addressing emi and test technology for iot kenny …...at the time of publication of this document,...

Addressing EMI and test technology for IOT

Sep.22 2015

探討物聯網EMI規範與新的測試技術

Kenny Liao 廖康佑Senior Project Manager

PageAgenda– What Wireless Technology Required in Wearable Device and IOT?

– CISPR EMI Standard Overview

– Keysight EMI Measurement Solutions

2

Page

– In April 2013, Google announce Google Glass

Explorer Edition and it courage wearable

device development.

– In 2014 CES and MWC show, lot of 3C

company and chipset maker announce

relative product on smart wearable product.

Wearable Device Flash Point

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MannGlas_and_GoogleGlass1_crop.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MannGlas_and_GoogleGlass1_crop.jpg

Page

Wireless Technical Challenge in Wearing Device

• Multi-antenna

• Low-frequency

• Current Consumption

• AR Requirement

• Distance

• Multi-Charger

• Bluetooth LE

• ETPA

Energy or Power Saving

Power Charger

Spacing for

Antenna

High Data Rate

Page

IOT Smart City Project

Oceanographic

observation

2G+Loc.+weather

Disaster monitoring3G+sensors

Wireless

2G/3G

AGW

AGWSmart objects with sensors

Smart objects with sensors

Smart objects with sensors

Warning for yellow dust, disaster, fire, flood, etc.

Monitoring and management center

Smart objects with

sensors

IOTNational

IOTPublic

IOTR/D

AGW

HealthcareWiBro+Medical devices

Smart meteringWiFi + Gas, electricity

Broadcasting3G+DMB+IPTV

Security3G+Location+Vehicles

Facilities monitoringWiBro+Sensors

Remote controlPLC + Street lights

Fixed net./DMB

FTTx,HFC,PLC

Smart Korea Strong Korea

Safe Korea Sustainable Korea

Wireless access networks

Broadband wirelessWiBro

AGW

Meteorological

observation

2G+Loc.+weather

Ecosystem monitoring2G+Location

Data from : Korea IOT Smart City Project

Page

Smart Home in IOT

Data from : Cadence

Page

What is the Short Range Wireless Technology Looking for in Wearable Device and IOT

Page

7

802.16

Burst data rate bits/s

Po

we

r c

on

su

mp

tio

n i

n d

up

lex

1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M100

1W

0.1W

10mW

802.11a /HiperLAN2

10W

WAN

Proprietary

ISM

802.11b

DECT

LAN

UWB

PAN

RFID

3G

HSDPA/EVDO3GGPRS

GSM

EDRBluetooth

BT LEZigBeeZwave

Battery Friendly Design

Thread

CISPR EMI Standards Overview

Data From:

http://www.iec.ch/emc/pdf/cispr_guide_2015.pdf

http://www.interferencetechnology.com/cispr-32-new-international-

standard-on-electromagnetic-emissions-from-multimedia-equipment/

CT SWAT 8



http://www.interferencetechnology.com/cispr-32-new-international-standard-on-electromagnetic-emissions-from-multimedia-equipment/

Page

Three Standards Categories

– Basic EMC Standards give the general and fundamental conditions

or rules for the assessment of EMC and related performance of all

products, systems or installations, and serve as reference

documents for CISPR Generic and Product Standards. Basic

Standards are general and hence are not dedicated to specific

product families or products; they relate to general information, to

the disturbing phenomena and to the measurement or testing

techniques. They do not contain any prescribed limits or any

product/system related performance specifications.

