A View of Life

Adapting to Life on LandChapter 21.1Hickox: Baker High School

11Characteristics of Plants 1) Multicellular eukaryote2) Nucleus has true nucleus3) Membrane-bound organelles4) Thick cell walls of cellulose5) Stem and leaves have waxy waterproof coating called _______________.6) The cuticle helps plants to reduce water lossHickox: Baker High Schoolcuticle2Review Photosynthesis Video2Cuticle of a stem

3Hickox: Baker High SchoolHickox: Baker High SchoolWhat are the basic plant organs? (234)7) A ________ is a plant organ that grows from the stem.8) Photosynthesis usually occurs here9) Plants have uniquely different shapes & sizes

leaf

4Plant video: Form and Structure Photosynthesis RAP4Hickox: Baker High SchoolWhat are the basic plant organs? (234)10)_________ are the plant organ that absorbs water and nutrients

11) Tissues that transport 12) Anchor a plant to ground13) Some function as food storage (sweet potatoes)

Roots

Root hairs increase absorption area55Hickox: Baker High SchoolBasic plant organs (234)14) A __________ provides support for growth15) Moves water from roots to leaves16) Moves sugar (food) from leaves to roots17) Contains tissues for transporting food, water and other materials18) Sometimes contain food storage or photosynthesis

stem66Hickox: Baker High SchoolMost plants we are familiar with have stems made of tube-like, long cells for transporting water and food called ______Most of the vascular tissue is found in the trunk and stems20) Vascular tissue consistsOf two different types:________: carries water upFrom roots_________: carries food Down from leaves.Vascular tissue

7Water Transport VideoxylemphloemHickox: Baker High School

8Hickox: Baker High SchoolVascular and Nonvascular Plants 21) Plants that contain vascular tissue are called ___________ _________. 22) Plants can transport water a _________ _________23) Plants have fibers of cellulose to be able to grow tall24) Nonvascular plants include mosses, hornworts, and liverworts and do not contain vascular tissue.25) Reproduce with alternations of generations 26) Nonvascular plants are only a few cells thick27) Water and nutrients travel by osmosis28) Live close to the ground Vascular plantslong distance99Hickox: Baker High School10Nonvascular Plants What is a nonvascular plant? Need to be close to __________ to (reproduce & photosynthesize) Limited to ______________ (streams, rivers, forest) Do not have roots; move water and minerals by (osmosis & diffusion) Have ___________________ Male reproductive structure ______________ Female reproductive structure ______________waterLow wet areasAlternation of generationsantheridiumarchegoniumHickox: Baker High School

Hornwort (Nonvascular plant) 1111Hickox: Baker High SchoolNonvascular PlantsLiverworts

1212Hickox: Baker High SchoolNonvascular PlantsMoss

13Reproduction in Mosses Video13Hickox: Baker High SchoolWhat is a seed? (235)29)A __________ is a plant organ that contains an embryo and food supply covered in a hard protective coat.30) Protects the embryo from drying out31) Seed are __________, since they contain two of each kind of chromosome.32) In non-seed plants such as in mosses and fern, the sperm require a film of water on the plant in order to reach the EGG. This is why moist habitats are requiredseeddiploid1414Hickox: Baker High SchoolSeed

EmbryoSeed coatFood supplyCOTYLEDON1515Hickox: Baker High School33) Includes two stages, one generation is the ____________ generation, which produces gametes of ___________ cells.34) During the sporophyte generation, _______ are produced, which are _________.35) In non-seed vascular plants such as ferns, spores are released and grow into ____________ gametophyte plants, producing _______ and _________ gametes.

What is alternation of generations in plants? (235)gametophytehaploidsporesdiploidhaploidmalefemale1616Alternation of GenerationsHickox: Baker High SchoolHickox: Baker High School Biology.

