ADDIS ABABA CITY GOVERNMENT

URBAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS

FINANCE & ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT BUREAU

August, 2002E.C

Addis Ababa

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

FOREWORD i

PART I- INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND ………………………………………………………. 1

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT ……………………………………………. 2

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY ……………………………………… 3

1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY ……………………………………………. 3

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ………………………………….. 3

1.6 METHODOLOGY …………………………………………………… 3

1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY …………………………………….. 3

PART II – DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS

2.1 DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS …………………………………………4

2.2 ECONOMIC INDICATORS

2.2.1 MICRO & SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES ……………………… 5

2.2.2 INVESTMENT …………………………………………………… 7

2.2.3 FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS …………………………................ 8

2.2.4 POVERTY & UNEMPLOYMENT ………………………………. 9

2.2.5 FISCAL PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ………………………. 12

2.2.6 CITY GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ………………………….. 14

2.3 SOCIAL INDICATORS

2.3.1 HEALTH ………………………………………………………… 16 2.3.2 EDUCATION …………………………………………………… 18

2.3.3 HOUSING SECTOR …………………………………………… 21

2.3.4 ENVIRONMENT AND WASTE MANAGEMENT ……………… 27

2.3.5 TOURISM …………………………………………………………. 30

2.3.6 LAND USE ………………………………………………………… 31

2.3.7 SOCIAL AFFAIRS ………………………………………………… 33

2.3.8 WOMEN’S SITUATION …………………………………….......... 34

2.4 INFRASTRUCTURE AND WATER SUPPLY 2.4.1 ROAD NETWORK …………………………………………………… 36

2.4.2 WATER SUPPLY …………………………………………………….. 38

2.4.3 INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION ……………………….. 39

2.4.4 ENERGY CONSUMPTION …………………………………………. 41

2.4.5 TRANSPORT ………………………………………………………… 42

PART III – CONCLUSION ……………………………………….. 44-46

LIST OF TABLES

Page Table 1: Demographic Indicators of Addis Ababa ……………………………… 4

Table 2: Support Provided for Micro & Small Enterprises and Types of Jobs Created

data in Addis Ababa …………………………………………………… 6

Table 3: Status of Licensed approval investment project (1997-2001) ………. 7

Table 4.1: Activity status and rate for population aged 10 years and above:

Addis Ababa, 2001…………………………………………………… 10

Table 4.2: Unemployment rate for population aged 10 years and above:

Addis Ababa, 2001 …………………………………………………… 10

Table 4.3: Reasons being inactive for population aged 10 years and above:

Addis Ababa, 2001 ………………………………………………….. 11

Table 5.1: Revenue trend of Addis Ababa ……………………………………… 12

Table 5.2: Expenditure trend of Addis Ababa ………………………………….. 13

Table 6: Estimated Addis Ababa City’s Gross Domestic Product (in million Birr).. 14

Table 7: Major health indicators ………………………………………………… 17

Table 8.1: Literacy rates of Addis Ababa city (10 years and above) ……………. 18

Table 8.2: Educational attainment of Addis Ababa city ………………………….. 19

Table 8.3: Enrollment ratios and drop out rates in Addis Ababa …………………. 19

Table 8.4: Major education indicators of Addis Ababa City data ………………… 20

Table 9.1: Housing condition and facilities ……………………………………… 24

Table 9.2: Condominium Houses Data ………………………………………….. 26

Table 10: Features of the environment data ………………………………………. 27

Table 11: Waste generation, collection and disposal ……………………………… 29

Table 12: Trend of Tourist flow in Addis Ababa Museum ………………………. 30

Table 13: Land use indicators data ……………………………………………….. 31

Table 14: Number of orphan children in Addis Ababa …………………………… 33

Table 15: Empowerment ratio by sex in Addis Ababa …………………………. 35

Table 16: Road length and area coverage data …………………………………… 37

Table 17: Water production, distribution and consumption in Addis Ababa data ...38 Table 18: Status and trend of information & communication sector service in Addis

Ababa ………………………………………………………………… 40

Table 19.1: Electric power consumption of Addis Ababa city Administration

by sectors …………………………………………………………… 41

Table 19.2: Distribution of households by type of cooking fuel …………………. 42

Table 20: Annual trend of traffic accident data ………………………………… 43

List of figures

Figure 1: The composition of city’s total revenue 1997 to 2001 ……………….. 12

Figure 2: Expenditure trend 1997 to 2001……………………………………… 13

Figure 3: The share of main economic sectors from total GDP ………………... 15

Figure 4: The average share of main economic sectors for GDP ………………. 15

ACRONYMS

UDI = Urban Development Indicators of Addis Ababa

BOFED = Bureau of Finance & Economic Development of Addis Ababa

MFIs = Micro finance institutions

ADLI = Agricultural Development Led Industrialisation

UNDP = United Nations Development Programme

NGOs = Non Governmental organizations.

EEPCo = Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation

AAWSA = Addis Ababa, Water Sewerage Authority

CSA = Central Statistics Agency

MFIs = Micro Finance Institutions

ICT = Information Communication Technology

MDGs = Millennium Development Goals

CBB = Construction and Business Bank

CSA WMS = Central Statistics Agency Welfare Monitoring Survey

FOREWARD Finance & Economic Development Bureau of Addis Ababa is generating different

studies as an input for decision making, policy formulations and planning activities.

Among the different studies conducted and published documents at Bureau level is

Urban Development Indicator which gives highlights about the socio-economic

condition of the city for decision makers, stakeholders and researchers.

The lack of well established Urban Development Indicators (UDI) have been one of

the major constraints in decision-making, policy formulation and planning process at

all levels of the metropolitan of Addis Ababa.

The urban development indicators compiled in this document are gathered mainly

from secondary data, and efforts have been made to collect the recent available data

as much as possible. Hence, it is hoped that users will benefit from this document for

their decision making, research and planning activities.

Finally, we welcome any comments, suggestions, and opinions to further develop this

document.

Abera Lulessa Gobu

Deputy Bureau Head and

Study, Plan & Budget

Core Process Leader

1

PART I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

Urbanization is growing at higher growth rate in both developed and developing countries.

However, rapid urbanization, particularly the growth of large cities in conjunction with the

associated problems of unemployment, poverty, inadequate health facilities, poor sanitation, urban

slums and poor infrastructure facilities pose a formidable challenge in many developing countries

(http://www.google com.et)

For most of the developing economic cities of the world, urbanization is becoming a great challenge

– be it environmental, economic or social – as they lack well-built and wide resource base that

adequately fulfills basic requirements associated to their ever increasing residents. According to

Urban Development Indicators of Addis Ababa (1998), mayors from 135 cities worldwide have

rated those pressing urban problems as: unemployment 63%, inadequate housing 43%, Garbage

Disposal 38%, violence/crime 36%, poverty 34%, sanitation/sewerage 33%, inadequate social

services 22%, civil apathy 22% and discrimination 14%. Most of the spotted factors are also true

for Addis Ababa.

In order to mitigate these challenges, a multitude of efforts with a variety of development

dimensions is a must. Having this situation, developing a policy oriented urban indicators might

help for research; benchmarking, monitoring & evaluation.

In the case of Addis Ababa, the city has been facing various problems which include insufficient

and sub-standard infrastructure provisions, insufficient public facilities, acute shortage and

deteriorations of houses, poor sanitation, and unemployment. All these in fact are manifested in

deprived poverty of the metropolis. To challenge these problems, an enormous effort has so far

been exercised by the city government, even though they are not adequate.

2

To this effect, designing appropriate urban development policies, strategies, programs and plans are

relevant to overcome all social, economic and governance problems of the city. Thus, it requires

relevant data and information to be used as input and a basis for taking appropriate decision making.

Hence, the preliminary works of identifying principal Urban Development Indicators (UDI) are

necessary. Therefore, the Addis Ababa City Government, Bureau of Finance and Economic

Development (BOFED) have taken the initiative of realizing this Urban Development Indicators

study.

Accordingly, vital elements of urban development indicators have been identified and presented

along with the existing statistics and records which were compiled from the concerned sectors. In

general, this document organized in to three parts, the first part states about introduction while the

second part describes major development indicators. Finally, the last part concludes the major

findings.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Addis Ababa has been facing various problems that include insufficient and sub-standard

infrastructure provisions, insufficient public facilities, acute shortage and deteriorations of houses,

poor sanitation, and unemployment. All these in fact are manifested in deprived poverty status of

the metropolis. In order to minimize these challenges, an enormous effort has so far been made by

the city government even though they are not adequate.

In the city, the road coverage to total built up area is less than 10 percent, there exists about 300,000

housing shortage, and the city manages about 70 percent of the daily solid waste generated. To

address these infrastructural problems and other social, economic and governance problems of the

city designing appropriate urban development policies, strategies, programs, and plans are very

important. This requires relevant data and information which could be used as an input and a basis

for taking appropriate decision making. Therefore, the Addis Ababa city government, Bureau of

Finance and Economic Development (BOFED), is mandated to conduct urban development

indicators study, so as to provide relevant data and information to government and concerned non

government organizations that supports the decision making process.

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1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The main objective of this study is to provide recent information about the socio-economic as well

as geo-political status of Addis Ababa and highlights the developmental priorities of the city.

1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The scope of this study is limited to presenting major socio-economic and geo-political facts which

reveals the actual socio-economic status of Addis Ababa city for the period of 1997 – 2001.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study envisaged to provide relevant information for government, non – government

organizations, policy makers and researchers, which helps them for taking appropriate decision

making and designing appropriate intervention development strategies and to minimize shortage of

aggregate data for further research and policy making endeavors.

1.6 METHODOLOGY

Since the study requires intensive data’s from both government and non-government organization,

the methodology was establishes on both primary and secondary data sources.

1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The in availability of adequate and recent data, from government and non-government organizations

were considered as a major limitation of the study.

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PART II

DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS

2.1 DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS Population is the total number of people in a defined geographic area at a particular point in time.