1.1 Basic Standards

Publication Description

CISPR 16-1-1 Part 1-1: Measuring apparatus

CISPR 16-1-2 Part 1-2: Coupling devices for conducted disturbance measurements

CISPR 16-1-3 Part 1-3: Ancillary equipment – Disturbance power

CISPR 16-1-4 Part 1-4: Antennas and test sites for radiated disturbance measurements

CISPR 16-1-5 Part 1-5: Antenna calibration sites and reference test sites for 5 MHz to 18 GHz

CISPR 16-1-6 Part 1-6: EMC antenna calibration

CISPR 16-2-1 Part 2-1: Conducted disturbance measurements

CISPR 16-2-2 Part 2-2: Measurement of disturbance power

CISPR 16-2-3 Part 2-3: Radiated disturbance measurements

CISPR 16-2-4 Part 2-4: Immunity measurements

CISPR 16-4-2 Part 4-2:Uncertainty in EMC measurements

CISPR 17 Methods of measurement of the suppression characteristics of passive radio

interference filters and suppression components

IEC 61000-4-20 Testing and measurement techniques - Emission and immunity testing in

transverse electromagnetic (TEM) waveguides

IEC 61000-4-21 Testing and measurement techniques - Reverberation chamber test methods

IEC 61000-4-22 Testing and measurement techniques - Radiated emissions and immunity

measurements in fully anechoic rooms (FARs)

Page


– Generic EMC Standards are Standards related to a particular

environment, which specify the minimum set of essential EMC

requirements and test procedures, applicable to all the products or

systems intended for operation in this environment, provided there

do not exist any specific EMC Standards for a particular product

family, product, system or installation. Limits are included, and

reference is made to the test procedures.

11

1.2 Generic Standards


IEC 61000-6-3

(see annex C.1)

Part 6-3: Generic standards - Emission standard for

residential, commercial and light-industrial

environments

IEC 61000-6-4

(see annex C.2)

Part 6-4: Generic standards - Emission standard for

industrial environments

IEC 61000-6-1 Part 6-1: Generic standards - Immunity for residential,

commercial and light-industrial environments

IEC 61000-6-2 Part 6-2: Generic standards - Immunity for industrial

environments

Page


– Product Standards define specific EM requirements, test procedures

and limits dedicated to particular products, systems or installations

for which specific conditions must be considered.

CT SWAT 13

1.3 Product Standards

PageCT SWAT 14


CISPR 11

(see annex A.1)

Industrial, scientific and medical equipment – Radio-frequency disturbance

characteristics – Limits and methods of measurement

CISPR 12

(see annex A.2)

Vehicles, boats and internal combustion engines - Radio disturbance

characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement for the protection of off-

board receivers

CISPR 13

(see annex A.3)

Sound and television broadcast receivers and associated equipment - Radio

disturbance characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement

CISPR 14-1

(see annex A.4)

Electromagnetic compatibility - Requirements for household appliances, electric

tools and similar apparatus - Part 1: Emission

CISPR 14-2

(see annex A.5)

Electromagnetic compatibility - Requirements for household appliances, electric

tools and similar apparatus - Part 2: Immunity - Product family standard

CISPR 15

(see annex A.6)

Limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance characteristics of

electrical lighting and similar equipment

CISPR 20

(see annex A.7)

Sound and television broadcast receivers and associated equipment - Immunity

characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement

CISPR 22

(see annex A.8)

Information technology equipment - Radio disturbance characteristics - Limits

and methods of measurement

CISPR 24

(see annex A.9)

Information technology equipment - Immunity characteristics - Limits and

methods of measurement

CISPR 25

(see annex A.10)

Vehicles, boats and internal combustion engines - Radio disturbance

characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement for the protection of on-

board receivers

CISPR 32

(see annex A.1.11)

EMC of multimedia equipment- emission requirements

Page

Selection list of products and Standards to be applied

15

Product Applicable CISPR Standard(s)

11

12/2

5

13

14-1

14-2

15

20

22

24

32

Audio Amplifiers ● ● ●

Battery Chargers – wireless

power transfer (WPT) mode

●

Copying Machine ● ● ●

Data Display: CRT, plasma, LED,

Liquid crystal

● ● ●

Data Input Device: Keyboard,

mouse Magnetic card reader

Optical character reader Image

scanner, pen

● ● ●

Data Processing Equipment ● ● ●

Data Processor: Computer,

calculator

● ● ●

Local Area Network devices ● ● ●

Memory Device ● ● ●

Microwave oven ● ●

Page

CISPR 32 Overview

CISPR 32 applies to multimedia equipment (MME) defined as equipment that is information technology

equipment (3.1.20), audio equipment (3.1.6), video equipment (3.1.29), broadcast receiver equipment

(3.1.7), entertainment lighting control equipment (3.1.15) or combinations of these and having a rated r.m.s.