Asexual reproduction(2n)Sexual reproduction(1n)1717Hickox: Baker High SchoolFern Life Cycle (alternation of generations)

36) In non-seed vascular plants such as ferns, spores are released and grow into haploid gametophyte plants, produce male and female gametes.1818

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Alternation of GenerationsHickox: Baker High School3131Hickox: Baker High School

Mature Fern

Sorus under frond

Sporangium with spore

Spore Germinates

Prothallus

Archegonia & antheridium on Prothallus

Young sporophyteEgg and Sperm unite producing Sporophyte haploid diploid32Hickox: Baker High SchoolNon-seed Vascular Plants 22.2

What is the structure of ferns?1. (has roots, stems, and leaves)2. The main stem is underground and is called a ________.3. On the under area of a frond, the leaves you may see tiny brown circles. These clusters are spore-producing __________. Each cluster forms a _______.

rhizome

sorussporangia3333Hickox: Baker High SchoolNon-seed Vascular Plants 22.2Sporangia(spores)FrondUnder frond - Sorussporangia

3434Hickox: Baker High SchoolWhat is a plant? (21.1 Adapting to Life on Land)18. How do algae and land plants take in substances? Algae live in water and absorb dissolved substances directly into their cells. Most land plants absorb dissolved substances from the soil. 35Hickox: Baker High SchoolSurvey of the Plant Kingdom 21.2 (238)37) Phylogeny of Plants (evolutionary history)Scientists who study plants are ________38) Non-seed Plants: use spores to reproduce.39) Hepaticophytes: non-seed plants called liverworts; nonvascular, use osmosis and diffusion, to absorb water & nutrients40) May be ancestors to all plants.

Botanists

3636Hickox: Baker High SchoolSurvey of the Plant Kingdom 21.2 (239)41) Anthocerophytes are very small, nonvascular and grow in damp shady habitats. They rely on osmosis and diffusion to transport nutrients. Are also called _____________ (resemble horns of animals)Hornworts

3737Survey of the Plant Kingdom 21.2 (239)42) Bryophytes: are the mosses; are nonvascular; have cells that transport water and sugar. Usually less than 5 cm. tall.Hickox: Baker High SchoolMosses

3838Vascular plants43) Lycophytes: Vascular plants that have stems, roots, and leaves. Another name are the ______________Hickox: Baker High SchoolClub mosses

3939Seed Plants:44) Seed Plants: Have a seed that consists of a plant embryo and a food supply and covered by a hard protective coat. All seed plants have vascular tissueHickox: Baker High School

4040Hickox: Baker High SchoolSeed Plants What is a seed plant?45) Many Vascular plant that produces seeds.46) Seeds are surrounded by fruit or scales of a cone.47) In the sporophyte, the spores develop into male and female gametophytes. 48) The male gametophyte is inside the ______ _______49) The female gametophyte produces the egg cell inside the __________.50) The ovule form the _______ after fertilization. (the union of egg and sperm).51) After fertilization, the zygote develops into an embryo.

Pollen grainovuleseed4141Hickox: Baker High SchoolEmbryos of seed plants include one or more ____________.Cotyledons : store ____________for the developing embryo. Cotyledons are leaf-like structures on the plants stems, when the plant comes through the soil.

Seed Plants 22.3 (251)cotyledons

42food42Hickox: Baker High SchoolVascular plantsCycads: 52) Look like palm trees but are not.53) Produce male and female ________, are scaly structures that support male or female reproductive structures.

Commonly called ________________ cones

Sega palms4343Hickox: Baker High School

Cycads44Hickox: Baker High SchoolSurvey of the Plant Kingdom 21.2 (241)Ginkgophytes: Ginkgo biloba are small trees with fan-shaped leaves. Male and female reproductive structures on separate trees.

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Ginkgo biloba: male Ginkgo biloba: femaleGinkgo biloba: sperm46Hickox: Baker High SchoolConifers54) Conifers are _________ bearing trees.55) Pine, fir, cypress, and redwood56) Produce seeds in cones57) Many have needlelike leaves

cone

4747Seed Plants 22.3 (251)What are the advantages of seeds?58) A seed is an embryo and its food supply is inside tough outer coating.59) Two groups: those whose seeds are not protected by fruit are called _____________ or naked seeds.60) Seeds that are protected by fruit are called ______________. A fruit includes ripened ovary of a flower.