Population is characterized by its size, population growth rate, age and sex structure and spatial

distribution.

Bringing the development of the urban area into harmony with its environment and the overall

system of settlements is one of the basic tasks need to be undertaken in order to achieve the general

goal of sustainable human settlements in an urbanizing world. The trend of population growth in

fact needs to be harmonized with the available resources to adequately provide basic services and to

bring sustainable development. High population growth which does not goes in par with a

corresponding infrastructure development, adequate supply of basic services, accessible and

affordable land and shelter, sufficient employment and economic opportunities results in urban

disorders and environmental degradation.

In Addis Ababa, as per 1999 population and housing census result, the total population was about

2.7 million. Accordingly, female accounted for about 52.4 percent and male accounted for 47.6

percent (see table 1).

Table 1: Demographic Indicators of Addis Ababa, 2001

No Demographic Indicators Indicator values 1 Total fertility rate (children per women) 1.4 2 Life expectancy at birth 64.5 - Male 62.6 - Female 66.5 3 Annual population growth rate (in %) 2.1 4 Age dependency ratio 38 5 Sex ratio (number of male per 100 female) 90.8 6 Infant mortality rate (the number of deaths of infants under age one per

000 live births) 45

7 Under five mortality rate (the number of deaths of infants under age five per 1000 live births)

72

8 Crude death rate (the number of deaths per 1000 population) 6.9 9 Crude birth rate (the number of live births per 1000 population) 23 10 Female literacy rate 79.9 Source: Addis Ababa population images 2001

5

As indicated in table 1 above, on the average, the city population is growing at 2.1% annually, and

overall age dependency ratio was about 38%. The infant mortality rate is 45 out of 1000 live births,

while less than five mortality rate is 72 out of 1000 live births. The crude death rate was estimated

to be 6.9 out of the number of deaths in a year per 1000 mid year population and the crude birth rate

is 23 out of the number of live births in a year per 1000 mid year population (BOFED, Addis Ababa

population images 2001).

2.2 ECONOMIC INDICATORS

2.2.1 MICRO AND SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES

Small scale industry sector occupies a place of strategic importance in any economic structure. Small

scale industries play a key role in the industrialization and development of a country. This is because,

they provide immediate large scale employment, compared to higher capital intensive industry they

need lower investment, offer a method of ensuring a more equitable distribution of national income and

facilitate an effective mobilization of resources, capital and skill.

To this end, the Ethiopian government has given priority to micro and small-scale industries which

have a significant contribution to the development of the country.

In the Ethiopian context, MSE is defined as:-

• Micro – Enterprises are those enterprises with a paid up capital of not exceeding birr 20,000

and excluding high - tech consultancy firms and other high establishments.

• Small Enterprises are those enterprises with a paid up capital of above birr 20,000 and not

exceeding birr 500,000 and excluding high-tech Consultancy firms and other high - tech

establishments.

In line with the above definition, micro and small scale enterprises agency of Addis Ababa was

established with the mission of reducing unemployment through organizing, creating conducive

environment and strengthening micro and small scale enterprise operators. The micro and small

scale enterprise agency has the following objectives:

• To create job opportunity for the unemployed and increase their income by expanding and

supporting them in order to reduce poverty.

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• To identify the problems of the existing and newly created micro and small enterprise and

provide them with various support to development, and strengthen the MSE for further job

creation.

• To create and expand new enterprises by organizing the operators into cooperatives and

providing various supports in order to generate new job opportunities and reduce poverty

• Create market opportunities for existing and new established micro and small enterprises.

The main focus areas of these enterprises are textile and garment, wood and metal works, food

processing, construction and other municipal activities. These areas are assumed to have good

potential in the creation of new jobs.

The activities of these institutions were constrained by lack of working and selling spaces, display

rooms, road and infrastructures. Thus, attention should be given to promote small and micro

enterprise which is thought to be the most important intervention area to significantly reduce

poverty in urban areas (SPM of Addis Ababa city Administration, 2002).

Table 2: Support Provided for Micro & Small Enterprises and Types of Jobs Created in

Addis Ababa during 1997 to 2001

No

Description

Unit of

measurement

Annual Trend 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Total

1 Jobs created • Textile and garment Operator 8408 1805 781 1271 384 12,649 • Wood and metal

works “ 14658 1265 834 1151 893 18,801

• Food processing - 9046 1302 997 147 1083 12,575 • Construction - 16,282 1015 912 2397 1974 22,580 • Municipal activities - 4052 485 699 642 1974 7852

2 Support provided - Credit support Operator 26,944 8,995 13,917 21,078 30,994 101,928 - Credit support in Birr Birr in mil. 109.56 36.05 83.6 157.1 229.9 616.2

- Construction & market area supply

93,298 - - - - 93,298

- Training & consultation 40,435 8375 16,538 10,894 33,547 109,789 - Effort to solve market

problems Operator 30,662 7500 18,779 25,876 58,687 141,504

- Technological support - - - - - - - Established enterprises Operator 74,941 8225 6406 9909 28,216 127,697 - Development services Enterprise 5353 4848 7425 2479 6642 26,747Source: Trade and Industrial Development Bureau of Addis Ababa, 2002

7

As shown in table 2 above, during 1997 – 2001 a total of 74,457 new job opportunities have been

created for operators by small and micro enterprises. Besides, a credit worth of Birr 616,222,620

supports were given to 101,928 operators by City Administration. According to city SPM (2002),

about 83,166 small scale enterprises were established in 1999.

2.2.2 INVESTMENT The investment situation in Addis Ababa shows that a total number of 12,730 projects were

registered with a total capital outlay of Birr 236 billion and these projects are expected to create job

opportunity for 1,067,431 individuals. Among the total operational investment projects about

67.8% engaged in machinery rent, 17.3 % engaged in manufacturing, 3% in construction, 2.8% in

hotels, 2% in education, 1.5% in health and 0.17% in real-estate. In the existing high prevalence of

unemployment in Addis Ababa and the abundance of investment potentials much could have been

done as the total number of projects held operational is 1,143 (9%) of the total number of 12,730

projects registered. Therefore, the city investment has to be strengthened and more efforts should

be made to reduce the gap between licensed and operational projects so to eradicate the city

unemployment problems.

Table 3: Status of Licensed approval investment project (1997-2001) in 000 birr

Sectors No. of projects

(pre-implementation)

No. of projects ( implementation)

No. of projects

(Operation)

Total Investment

capital

Total Employment created (Permanent, contract, temporary)

Manufacturing 2556 40 198 50,878,070.93 255,185

Real-estate 661 3 2 21,316,919.43 73,923

Construction 1662 2 35 87,249,344.5 456,711

Machinery rent 4619 11 775 41,845,199.05 95,624

Hotel 628 8 32 20,698,959.05 56,131

Education 370 1 23 3,268,108.27 32,424

Health 235 2 17 4,539,777 22,369

Others 784 5 61 6,278,001.6 75,064

Total 11,515 72 1,143 236,074,379.8 1,067,431

Source: Investment Agency of Addis Ababa City Administration & Federal Investment Agency, 2002

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2.2.3 FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

Currently, one central bank (National Bank of Ethiopia), 13 commercial banks (3 governmental and

10 private), 12 insurance organizations (1 governmental and 11 private) and 20 small saving and

credit institutions are operating in the city.

Banks

In 2001, the coverage of a single branch in Addis Ababa provides service for 11,842 people. The

expansion of financial institutions is greater in the city as compares to other part of the country

since it is the capital city of the country, African union and residents of different international

organizations. The Commercial Banks have a total of 636 branches operating throughout the

country in 2001. Among these, 38% are found in Addis Ababa (Central Bank of Ethiopia, 2002).

The National Bank of Ethiopia serves as the central bank while the commercial banks both

governmental and private, provide saving account services, checking accounts, short term loans

delivering, foreign exchange currency marketing, correspondence, cable money transfer, security

services and other services.

Similarly, the Ethiopian Development Bank and the Construction and Business Bank provide

banking services. The Ethiopian Development Bank delivers short term and long term loan services

for industrial and agricultural projects. It also conducts checking and saving account services. The

Construction and Business Bank, on its part, renders long term loan services for the construction of

residential houses and buildings.

Insurance organizations

Out of the 194 branches of insurance organizations are operating in the country, 50.5% are found in

Addis Ababa. However, the insurance services rendered by these institutions are operating in a

limited scope of intervention. With the growth of the city of Addis Ababa and the diversity of

institutions and companies, the existing types of insurance services are not sufficient to deal with

the complex urban related activities, and human and material damages due to accidents.

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Small Scale Microfinance institutions

Several studies noted that poverty caused by different factors. Some argued that the cause of

poverty in developing economies among other things is that the poor does not have access to credit

facilities. To this end many developing economies have developed and providing credit to the poor

through microfinance schemes. In Ethiopia, several micro finance institutions (MFIs) have

established and have been operating towards resolving the credit access problem of the poor

particularly to those participates in the petty business. (http://www.google com.et)

In Addis Ababa, there are 20 small saving and credit institutions that support the community by

providing loans and counseling services, which enable the community to engage in business of their

choice and produce according to their ability and skill. However, these institutions are not

sufficient compared with the growing population size and the extent of urban poverty in the city.

2.2.3 POVERTY AND UNEMPLOYMENT

The number of poor, measured through the number of households below the poverty line, provides a

traditional measure of the general level of poverty. It indicates the relative number of people in

poverty which constitute the major part of disadvantaged groups. Progress in this area is achieved

through general socioeconomic development, poverty alleviation and eradication programs and

special support measures to disadvantaged groups. Reducing poverty is also a guarantee to improve

social integration (Urban Development Indicators of Addis Ababa, 1998).

According to the standard set by the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, households

who earn below Birr 1,075.03 annually are categorized as living below poverty line. Currently, the

level of absolute poverty is approximated to constitute as 50% of the total households in the city

(Addis Ababa population images, 2001).