AC or DC supply voltage not exceeding 600 V.

Equipment within the scope of CISPR 13 or CISPR 22 is within the scope of CISPR 32.

MME intended primarily for professional use is within the scope of CISPR 32.

The standard covers two classes of MME (Class A and Class B). The MME classes are specified in Clause

4.

The objectives of the standard publication are:

1. to establish requirements which provide an adequate level of protection of the radio spectrum,

allowing radio services to operate as intended in the frequency range 9 kHz to 400 GHz;

2. to specify procedures to ensure the reproducibility of measurement and the repeatability of results.

At the time of publication of this document, CISPR 32 may be applied instead of CISPR 13 and/or CISPR

22. CISPR 32 will replace CISPR 13 and CISPR 22 in 2017.

CT SWAT 16

EMC of multimedia equipment- emission requirements

Page

Required highest frequency for radiated measurement

CT SWAT 17

Page

Requirements for radiated emission at frequency up to 1 GHz

CT SWAT 18

Page

Requirements for radiated emission at frequency above to 1 GHz

CT SWAT 19

Page

Requirements for conducted emission of Class B

CT SWAT 20

Keysight EMI Solutions Overview

Page

Gustaaf Sutorius, June 2009

22

History of HP / Keysight EMI Compliance Solutions

HP 8571/72/73/74Introduced in 1983

8546/42AIntroduced in 1994

N9039AIntroduced in 2007

N9038A MXE. Introduced in 2011

ESA-E

(E4402/4/5/7B)

Introduced 2001

E7400A

(E7402/5A)

Introduced 2001

PSA

(E4440/3/5/6/7/8A)

Introduced 2004

X-Series

(N90x0A)

Introduced 2009

Full Compliance Solutions

Pre-Compliance Solutions¹

¹Dates indicate when Pre-Compliance measurements

were available on analyzer HW

Page

Keysight Pre-compliance and Full Compliance Solutions

Pre-compliance Measurement Solutions (N90xA X-Series)

Full compliance testing requires a receiver that meets all the

requirements of CISPR 16-1-1. (Preselector filter and/or BP

filters required)

Full Compliance Measurement Solutions (N9038A MXE)

Evaluate the conducted and radiated emissions of a device using

correct detectors and bandwidths before going to a test house for

compliance testing. Gives an approximation of the EMI

performance of the EUTX-Series with 6141A

Meas App

23

X-Series Analyzers : N9000A CXA, 9 kHz – 3.0, 7.5, 13.6, 26.5 GHz

(Precompliance) N9010A EXA, 10 Hz – 3.6, 7.0, 13.6, 26.5, 32, 44 GHz

N9020A MXA, 10 Hz – 3.6, 8.4, 13.6, 26.5 GHz

N9030A PXA, 3 Hz – 3.6, 8.4, 13.6, 26.5, 43, 44, 50 GHz

X-Series : N9038A MXA, 20 Hz – 3.6, 8.4, 26.5, 44 GHz

(Full Compliance)

Pre-compliance Solution

N9038A

Full Compliance Solution

Option EMC in X-Series

Page 24

• CISPR 16-1-1 detectors

(to latest spec)

• Quasi Peak

• EMI Average (“CISPR-AVG”)

• RMS Average (“CISPR-RMS”)

• EMI Bandwidths (CISPR & MIL STD)

• EMI Presets

• Tune & Listen

• Measure at Marker

• EMI Peak, EMI Average, and

Quasi Peak measurements

displayed together

Opt.

EMC

CISPR Band Presets to 18 GHz

25

Opt.

EMC

Measure at Marker

26

Opt.

