adaptive memory programming for the robust capacitated international sourcing problem

45
Adaptive Memory Programming Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem International Sourcing Problem José Luis González-Velarde José Luis González-Velarde Tecnológico de Monterrey, México Tecnológico de Monterrey, México Rafael Martí Rafael Martí Universitat de València, Spain. Universitat de València, Spain.

Upload: briar

Post on 11-Jan-2016

19 views

Category:

Documents


1 download

DESCRIPTION

Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem. José Luis González-Velarde Tecnológico de Monterrey, México Rafael Martí Universitat de València, Spain. The capacitated sourcing problem. M Suppliers. N Plants. Setup Cost. Demand. Capacity. 1 … - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

Adaptive Memory Programming for Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated the Robust Capacitated

International Sourcing ProblemInternational Sourcing Problem

José Luis González-VelardeJosé Luis González-VelardeTecnológico de Monterrey, MéxicoTecnológico de Monterrey, México

Rafael MartíRafael MartíUniversitat de València, Spain.Universitat de València, Spain.

Page 2: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

The capacitated sourcing The capacitated sourcing problemproblem

1

…i

m

1

…j

n

NPlants

MSuppliers

b1

bi

bm

f1

fi

fm

CapacitySetup Cost

cij

d1

di

dm

Demand

Page 3: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

The International ProblemThe International Problem with Scenarios with Scenarios The variant proposed by González-The variant proposed by González-

Velarde and Laguna (2004)Velarde and Laguna (2004) Suppliers and plants are located Suppliers and plants are located

worldwide, thus exchange rates must be worldwide, thus exchange rates must be considered in the costs.considered in the costs.

Variations of exchange rates in different Variations of exchange rates in different periods (scenarios) affect the quality of periods (scenarios) affect the quality of the solution.the solution.

The demand of the plants varies in The demand of the plants varies in different periods (scenarios)different periods (scenarios)

Page 4: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

Planteo del problemaPlanteo del problema

Seleccionar un subconjunto de un Seleccionar un subconjunto de un conjunto disponible de proveedores conjunto disponible de proveedores potenciales localizados potenciales localizados internacionalmente.internacionalmente.

El proceso de selección involucra la El proceso de selección involucra la optimización de una función objetivo optimización de una función objetivo la cual puede ser, un costo, o bien la cual puede ser, un costo, o bien una medida de utilidad.una medida de utilidad.

Page 5: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

Abastecedores Plantas

Page 6: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

Abastecedores:Costo fijo,capacidad

Page 7: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

Costo porabastecer

Page 8: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

Seleccionar un proveedor implica un Seleccionar un proveedor implica un costo fijo asociado con actividades costo fijo asociado con actividades tales como transferencia de tecnología, tales como transferencia de tecnología, programas de calidad, certificaciones programas de calidad, certificaciones ISO y capacitación de personal.ISO y capacitación de personal.

Satisfacer las demandas de las plantas Satisfacer las demandas de las plantas implica costos variables incluyendo la implica costos variables incluyendo la compra y costos de transporte desde el compra y costos de transporte desde el proveedor hasta la plantaproveedor hasta la planta

Page 9: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

Más aún, el hecho de que varios Más aún, el hecho de que varios países estén involucrados en el países estén involucrados en el proceso implica que las tasas de proceso implica que las tasas de cambio entre las diferentes monedas cambio entre las diferentes monedas deben también considerarse al deben también considerarse al tomar la decisión.tomar la decisión.

Page 10: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

AbastecedoresSeleccionados

Page 11: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

Variables de controlpara escenario s1

Page 12: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

Variables de controlpara escenario s2

Page 13: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

SuposicionesSuposiciones

La primera se refiere a la capacidad La primera se refiere a la capacidad de los proveedores, la cual puede de los proveedores, la cual puede considerarse finita o infinita. Si la considerarse finita o infinita. Si la capacidad se considera finita, el capacidad se considera finita, el problema es más difícil.problema es más difícil.

La suposición más importante tiene La suposición más importante tiene que ver con la incertidumbre de los que ver con la incertidumbre de los parámetros clave del problema. parámetros clave del problema.

Page 14: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

Ya que los costos se ven afectados Ya que los costos se ven afectados por las condiciones por las condiciones macroeconómicas de los países macroeconómicas de los países donde los proveedores y las plantas donde los proveedores y las plantas están situados, una formulación están situados, una formulación realista debe considerar la realista debe considerar la incertidumbre asociada con los incertidumbre asociada con los cambios de estas condiciones.cambios de estas condiciones.

