch neu fyrddauhindraul.

• Pan ddefnyddid rendr calch neu wyngalch,roedd yn haen amddiffynnol gan ddiogelu’rwal rhag y tywydd.Yn aml defnyddir olewhad llin yn lle’r gwêr gwreiddiol. Dylidailgyflwyno’r rendr calch priodol, ganbarchu traddodiadau lleol ac ystyried y lliwa ddefnyddid.

Fframiau pren

• Pan fo angen atgyweirio adeiladwaith pren,dylid defnyddio pren gwyrdd i gyfateb â’rgwreiddiol.

• Os yw’r ffrâm wedi anffurfio, ni ddylid ceisio ail-greu llinellau syth: dylid ystyried yr anffurfiad fel rhan o esblygiad yr adeilad.Os yw’r anffurfiad oherwydd gwaithatgyweirio amhriodol diweddarach, felmewnlenwad briciau sy’n rhy drwm, gall fod angen newid hyn.

• Dylid osgoi ychwanegu pwysau prenychwanegol mewn ymdrech i gryfhau’radeiladwaith.Yn draddodiadol defnyddidstrapiau haearn a wnaed gan of ac maentyn ateb da i’r broblem.

• Mae’n hawdd atgyweirio byrddau hindrauldrwy osod byrddau newydd yn lle’r rhaidiffygiol gan ddefnyddio pren sy’n cyfatebâ’r rhai gwreiddiol. Bydd angen cadwolionar gyfer pren meddal newydd, ond ni ddylid

• Choice of finish should be based oncareful study of the original fabric.Retain or reinstate historic coveringssuch as limewash, lime render orweatherboarding.

• Where lime render or limewash wasused, it was a shelter coat protecting the wall from the weather. Linseed oil is often used to replace the traditionaltallow. Reinstate an appropriate limerender respecting any local traditionsregarding pigments used to colour it.

Timber-framing

• Where repairs to timber structures arenecessary, use new green timbermatching the original.

• If the frame has become distorted, do not try to restore the straight lines:regard the distortion as part of theevolution of the building. If thedistortion is due to a later inappropriaterepair, such as a brick infill that is tooheavy, it may be necessary to change this.

• Avoid adding the weight of extra timberin an attempt to strengthen the structure.Blacksmith-made iron straps weretraditionally used and provide a goodsolution.

• Weatherboarding is easily repaired.Replace defective boards with timbermatched to the original. Preservativeswill be necessary for new softwood but avoid staining, which is not a

Brig: Mae’r gwaith cladio byrddau hindraul ar res fferm â fframiau pren ym Mhowyswedi’i adnewyddu gyda chymorth Tir Gofal.Uchod: Byrddau hindraul a haearngwrymiog ar sied droliau a granar.

Top: The weatherboard cladding on atimber-framed farm range in Powysrenewed with assistance from Tir Gofal.Above: Weatherboarding and corrugatediron on a cartshed and granary.

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staenio – nid yw hyn yn orffeniadtraddodiadol: gellir defnyddio paent di-sglein du i efelychu haen bitwmen.

Toeon

• Prin fo unrhyw beth yn sicrhau parhadadeilad traddodiadol yn fwy na tho cadarn.Dylid cynnal y to gwreiddiol os yn bosibl,gydag atgyweiriadau bach pan fo angen.Pan fo’n bosibl: mae priodoleddau’r togwreiddiol yn gwneud cyfraniad mawr tuagat gymeriad yr adeilad. Pan fo angenatgyweirio’r to, dylid cadw’r siâp a’r oleddfwreiddiol ac ailddefnyddio deunyddiau neu ddefnyddio deunydd cyfatebol.

• Dylid osgoi gwneud newidiadau nad oestystiolaeth i’w hategu. Er enghraifft, dylidosgoi gosod llechi yn lle haearn gwrymiogoni bai fod tystiolaeth iddynt gael eudefnyddio’n gynharach. Efallai fod haearngwrymiog wedi’i osod yn lle to gwellt ac ynaml, gall fod achos da dros ei ddefnyddio eto.