In Addis Ababa, the average economic activity rate, which is a total population above 10 years old,

is estimated to be 62.3%. And based on the data, the economic activity rate is generally lower

among women and higher for male population (see table 4.1).

10

Table 4.1: Activity status and rate for population aged 10 years and above: Addis

Ababa, 2001

Age group and sex

All persons

Activity Status Activity rate Active Non-Active

All ages

Total 2,367,059 1,473,577 893,482 62.3

Male 1,094,237 771,766 322,471 70.5

Female 1,272,822 701,811 571,011 55.1

Source: CSA, urban employment unemployment survey, 2001

The city unemployment rate was near to 28% in 2001 and comparatively the unemployment rate is

still severe among female population (see table 4.2).

Table 4.2: Unemployment rate for population aged 10 years and above: Addis Ababa,

2001

Age group and

sex

Economically

active

Employed

Unemployed Total

unemployed Unemployment

rate All ages

Total 1,473,577 1,062,772 410,805 27.9

Male 771,766 630,084 141,682 18.4

Female 701,877 432,688 269,123 38.3

Source: CSA, urban employment unemployment survey, 2001

The leading reason for not engaged in any productive activity in the considered year was due to the

engagement in educational activities, that is, being a student. Other reasons were due to old age,

house maid, and illness (see table 4.3).

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Table 4.3: Reasons Being Inactive for Population aged 10 years and above: Addis Ababa,

2001

Sex

Total non-

active

Reasons for Not Being Active

Home

makers

Pregnancy

Student

Injury/ disabled

Illness Too young

Remittance

Old age/ pensione

d

Others Not stated

Total 893,482 73,571 34,690 560,345 5,599 47,736 13,951 16,908 97,095 40,565 3,021

Male 322,471 2,066 - 241,877 2,647 15,848 6,683 4,110 32,962 15,651 628 Female 571,011 71,505 34,690 318,468 2,953 31,888 7,269 12,798 64,133 24,914 2,393

Source: CSA, urban employment unemployment survey, 2001

The informal sector has played an increasing role in the expansion of production in rapidly growing

cities in developing countries. The informal sector may generate substantial activity and may

constitute a basis for the development of urban economies, if adequate policies are in place to

enable the sector to perform and expand productivity (Urban Development Indicators of Addis

Ababa, 1998).

According to CSA (2001), out of the totally employed population in Addis Ababa nearly 75% were

engaged in the formal sector and the rest are engaged in the informal sector. The share of informal

sector in the city economy indicates that the informal sector would play an important role in

bringing institutional changes for more flexible fiscal policies and better financial credit

arrangements for small units of production.

According to CSA (2001), the major sectors which employed most of the labor force in the city are

service (71%) and industry (25%) and while agriculture constitute only 1.5%.

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2.2.5 FISCAL PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

Revenue The trend of the city’s revenue increases continuously over the period of 1997 – 2001 from year to

year, except in 1999. In 2001, of the city total revenue, the tax revenue, which comprises of direct

and indirect components, accounted for about 51.8% while the non-tax revenue sources accounted

for the remaining 49% (see table 5.1).

Table 5.1: Revenue Trend of Addis Ababa City

Total Revenues

Annual Trend in million

1997 % 1998 % 1999 % 2000 % 2001 %

Total revenue 1,976.44

2,677.60 2,425.22

3,008.59 4,313.06

direct tax 807.91 40.9

875.62 32.7 1,015.08 41.8

1,458.26 48 2,040.70 47.3

indirect tax 177.31 9

154.09 5.8 122.60 5

124.63 4 193.70 4.5

non-tax 934.41 47.3

1,686.49 63 1,238.57 51

1,359.28 45 2,114.13 49

Source: Bureau Finance & Economic Development of Addis Ababa, 2002 Figure 1: The Composition of City’s Total Revenue 1997 – 2001

-500.00

1,000.001,500.002,000.002,500.003,000.003,500.004,000.004,500.005,000.00

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

budet year

reve

nue

in m

illio

n Bi

rr

total revenuedirect taxindirect taxnon-tax

Source: Bureau Finance & Economic Development of Addis Ababa, 2002

13

Expenditure The city’s expenditure, over the period of 1997 – 2001 grew, on average, at the rate of 31.4%

annually. The recurrent and capital expenditure grew, on average, at the rate of 24 % and 35.7%

annually, respectively. The growth trends of capital expenditure was growing at higher rate

successively over of time indicating that the City Administration has paid due emphasis on

investment and developmental projects (see table 5.2).

Table 5.2: Expenditure trend of Addis Ababa City

Total Expenditures

Annual Trend in million 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Recurrent

572.35

814.76

876.97

991.75

1,558.81

Capital

934.81

1,420.77

1,824.50

2,848.12

4,047.54

Total

1,507.16

2,235.53

2,701.47

3,839.87

5,606.35 Growth rate % 48.3 20.8 42 46

Source: Bureau Finance & Economic Development of Addis Ababa, 2002

Figure 2: Expenditure trend 1997 – 2001

expenditure trend

-

1,000.00

2,000.00

3,000.00

4,000.00

5,000.00

6,000.00

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

budget year

expe

nditu

re in

mill

ion

Birr

reccurentcapitaltotal

Source: Bureau Finance & Economic Development of Addis Ababa, 2002

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2.2.6 CITY GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)

GDP is one of the major variables of macro economic indicator which provides data’s such as per

capita income, saving, investment, inflation and others. It is defined as the measurement of the

value of all goods and services produced in a period minus the goods and services consumed in the

production process during the same period.

According to the city BoFED GDP estimation result (1999-2004), the gross value added in nominal

terms increased from Birr 15,598.4 billion in 2005 to Birr 43,332.7 billion in 2009. Similarly, the

GDP estimation value at constant using 1993 as a base year, the city gross value added increased

from Birr 12,405.3 billion in 1997 to Birr 18,659.7 billion in 2001. In real term, the city’s economy

grew, on average, at rate of 8.6% annually (see table 6).

Table 6: Estimated Results of Addis Ababa City’s Gross Domestic Product (in million

Birr) during 1997 - 2001

Description

Annual Trend 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

GDP at current factor cost 15,598.4 18,738.3 23,971.1 30,347.4 43,332.7 Sector

Agriculture 50.30 60.20 78.60 100.30 144.90 Industry 3,319.40 4,260.90 5,569.40 7,103.40 10,264.80 Service 11,090.00 13,146.50 16,904.80 21,560.90 31,156.60

GDP at constant factor cost 12,405.3 13,905.3 15,309.7 16,886.6 18,659.7 Source: Policy study and analysis sub process, AABOFED, 2002

15

Figure 3: The Share of main economic sectors

share of sectors from total GDP

-

5,000.00

10,000.00

15,000.00

20,000.00

25,000.00

30,000.00

35,000.00

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

budget year

tota

l GDP agri

industryservice

Source: Policy study and analysis sub process, AABOFED, 2002

Figure 4: The average share of main economic sectors

share of sectors from GDP

24.29%

75.37%

0.35%

agriindustryservice

Source: Policy study and analysis sub process, AABOFED

As indicated in the figures above, the service sector is the mainstay of the city’s economy. The

service sector, on average, contributes about 75.4% to the city total GDP. This implies that the

sector is a strategic sector with a potential to trigger the economy through employment creation and

revenue generation. The industrial and agricultural sectors contributed, on average, for about 24.3%

and 0.35% per annum, respectively during 1997 – 2001.

16

2.3 SOCIAL INDICATORS

2.3.1 HEALTH

Health is one of the fundamental social development indicators of a country. Getting health service

is part of human right, and with out it economic development of a country becomes inconceivable.

(BOFED, Development Indicators of the Amhara National Regional State, February 2001).

Besides, improved health status of society in fact has an affirmative effect in enhancing the quality

of life and promoting social development. If equitable and sustainable development is to be

achieved, an initial step may be to give adequate emphasis for health as a means of identifying

priorities in urban development endeavors. This would enable the urban development agenda to be

guided by the long-term goal of human well-being rather than the short-term goal of economic well-

being. In this regard, the Ethiopian government has operationalized prevention based health

strategy. Consequently, the health sector development program is mainly focusing on the

establishment of primary health care services and capacity building. In line with this the prevention

of contagious diseases has been given attention.

Health related indicators are manifested in a number of ways. Few of them may include status of

different health services coverage, health professionals to population ratio, and HIV/AIDS

prevalence. In 2001, doctors to population and nurse to population ratios were 1:5007 & 1:3894,

respectively. Moreover, HIV prevalence was 8.5% in 2001 while status of the health coverage

based on the government’s total number of health centers was only 36%. But this did not take in to

account the service being provided by the private health institutions. In relation to mother-child

health services, antenatal care service coverage showed an increase to 108% in 2001. Generally,

the health indicators of the city have shown progresses (see table 7).

By and large, the above portrayed indicators imply that more and more efforts have to be executed

by the concerned organizations to bring about an equitable distribution of health services in the city.

In other words, the effectiveness of basic health care and supporting services as well as inter

sectoral interventions largely rely on the extent of the entire stakeholders (the public sector, the

private sector, the community, others) participation at all stages in realizing the aimed goal of

equitable health distribution.