Hickox: Baker High Schoolgymnospermsangiosperms48Make change in notes!!!!!!!48Hickox: Baker High School

Douglas Fir: Conifer49Hickox: Baker High School

Giant Sequoia: Conifer

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Pacific yew: Conifer

Common Juniper: Conifer

Pine Tree:Conifer51Hickox: Baker High SchoolAnthophytes:Anthophytes: Only Flowering plants Produce flowers from which fruits develop A fruit usually contains one or more seeds

Flowers and Fruits 52Plant reproduction Methods VideoGymnosperms vs. AngiospermsIntro to Gymno and AngioAdd to your notes!52Anatomy of a Flower 22.3Hickox: Baker High School

pistil5353Hickox: Baker High School

StamenMale parts:antherfilamentpollen113.54Hickox: Baker High School

PistilFemale parts:Stigma (sticky)Style (pollen tube)ovary55Hickox: Baker High School

Pollen lands on stigma, travels down pollen tube until it units with ovary at fertilization.stigmastyleovaryfilamentanther56Monocot vs. DicotsWhat are monocot and dicots?61) Monocotyledons have one seed leaf or monocot. Monocots also have 1 food source called a cotyledon.

62) Dicotyledons have two seed leaves or dicot. Dicots also have 2 food sources are called cotyledons.Hickox: Baker High School57Monocots vs Dicots Video57

Flowerflower parts in threesand multiples of threeflower parts in fours orfives and their multiplesLeafleaf veins form aparallel patternleaf veins form anet patternStemvascular bundlesscattered in stemvascular bundlesin a distinct ringRootroot xylem andphloem in a ringroot phloembetween arms ofxylemFlowering plants are either monocots or dicotsSeedMonocotsone cotyledon in seedtwo cotyledons in seedDicotsHickox: Baker High School5858Monocot versus DicotMonocots (Single cotyledon)Root vascular tissue occurs in scattered.Parallel leaf venation.Flowers in 3s or multiple of 3sDicots (Two cotyledons)Xylem and phloem ringedNetted leaf venation.Flowers in 4s or 5s or multiples of 4s or 5sHickox: Baker High School5959Life Span of a Plant 63). Plants that live for only one year or less; they sprout from seeds, grow, reproduce and then die are ___________.64) Most are green stem and have no woody tissue.65) Examples are _______, peas, _______

Hickox: Baker High Schoolannualscornbeans6060Life Span of a Plant (255)66) Plants that have two year life spans are _________. During the first year biennials grow leaves and develop a strong root system. During the second year, food stored in the roots is used to produce new shoot, flowers, and seeds.67) Examples are _________, beets, and _______

Hickox: Baker High Schoolbiennialscarrotsturnips6161Life Span of a Plant (255) 116. 68)___________ live for several years. They produce flowers and seed periodically, usually once a year. They have woody stems and roots remain dormant.69)Examples are __________ , ___________, and _____________

Hickox: Baker High SchoolperennialsasparagusstrawberriesBrambles

6262Plant Tissues70) Sclerenchyma cells are thick and rigid.71) Provide support and strength72) Source of fiber for rope & linen.Plant Tissues73) ___________ functions like the skin of an animal.74) Protects with waxy cuticle (prevents water loss)

Hickox: Baker High SchoolEpidermis

6363Plant Tissues 75) __________ are openings in the leaf that control the exchange of gases.What Gasses? ___________What Molecules? _____76) Two ___________ surround each stoma and controls the flow of water vapor from the leaf.

Hickox: Baker High SchoolStomataguard cells

64STOMATA VIDEO64StomataHickox: Baker High School

6565Transport Tissues What do vascular tissue transport?

77) __________ is made of tube-like cells that transport water. (xylem up)78) _________ transports sugars in long tubes arranged end to end with sieve plates. (phloem down)

Hickox: Baker High SchoolPhloemXylem

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Roots, Stems, and Leaves Roots 79) Are plant organs80) Anchor a plant81) Absorb water and dissolved minerals82) Contain vascular tissues 83)____________ are single thick structures with smaller branching roots.84) Store food85) Examples are beets and carrots

Hickox: Baker High Schooltaproots6868Root Hairs Increase Surface AreaHickox: Baker High School

6969Roots, Stems, and Leaves 23.2Roots 85). ____________ roots have many small branching roots that grow from a central point. Grass is a good exampleProp roots, found in corn plants begin above ground and help support. ___________ __________ ____________Hickox: Baker High SchoolFibrous

70Fibrous roots Tap roots Prop roots 70Roots, Stems, and Leaves 23.2What is transpiration? 87) The loss of water through the stomata is called ________________88) The waxy cuticle and stomata help reduce water loss

Hickox: Baker High Schooltranspiration71Transpiration video71Hickox: Baker High SchoolChapter 22.1 Reinforcement and Study Guide page 979. Nonvascular plants are not as common or as widespread as vascular plants (B) the life functions of nonvascular plants require a close association with water.10. The life cycle of nonvascular plants includes an alternation of generation between a (c) diploid sporophyte and a haploid gametophyte)Fossil and genetic evidence suggests that the first land plants were (C) liverworts.