EMC

CISPR and MIL STD Res Bandwidths

27

– CISPR: 200 Hz, 9, 120 kHz, and 1 MHz

– MIL: 100 Hz, 1, 10, 100 kHz, and 1 MHz

Opt.

EMC

Page

W6141A/N6141A EMC Measurement ApplicationFor X-Series Analyzers

• Frequency Scan (swept and stepped)

with Log or Linear Display

• Strip Chart

• Simultaneous Detector Meters

- R&S ESL competitor

- E7400 replacement

Third party EMI SW available from TDK RF Solutions and ETS Lindgren

When you order W/N6141A

you get option EMC for the SA:• CISPR/MIL detectors, BW’s and presets

• Measure at marker

• Tune and Listen

Same measurement engine as

in our Full Compliance Tester

28

9/21/2015Page 29

Log Display

Peak List

Auto-detect peaks

Limit Delta

Realtime

Meters

with any 3

Simultaneous

Detectors

EMC Measurement Application

29

Page

N/W6141A measurement:Frequency Scan with Log Display - same functionality as E7400 Signal List

Meters tune

to selected

signal

30

We can help you:

• Evaluate your designs EMC performance to the latest

commercial and MIL-STD requirements

• The wider frequency range of the X-Series (up to

40 GHz) allows testing to the latest EN55022 which

now has an upper frequency limit of 6 GHz

• The ESL has an upper limit of just 6 GHz which

does not allow for any over ranging

Identify failed

signals easily

Continuously

monitor

signals with 3

detectors

Evaluate the EMC performance of your designs

31

We can help you:

• Locate and document problem frequencies

• Use the documented signal list to re-evaluate once repairs

are completed

• The extensive use of signal lists helps

identify signals that are above margins

or limit lines make it very easy identify

problems

Signals

above the

limit line are

indicated in

red

Quickly identify and document problem signals

32

Standard EMC Features

33

• Limit Lines, pre-loaded or easily editable

• Amplitude Correction, pre-loaded or easily editable

• Regulatory Limits available as pre-loaded limits

Amplitude Corrections

Pre-loaded

Regulatory Limits

Pre-loaded

Page

Gustaaf Sutorius, June 2009

34

Amplitude

at point

circled

Amplitude

referenced

to blue line

Easy Editing of Correction Factors/Limit Lines

Circle

indicates the

position of

the

amplitude

frequency

pair

Limit line

edit display

Corrections factors

edit display

Easy Steps to get Measurement results

35

Scan, Search and Measure

Receiver actively

scans for signals

Highlights frequencies above margin/limits

and enters them into the Signal List

“Mark” signals with the mouse or

soft keys to measure

Scan

Search

Measure

Measurement Results

Signal list measured with all

selected detectors.

Ready to save and export

36

Measurement Results in the Signal List

Frequency Value of selected detectors, corrected

with AmpCor (if turned on)

Delta value between detector and

limit line. Values exceeding limit line

are in red

TimestampRes BW – Critical

when scanning

different ranges

Delta value between

detector and limit line.

Values exceeding limit

line are in red

S

C

R

O

L

L

37

Report Generation for Measured ResultsConfigure the Report (under “Save/Data/Meas Result”)

38

We support both

PDF and HTML

Formats with

numerical data and

screen captures

Setting up the Measurement / Scan range

39

Scan ranges are

pre-loaded and can

be selected or

changed as needed

Strip Chart for monitoring Amplitude over time

• Time record of zero span

data scrolls to left with

up to 2 hours of

recorded data!

• Up to three different

detectors

• Can be used for

amplitude monitoring at

certain frequencies

during EUT turntable

rotation for radiation

maximization

40

More Diagnostic Tools, Enhanced Display Package

41

– Diagnostic tools available in Spectrum Analyzer Mode

• Spectrogram,

• Trace Zoom

• Zone Span

Page

Signal Troubleshooting Example

42

Probing for Radiated Signals

•Placing the display of the analyzer in {Max Hold} mode to collect the strongest emissions

•Scanning the close-field probe along the seam records the worst-case values. This result is

then saved.

•Returned to {Clear Write} mode so that the strongest source of emissions can be located.

