adapted from: susan m. pojer horace greeley h. s. chappaqua, ny
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Adapted from: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020417/5697bfcf1a28abf838ca9b72/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Adapted from: Susan M. PojerAdapted from: Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley H. S. Horace Greeley H. S.
Chappaqua, NYChappaqua, NY
![Page 2: Adapted from: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020417/5697bfcf1a28abf838ca9b72/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
It was the best of times, It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of it was the age of foolishness, foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of it was the epoch of incredulity…incredulity…
-- Charles Dickens-- Charles Dickens A Tale of Two Cities A Tale of Two Cities
![Page 3: Adapted from: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020417/5697bfcf1a28abf838ca9b72/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The French Monarchy:The French Monarchy:1775 - 17931775 - 1793
Marie Antoinette & Louis Marie Antoinette & Louis XVIXVI
![Page 4: Adapted from: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020417/5697bfcf1a28abf838ca9b72/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Marie Marie AntoineAntoine
tte tte and the and the Royal Royal
ChildrenChildren
![Page 5: Adapted from: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020417/5697bfcf1a28abf838ca9b72/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Let Them Eat Cake! Let Them Eat Cake!
Y Marie Antoinette NEVER said that!Marie Antoinette NEVER said that!
Y ““Madame Deficit”Madame Deficit”
Y ““The Austrian Whore”The Austrian Whore”
![Page 6: Adapted from: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020417/5697bfcf1a28abf838ca9b72/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Crane Brinton’s Crane Brinton’s Anatomy of a Anatomy of a
RevolutionRevolution
Y He borrowed his terms from He borrowed his terms from pathology.pathology.
Y Compares a revolution to a Compares a revolution to a fever or a disease:fever or a disease:
The revolutionary “fever” The revolutionary “fever” begins with the appearance begins with the appearance of certain “symptoms.”of certain “symptoms.”
It proceeds by advances and It proceeds by advances and retreats to a crisis stage, or retreats to a crisis stage, or “delirium.”“delirium.”
The crisis ends when the The crisis ends when the “fever” breaks.“fever” breaks.
A period of convalescence A period of convalescence follows, interrupted by a follows, interrupted by a relapse or two before the relapse or two before the recovery is complete.recovery is complete.
![Page 7: Adapted from: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020417/5697bfcf1a28abf838ca9b72/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Crane Brinton: Conditions Crane Brinton: Conditions Present Before a Revolution Present Before a Revolution
OccursOccurs1.1. People from all social classes are People from all social classes are discontented.discontented.
2.2. People feel restless and held down by People feel restless and held down by unacceptable restrictions in society, religion, unacceptable restrictions in society, religion, the economy or the govt.the economy or the govt.
3.3. People are hopeful about the future, but they People are hopeful about the future, but they are being forced to accept less than they had are being forced to accept less than they had hoped for.hoped for.
4.4. People are beginning to think of themselves People are beginning to think of themselves as belonging to a social class, and there is a as belonging to a social class, and there is a growing bitterness between social classes.growing bitterness between social classes.
5.5. The social classes closest to one another are The social classes closest to one another are the most hostile.the most hostile.
![Page 8: Adapted from: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020417/5697bfcf1a28abf838ca9b72/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Crane Brinton: Conditions Crane Brinton: Conditions Present Before a Revolution Present Before a Revolution
OccursOccurs6.6. The scholars and thinkers give up on the way The scholars and thinkers give up on the way their society operates.their society operates.
7.7. The government does not respond to the The government does not respond to the needs of its society.needs of its society.
8.8. The leaders of the government and the ruling The leaders of the government and the ruling class begin to doubt themselves. Some join class begin to doubt themselves. Some join with the opposition groups.with the opposition groups.
9.9. The government is unable to get enough The government is unable to get enough support from any group to save itself.support from any group to save itself.
10.10. The government cannot organize its finances The government cannot organize its finances correctly and is either going bankrupt or trying correctly and is either going bankrupt or trying to tax heavily and unjustly.to tax heavily and unjustly.