17

Table 7: Major health indicators for the year 1997 – 2001

No

Health indicators

Unit of measure

ment

Annual Trend 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

1 DPT3 immunization coverage No. 43616 45995 44618 49799 52160 % (70%) (45.4%) (42.8%) (46.4) (84%)

2 Measles (immunization coverage) No. 41689 41440 40194 42719 48323 % (66%) (40.9%) (38.54%) (39.8%) (78%)

3 TT2 coverage pregnant No. 35588 41159 - - 3789 % (54.3%) (59.2) (71%)

4 TT2 coverage non pregnant No. 48368 49728 - - 8644 % (5.2%) (5.2%) (4.1%)

5 Antenatal care service coverage No. 54689 62394 57988 67010 73870 % (83.4%) (58.8%) (81%) (91%) (108%)

6 Postnatal health service coverage No. 19673 22131 21365 25088 30177 % (30.0%) (20.9%) (29.8%) (34.1) (44%)

7 Hospital delivery service No. 24013 29755 23678 32072 38036 % (36.6%) (28%) (33.1%) (43.55%) (56%)

8 Family planning /CPR contraceptive

No. 183,063 438,607 468020 353,652 298,938 % (19.7%) (47.9%) (47.6%) (35%) (33%)

9 Doctors No. 94 142 99 68 57 - doctors to population Ratio 1:3071 1:2094 1:2766 1:4110 1:5007 10 Nurses No. 610 659 807 1366 733 - Nurse to population ratio Ratio 1:4733 1:4511 1:3393 1:2046 1:3894 11 Number of Hospitals No. 05 05 05 05 05 12 Number of Hospital beds No. 927 927 927 927 927 - Hospital bed to population Ratio 1:3114 1:3207 1:2954 1:3015 1:3079 13 Number of clinics No. 8 8 8 7 6 14 Number of health posts No. 35 35 35 35 34 15 Number of health centers No. 24 24 24 24 24 - Health service coverage % 29 29 28 28 36 16 HIV prevalence % 14.5 11.7 7.5 7.5 8.5 Source: Addis Ababa Health Bureau, 2010 N.B * - Reliable information was not available

o DPT 3- is a vaccine given for children under one year of age. o TT2- is a vaccine given for pregnant women (in our case) to care the mother and her

newborn baby before and after birth. o (-) data not available

18

2.3.2 EDUCATION Improving the capabilities of people should be in the forefront if real development is to be pursued.

Thus, education is one area where any development effort should pay priority attention. Education

is a means to sustain and accelerate over all development in a country and it has a direct effect on

individual productivity and earnings as well. As a result of this, in recent years, strengthening the

links between economic growth and human development is given due attention as a means to escape

from poverty trap. In the Ethiopian case, primary education and educating girls are important areas

of development endeavors. Besides, it is believed that the realization of agricultural-led

development, industrialization and democratization would be possible through education. (BOFED,

Development Indicators of the Amhara National Regional State, February 2001).

The key indicator of education is the level of literacy rate. Literacy rate is used as a measure of the

effectiveness of the primary education system, which is often seen as a proxy measure of social

progress and economic achievement. A person is considered to be literate if one can read with

understanding and write a short statement at least in one language. Otherwise, the person is

considered to be illiterate. In Addis Ababa, both literacy and numeracy rates are slightly higher for

male population as compared to female. This might be due to lower school enrolments and early

dropouts among females (see table 8.1)

Table 8.1: Literacy rates of Addis Ababa city (10 years and above)

Gender Literacy Numeracy

Male 50.83% 51.54%

Female 49.17% 48.46%

Source: CSA, Welfare Monitoring Survey, 1996

Besides, the differences in the status of educational attainment among male and female population

are also the other important indicator in education. In the city, male educational attainment is

higher especially in the tertiary education, while it declines at primary & secondary education levels

(see table 8.2).

19

Table 8.2: Educational attainment of Addis Ababa

Primary Secondary Tertiary

Male 50.92% 12.87% 36.21% Female 56.64% 14.50% 28.86% Source: CSA, Welfare Monitoring Survey (WMS), 1996

School enrolment ratio is also one of the vital indicators in assessing the performance of the

education sector. By measuring participation of educational opportunity for all in terms of school

enrolment, this indicator addresses the issue of gender equality in achieving universal primary

education (MDG goal). Because eliminating gender disparity at all levels of education will help to

increase the status and capabilities of women.

Table 8.3: Enrollment ratios in Addis Ababa, for the period 1997 – 2001

Gross enrollment ratio Net enrollment ratio Drop out rates (1996-2000) Primary

(1-8) Secondary 1st cycle (9-10)

Secondary2nd cycle (11-12)

Primary (1-8)

Secondary 1st cycle (9-10)

Secondary 2nd cycle (11-12)

Primary (1-8)

Secondary 1st cycle (9-10)

Secondary 2nd cycle (11-12)

Boys 122.4% 97.85% 27.1% 84.2% 41.6% - -0.77% - -Girls 113.8% 70.75% 17.7% 69.5% 32.2% - 0.09% - - Source: City Government of Addis Ababa Education Bureau, 2002

From table 8.3, both gross and net enrollment ratios are higher among male than women. This

clearly indicates lower participation of women at all levels of education perhaps due to early drop

outs and socio-economic as well as cultural barriers.

On the other hand, information obtained from the city’s education bureau showed that in Addis

Ababa there are about 757 kinder garden, 506 primary schools, 285 junior schools and 112

secondary schools (both private & government) in 2001.

According to table 8.4, the net enrolment rate of primary education improved from 1997 to 1998,

while declined from 1999 to 2001. In the case of net enrollment rate in secondary education, it

increases from 1997 to 1999, while it declines from 2000 to 2001. For instance, the net primary

enrollment was about 95.5% in the year 1997 which latter increased to 96.7% in the year 1998.

Regarding quality of the education, a relative progress has been exhibited particularly in terms of

teacher to student ratio and drop out rates (see table 8.4).

20

Table 8.4: Major education indicators of Addis Ababa for the year 1997 – 2001

Source: City Government of Addis Ababa Education Bureau, 2002

No

Education indicators

Unit of

measurement

Annual Trend 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

1 Access indicators - Gross enrollment rate at primary (grade 1-8) Rate (%) 116.4% 117.3% 110.8

% 135.9%

106.3%

- Net enrollment at primary (grade 1-8) “ 95.5% 96.7% 91.5% 93.0% 75.6% - Gross enrollment rate at secondary (grade 9-10) “ 73.0% 81.9% 88.7% 111.8

% 81.8%

- Net enrollment rate at secondary (grade 9-10) “ 39.0% 40.1% 46.3% 43.7% 36.1% 2 Quality indicators - Teachers to student ratio at KG Ratio 1:19 1:17 1:19 1:17 1:17 - Teacher to student ratio at primary grade (1-8) “ 1:36 1:32 1:29 1:26 1:25 - Teacher to student ratio at secondary (9-12) “ 1:39 1:39 1:31 1:27 1:23 - Dropout rates at primary (Grade 1-8) “ 3.1% 1.1% 0.9% 0.3% - 3 Efficiency indicators - Section to student ratio at primary Ratio 1:58 1:56 1:43 1:43 1:43 - Section to student ratio at secondary (Grade 9-

10) “ 1:70 1:72 1:56 1:59 1:58

- Total primary school dropout rate (Grade 1-8) Rate 3.1 % 1.1% 0.9% 0.3% - - Primary school dropout for girls rate (Grade 1-8) “ 2.7% 0.6% 0.2% 0.1% - - Primary school repetition rate for girls (Grade 1-

8) “ 4.2% 5.0% 2.1% 2.8% -

- Primary school text book student ratio Ratio 1:1 1:1 1:1 - Secondary school text book student ratio Ratio 1:1 1:1 1:1

Number of schools (KG) - Private Numbers 260 400 507 737 751 - Gov’t “ 6 6 6 6 6

Number of primary schools - Private Numbers 92 202 239 355 393 - Gov’t “ 84 85 94 111 113 6 Number of Junior schools - Private Numbers 69 95 116 171 180 - Gov’t “ 77 81 83 103 105 7 Number of secondary schools - Private Numbers 26 37 54 63 68 - Gov’t “ 21 24 31 42 44 8 Colleges & Universities *** (under AAEB) - Private *** Under MOED Number - Gov’t *** Only KCTE “ 1 1

21

2.3.3 HOUSING SECTOR

Housing in its very nature has different connotations that range across social, economic and cultural

spirits beside its direct function of sheltering. It is a universal fact that shelter is one of the basic

necessities of life and occupies the biggest portion of any human settlement. To this end,

assessment of basic features of the city’s housing sector has to be made in order to draw imperative

policy recommendations and to understand the general performance of the sector.

In the case of Addis Ababa, housing sector is highly characterized by poor quality due to old age,

massive shortages, congested, unsecured accompanied by unplanned settlement. In terms of

quality, most of the houses constructed are of substandard class that is mainly built using

conventional wood and mud materials.

Durability

One indicator of a housing quality is its durability. Durable house is defined as a housing unit built

on a non-hazardous location and adequate enough to protect its inhabitants from the extremes of

climatic conditions such as rain, heat, cold, humidity. In relation to this, most of the Addis Ababa’s

housing units could be categorized as poor.

Based on the welfare monitoring survey statistical report (CSA, 1996), nearly 83% of the

households live in dwelling units made of non-durable wall material, that is, wood and mud. Only

12% of the households dwell in housing quarters built of relatively durable wall material such as

cement, stone and hollow blocks. Similarly 98% of the households live in houses that have

corrugated iron sheet. These all depicts how the majority of housing units in the city are featured

with dilapidations which imply the need for appropriate interventions towards slum improvements

through wide urban upgrading and urban renewal schemes.

Ownership

The other indicator of housing is ownership. It measures the extent to which the urban population is

housed legally. In the case of Addis Ababa, households who privately own a housing unit and who

rent either from government (Kebele & rental housing agency) or private households accounted for

35.29% & 55.29%, respectively (CSA WMS, 1996). As per CSA (1986), 16.7% were rented from

22

private house owners or other organizations, 2.5% were RHA (Rental Housing Agency) owned

houses, 38% were Kebele owned houses and the remaining 34.42% were privately owned houses.

Generally, this information depict that nearly 40.5% of the houses in the city are owned by the

public sector. However, such government owned houses are in a much dilapidated conditions.

Most of them are old, deteriorated and made of non-durable housing construction materials such as

wood and mud block and thus in most cases do not satisfy the criteria of descent housing.