• Mae toeon gwellt yn brin ac mae’n bosiblbod gwybodaeth werthfawr i’w cael ynddynt.Pan geir to gwellt (naill ai fel haen sylfaenolneu ar yr wyneb), mae’n hanfodol y caiff eiddadansoddi’n ofalus cyn ei dynnu oddi ynoneu cyn i do gwellt newydd gael ei osod ynei le. Gall eich swyddog cadwraeth lleolgynnig cyngor ar y camau i’w cymryd.

• O ran toeon llechi a theiliau carreg, dylidefelychu maint y llechi, y dechneg o’u gosoda’r dull o’u sefydlogi. Dylid cadw neuefelychu nodweddion lleol nodedig fel

traditional finish: a bitumen coating can be replicated using matt blackpaint.

Roofs

• A sound roof does more than almostanything else to ensure the survival of a traditional building. Maintain theoriginal roof with patch repairs wherepossible: the qualities of the originalroof make a major contribution to thecharacter of the building. When a roofhas to be replaced, retain the originalshape and pitch and re-use or carefullymatch any materials.

• Avoid making changes for which thereis no evidence. For example, avoidreplacing corrugated iron with slateunless there is good evidence for itsearlier use. Corrugated iron may havedirectly replaced thatch, and there willoften be a good case for using it again.

• Thatch is a rare roof type, and itsinformation-bearing potential isenormous. Where thatch (either thebase or the surface layer) survives, it isvital that it is carefully analysed beforeremoval or replacement. Your localconservation officer may be able tooffer advice on how to proceed.

• On slate and stone-tiled roofs, the size,coursing technique and method offixing should be copied. Preserve orreplicate distinctive local features such

Brig:Ysgubor ar fferm yng Ngwynedd, wedi’ihaildoi mewn dull traddodiadol gydachymorth grant. Uchod: Mae adferiad y togrowt yn helpu i gynnal cymeriadtraddodiadol fferm yn Sir Benfro.

Top: A barn on a Gwynedd farmstead,reroofed in traditional fashion withgrant aid. Above: The reinstatement of a grouted roof helps to maintain thetraditional character of a Pembrokeshirefarmstead.

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defnyddio morter calch i osod ac igrowtio’r llechi. Mae nifer o doeon â llechiamrywiol eu maint wedi’u colli oherwyddprinder sgiliau toi traddodiadol acanhawster dod o hyd i ddeunydd priodol,ond mae ail-doi gan ddefnyddio llechitenau unffurf yn newid cymeriad yr adeiladac yn lleihau amrywiaeth y traddodiadbrodorol.

• Dylid cadw neu adfer manylion gwreiddioly grib ac ymylon y to er mwyn cadwtraddodiadau lleol.

• Mae toeon llechi sydd wedi’u pegio ynbrin bellach: os nad yw’n ymarferolatgyweirio’r toeon hyn, dylid cynnaltraddodiad y dull hwn o doi mewn gwaithnewydd.

• Yn gyffredinol, ni ddylid mabwysiadutechnegau modern fel gosod ffelt o dan yllechi a hoelio’r llechi yn eu canol (yn hytrachna’u gosod oddi uchod) oni bai bod rheswmtechnegol cadarn dros wneud hynny.

Drysau a ffenestri

• Dylid parchu safle, cymesuredd a manyliony drysau, ffenestri ac agoriadau gwreiddiol.Roedd gan adeiladau fferm fathau nodedigo ffenestri yn aml.

• Byddwch yn ofalus o ran manylion ysaernïaeth.Yn aml byddai’r gwaith coedwedi’i orffen mewn ffordd arbennig – erenghraifft, roedd gan rai ystadau liwiaupaent unigryw iddynt hwy.Yn aml, ni fyddaipren caled yn cael ei baentio.

as the use of lime mortar to bed andgrout the slates. Many random roofshave been lost due to the lack oftraditional roofing skills and thedifficulty of finding replacementmaterials, but re-slating using thin,even-sized slates and changingtraditional, practical details changes the character of the building and reducesthe variety of vernacular tradition.

• Retain or restore the original detail ofthe ridge and the edges of the roof topreserve local traditions.

• Pegged slate roofs are becoming rare: if repair is not viable, the tradition ofthis roofing method should be sustainedin new work.

• In general, modern techniques such asunderslating felt and centre nailing(instead of top fixing) should not beadopted unless there is a soundtechnical reason for doing so.

Doors and windows

• Respect the position, proportion and detail of original doors, windowsand other openings. Farm buildingsoften had distinctive window types.