![Page 9: Adapted from: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020417/5697bfcf1a28abf838ca9b72/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The French Urban The French Urban PoorPoor
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
% of Income Spent on Bread
1787
1788
![Page 10: Adapted from: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020417/5697bfcf1a28abf838ca9b72/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
a Urban Urban Commoner’sCommoner’sBudget:Budget:
– Food 80%Food 80%– Rent 25%Rent 25%– Tithe 10%Tithe 10%– Taxes 35%Taxes 35%– Clothing 20%Clothing 20%– TOTAL 170%TOTAL 170%
a King’s King’s Budget:Budget:
– Interest 50%Interest 50%– Army 25%Army 25%– Versailles 25%Versailles 25%– Coronation 10%Coronation 10%– Loans 25%Loans 25%– Admin. 25%Admin. 25%– TOTAL 160%TOTAL 160%
Financial ProblemsFinancial Problemsin France, 1789in France, 1789
![Page 11: Adapted from: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020417/5697bfcf1a28abf838ca9b72/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Where is the tax Where is the tax money?money?
![Page 12: Adapted from: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020417/5697bfcf1a28abf838ca9b72/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Commoners3rd Estate
Aristocracy
2nd Estate
Clergy1st Estate
The Suggested Voting The Suggested Voting Pattern:Pattern:
Voting by EstatesVoting by Estates1
1
1
Louis XIV insisted that Louis XIV insisted that the ancient distinction of the the ancient distinction of the three orders be conserved in its entirety.three orders be conserved in its entirety.
![Page 13: Adapted from: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020417/5697bfcf1a28abf838ca9b72/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Commoners3rd Estate
Aristocracy2nd Estate
Clergy1st Estate
The Number of The Number of RepresentativesRepresentatives
in the Estates General: Vote in the Estates General: Vote by Head!by Head!300
300
648
![Page 14: Adapted from: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020417/5697bfcf1a28abf838ca9b72/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Emmanuel Joseph Emmanuel Joseph SieyesSieyes
11stst What is the Third What is the Third Estate? Estate? Everything!Everything!22ndnd What has it been What has it been heretofore in the heretofore in the political order? political order? Nothing! Nothing!33rdrd What does it What does it demand?demand? To become To become somethingsomething therein! therein!
Abbé SieyèsAbbé Sieyès1748-18361748-1836
![Page 15: Adapted from: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020417/5697bfcf1a28abf838ca9b72/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Convening the Estates General Convening the Estates General May, 1789May, 1789
Last time it was called into session was Last time it was called into session was 1614!1614!
![Page 16: Adapted from: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020417/5697bfcf1a28abf838ca9b72/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
““The Third Estate The Third Estate Awakens”Awakens”Y The commoners finally presented their The commoners finally presented their
credentials not as delegates of the Third credentials not as delegates of the Third Estate, but as “representatives of the nation.”Estate, but as “representatives of the nation.”
Y They proclaimed themselves the They proclaimed themselves the “National “National Assembly”Assembly” of France. of France.
![Page 17: Adapted from: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020417/5697bfcf1a28abf838ca9b72/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
““The Tennis Court The Tennis Court Oath”Oath”
by Jacques Louis Davidby Jacques Louis David
June 20, 1789June 20, 1789
![Page 18: Adapted from: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020417/5697bfcf1a28abf838ca9b72/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Europe on the Eve Europe on the Eve of theof the
French RevolutionFrench Revolution
![Page 19: Adapted from: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020417/5697bfcf1a28abf838ca9b72/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Storming the Bastille, Storming the Bastille, July July 14, 178914, 1789
Y A rumor that the king was planning a military A rumor that the king was planning a military coup against the National Assembly.coup against the National Assembly.
Y 18 died.18 died.
Y 73 wounded.73 wounded.
Y 7 guards 7 guards killed.killed.
Y It held 7 It held 7 prisoners prisoners [5 ordinary [5 ordinary criminals & 2 criminals & 2 madmen].madmen].
![Page 20: Adapted from: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020417/5697bfcf1a28abf838ca9b72/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Crane Brinton: The Course Crane Brinton: The Course that Revolutions Seem to that Revolutions Seem to
TakeTake1.1. Impossible demands made of government Impossible demands made of government
which, if granted, would mean its end.which, if granted, would mean its end.
2.2. Unsuccessful government attempts to Unsuccessful government attempts to suppress revolutionaries.suppress revolutionaries.
3.3. Revolutionaries gain power and seem Revolutionaries gain power and seem united.united.
4.4. Once in power, revolutionaries begin to Once in power, revolutionaries begin to quarrel among themselves, and unity quarrel among themselves, and unity begins to dissolve.begins to dissolve.
5.5. The moderates gain the leadership but The moderates gain the leadership but fail to satisfy those who insist on further fail to satisfy those who insist on further changes.changes.