Chapter 22.2 Reinforcement and Study Guide page 98

Unlike vascular plants, the spore-producing (1) sporophyte is the dominant generation in vascular plants. A major advance in vascular plants was the adaptation of (2) leaves to form structures that protect the developing (3) reproductive cells or zygote.

72Hickox: Baker High SchoolWhat is a plant? (21.1 Adapting to Life on Land)(Alternation of Generations) (6 18)The lives of all plants consist of two alternating stages, or (6) generations. The gametophyte generation of a plant is responsible for development of (7) gametes. All cells of the gametophyte, including the gametes are haploid. The (9) sporophyte generation is responsible for the production of spores. All cells of the sporophyte are (10) diploid . The spores are produced by the sporophyte plant by (11) meiosis and are, therefore, haploid. The lives of seed plants include two generations that alternate.The generation of a plant responsible for producing gametes is the gametophyte generation.Gametophyte spores are haploid and sporophyte tissue cells are diploid.

73Hickox: Baker High SchoolChapter 22.2 Reinforcement and Study Guide page 99

The hollow-stemmed horsetail appears to be jointed with scalelike leaves surrounding each joint.The most recognized generation of ferns is the sporophyte generation.The gametophyte in most ferns is a thin, flat structure.In most ferns, the main stem, called a rhizome is underground. It contains many starch-filled cells for storage. The leaves of a fern are called fronds and grow upward from the rhizome.Fronds are often divided into pinnae , which are attached to a central rachis. Ferns were the first vascular plants to evolve leaves with branching veins of vascular ranchis.The common names for the seedless vascular plants, lycophyta, arthrophyta, and pterophyta are club or spike mosses, horsetails, ferns.74Hickox: Baker High SchoolChapter 22.1 Reinforcement an Study Guide page 97Nonvascular plants are successful in habitats with adequate water.The gametophyte generation is dominant in nonvascular plants.Sperm are produced in male reproductive structures called antheridia, and the eggs are produced in female reproductive structures called archegonia.Mosses have colorless multicellular structures called rhizoids, which help anchor the stem to the soil. (underground stem)Most liverworts have cuticles, or an oily or a shiny surface that helps reduce evaporation of the water from the plants tissue.Liverworts occur in many environments and include two groups: the thallose liverworts and the leafy liverworts.One unique feature of hornworts is the presence of one to several chloroplasts in each cell. The common names for the nonvasculare plants in bryophyta, ehpaticophyta, and anthocerphyta are mosses, liverworts,hornworts. 75Hickox: Baker High SchoolChapter 22.2 Reinforcement and Study Guide page 98

In some non-seed vascular plants, spore-bearing leaves form a compact cluster called a(n) (4) strobilus . Spores are released from this compact cluster. These spores then grow to form the gametophyte, called a(n) (5) prothallus. This structure is relatively small and lives in or on soil. The prothallus then forms (6) antheridia, male reproductive structures, and (7) archegonia, female reproductive structures. (8) Sperm are released from an antheridium and swim through a film of water to the (9) egg in an archegonium. (10) Fertilization occurs and a large, dominant sporophyte plant develops from the (11) zygote. Do not grade 12,13,14,1512. (false) The leafy stems of lycophytes resemble clubs, and their reproductive structures are moss shaped. (true) The leaves of lycophytes occur as pairs, whorls, or spirals along the stem.(false) Lycophytes are simple vascular plants with creeping leaves.(true) The club moss is commonly called ground pine because it is evergreen and resembles a miniature pine tree.76Hickox: Baker High SchoolWhat is a plant? (21.1 Adapting to Life on Land)Non-seed plants release spores into the environment that grow into gametophytes. What is the difference between vascular and nonvascular plants? Vascular plants have long, tube-like cells that form tissues that transport food, water, and other materials. Nonvascular plants have thin tissues that allow nutrients and water to travel from one cell to another by osmosis and diffusion.Some land plants produce seeds. What is their function? How do they differ from spores? Seeds protect the embryos and spores protect haploid cells and keep them from drying out. Seeds have a diploid embryo and a food supply that are covered with a protective coat. Spores have a haploid cell with a hard protective covering.77