Probing PC Boards for source

of radiated signals

Even cables can cause

interfering problems

N9311X Probe Introduction Video

1.24 min.

Keysight N9311X-100

Close Field Probe Set:

30 MHz – 3 GHz

(loose screws can cause a problem)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u7jRKQzgtYs&index=3&list=PLmqzNmmPZGY-SovV_Ry4gWcq1Zn5xyxqq

Problem Solving and Troubleshooting Problem identification

Page 43

Before

After

Use the probe to locate the source or

sources of the problem signals, save

the trace to internal memory.

Make circuit changes as necessary to reduce the

emissions. Measure the circuit again using the

same setting as before. Then Recall the

previously saved trace and compare the results

to the current measurement.

Make necessary modifications or

circuit changes to reduce the

emissions.• Add or change circuit components

• Redesign the problem circuit

• Add shielding as necessary

Automation in Precompliance Measurements

44

– Reasons for Automation

-Supplement skill and knowledge of the tester-Measurements repeatability-Results are presented in a common format-Reduce test time by automating setups

– Types of Automation -Internally executed application such as W6141A/N6141A-PC based applications through Keysight Solution Partners

– Software Available-Techcelerant, TILE from ETS Lindgren, TDK RF Solutions

http://www.ets-lindgren.com/


N9038A MXE EMI receiver Complies with latest CISPR and Mil-STD standards

• Four frequency ranges- 20 Hz to 3.6 GHz

- 20 Hz to 8.4 GHz

- 20 Hz to 26.5 GHz

- 20 Hz to 44 GHz

• CISPR 16-1-1 2010 Compliance

- CISPR bandwidths (6dB and impulse BW)

- Quasi-Peak, EMI-Avg,

RMS- Avg detectors and APD

• MIL STD 461 Compliance- 6dB bandwidths

- Peak detector

Now with

Frequency

Upgrade

New

N9038A MXE EMI receiver Offers World-Class Performance

• Excellent amplitude uncertainty

- 0.3 dB @ 1 GHz

• Excellent sensitivity

- -163 dBm @ 1 GHz

• Two inputs

- 1 full frequency range input

- 1 surge protected input to 1 GHz

- RF Preselection

- Available on both inputs

20 Hz to 3.6 GHz

20 Hz to 8.4 GHz

20 Hz to 26.5 GHz

20 Hz to 44 GHz

20 Hz to 1 GHz

surge protected

(built-in limiter)

Page

Keep Test Assets CurrentExtend instrument longevity with upgradeable platform

• Stay current with upgradeable CPU, memory, disk drives,

and I/O ports

• Rely on proven platform, worldwide support, and 3-year

standard warranty

• Keep data secure with removable solid-state drive

47

Page

All your investments are upgradable

48

Invest less today, upgrade in the future.

Inve

stm

en

t $

$

Investment timing

Application:Medical,

Automotive,

Power tools

3.6 GHz Application:ITE

8.4 GHzApplication:Some CISPR standard

26.5 GHz

Application:Mil-STD

FCC

44 GHz

N9038A MXE EMI Receiver Functionality

50

• Simultaneous updates for

up to three detectors

• Built-in amplitude correction

• Built-in limit lines

• Automatic testing to limit lines and user-defined margins

• Automated signal list collection

• Automated signal list measurement

We also leverage this measurement engine

into our Pre-Compliance X-series Testers

as the W/N 6141A EMC Measurement

N9038A with State of the Art EMI Diagnostic Capability

51

More than an EMI receiver….the MXE includes Keysight’s X-Series

signal analysis capability for enhanced diagnostics and troubleshooting!

• Extensive set of built-in

diagnostic tools

• Signal Analysis

• Strip Chart

• Spectrogram

• Zone Span

• Global frequency linkage

• New RTSA optionNew

N9038A with Compliance Measurement Tools

52

More than an EMI receiver….the MXE includes state of

the art full compliance measurement tools!