![Page 21: Adapted from: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020417/5697bfcf1a28abf838ca9b72/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Crane Brinton: The Course Crane Brinton: The Course that Revolutions Seem to that Revolutions Seem to
TakeTake6.6. Power is gained by progressively more Power is gained by progressively more
radical groups until finally a lunatic fringe radical groups until finally a lunatic fringe gains almost complete control.gains almost complete control.
7.7. A strong man emerges and assumes great A strong man emerges and assumes great power.power.
8.8. The extremists try to create a “heaven-on-The extremists try to create a “heaven-on-earth” by introducing their whole program earth” by introducing their whole program and by punishing all of their opponents.and by punishing all of their opponents.
9.9. A period of terror [extreme violence] A period of terror [extreme violence] occurs.occurs.
10.10. Moderate groups regain power. THE Moderate groups regain power. THE REVOLUTION IS OVER!REVOLUTION IS OVER!
![Page 22: Adapted from: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020417/5697bfcf1a28abf838ca9b72/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The Great Fear: The Great Fear: Peasant RevoltPeasant Revolt
(July 20, 1789)(July 20, 1789)
Y Rumors that the feudal aristocracy [the Rumors that the feudal aristocracy [the aristosaristos] ] were sending hired brigands to attack peasants were sending hired brigands to attack peasants and pillage their land.and pillage their land.
![Page 23: Adapted from: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020417/5697bfcf1a28abf838ca9b72/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Night Session of August Night Session of August 4, 17894, 1789
Y Before the night was over:Before the night was over: The feudal regime in France had The feudal regime in France had
been abolished.been abolished.
All Frenchmen were, at least in All Frenchmen were, at least in principle, subject to the same principle, subject to the same laws and the same taxes and laws and the same taxes and eligible for the same offices.eligible for the same offices.
Equality & Meritocracy!Equality & Meritocracy! Equality & Meritocracy!Equality & Meritocracy!
![Page 24: Adapted from: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020417/5697bfcf1a28abf838ca9b72/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
National Constituent National Constituent AssemblyAssembly1789 - 17911789 - 1791
August DecreesAugust DecreesAugust 4-11, 1789August 4-11, 1789
(A renunciation of aristocratic (A renunciation of aristocratic privileges!)privileges!)
Liberté!Liberté!Egalité!Egalité!
Fraternité!Fraternité!
![Page 25: Adapted from: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020417/5697bfcf1a28abf838ca9b72/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
BUT . . . . .BUT . . . . .
Y Feudal dues were not renounced outright Feudal dues were not renounced outright [this had been too strong a threat to the [this had been too strong a threat to the principle of private property!]principle of private property!]
Y Peasants would compensate their Peasants would compensate their landlords through a series of direct landlords through a series of direct payments for obligations from which payments for obligations from which they had supposedly been freed.they had supposedly been freed.
Therefore, the National Assembly made Therefore, the National Assembly made revolutionary gestures, but remained revolutionary gestures, but remained essentially moderate.essentially moderate.
Their GoalTheir Goal Their GoalTheir Goal Safeguard the right of private Safeguard the right of private property!!property!!Safeguard the right of private Safeguard the right of private property!!property!!
![Page 26: Adapted from: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020417/5697bfcf1a28abf838ca9b72/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The Declaration of the The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Rights of Man and of
the Citizenthe CitizenAugust 26, August 26,
17891789
V Liberty!Liberty!
V Property!Property!
V Resistance to Resistance to oppression!oppression!
V Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson was in Paris at was in Paris at this time.this time.
![Page 27: Adapted from: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020417/5697bfcf1a28abf838ca9b72/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The Declaration of the The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Rights of Man and of
the Citizen the Citizen Posed New DilemmasPosed New Dilemmas
1.1. Did women have equal rights with Did women have equal rights with men?men?
2.2. What about free blacks in the What about free blacks in the colonies?colonies?
3.3. How could slavery be justified if all How could slavery be justified if all men were born free?men were born free?
4.4. Did religious toleration of Protestants Did religious toleration of Protestants and Jews include equal political and Jews include equal political rights?rights?
![Page 28: Adapted from: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020417/5697bfcf1a28abf838ca9b72/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
March of the Women,March of the Women,October 5-6, 1789October 5-6, 1789
We want the baker, the baker’s wife We want the baker, the baker’s wife and the baker’s boy!and the baker’s boy!
A spontaneous demonstration of Parisian A spontaneous demonstration of Parisian women for bread.women for bread.
