L/O/G/O

Addressing Traffic

Congestion in Jakarta: what

went wrong and the road

ahead

Rully Prassetya

Transportation Policy

GraSPP the University of Tokyo

July 2013

Outline

Introduction

What went wrong

Case study of BRT system

The road ahead 4

1

2

3

Key Takeaways

Major challenges in addressing Jakarta’s traffic problem lies in economic, social, and political aspects.

Lesson from Jakarta’s Bus Rapid Transit System

Intermodal integration; financial feasibility;

change of behavior.

The road ahead: Fixing the economic, social, and political aspect; Implementing MRT, ERP, and bike-to-work campaign.

Outline

Introduction

4

1

2

3

Introduction

World second largest metropolitan city, i.e. 26 million people, in 2012 (www.worldatlas.com)

Also known as DKI Jakarta; Jakarta Metropolitan area; Greater Jakarta; and JABODETABEK.

Traffic Congestion in Jakarta

Around 1.1 million trips were made everyday from suburban to central Jakarta in 2010; an

increase of 50% from 2002

Source: STRAMP Person trip Survey, JUTPI Commuter Survey

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

2002

2010

Walk/Bicycle

Motorcycle

Car

Bus

Others

Source: The Coordinating Ministry of Economic Affairs Republic of Indonesia and JICA, 2012

The share of motorcycle users has been doubled; while the share of bus user

decreased by 50% from 2002 to 2010

Outline

What went wrong

4

1

2

3

What went wrong

Unavailability of comfortable public transportation system Lack of

intermodal integration;

Economic

Subsidized gasoline price;

Concentrated economic growth;

Social

Difficulty in land acquisition;

Political

Difficulty of coordination among local governments;

Non-transparent transportation policy making process;

What went wrong (cont’d)

Lower income and lower standard of

living

Subsidy for gasoline

Lack of budget for investment

Lack of public transportation

investment

Use of private cars and motor cycles

Congestion

Lower efficiency and productivity; loss of

competitiveness

Vicious

cycle of

Jakarta’s

traffic

congestion

Source: Author’s analysis

Outline

Case study of BRT system

4

1

2

3

Introduction

Begun operation in 2004; the first BRT in South and Southeast Asia

How it works:

Relatively cheap fare.

The BRT passenger has grown at 30% annually; while the subsidy has grown

at 20%

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

Su

bsid

y in

bil

lio

n I

DR

Passen

ger in

mil

lio

n

Passenger

Subsidy

Source: www.transjakarta.co.id

Challenges faced

• Intermodal integration;

• Financial feasibility;

• Fare system;

• Services quality;

• Worse congestion in non-

trans Jakarta road;

• No-feeder service;

• Over-crowded;

Evaluation on existing solutions

Existing

solutions

Type of policy Reason for failure

Three-in-one

(2003)

Reducing supply of

private vehicles.

Easy to circumvent the system

(Appendix 2).

Monorail

(2003)

Increasing supply of

public transportation.

Lack of financial feasibility; lack of

financing; thus lead to project

cancellation (Appendix 3).

Buss Rapid

Transit (BRT)

system

(2004)

Increasing supply of

public transportation.

Lack of intermodal integration; lack

of number of bus; thus lead to

longer waiting and less usage

(Appendix 4).

Commuter

line (since

1925)

Increasing supply of

public transportation.

Tardiness; only used for suburban-

central Jakarta commuting;

(Appendix 5).

Source: Author’s analysis

Outline

The road ahead 4

1

2

3

The road ahead

Challenges

Economic Subsidized gasoline price;

Concentrated economic

growth;

Social Difficulty in land

acquisition;

Political

Difficulty of coordination

among local governments;

Non-transparent

transportation policy

making process;

Solution

Economic Gradually remove fuel

subsidy;

Divert economic growth to

outside the region.

Social

Implement the recently

passed (2012) law on Land

acquisition for public use;

Political

Establishing JABODETABEK

Transportation Authority;

The road ahead (cont’d)

Potential solution Type of policy Reasons for haven’t

been implemented

Possible way-out

Mass Rapid Transit

(MRT) system

Increasing

supply of

public

transportation.

Land acquisition;

Negative financial

feasibility;

Law on land

acquisition; MRT +

property business

model (to improve

financial feasibility);

ERP (Electronic

Road Pricing)

system or

congestion

charges

Reducing

supply of

private

vehicles.

Absence of supporting

regulation; Incomplete

vehicle database;

Payment system;

contingent upon

availability of

alternative

Accelerate alternative

modes (BRT bus

addition, MRT,

Monorail) development;

required regulation.

Bike-to-work

(Appendix 6)

Reducing

supply of

private

vehicles.

Runway; Safety; Improving pedestrian

path to accommodate

bicycle;

Source: Author’s analysis

Closing remarks

The need for transportation master plan

Addressing economic, social, and political

aspects.

Improving financial feasibility

Through improvement in business model.

Informed-decision making process

To avoid government inaction.

L/O/G/O

Thank You!

References

Cervero, Robert, bambang Susantono. 1999. Rent capitalization and transportation infrastructure development in jakarta. The applied regional science conference.

Yagi, S. & Mohammadian, A., 2008. Policy simulation for bew BRT and area pricing alternatives using an opinion survey in Jakarta. Transportation planning and technology, 31(5), pp. 589-612.

Soehodho, Sutanto, et al. 2012. Transport Mode Choice by Land Transport Users in Jabodetabek: An Urban Ecology Analysis. 2nd International Conference in Electrical, Electronics, and Civil Engineering.

Suryo, Robin Asad. 2002. The welfare analysis of congestion tax: Case study of Jakarta, Indonesia. PhD Thesis.

Suryo, Robin, et.al. 2007. Commuting choice and cngestion taxes in industrializing Indonesia. The Social Science Journal, 44, pp. 253-273.

The Coordinating Ministry of Economic Affairs Republic of Indonesia and JICA. 2012. JABODETABEK Urban Transportation Policy Integration Project in the Republic of Indonesia.

Appendix 1 Types of Public Transportation in

Jakarta

No Type

1 Trans-Jakarta bus

2 Non-Trans Jakarta Bus

3 Mini bus

4 Mini van (angkot)

5 Taxi

6 Tuk-tuk (Bajai)

7 Motorcycle Taxi (Ojek)

Appendix 2 Circumventing the three-in-one

system

In picture: a woman offered her-self as a ‘jockey’ prior entering the three-in-one area

Appendix 3 The unused monorail pillar in

Jakarta

In picture: unused monorail pillar in Jakarta; the construction was halted in 2006.

Appendix 4 BRT System in Jakarta

In picture: Trans-Jakarta bus and Trans-Jakarta station map

Appendix 5 Commuter Line in JABODETABEK

In picture: The map of JABODETABEK commuter line route and a train in station

Appendix 6 Bike-to-work campaign in Jakarta

In picture: people bike to work in Jakarta and logo of bike-to-work movement in Indonesia