• Compliance measurement tools¹

• Monitor Spectrum

• Amplitude Probability

Distribution (APD) function

• Discontinuous Disturbance

(Click) Measurement

• Time Domain Scan (TDS)

¹All Compliance measurement tools available on X-Series

pre-compliance analyzers, requires necessary HW options;

not all capabilities available on N9000A, CXA Analyzer.

Monitor Spectrum• Simultaneous displays of spectrum and meters

- Meters are tuned to center frequency

- Spectrum measurement is FFT (Fixed BWs)

- Spectrum is limited to span around the CF

• Diagnostic tool only

- NOT required by any standards

Simultaneously

Updated

Spectrum View

Meters

5353

•New statistical measurement to be released in CISPR 11

•Measures the probability of an emission exceeding a specified level

•Very similar to complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF)

Y-axis -

probability

X-axis –

emission

level

54

Amplitude Probability Distribution (APD)

54

Specific Conducted Emissions Measurement- Defined in CISPR 14

- Appliances, power tools, vending machines, thermostats, etc.

‘Click’ Measurements with the MXE

55

Measurement Screen

Measurement Analysis Screen

Time Domain Scan (TDS)

– What is “Time Domain Scan”

- A new way to do Frequency scanning!

– Swept scans, Stepped scans, now Time Domain scans

– FFT-based scan

- uses ~ 90% overlap (in time) to ensure amplitude accuracy for

measurements of both CW and Impulsive signals

–Allowed by CISPR 16, but not required.

- Internal Automotive testing specifications require Time Domain

56

TDS Optional Feature

56

How Time Domain Sweeps Saves Time

frequency

am

plit

ude

frequency

am

plit

ude

Receiver

FFT BW

Receiver

Resolution BW

Swept or Stepped

Frequency Scan

Time Domain

Frequency Scan

57

Have to dwell at each RBWOnly have to dwell for each

FFT BW (multiple RBWs)

57

Device Under Test

DUT

Emissions

1. Fast Prescan to collect all suspect emissions

i. Scan speed limited by CISPR

ii. Speed limit ensures you capture all emissions

iii. Typically use Peak detector, but can use CISPR detector

iv. MXE: “Scan”

2. Identify all emissions above target limit line

i. MXE: “Search”

3. Perform final measurement on individual signals

i. Find peak of signal, then make final measurement using appropriate

CISPR detector: Quasi-Peak, EMI-Avg, RMS-Avg

ii. MXE: “Measure”

TDS

Helps Here

58

CISPR Radiated Measurement Methodology

58

360 deg

1 to 4 m

above ground

plane

3 or 10 m

DUT

Test in vertical and

horizontal position

MXE EMI

Receiver

144 scans

Frequency

Domain

Scan

Time

Domain

Scan

CISPR Band MXE MXE

30MHz–1GHzPeak det. 10ms. dwell

RBW =120kHz

4 pts/RBW

242 secsmooth

scan

~2 sec

150kHz–30 MHzPeak det 100ms.

dwell

RBW = 9kHz

2 pts/RBW

664 secsmooth

scan

~12 sec

x ~250 sec/scan¹

10 hours

Not counting antenna and turntable positioning time

Time Domain Scan Offers Significant Pre-scan Time Reduction

2

~5 minutes²

59

Keysight Confidential59

¹Rounded up from 242 sec. for ease of calculations

²Required SW version 14.59

PageAgilent Confidential 60

Other Instruments from Keysight used in EMC test

Signal Source MXG：N5181A

Power Meter：N1911A/N1912A

X-series Spectrum Analyzer

CXA/EXA/MXA/PXA

N9000A/N9010A/N9020A/N9030A

Wireless Test Set：E5515C

Oscilloscope：Infiniium

9000/7000 Handheld Network Analyzer：N9912A

Handheld Spectrum Analyzer：N9340B/N9343C/N9344C

Preamplifier：N9311X-110

Preamplifier：87405B

Near Field Probe：N9311X-100

Log Period Antenna：N9311X-

504/508/518

http://cp.home.agilent.com/agilent7/s7viewers/flash/genericzoom.swf?logo2=false&serverUrl=/agilent7/is/image/&contentRoot=/agilent7/skins/&locale=en&config=Agilent/AGILENT-IMGSET&image=Agilent/PROD-2058001-IS