The extent of unauthorized housing or informal settlement can also be measured as an urban

indicator. Lower value for this indicator is a sign that housing development is proceeding without

proper government controls, and that government is either tolerant of housing which does not

comply with its regulations or is unable to prevent illegal constructions. In relation to this, in Addis

Ababa, the size of informal houses is estimated to be about 60,000, which accounts for about 20%

of the total residential housing stock in the city and occupy about 4% of the total city area, 7% of

the built up areas and are expected to provide shelter for about 300,000 people living in the city

(BOFED of Addis Ababa, UDI, August 1998). This quite huge size of informality implies the need

for appropriate policy measures to address the problem sustain ably.

Connection to services

Status of connection to different services is also another indicator of urban development in relation

to housing. These principally include access to toilet facility, electricity, piped water & telephone.

In the case of developing nations, limited access to, or poor quality of, infrastructure services can be

considered as major barriers to business productivity and the major unsatisfactory situation for the

people. Access to these services in many cases is related to affordability. Thus, poor households

who can not afford private connections are usually forced to use primitive means, supplies and also

exposed to exploitation by private vendors. This is true especially in the case of water and electric

supply. In addition to, reducing the quality of life for settlements, the absences of connection to

basic services among poor communities living in informal settlements often make them vulnerable

to disease and epidemics.

In Addis Ababa, those houses who have no toilet and kitchen facility account for about 25% & 26%

respectively. In terms of toilet usage, 75% of the households in the city use pit latrines and only 1%

of the houses have access to improved sewerage connection. With respect to electric power and

23

water supply connections, about 96% of the housing units have private & shared electric lines and

more than 97% of the housing units own private water meter links (CSA, 1996).

In many cities, households resided in informal settlements are rarely connected to water supply

networks and can only rely on water from vendors up to 200 times the tap price. Improving access

to safe water implies less burden on people, mostly women, to collect water from available sources.

It also means reducing the global burden of water related diseases and the improvement in the

quality of life. In terms of water usage by source, almost all households (99.6%) have access to safe

water and only (0.4%) use unprotected water sources. Out of the safe water sources; 17% from

piped water inside the house, 48% from piped water outside the house, 35% from a communal tap

/bono/ (see table 9.1).

Similarly, 95% of the households in the metropolis uses electricity for lighting & close to 42% of

the households have fixed telephone lines (CSA WMS, 1996). In general, the above described facts

clearly witness the need to call for appropriate interventions by the concerned organizations in order

to reduce those acute shortages and quality problems observed in the provision of basic services.

24

Table 9.1: Housing condition and facilities (Addis Ababa)

No.

Housing indicators

Unit of measurement

Indicator values

1 Type of building • Non storied

- Attached - Detached

% “ “

97.15 58.14 39.01

• Multi storied - Attached - Detached

“ “

2.66 1.99 0.67

2 Housing ownership By houses • Privately owned “ 34.42 • Rented from government “ 40.4 • Rented from private household “ 16.4 • Others “ 8.78 By households • Privately owned “ 35.4 • Rented (from government & private household) “ 55.29 • Free of charge “ 7.59 • Others “ 1.3 3 Construction Material Distribution of houses by construction material of wall, roof &

floor in a dwelling unit

• Wall - Mud & wood “ 75 - Stone, brick, hollow block and cement “ 15 - Others “ 10 • Roof - Corrugated iron sheets “ 96 - Others “ 4 • Floor - Mud “ 52.8 - Wood tiles “ 17.9 - Cement concrete and brick tiles “ 24.8 - Others “ 1.9 Distribution of households by construction material of wall in a

dwelling unit

• Wall - Mud & wood “ 82.72 - Stone, brick, hollow block and cement “ 13.26 - Others “ 4.02 • Roof - Corrugated iron sheets “ 98 - Others “ 2 4

Housing facilities

Distribution of houses by the following facilities • Toilet - Private with flush “ 4 - Private with out flush “ 18.16 - Shared “ 48.94 - No toilet “ 24.9

25

• Kitchen - Private “ 38 - Shared “ 52 - No kitchen “ 9 • Water - Housing unit with private water meter connection “ 26.8 - Tap water shared meter “ 70.9 - Others “ 2.3 • Electric light - Housing unit with private electric meter connection “ 45.05 - Shared electric meter “ 50.49 - No electric light “ 4.46 • Houses with one room “ 30.7 • Households with television set “ 75 • Houses with telephone line “ 47 Distribution of households by the following facilities % Toilet - Flash toilet “ 16.93 - Pit latrine “ 74.32 - Container/household items “ 0.86 - Field /forest “ 6.95 - Others “ 1 • Source of water - From piped water inside the house “ 17 - From piped water outside the house “ 48 - From a communal tap/bono/ 35 - From unprotected sources of water “ 0.4 • Electric light - Electricity with private meter “ 56 - Electricity with shared meter “ 39 - Others (Kerosene, fire wood, etc) “ 5 • Distribution of households by number of rooms of a

dwelling unit

- One room “ 29.61 - Two room “ 31.48 - Three room “ 19.89 - Four and above “ 18.96 • Houses with telephone line “ 42.19 5 Over-crowding • Average household size No. 4.6 • Household per housing size “ 1.1 • Person per room “ 2.1 Source: BOFED of Addis Ababa, UDI, August 1998 & Addis Ababa food security and vulnerability study by Unicef, June 2001.

26

Overcrowding Overcrowding is another key indicator for measuring the adequacy of the basic human need of

shelter. Reduced space per person is often associated with certain categories of health risks and

therefore considered as key criteria to define the slum. A house is supposed to provide a sufficient

living area for the household members if three or less people share the same room. In the case of

Addis Ababa, the average person per room is estimated to be 2.1 which can be considered as

relatively sufficient as compared to the standard. Nonetheless, it should not be ignored that the

number of persons per room varies across sub cities of the city. According to (BOFED of Addis

Ababa, UDI, August 1998), nearly 41% of the dwelling units in the city are overcrowded, 51% are

sufficiently occupied and around 8% are under occupied if 2.5 persons per room are taken as

acceptable standards.

In general, to reduce the housing problems of low and middle income societies of the city, Addis

Ababa city administration has constructed about 77,991 condominium houses during the period of

1996 – 2002 by investing 1.1 Billion birr (16% of total cost of construction). Of which 52,928

houses are distributed to users. This minimizes the city housing shortage by 17.6%. There are

300,000 housing shortage potentials in Addis Ababa, and to address the problem it was planned to

construct 50,000 condominium houses during 2003-2005 (SPM of Addis Ababa city

Administration, 2002). The construction of condominium houses in the city have created for about

172,926 employment opportunity to both permanent & temporary city residences. Therefore, the

city government should continue its effort to minimize the housing and unemployment problems of

the city.

Table 9.2: Condominium Houses condition in Addis Ababa

No

Indicators

Unit of measurement

From year 1996 - 2001

1 Number of condominium houses constructed No. 77,991 2 Number of houses distributed to users No. 52,928 - Female No. 32,230 - Male No. 20,698 3 Total cost of construction Birr 6,994,434,394.27 4 Total cost of subsidized by government Birr 1,128,766,695 5 Employment opportunity - Permanent No. 56,846 - Contract/temporary No. 104,256

Total No. 172,926 Source: Addis Ababa Housing Development Project Office, 2002.

27

2.3.4 ENVIRONMENT AND WASTE MANAGEMENT

Environment Associated with the global warming, Ethiopia like other developing countries is facing

environmental crisis, which threatens to precipitate and deepen the country's uncertain economic

and social state. Among other things, this environmental crisis is caused by unwise use of natural

resources, unplanned operation and development of projects, and rapid population growth. Now a

day’s climatic change (the spread of carbon) greatly affects African countries including Ethiopia.

Environmental problems are also among the most serious challenges of socio-economic

development of Addis Ababa. According to the data obtained from environmental protection

authority, the existing level of non point source of water pollution and point source of water

pollution are highly deviating from the international standard and this calls for considering

environmental issues as a major development strategy. Hence, appropriate policies need to be

developed to meet the international standard.

Table 10: Features of environment in Addis Ababa for the year 1997 – 2001

No. Indicators Unit of measurement

Standard Addis Ababa 1 Industrial point source water pollution (all

categories of industries)

- Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD520 at

20oc) Mg/L 100 505.9mg/l

- Chemical oxygen demand (COD) Mg/L It is generally more than BOD520 but it is dependent on the type of industry

3771.1 mg/l

- Total Suspended solid (SS) Mg/L 50 2583.7mg/l - Treatment Plant (TP) Type of

treatment plant Primary, secondary, Territory depending on the effluent

Some industries have primary treatment where they need secondary and some have secondary where they need tertiary and therefore it is not possible to say they have complete treatment plants.

- Chromium (Cr) (trivalent and hexavalent) Mg/L Less than 1 45mg/l 2 Non point source water pollution indicators - Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5

20 at 20oc)

Mg/L ≤ 5mg/l 02 130 mg/l

- Chemical oxygen demand (COD) Mg/L < 35 mg/l 566mg/l - Suspended solid (SS) Mg/L ≤ 25 mg/l

(annual mean) 312 mg/l

- E.coli Mpn/100ml 200mpn/100 ml 6.68*109mpn/100ml 3 Density of public parks M2/inhabitants 9m2/inhabitants

(standard was used from WHO (9m2/inhabitants)

0.5m2/inhabitant (for conversion 3 mil. Inhabitants per existing and proposed park 121.8ha/number of inhabitants)

4 Change in total green area Ha - - Source: Environmental Protection Authority, 2002

28

WASTE MANAGEMENT

Like in many developing cities, a rapid population growth and high rural-urban migration poses

many environmental challenges for Addis Ababa city. One of these challenges is related to dry

waste management. The in adequate solid waste management system has resulted in the

accumulation of waste on open lands, in drains and around residential area of the city, causing huge

trouble especially due to unclean smelling pools, water and soil pollution and burning of waste (air

pollution), blockage of drains, and consequently aggravates the spread of diseases. In many areas of

the city unattended piles of waste are becoming a breeding place for disease vectors (insects and

rats). This situation is believed to result in poor urban environmental conditions and a chronic risk

of epidemics, which in turn present a formidable threat to health and productivity of the inhabitants

of the city. (Tadesse Kuma, January 1997).