• Look out for joinery detail. Woodwork was often finished in aparticular way — for example someestates had a signature paintworkcolour. Hardwoods were often leftunfinished.

Cadw golwg manwl: math nodedig o ffenestrfferm, wedi’i chynllunio i ganiatáu digonedd oawyru (brig); a gwaith asiedydd newydd yncynnal sgiliau crefft traddodiadol (uchod).

Looking after the detail: a distinctivefarm window type, designed to allowplenty of ventilation (top); and newjoinery maintaining traditional craftskills (above).

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Sgiliau

Yn aml, roedd adeiladau traddodiadol yndefnyddio sgiliau crefft lleol: mae gwaithcadwraeth yn meithrin parhad neu adfywiady sgiliau hyn. Ceir hefyd gyfleoedd i hyfforddimewn sgiliau traddodiadol a lleol.

Adeiladau rhestredig

• Mae angen caniatâd adeilad rhestredig arunrhyw waith sy’n effeithio ar gymeriadadeilad rhestredig. Fel arfer caniateiratgyweiriadau sy’n efelychu’r gwreiddiol,ond oherwydd y gellir cael dehongliadauamrywiol o’r hyn a olygir wrth efelychu,mae bob amser yn syniad da gofyn amgyngor swyddog cadwraeth yr awdurdodcynllunio lleol mewn unrhyw achos sy’nymwneud ag adeilad rhestredig. Gallmethiant i gydymffurfio fod yn drosedd.

• Dylech fod yn ymwybodol y caiff adeiladauo fewn cwrtil adeilad rhestredig eu trin felpetaent hwy eu hunain wedi’u rhestru. Maehyn yn aml yn effeithio ar adeiladau fferma allai fod yng nghwrtil ffermdy rhestredig.

Skills

Traditional buildings often used localcraft skills; conservation work fosters thecontinuation or revival of these skills.There are also opportunities to train intraditional and local skills.

Listed buildings

• Any work that affects the character of alisted building requires listed buildingconsent. Like-for-like repair is normallypermitted, but because interpretationsof what exactly is meant by like-for-likemay vary, it is always a good idea toseek the advice of the local planningauthority’s conservation officer in anycase involving a listed building. Failureto comply may mean that an offence iscommitted.

• Be aware that buildings within thecurtilage of a listed building are treatedas if they themselves were listed. Thisoften affects farm buildings, which maybe in the curtilage of a listed farmhouse.

Mae grant drwy Tir Gofal yn rhoi bywydnewydd i adeilad fferm traddodiadol ymMhowys.

A grant through Tir Gofal gives new life to a traditional farm building inPowys.

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Ffynonellau Cyngor

• Mae cyngor cyffredinol ar adeiladau ffermtraddodiadol a sut i ofalu amdanynt ar gaelgan Cadw.

• Gall y swyddogion cadwraeth yn eichawdurdod cynllunio lleol eich cynghori ardraddodiadau lleol a rhoi cyngor cyffredinol.

• Mae gan Sain Ffagan: Amgueddfa WerinCymru brofiad ymarferol yng nghadwraethadeiladau traddodiadol a thechnegau crefft.

• Mae’r Society for the Protection of AncientBuildings wedi cynhyrchu cyfres o bamffleditechnegol sy’n rhoi cyngor defnyddiol aragweddau ar atgyweirio adeiladautraddodiadol.

Ffynonellau cymorth grant

• Mae cynlluniau grant y Cynulliad Cadw yn cynnwys adeiladau mewn ardaloeddcadwraeth, ac adeiladau unigol oddiddordeb eithriadol.

• Mae llawer o adeiladau eisoes wedi’u helpugan arian sydd ar gael drwy Tir Gofal. Maecyngor ar hyn ar gael gan Gyngor CefnGwlad Cymru.

• Mae sawl cynllun lleol wedi targeduadeiladau traddodiadol. Cysylltwch â’chcyngor lleol am gyngor.

Sources of advice

• General advice about traditional farmbuildings and how to care for them isavailable from Cadw.

• The conservation officers in your localplanning authority can advise on localtraditions and give general advice.

• St Fagans: National History Museumhas practical experience in theconservation of traditional buildings and craft techniques.

• The Society for the Protection of AncientBuildings has produced a series oftechnical pamphlets providing helpfuladvice on aspects of traditional buildingrepair.