Page

Global Partners Regional Partners

Keysight EMI Solution PartnersTools provided for both Precompliance and Compliance Testing

Customized EMC Solutions61



http://www.eretec.com/eng/main/main.asp

http://www.eretec.com/eng/main/main.asp

http://www.toyo.co.jp/English

http://www.toyo.co.jp/English

PageSummary

– Keysight EMI Measurement tools on X-Series Analyzers

• Option EMC – Basic precompliance measurements

• W6141A/N6141A EMC Measurement Application – Advanced

precompliance measurements and diagnostic tools

• N9038A MXE – Full compliance measurement solution

62

Pre-compliance Solution Full Compliance Solution

Page

是德科技保證方案

Keysight

Confidential 63

是德科技提供的三個服務解決方案可以在新購儀器時同時購買

保固保證方案 – 5 年

• 節省費用 – 比意外出現的維修費用，節省多達70％

• 節省時間 – 體驗便利的服務

• 全球 OEM 原廠品質

校驗保證方案 – 3 年

校驗保證方案 – 5 年

• 是德量測品質 – 是德科技針對每個保固規格，每個安裝的選項，每個校驗週期，執行實際量測

• 幫助顧客節省費用 – 隨新機購買的價格優惠 15% / 20%; 如有維修發生時即可接著執行校驗

• 幫助客戶節省時間

Page

延長保固7年/10年

– 從2015年6月1日起，您可以鎖定高達7年或10年是德保證計畫的福利

– 保持您儀器運行的規格長達10年

– 是德科技對於是德儀器硬體提供長期服務的承諾

– 自2015年6月1日起提供新服務選擇

鎖定高峰表現

服務名稱(理念) 產品代碼

保固保證方案 (回廠是德科技) – 7 年 R-51B-001-7Z

保固保證方案 (回廠是德科技) – 10 年 R-51B-001-10Z

校驗保證方案 (回廠是德科技) – 7 年 R-50C-011-7

校驗保證方案 (回廠是德科技) – 10 年 R-50C-011-10

Back-up Slides follow

66

• Digital Spectrum Analyzer Overview and Architecture

• Dig IF Measurement Improvements

• X-Series HW

• Optional Feature Comparisons

Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram

YIGADC

IF Filter

Digital IF Filter

Digital Log Amp

Digital Detectors

FFT

Swept vs. FFTAttenuation

Pre-amp

Replacedby

Attenuation

Pre-amp

YIG

IF Filter

67

Old Technology

New Technology

Page

Classic Super Heterodyne Receiver Architecture

Input

Log

Down-

conversion

Local

Oscillator

Reference

Oscillator

IF

Gain

RBW

Filter

Log

Amp

Video

Filter Video

Display

Step/Sweep

Generator

RF Input

Attenuator5 or 10 dB Steps

Pre-selector

Analog IF

ADC

Detector

Resolution BWs

Variable bandwidth

filters used for

analysis

IF Gain Stages

Variable linear

gains used to set

current display

reference levels

Logarithmic Amps

Provide

measurement

dynamic range

Detector

RF Section

Synthesizer

68

Page

Receiver Architecture w/ Digital IF

Log

Down-

conversion

Local

Oscillator

Reference

Oscillator

IF

Gain

IF

FilterLog

Amp

Video

Filter

Video Display

Step/Sweep Generator

RF Input

Attenuator

Pre-selector

ADC

ADC DSP

Signal Digitized

After RF Down-

Conversion

Log Amplification

RBW Filtering

Detection

Video Filtering

Averaging

Display Scaling

Digital Conversion at IF

instead of Video

• Improved Accuracy

• Increased usable

effective Dynamic Range

• Improved BW filter

selectivity

69

Page

Digital IF Improves Amplitude Accuracy

Input

Connector

Log

Down-

conversion

IF

Gain

IF

Filter

Log

AmpVideo

Filter

RF Input

Attenuator5 or 10 dB

Steps

Pre-selector

ADC

ADC DSP

• Input connector (mismatch)