Solid waste

In the case of Addis Ababa, solid and liquid waste collection is undertaken by governmental and

private organizations. With regard to solid waste, the total amount of solid waste generated daily

(in 1998) was 1,808.6m3 whereas the capacity of waste disposal was only 1,480.2m3 per day (81.8%

only). From the total waste generated, wastes from households, industries and institutions and street

sweeping constitute about 76%, 18% and 6%, respectively. (See table 11)

Liquid waste

In 2000, the total daily liquid waste generated in the city was 155,013 M3, while the daily collection

capacity was 10,000 (only 6.4% of the total daily liquid waste generation) and according to water &

sewerage authority of Addis Ababa (2002) the per capita production was 88 liter/day.

Generally, we can say that there is a big gap in the level of solid and liquid waste generation and

disposal. Especially, in liquid waste generation and collection the problem is Sevier.

Therefore, further efforts need to be introduced to enhance the capacity of waste management in an

effective manner.

29

Table 11: Waste generation, collection and disposal

No

Indicators

Unit of measureme

nt

Annual Trend 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

1 Annual solid waste generated M3 642,48.15 660,128.45 700,035.6 - - 2 Daily total solid waste

generated M3 1759.3 1808.57 1917.9 - -

3 Daily per capita solid waste generated

Kg/capital/day

0.221 0.221 0.221 0.221 0.221

4 Source of solid waste - Household Percent

(%) 76 76 76 76 76

- Industries and institution Percent (%)

18 18 18 18 18

- Street sweeping Percent (%)

6 6 6 6 6

5 Daily solid waste collection capacity

M3 1708.55 1480.18 1,685.85 1,471.37 1834.64

6 Annual solid waste collection capacity

Percent (%)

97.11 81.84 87.9 79.1 93.4

7 Solid waste disposal - Collected M3 623,624 540,266.91 615,335.65 537,050 669,645 - Illegal dumping M3 139591 232,058.09 171,970 141,561.9 47,501.25 - Recycled - - - - - - - Composted - - - - - - 8 Total number of vehicles

engaged in waste disposal No. 65 65 65 85 85

9 Number of garbage collection containers

No. - - - 473 773

Source: Cleansing Management Agency, 2002

(-) data not available

Another important indicator with regard to urban solid waste management is the distribution of

households by type of waste disposal facilities. According to CSA (1996), nearly 64% of the city’s

households disposed their wastes using vehicles or containers while 11% of them were disposing on

open fields, 10% of the households burn their generated waste and 15% buried their waste and used

it as compost. This reveals that a significant portion of the solid waste generated was disposed

illegally and thus bringing much pressure on the city’s environment and the health of its inhabitants.

30

2.3.5 TOURISM

Addis Ababa city is one of the most important tourist destinations in Africa. Therefore, tourism in

Addis Ababa, is one of the major industries that help the socio-economic development of the city.

There are many tourist destinations in Addis Ababa.

Some of the important tourist attractions of Addis Ababa are:

• The Lion of Judah Monument

• St. George Cathedral in Addis Ababa

• Abune Petros Memorial

• Yekatit 12 Martyrs Square

• Ethiopian National Museum

• Menelik Mausoleum

• Trinity Cathedral

• Meyazia 27 Square

Based on the information obtained from Culture and Tourism Bureau of Addis Ababa about 357

foreign tourists visited the Addis Ababa Museum in 2001 (see table 12).

The number of domestic and foreign tourists visited Addis Ababa were 6,722 and 1,967

respectively in 1997. This was a peak time for tourists to visit Addis Ababa. However, the number

of domestic and foreign tourists was declining to 1,214 and 357 respectively in 2001.

Table 12: Trend of Tourist flow in Addis Ababa Museum for the Year 1997-2001

Tourist Flow Domestic tourists Foreign tourists

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 6722 4940 5350 781 1214 1967 1328 1071 153 357

Source: Addis Ababa, Culture and Tourism Bureau, 2002

31

2.3.6 LAND USE

For effective urbanization and organized urban development, a well thought urban planning

exercise is a prerequisite. Besides, urban areas need development strategies tailored to the

geographical and demographic specificity’s of their local areas. To this end, exploring the status of

land use significantly helps for strategic urban planning that matches with the available resources in

line with the requirements of the rapidly increasing population. In other words, effective land

management helps to equate the supply of land with the demand for different functions such as

industry; housing, commerce and the like. (BOFED of Addis Ababa, UDI, August 1998)

Even though land is the largest economic resource of Addis Ababa, the land use pattern is

characterized by haphazard development which mainly geared towards horizontal expansion.

Particularly, most of the riverside areas in the city are not well kept and utilized as per the

acceptable standard. Out of the entire 54,000 hectare of the city’s land, built-up area comprises

31.3%, green area (forest, riverside greens etc) accounts for 23.4%, existing agriculture area 13.8%,

proposed mixed use expansion area 13.4%, existing industries 2.4% and social services account for

1% (see table 13)

Table 13: Addis Ababa City Land use indicators

No.

Land use categories

Area/in hectare

Percentage share

1 City centers * 1317 2.4 2 Forest 12647 23.4 3 Agriculture 7453 13.8 4 Existing industry 1292 2.4 5 Proposed industry 1846 3.4 6 Mixed use built up 16,900 31.3 7 Proposed social service 624 1.2 8 Existing social service 514 1.0 9 Reserved 1085 2.0 10 Transport 1029 1.9 11 Mixed use expansion 7243 13.4 12 Road Network (Arterial street only excluding local

street, collector street 2050 3.8

Total 54,000 100 Source: Urban Planning & Information Institute, 2002 * City centre areas are areas which are allocated to accommodate major commercial and business service giving institutions, governmental and NGO’s, transport centers, high rise building developments, public spaces, civic centers etc.

32

The prime concern regarding the land use indicator is to investigate whether the distribution is

appropriate in terms of future development and meeting the need for the people. In order to

evaluate the performance of this indicator, one has to examine the following key issues:

• What is the amount of land reserved by the city authorities for future development?

• Is there a strategic plan for new developments for the city?

• Is the city strategic plan accompanied with appropriate funding for implementation?

• Has the planning process and the budgeting process of the strategic plan formally

involved the concerned stakeholders?

• Are there regularization programs for informal settlements?

• Do building and land subdivision regulations reflect affordability constraints of low

income groups? Are there special norms and standards for low income groups for

new residential developments?

In relation to the above, Addis Ababa city administration has fulfilled most of the issues raised at

least during the master plan revision exercise undertaken. For instance, the revised master plan has

proposed 1,317 hectare (2.4% of the entire area) for city centre, 2,050 hectare (3.8%) for road

network development, and 624 hectares (1.2%) of land for social services. Besides, five year

strategic plans and strategic development action plans were also prepared for the city. In addition,

issues concerning informal settlement regularization (such as enacting new regulation), participation

of the stakeholders during the planning process and devising regulatory aspects in relation to

affordability for low income groups at least are not new exercises for the city administration.

33

2.3.7 SOCIAL AFFAIRS Social problems have been increasing in both scope and magnitude at an alarming rate. The major

problems included under the social problems are prostitution, lumpiness, begging, drug and alcohol

abuse, street life, juvenile delinquency, and others. Those problems affect not only those who are

directly involved but also their families and the society at large.

According to the assessment on the situation of women and girls in Addis Ababa, February 2006,

there were between 50,000-60,000 street children in Addis Ababa. The number of prostitutions also

reached up to 150,000 (BOFED of Addis Ababa, 4 years population program, 2002). In addition to

this, there were about 182,217 orphan children’s in the city. Relatively the figure declines when

compared with 1997.

To address the above mentioned problems, it requires effective implementation of social welfare

program through the participation of communities, religious organization, civic organization,

private sector, non-governmental organization and government.

Table 14: Number of orphan children in Addis Ababa, for the period

1997 - 2001.

Annual Trend 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Number of orphan children 195,534 196,877 194,244 188,225 182,217

Source: HAPCO (HIV Aids Prevention & Controlling Office) 2002

34

2.3.8 WOMEN’S SITUATION There are a lot of measures which are taken by the city government to empower women

economically, socially and politically. The city government allocated 30% of the condominium

houses for women alone and equally eligible to participate on the remaining 70% among men. This

ensures property ownership of women. In Addis Ababa, the numbers of women constitute 52.4% of

the total population. This brings attention to have full-bodied participation in the activities of

development. In other words, poverty would be reduced if and only if women are properly

addressed in the development efforts.

• Women education

The Addis Ababa city SPM 2002 indicates that women’s participation kinder garden was 50%,

primary education (9-10) was 50%, and preparatory (higher education) was 49 % and technical and

vocational was 58%.

• Women health

In the city both females and males accessibility to health services was low. However, due to

poverty, economic dependency, re-productivity and rapes, relatively women’s are more vulnerable

to health problems.

• Women empowerment

The women participation in the public sector is more or less equal to those of men. However, they

are very few in number at the management level and constitutes only 16% of Bureau head, 20% of

vice Bureau heads, 17% of department heads, 21% of team leaders and 16% of section heads.

• Women political participation

On the other hand, as it is indicated in table 15 below to empower women politically, the city

government has taken good initiatives to improve their participation in the regional, sub-city and

kebele councils. Even though this initiative is good and encouraging additional efforts should be

done to bring women in par with male in political participation.

35

Table 15: Empowerment ratio by sex in Addis Ababa, 2000

Role in Political Activities

Percentage

Female Male

Regional council representative 21% 79%

Sub-city council representative 24% 76%

Kebele council representative 39% 61%

Source: Women’s and Children Affairs Bureau, 2002

36

2.4 INFRASTRUCTURE AND WATER SUPPLY

2.4.1 ROAD NETWORK

Although modern infrastructures are infinitely more varied and complex than in the past, the

traditional function of the road network is no less important. Throughout the world, roads carry the

bulk of goods being traded and people being transported.