Page 15: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

Optimización RobustaOptimización Robusta

Un enfoque común es capturar la Un enfoque común es capturar la incertidumbre usando escenarios y incertidumbre usando escenarios y formulando un problema formulando un problema determinístico equivalente.determinístico equivalente.

Page 16: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

Parámetros de Parámetros de incertidumbreincertidumbre

Consideramos que la demanda es Consideramos que la demanda es incierta y la modelamos vía escenarios.incierta y la modelamos vía escenarios.

Generamos explícitamente escenarios Generamos explícitamente escenarios donde la demanda está relacionada con donde la demanda está relacionada con el precio de las partes, el cual a su vez el precio de las partes, el cual a su vez se ve afectado por la tasa de cambio de se ve afectado por la tasa de cambio de las monedas involucradas en cada las monedas involucradas en cada transacción.transacción.

Page 17: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

ModeloModelo

NN :: conjunto de plantas conjunto de plantas internacionales internacionales {1,2,...,{1,2,...,nn}}

MM :: conjunto de proveedores conjunto de proveedores internacionales internacionales

potenciales potenciales {1,2,...,{1,2,...,mm}} SS :: conjunto de escenariosconjunto de escenarios

Page 18: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

ParámetrosParámetros

ffii :: costo fijo del desarrollo del costo fijo del desarrollo del proveedorproveedor i i

ccijij :: costo total unitario de costo total unitario de transporte transporte desde el desde el proveedor proveedor ii hasta la planta hasta la planta jj

bbii :: capacidad del proveedor capacidad del proveedor ii

Page 19: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

Parámetros (cont.)Parámetros (cont.)

ddjsjs :: demanda de la planta demanda de la planta jj en el en el escenario escenario ss

eeisis :: tasa de cambio en el país tasa de cambio en el país del del proveedor proveedor ii en el en el escenario escenario ss

ppss :: probabilidad de que occurra probabilidad de que occurra el el escenario escenario ss

Page 20: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

Variables de decisiónVariables de decisión

Variables de diseñoVariables de diseño yyii :: 1 si el proveedor 1 si el proveedor ii se se

contrata, 0 en contrata, 0 en otro casootro caso

Variables de controlVariables de control xxijsijs :: embarque del proveedor embarque del proveedor ii a a

la la planta planta jj en el escenario en el escenario ss

Page 21: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

RestriccionesRestricciones

Consideramos que para cada Consideramos que para cada escenario escenario ss, la demanda en la planta , la demanda en la planta jj debe satisfacerse: debe satisfacerse:

SsNjdx jsMi

ijs

,

Page 22: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

Restricciones (cont.)Restricciones (cont.)

Consideramos también que para Consideramos también que para cada escenario cada escenario ss, la capacidad del , la capacidad del proveedor proveedor ii no puede excederse. no puede excederse.

SsMiybx iiNj

ijs

,

Page 23: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

Función objetivoFunción objetivo

Una función objetivo posible para Una función objetivo posible para este problema puede caracterizarse este problema puede caracterizarse como sigue:como sigue:

Mi Njijsijis

Miiiis

Sss xceyfepMin

Page 24: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

Optimización robustaOptimización robusta

No da cuenta adecuadamente del No da cuenta adecuadamente del riesgo, haciéndola inapropiada para riesgo, haciéndola inapropiada para tomar decisiones cuando hay tomar decisiones cuando hay aversión al riesgo.aversión al riesgo.

Para manejar el riesgo, adoptaremos Para manejar el riesgo, adoptaremos el enfoque de igualar el riesgo con la el enfoque de igualar el riesgo con la variabilidad de los eventos variabilidad de los eventos desconocidos. desconocidos.