Sources of grant aid

• Cadw’s Assembly grant schemes cover buildings in conservation areas, and individual buildings ofoutstanding interest.

• Many buildings have already beenhelped by funds available through Tir Gofal. Advice on this is availablefrom the Countryside Council for Wales.

• Several local schemes have targetedtraditional buildings. Contact your local council for advice.

Sylw i fanylder : symlrwydd cain mewn clicieda wnaed gan gof (brig); mae amrywiaeth ofathau o ffenestri yn rhoi tystiolaeth ar gyferdatblygu ac addasu hanesyddol (uchod).

Attention to detail: elegant simplicity ina blacksmith-made latch (top); a varietyof window types provides evidence forhistorical development and adaptation(above).

Cyfeiriadau Defnyddiol

CadwLlywodraeth Cynulliad Cymru, Plas Carew,Uned 5/7 Cefn Coed, Parc Nantgarw,Caerdydd CF15 7QQFfôn: 01443 33 6000 www.cadw.cymru.gov.uk

Cadw yw is-adran amgylchedd hanesyddolLlywodraeth Cynulliad Cymru. Ei nod yw hyrwyddogwaith cadwraeth ar gyfer amgylchedd hanesyddolCymru a gwerthfawrogiad ohono.

Comisiwn Brenhinol Henebion CymruAdeilad y Goron,Plas Crug,Aberystwyth SY23 1NJFfôn: 01970 621200www.rcahmw.org.uk

Mae CBHC yn arolygu, dehongli ac yn cofnodi’rdreftadaeth adeiledig ac yn cyhoeddi gwybodaeth i’r cyhoedd.

Sain Ffagan: Amgueddfa Werin CymruCaerdydd CF5 6XBFfôn: 029 2057 3500www.amgueddfacymru.ac.uk/cy/sainffagan/

Cyngor Cefn Gwlad CymruMaes-y-Ffynnon, Penrhosgarnedd,Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2DW Ffôn: 0845 1306229 www.ccw.gov.uk

The Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings 37 Spital Square, London E1 6DYFfôn: 020 7377 1644 www.spab.org.uk

Useful Addresses

CadwWelsh Assembly Government, Plas Carew, Unit 5/7 Cefn Coed, Nantgarw, Cardiff CF15 7QQ Tel: 01443 33 6000 www.cadw.wales.gov.uk

Cadw is the Welsh Assembly Government’shistoric environment division. Its aim is topromote the conservation and appreciation of Wales’s historic environment.

Royal Commission on the Ancient andHistorical Monuments of WalesCrown Building, Plas Crug, Aberystwyth SY23 1NJ Tel: 01970 621200 www.rcahmw.org.uk

RCAHMW surveys, interprets and records thebuilt heritage and makes information availableto the public.

St Fagans: National History MuseumCardiff CF5 6XB Tel: 029 2057 3500www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/stfagans/

Countryside Council for WalesMaes-y-Ffynnon, Penrhosgarnedd, Bangor,Gwynedd LL57 2DW Tel: 0845 1306229 www.ccw.gov.uk

The Society for the Protection of AncientBuildings 37 Spital Square, London E1 6DYTel: 020 7377 1644 www.spab.org.uk

Darllen pellach/Further reading

Eurwyn Wiliam, The Historical Farm Buildingsof Wales (Caeredin/Edinburgh 1986)

Eurwyn Wiliam, Traditional Farm Buildings in North-east Wales 1550–1900 (AmgueddfaGenedlaethol Cymru/National Museum of Wales 1982)

Cadw yw is-adran amgylchedd hanesyddolLlywodraeth Cynulliad Cymru. Ei nod yw hyrwyddo gwaith cadwraeth ar gyfer amgylchedd hanesyddol Cymru a gwerthfawrogiad ohono.

Oh CadwLlywodraeth Cynulliad CymruPlas CarewUned 5/7 Cefn CoedParc NantgarwCaerdydd CF15 7QQ

Cadw is the Welsh AssemblyGovernment’s historic environmentdivision. Its aim is to promote theconservation and appreciation of Wales’s historic environment.

© CadwWelsh Assembly GovernmentPlas CarewUnit 5/7 Cefn CoedParc NantgarwCardiff CF15 7QQ

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