Road construction plays a significant role in realizing economic development and for the expansion

of investment. The role of construction of roads is crucial for sustainable development. Road

development is also essential with the perspective of saving of time, minimizing traveling expenses

and improving services in trade, education and health sectors. For the realization of sustainable

social and economic development, building new roads, maintaining and upgrading of the existing

ones is vital. In Addis Ababa, road networks are the main bloodlines of every day activities. As

indicated in table 16, the total road network coverage of the city of Addis Ababa in 2001 was 25.8

km2.

As indicated in table 16 below, the total length of road in the city has increased from 2,200 km in

1997 to 2,814 km in 2001. Of which 1,280 km (45.5%) was asphalt roads and the rest 1534 km

(54.5%) was gravel roads. From the total length of roads, roads with pedestrian walkway &

drainage facilities cover about 12.76% & 47.57% respectively in 2001.

* % of roads with walkway = total length of roads with walkway ÷ total length of roads X 100 *% of road with drainage connection = total length of roads with drainage connection÷ total length of roads X100

37

Table 16: Road length and area coverage

No

Road

category/indicators

Unit of measurement

Up to 1997 Up to 1998 Up to 1999 Up to 2000 Up to 2001 With

various width

With 7m

width

With various width

With 7m

width

With various width

With 7m

width

With various width

With 7m

width

With various width

With 7m

width A

Total Asphalt road length

Km 817 850 990 1049 1280

1. Principal arterial road

Km 250 336 262 352 297 477 319 512 344 652

2. Sub arterial road Km 95 133 99 139 101 145 105 151 116 211 3. Collector road Km 151 181 152 182 155 187 161 193 174 209 4. Local road Km 167 167 177 177 181 181 193 193 208 208 B Gravel road Km 1383 1400 1453 1488 1534 C Total Road length

(A+B) = a Km 2200 2250 2443 2537 2814

D Sidewalk way Km 264 285 307 319 387 E Road length with

drainage Km 815 874 950 1556 1630

F Total road area (a*0.007 km*)

Km2

15.4 15.75 17.1 17.76 19.7

G Road length with drainage + sidewalk way*0.003km*

3.24 3.48 3.77 5.63 6.1

H Total road coverage (F+G)

Km2

18.64

19.23

20.87

23.39

25.8

Length of road indicators

% of arterial road (1/a)* 100

% 11.36 11.6 12.16 12.57 12.22

% of sub arterial road (2/a)*100

% 4.3 4.4 4.13 4.14 4.12

% of collector road (3/a)* 100

% 6.86 6.76 6.34 6.35 6.18

% of local road (4/a) *100

% 7.6 7.9 7.4 7.6 7.4

Road density indicator

I Total built up area* Km2 290 290 290 290 2901 % of road density

(from the built up area) H/I*100

% 6.4 6.6 7.19 8 8.9

% of road density from the total area H/540 km2*100

% 3.45 3.56 3.9 4.3 4.8

Source: Addis Ababa Road Authority, 2002

*0.007 km is an average width of roads * 0.003 km is an average width of drainage and sidewalk * The total built up area of the city is currently increased from 290 km2; it was a data in 2005. However, there is no available data from the concerned sector that is in what value it increases.

38

2.4.2 WATER SUPPLY

Water is one of the basic necessities of human life and supply of clean water is absolutely necessary

for healthy life.

In Addis Ababa, water both for household and industry consumption is provided by Addis Ababa

Water and Sewerage Authority. In 2001, the authority has an average capacity of accessing 92

mil.m3 of water to the city and this capacity has been increasing over the last five years as it was

indicated in table 17.

Table 17: Water production, distribution and consumption in Addis Ababa for the Year 1997 – 2001

No.

Indicators Unit of

measurementAnnual Trend

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1 Annual water production Mil. M3 80.7 82.86 86.28 88.41 92.20 2 Water distribution Mil. M3 62.46 65.05 68.16 70.72 73.76 3 Leakage /water loss/

physical % 17.62 17.81 18.12 17.68 18.44

4 Annual growth rate of water distribution

% 3.98 4.57 3.63 4.12 5.97

5 Water production capacity M3/day 220,000 230,000 237,380 248,000 265,000 6 Annual growth rate of water

production capacity % 4.35 2.95 4.44 6.42 10.17

7 Per capita water supply L/person -- 110 110 110 110 8 Per capita water

consumption L/person - - - - -

9 Daily liquid waste generated M3/day 136,893 136,027 149,392 155,013 161,668 10 Daily liquid waste collection

capacity M3/day 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000

11 Daily per capita liquid waste generated

M3 88 88 88 88 88

12 Daily liquid treated M3 8,530 8,592 8,760 8,024 6,728

Source: Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority, 2002

* Since 1999, there were borehole pumps which start operation, and since June 2001 the water production

capacity was 265,000 M3/day.

39

Distribution of drinking water by source for households is also considered as one of the indicators

for various policy interventions. According to Addis Ababa food security and vulnerability study

by Unicef, (June 2001), almost all households (99.6%) have access to safe water and only (0.4%)

use unprotected water sources. Out of the safe water sources; 17% from piped water inside the

house, 48% from piped water outside the house, 35% from a communal tap /bono/.

2.4.3 INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION Now a day’s, information and communication development is becoming an indisputable input for

well informed and planned urban development. The role of media, information technologies and

communication services and networks like telephone, internet, fax and postal services is very

important to speed up all rounded development. Information technology has been the chief device

in the structural transformation of cities.

Addis Ababa, as a capital city and the only metropolitan model of urban centers in the country, has

an ever-increasing demand for information and communication services and networks. In Addis

Ababa, most of socio-economic sectors employ computer technology for financial operations,

production planning and control, administration, and the like. At present, urban communication and

information in the city is growing relatively at a faster rate. In 2000, a total of 359,292 connected

land line telephone sets in Addis Ababa, giving a density of 129 land line telephones per 1,000

persons.

The trend towards accessing internet subscribers & mobile telephones is improving from time to

time. For instance, mobile phones subscribers had reached 584 per thousand people in 2000, and

the internet subscribers had reached 22 per thousand people in 2001, (see table 18).

40

Table 18: Status and trend of information & communication sector service in Addis

Ababa

No.

Indicators

Unit of measurement

Annual Trend 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Total population of Addis Ababa (000)

No 2,887 2,973 2,738 2,795 2,854

1 Land line (LL) telephone delivered

No 290,831 307,660 348,213 359,292 356,697

Growth Rate % 5.78 13 3.18 -0.72 - Per population ratio 101LL 103LL 127LL 129LL 125LL 2 Mobile phone (MP)

distributed No 330,494 780,030 1,033,524 1,632,202 -

- Per population ratio 114MP 262MP 377MP 584MP - 3 Fax line delivered No - - - - - Growth rate % - Per population ratio 4 Internet subscribers

(IS) No 15,939 23,152 28,260 30,699 63,953

Growth rate % 45 22 8.6 108 - Per population ratio 5.5IS 7.8IS 10.3IS 11IS 22IS 5 Postal Box

(PB)delivered No 78,330 75,353 77,734 77,234 94,669

Growth rate % -3.8 3.2 -0.64 22.6 - Per population ratio 27PB 25PB 28PB 28PB 33PB 6 Television set owned No 191,700 195,300 205,500 225,000 350,000 Growth rate % 1.9 5.2 9.5 55.5 - Per population ratio 66TS 66TS 75TS 81TS 123TS Source: Ethiopian Telecommunications, Ethiopian postal office, Ethiopian Television and Radio enterprises, 2002 Note

a. Data for internet service (1997-1999 E.F.Y) are estimated ones b. Any fixed (Land line) can give a fax service

41

2.4.4 ENERGY CONSUMPTION

The type and extent of energy utilization, in one way or the other, reflects the foremost social issues

that affect sustainable development, which includes the prevalence of poverty, employment and

income levels gender disparity and the like. Several literatures witness that there is a need to plan

and implement energy and settlement policies with extensive public participation and thus energy

must be viewed as a means of contributing to the solution of major urban problems. In short, the

principal goal for energy in urban areas is bringing sustainable development. (BOFED of Addis

Ababa, UDI, August 1998)

In 2001, the highest electric energy consumption was exhibited in the household sector, which

consumed close to 45.3% of the entire electric utilization in the metropolis, and followed by

commerce and industrial sectors, which accounted for 31% & 23%, respectively.

Table 19.1: Electric power consumption of Addis Ababa city Administration by Sectors for the year 1997 – 2001

No.

Sectors

Unit of measurement

Annual percentage share of power consumption

1997 1998 1999 2000 1 Household % 451.93 572.15 562.53 560.32 2 Commercial % 287.02 370.84 371.75 383.70 3 Industry % 247.02 322.50 329.78 286.29 4 Street % 11.85 20.92 13.82 7.51

Total % 997.82 1286.41 1277.88 1237.82 Source: Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation, 2002

According to Addis Ababa food security and vulnerability study by Unicef (June 2001), the city’s

residents about (29%) use fuel wood for cooking. Kerosene is utilized for the same purpose as a

second source of energy, next to fuel wood (see table 19.2).

42

Table 19.2: Distribution of households by type of cooking fuel

Fuel

Wood

Kerosene

Charcoal

Butane

gas

Electricity

other

29 27 23 12 8 2

Source: Addis Ababa food security and vulnerability study by Unicef, June 2001.

2.4.5 TRANSPORT

The major mode of public transport in the city of Addis Ababa is buses and taxis. There is no rail

transit within the city. The existing public transportation is of a low quality because of the limited

number of buses and taxis, poor management, and poor driving ethics of drivers. Public

transportation is an important element in day-to-day activities in Addis Ababa because:

(1) It is a relatively affordable means of transportation,

(2) It promotes reduction of environmental pollution and traffic accidents.