Page 25: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

NjMix

Miybx

Njdx

xcezMin

ijs

Njiiijs

Mijsijs

Mi Njijsijiss

, 0

s.a

*

Page 26: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

Sss

sSs

s

sSs

sMi

ii p

zEzp

zpyfyF

))((

)(

Ss

ss zpzE )(

}0)(|{ zEzsS s

Page 27: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

A first formulationA first formulation

SsNjdxMi

jsijs

,

., SsMiybxNj

iiijs

Select the supplier independently of the scenarios

Exchange rates

Scenarios

Probability of scenario s

Miijsij

Njis

Sss

Miii xcepyfMin

Page 28: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

Penalizing CostsPenalizing Costs

ScenariosScenarios Sol. 1Sol. 1 Sol. 2 Sol. 2 Sol 1 Sol. Sol 1 Sol. 2 2

1 (0.2)1 (0.2) 70 70 35 35 47.2 9.6 47.2 9.6

2 (0.4)2 (0.4) 10 10 20 20 0 0 0 0

3 (0.4)3 (0.4) 12 12 26 0 0.6 26 0 0.6

E(z) 22.8 25.4 9.44 E(z) 22.8 25.4 9.44 2.162.16

Values Deviations

Page 29: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

A robust objective A robust objective functionfunction

zzss is the optimal objective value associated with is the optimal objective value associated with the transportation problem obtained when the the transportation problem obtained when the problem above is solved for a particular scenario problem above is solved for a particular scenario s.s.

Sss

sSs

s

sSs

sMi

ii p

zEzp

zpyfyF

2))((

)(

It penalizes only the positive deviations from the expected value (when the objective value in a given scenario exceeds the expected cost)

Page 30: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

Solution methodSolution methodAdaptive Memory ProgrammingAdaptive Memory Programming

A constructive procedureA constructive procedure Implements frequency-based memoryImplements frequency-based memory

An improvement methodAn improvement method Selectively appliedSelectively applied No memory structuresNo memory structures

A Post-processingA Post-processing Implements a Implements a Path RelinkingPath Relinking method method

Page 31: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

TheThe constructive method constructive method

Attractiveness of selecting supplier Attractiveness of selecting supplier ii::

i

n

jisij

Sssi

b

ecpf

iG

1

)(

Page 32: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

TheThe constructive method constructive method

Penalization to induce Penalization to induce diversification:diversification:

iFreqMaxFreq

MaxGiGiG

)()(

Page 33: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

TheThe constructive method constructive method Each construction starts by creating a list of Each construction starts by creating a list of

unassigned suppliers unassigned suppliers UU, (i.e., initially , (i.e., initially |U| = m|U| = m). ). Then, we restrict this candidate list considering Then, we restrict this candidate list considering

the setthe set U' U' with the with the kk most attractive suppliers, most attractive suppliers, according to the according to the G’G’-value. -value.

The next supplier The next supplier ss is randomly selected from is randomly selected from the set the set U'U', then , then UU is updated ( is updated (U = U – {s}U = U – {s}) and ) and U’U’ is recalculated. is recalculated.

The method finishes when the sum of the The method finishes when the sum of the capacities of the selected suppliers is at least capacities of the selected suppliers is at least as large as as large as DD..

Njjs

SsdD max

Page 34: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

The improvement The improvement methodmethod

The local search procedure examines, The local search procedure examines, for each supplier for each supplier yyi i the best alternative the best alternative supplier for exchange.supplier for exchange.

The set The set P P of all generated solutions is of all generated solutions is partitioned into partitioned into PP = = AA11 U U AA22 U …U U …U AAkk … …U U AAnn,,

AAkk consists of all solutions with exactly consists of all solutions with exactly kk suppliers, suppliers, the local search is only applied to a percentage pr of the best solutions in each set

Page 35: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

The improvement The improvement methodmethod

Consider Consider SSjj, the set of generated , the set of generated solutions in which supplier solutions in which supplier jj is is selected.selected.

Sj={y P | yj=1}. V(j) will measure the relative

contribution of supplier j to the quality of the generated solutions.

V(j) is just the average value of the solutions in Sj.

Page 36: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

The improvement The improvement methodmethod

The local search procedure examines, for each The local search procedure examines, for each supplier supplier yyi i the best alternative supplier for exchange. the best alternative supplier for exchange.

Non selected suppliers Non selected suppliers yyjj are then scanned in the are then scanned in the order given by the order given by the GG´´-value.´´-value.

For each supplier For each supplier yyjj we test whether this exchange is we test whether this exchange is feasible in terms of the capacity (we only admit those feasible in terms of the capacity (we only admit those solutions where the supply exceeds the demand for solutions where the supply exceeds the demand for every scenario).every scenario).