• Calibrator

• RF input attenuator

− flatness and switching

• Mixer and input filter

− frequency response

Digital IF improves:

• Ref Level switching uncertainty (IF gain)− Level correction digitally synthesized

• RBW filter switching uncertainty− RBWs all digitally synthesized

• Display scale fidelity (Log Amp)− Log response & display scaling digitally synthesized

Frequency

DependentFrequency

Independent

70

Page

Digital IF Improves Amplitude AccuracyInput

Connector

Down-

conversion

IF

Gain

IF

Filter

Log

AmpVideo

Filter

RF Input

Attenuator2 dB Steps Pre-selector

Log ADC

ADC DSP

Digital IF improves Amplitude Accuracy:

• Ref Level switching uncertainty (IF gain)− Level correction digitally synthesized

• RBW filter switching uncertainty− RBWs all digitally synthesized

• Display scale fidelity (Log Amp)− Log response & display scaling digitally synthesized

Frequency

DependentFrequency

Independent

Amplitude

Uncertainty

N9038A

ReceiverAnalog IF

Ref Level

Switching0dB <= +/- 1dB

RBW

Switching+/- .05dB <= +/- .5dB

Display Scale

Fidelity+/- .15dB <= +/- .85dB

71

Other Benefits: Digital IF RBWs Offer Higher Selectivity

Typical Selectivity

Analog ~12:1

Digital ≤ 5:1

- Improves signal identification in

high-ambient environments (OATS)

ANALOG FILTER

DIGITAL FILTER

Large ambient

Small emission

Speed Ehancement of

Digital RBW

RBW Speed Improvement

100 Hz 3.10

30 Hz 14.40

10 Hz 52.40

3 Hz 118.00

1 Hz 84.00

72

Page

Keysight X-Series Family of AnalyzersGreater Measurement Confidence with Digital IF

Observe the peak

is above the

reference level,

but accurately

measures the

signal at 96 dBuV.

Only the display

is clipped.

Other Receivers can’t do this as

they use log amps

73

Digital IF Gain Improves Usable Dynamic Range50dB change in Reference Level

- virtually no change in measured value

- simplifies measurement procedures

- reduces measurement errors

74

Monitor Spectrum• Diagnostics: look into insights of close-in spectrum

• Investigate signals from signal list– i.e. signals above the limit

- Use it to center up the signal of interest

- Identify peak emission frequency prior to final measurement

CISPR Recommended Process

Captured emission needs to be centered

7575

Page

Time Domain Scan is Not Real Time Spectrum Analysis

Time Domain Scan

FFT technology to speed frequency scanning

High overlap to ensure capture and accuracy

Provides CISPR-required amplitude accuracy

Accepted by CISPR for Compliance meas.

Real Time Spectrum Analysis

FFT technology to enhance signal analysis

Very wide bandwidth signal capture

Provides unique insights into high-speed signals

Very focused diagnostic tool

No direct application to EMC Compliance

other than troubleshooting tool76

RTSA available as an option on

select X-Series Analyzers and MXE

Page

Keysight Pre-compliance Solution: X-series spectrum analyzer with N/W6141A

77

X-series

Models

RTSA EMI

application

Standard Features Optional Features

CXA N9000A(up to 26.5 GHz)

No W6141A Frequency scan, Click

analysis

Opt. T03/T06:

Tracking generator

EXA N9010A(Up to 44 GHz)

No N6141A Frequency scan, Click

analysis

Opt. DP2:

APD, Monitor spectrum

Opt. DP2 and TDS:

Time domain scan

MXA N9020A(Up to 26.5 GHz)

Yes

PXA N9030A(Up to 50 GHz)

Yes

X-series spectrum analyzer shares the same platform with MXE

• Digital IF architecture

• Upgradable CPU and I/O ports

• Core EMI features

addressing emi and test technology for iot kenny …...at the time of publication of this document,...

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