Even though the role of public transportation is noteworthy, the service provision is not good

enough as the demand is much greater than its supply. As the population and the number of

passengers increase, service should be expected to grow proportionally. This is not practically true

in the city because of financial and managerial constraints. (Mintesnot Gebeyehu and Shin-ei

Takano, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan)

According to city SPM (2002), of the total 2.2 million transport users, about 69% uses taxi, 19%

uses city bus, 8% use medium bus and the rest 4% uses public transport.

Based on the 2002 statistical data, a total of 10,500 vehicles (10,000 minibuses and 500 taxies) are

registered to give transportation services in the city. It provides a transportation services for 1.5

million passengers daily through 114 lines. In addition to this, 6,500 salon taxies are providing

transport services (80% in contract basis and 20% short trip services).

The city has 335 city buses. However, due to mechanical technical problems, half of them provide

transport services to an estimated number of 413,725 passengers. Besides to these, there are about

43

460 midi buses in the city which are giving transport services for the society. (BOFED of Addis

Ababa, 4 years population program, 2002)

Even though there are efforts to improve the transport service of the city, there are still constraints

in the transport service facility to meet the demand of city dwellers.

With increasing the number of vehicles also proportionally there is no sufficient traffic

administration capacity. Incidence of traffic accidents is found to be increasing substantially from

1997 to 1998 but it showed declining trend from 1999 to 2000 as it was indicated in the table 20.

Out of the total registered traffic accidents in the specified period (1997-2001), on average 76.44%,

9.92%, 7.5% and 3.87% were property damage, light injury, heavy injury and death, respectively.

Table 20: Annual trend of traffic accident for the year 1997-2001

Source: Traffic control and investigation Department, 2002

No.

Type of accidents

Unit of measurement

Annual Trend 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

1 Death No. 320 374 347 381 371 % of death from the total car

accidents % 3 3.4 3.9 4.7 4.35

2 Heavy injury No. 731 823 640 594 731 % of heavy injury from the total

car accidents % 7 7.47 7.15 7.27 8.6

3 Light injury No. 1381 1259 850 735 576 % of light injury from the total

car accidents % 13 11.4 9.5 9 6.7

4 Property damage No. 8111 8558 7112 6459 5845 % of property damage from the

total car accidents % 77 77.7 79.5 79 69

5 Total car accidents No. 10543 11014 8949 8169 8523 Annual growth rate of car

accident 4.5 -18.7 -8.7 4.3

44

PART III – CONCLUSION Designing appropriate urban development policies, strategies, programs and plans are very essential

to overcome all social, economic and governance problems of the city. For these to be realized there

should be adequate and reliable socio-economic and urban development data’s, which could be used

as an input and basis for decision making. To this end, Bureau of Finance and Economic

Development (BOFED) of Addis Ababa Government has taken the initiative to compile and avail

the Urban Development Indicators of the city.

Accordingly, vital elements of urban development indicators have been identified and presented

along the existing statistics and records which were compiled from the concerned sectors. Basic

development indicators such as demographic, economic, social and infrastructures of Addis Ababa

are summarized in this study.

In Addis Ababa, as per 1999 (CSA) population and housing census result, the total

population was about 2.7 million. The sex proportion shows that of the total city population

52.4% were female and 47.6% were male, and, on average, the city population was growing

by 2.1% annually. The over all age dependency ratio of the city was about 38%. The infant

mortality rate in the city was found to be 50:1000 while less than five children mortality rate

was found to be 66:1000. The crude death rate estimated to be 6.9 and the crude birth rate

was 23.8 (BOFED, 2001).

With regards to Micro & Small Scale Enterprises, during 1997 – 2001 a total of 74,457 new

job opportunities have been created for operators. Besides, a credit worth of Birr

616,222,620 was given to 101,928 operators. According to city SPM 2002 in 1999 about

83,166 small scale enterprises are operating in the city.

In Addis Ababa, about 12,730 projects were registered with a total capital outlay of Birr 236

billion and these projects are expected to create job opportunity for 1,067,431 persons.

Among the total operational investment projects 67.8% engaged in machinery rent, 17.3 %

engaged in manufacturing, 3% in construction, 2.8% in hotels, 2% in education, 1.5% in

health and 0.17% in real-estate.

45

The GDP estimation result of city (BOFED, 2004) indicate that, the gross value added in

nominal terms increased from Birr 15,598.4 billion in 1997 to Birr 43,332.7 billion in 2001.

Using 2001 as a base year, the real gross value added of the city increased from Birr

12,405.3 billion in 1997 to Birr 18,659.7 billion in 2001. Accordingly the city’s economy in

real term grew, on average, by about 8.6% per annum.

According to the standard set by the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development,

households who earn below Birr 1,075.03 annually are categorized as living below poverty

line. In Addis Ababa, 50% of the total households living in absolute poverty. The city

unemployment rate also constituted as near to 28% in 2001

The city, doctors to population and nurse to population ratios were 1:5007 and 1:3894,

respectively in 2001. Moreover, HIV prevalence was 8.5% while status of the health

coverage based on the government’s total number of health centers was only 36% in 2001.

But this did not take into account the service being provided by the private health

institutions. In relation to mother-child health services, antenatal care service coverage

improved to 108% in 2001.

In the case of education sector, there are about 757 kinder garden, 506 primary schools, 285

junior schools and 112 secondary schools (both private & government) in 2001. The net

enrolment rate of primary education is showed improvement from 1997 to 1998, while

declines from 1999 to 2001. The city net enrollment rate in secondary education, had

improved during 1997 to 1999, and on contrary declines from 2000 to 2001. Regarding the

quality of the education in the city, a relative progress has been exhibited particularly in

terms of teacher to student ration and drop out rates.

In the case of housing sector of the city, it is highly characterized by poor quality, massive

shortages, as well as unplanned settlement. To reduce the housing problems of low and

middle income societies, the city administration constructed about 77,991 condominium

houses at a cost of 1.1 Billion birr (16% of total cost of construction). Of which 52,928

houses were distributed to users. In line with this, a total 172,926 job opportunity was

created (both permanent & temporary).

46

In the city of Addis Ababa, both solid and liquid wastes are managed by governmental and

private organizations. With regard to solid waste, in 1998 the daily solid waste generation

was 1808.57m3 and of this only 1480.18m3 (81%) were managed properly. In 2000, the daily

liquid waste generation was 155,013m3, and of this only 10,000 m3 (6 %) was managed

properly. Accordingly, the city per capita waste generation was 88 liter/day.

Since the number of women’s constitutes about 52.4% of city population, the city

government has taken various initiative and measures in order to empower women. For

example, 30% chance is given to women in the distribution process of condominium houses.

This ensures property ownership of women.

The total length of road in the city had increased from 2,200 km in 1997 to 2,814 km in

2001. Of which 1,280 km (45.5%) was asphalt roads and the rest 1534 km (54.5%) was

gravel roads. From the total length of roads, roads with pedestrian walkway and drainage

facilities cover about 12.76% and 47.57%, respectively in the year 2001.

In Addis Ababa, water consumption both for household and industry consumption is

provided by Addis Ababa Water & Sewerage Authority. In 2001, the authority had an

average capacity of accessing 92 mil.m3 of water to the city and the trends indicate the city

capacity has been increasing over the last five years. In 2001, of the total water produced

about 18M3water was wasted due to leakage.

Regarding transport services, there are about 10,000 minibuses, 500 taxies and 6,500 salon

taxies owned by the private sector registered to give transportation service in the city.

Among these the minibuses and taxies provide transport services to around 1.5 million

people daily over 114 destinations on a fee bases. Moreover, the city has 335 city buses,

which provide public transport service.

While the total fleet sizes of transport vehicles are proportionally increasing, the traffic

accidents in the city due to poor traffic management are increasing. Incidence of traffic

accidents is found to be increasing substantially from 1997 to 1998 while it showed

declining trend from 1999 to 2000. Out of the total registered accidents in the specified

period (1997-2001), on average 76.44%, 9.92%, 7.5% and 3.87 property damages, light

injury, heavy injury and death, respectively.

47

REFERENCES

• Addis Ababa Women’s Affairs Office in Collaboration with ACTION AID-

ETHIOPIA and UNICEF, Assessment on the situation of women and girls in

Addis Ababa, February, 1999

• Addis Ababa City Administration, SPM 2002

• BOFED, Urban Development Indicators of Addis Ababa, 1998

• BOFED, Development Indicators of the Amhara National Regional State,

February 2001.

• BOFED, Addis Ababa Population images, 2001.

• Central Statistics Agency , Housing & Population Census, 1997

• Central Statistics Agency, Statistical report on urban employment

unemployment survey, 2001

• Central Statistics Agency, Welfare Monitoring Survey, 1996

• Data from different sectors of Addis Ababa city, 2002

- Health Bureau of Addis Ababa city

- Education Bureau of Addis Ababa city

- Culture and Tourism Bureau of Addis Ababa city

- Women’s and children Affairs Bureau of Addis Ababa city

- Ethiopian Telecommunication Corporation

- Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation

- Ethiopian Postal Service

- Addis Ababa Road Authority

- Addis Ababa water and sewerage Authority

- Addis Ababa Trade and Industry Development Bureau

- Ethiopian Radio and Television Agency

48

- Urban Planning and Information Institute.

- Environmental Protection Authority

- Cleansing Management Agency of Addis Ababa City Administration

- Anbassa City Bus Service Enterprise

- Traffic control and investigation Department

- Addis Ababa Housing Development Project Office

- Central Bank of Ethiopia

- Addis Ababa city Investment Agency & Federal Investment Agency

- Addis Ababa Civil Service Agency

- Addis Ababa Transport Authority.

- HIV Aids Prevention & Controlling Office

• Ministry of Finance & Economic Development, Dynamics of Growth and

Poverty in Ethiopia (1988-1997) April, 2001 Addis Ababa.

• UNICEF, Addis Ababa food security and vulnerability study, June 2001.