The first feasible exchange that results in a solution The first feasible exchange that results in a solution with a lower objective value is performed. The with a lower objective value is performed. The algorithm finishes when no further improvement is algorithm finishes when no further improvement is possible.possible.

j

Sy

S

yF

jVjVMaxV

MaxGjGjG j

)(

)(,)()()(''

Page 37: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

Path Relinking Path Relinking post-processingpost-processing

Page 38: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

Path Relinking post-Path Relinking post-processingprocessing

For each pair of solutions y′, y′′ in a given Ak two new solutions are computed

y∩i = min (y′i , y″i) , yUi = max (y′i , y″i) Then, instead of creating a path between y′

and y″, we create a path between these two new points y∩ and yU.

Let S’ be the set of suppliers selected in y’ but non-selected in y’’. Symmetrically, let S’’ be the set of suppliers non-selected in y’ and selected in y’’.

Page 39: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

Path Relinking post-Path Relinking post-processingprocessing

num

ber

ofsu

ppli

ers

Infeasible region

y’

y

y’’

yFeasibleregion Expanded

neighborhood

num

ber

ofsu

ppli

ers

Infeasible region

y’

y

y’’

yFeasibleregion Expanded

neighborhood

Page 40: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

Computational Computational experimentsexperiments

We compare with a previous Tabu Search We compare with a previous Tabu Search method by Gonzalez-Velarde and Laguna method by Gonzalez-Velarde and Laguna (2004) and with a generic Scatter Search .(2004) and with a generic Scatter Search .

We use the set of 90 intances previously We use the set of 90 intances previously reported with 27 scenarios, 10 plants and 10, reported with 27 scenarios, 10 plants and 10, 15 and 20 suppliers respectively (30 instances 15 and 20 suppliers respectively (30 instances each)each)

Optimal solutions were obtained by complete Optimal solutions were obtained by complete enumeration (8 hours of run time on average) enumeration (8 hours of run time on average)

Page 41: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

Results on 30 small Results on 30 small instancesinstances

TSTS SSSS ConstConst Const+LSConst+LS PRPR

ValueValue 49706.349706.3 52649.952649.9 50326.050326.0 49831.949831.9 49706.349706.3

DeviationDeviation 0.00%0.00% 6.49%6.49% 1.33%1.33% 0.35%0.35% 0.00%0.00%

# Optima# Optima 3030 33 1414 2828 3030

CPU sec.CPU sec. 0.590.59 5.275.27 0.200.20 0.600.60 3.333.33

Page 42: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

Results on 30 medium Results on 30 medium instancesinstances

TSTS SSSS ConstConst Const+LSConst+LS PRPR

ValueValue 41439.741439.7 43832.043832.0 42411.242411.2 40487.740487.7 40452.840452.8

DeviationDeviation 2.74%2.74% 9.29%9.29% 5.27%5.27% 0.11%0.11% 0.00%0.00%

# Optima# Optima 44 00 22 2727 3030

CPU sec.CPU sec. 2.322.32 10.4510.45 0.250.25 2.932.93 6.186.18

Page 43: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

Results on 30 large Results on 30 large instancesinstances

TSTS SSSS ConstConst Const+LSConst+LS PRPR

ValueValue 38665.638665.6 41396.341396.3 39599.539599.5 36342.536342.5 36290.136290.1

DeviationDeviation 7.42%7.42% 15.57%15.57% 9.95%9.95% 0.62%0.62% 0.44%0.44%

# Optima# Optima 00 00 00 1919 2121

CPU sec.CPU sec. 5.955.95 18.7318.73 0.310.31 6.666.66 10.2410.24

Page 44: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

Additional 30 larger Additional 30 larger instancesinstances

TSTS Const+LSConst+LS PRPR

ValueValue 51730.2551730.25 50398.4750398.47 50359.1550359.15DeviationDeviation 2.93%2.93% 0.11%0.11% 0.00%0.00%

# Best# Best 11 2727 3030

CPU sec.CPU sec. 381.25381.25 188.64188.64 218.23218.23

20 plants and 40 suppliers

Page 45: Adaptive Memory Programming for the Robust Capacitated International Sourcing Problem

ConclusionsConclusions

We propose a new heuristic based on We propose a new heuristic based on memory structures for the ROCIS memory structures for the ROCIS problemproblem

Memory can be as efficient in Memory can be as efficient in constructions as in local search constructions as in local search methods.methods.

A post-processing marginally improves A post-processing marginally improves the results of our solving method.the results of our solving method.