![Page 29: Adapted from: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020417/5697bfcf1a28abf838ca9b72/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
The “October The “October Days” Days” (1789)(1789)
The king was thought to be surrounded by evil The king was thought to be surrounded by evil advisors at Versailles so he was forced to advisors at Versailles so he was forced to move to Paris and reside at the move to Paris and reside at the Tuileries Tuileries
PalacePalace..
![Page 30: Adapted from: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020417/5697bfcf1a28abf838ca9b72/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
How to Finance the How to Finance the New Govt.?New Govt.?
1.1. Confiscate Church Confiscate Church Lands Lands (1790)(1790)
One of the most controversial decisions of the One of the most controversial decisions of the entire revolutionary period.entire revolutionary period.
![Page 31: Adapted from: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020417/5697bfcf1a28abf838ca9b72/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
2.2. Print Print AssignatsAssignats2.2. Print Print
AssignatsAssignats
V Issued by the National Constituent Assembly.Issued by the National Constituent Assembly.V Interest-bearing notes which had the church lands Interest-bearing notes which had the church lands
as security.as security.
![Page 32: Adapted from: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020417/5697bfcf1a28abf838ca9b72/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Depreciation of the Depreciation of the AssignatAssignat
V Whoever acquired them were entitled to Whoever acquired them were entitled to certain privileges in the purchase of church certain privileges in the purchase of church land.land.
V The state would retire the notes as the land The state would retire the notes as the land was sold.was sold.
V They began circulating as paper currency.They began circulating as paper currency. Government printed more Government printed more INFLATIONINFLATION [they [they
lost 99% of their value ultimately].lost 99% of their value ultimately]. Therefore, future governments paid off their Therefore, future governments paid off their
creditors with cheap money.creditors with cheap money.
![Page 33: Adapted from: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020417/5697bfcf1a28abf838ca9b72/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
New Relations New Relations Between Church & Between Church &
StateStateV Government paid the salaries of the Government paid the salaries of the French clergy and maintained the French clergy and maintained the churches.churches.
V The church was reorganized:The church was reorganized: Parish priests Parish priests elected by the district elected by the district
assemblies.assemblies. Bishops Bishops named by the named by the
department assemblies.department assemblies. The pope had NO The pope had NO
voice in the voice in the appointment of appointment of the French clergy.the French clergy.
V It transformed France’sIt transformed France’sRoman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic Churchinto a branch of the state!!into a branch of the state!!
Pope Pius VIPope Pius VI[1775-1799][1775-1799]
![Page 34: Adapted from: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020417/5697bfcf1a28abf838ca9b72/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Louis XVI “Accepts” the Louis XVI “Accepts” the Constitution Constitution
& the National Assembly. & the National Assembly. 17911791
![Page 35: Adapted from: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020417/5697bfcf1a28abf838ca9b72/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
The French Constitution The French Constitution of 1791:of 1791:
A Bourgeois A Bourgeois GovernmentGovernment
V The king got the The king got the “suspensive” veto“suspensive” veto [which prevented the passage of laws [which prevented the passage of laws for 4 years].for 4 years].
He could not pass laws.He could not pass laws. His ministers were responsible for their His ministers were responsible for their
own actions.own actions.
V A permanent, elected, single chamber A permanent, elected, single chamber National Assembly.National Assembly.
Had the power to grant taxation.Had the power to grant taxation.
V An independent judiciary.An independent judiciary.
![Page 36: Adapted from: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020417/5697bfcf1a28abf838ca9b72/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
The French Constitution The French Constitution of 1791:of 1791:
A Bourgeois A Bourgeois GovernmentGovernment
V ““Active” CitizenActive” Citizen [who pays taxes [who pays taxes amounting to 3 days labor] could vote amounting to 3 days labor] could vote vs. vs. “Passive” Citizen“Passive” Citizen..
1/3 of adult males were denied the 1/3 of adult males were denied the franchise.franchise.
Domestic servants were also Domestic servants were also excluded.excluded.V A newly elected A newly elected LEGISLATIVE LEGISLATIVE
ASSEMBLYASSEMBLY..
GOALGOAL Make sure that the country Make sure that the country was not turned over to the mob!was not turned over to the mob!
GOALGOAL Make sure that the country Make sure that the country was not turned over to the mob!was not turned over to the mob!
![Page 37: Adapted from: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020417/5697bfcf1a28abf838ca9b72/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
The Royal Family The Royal Family Attempts Attempts
to Fleeto FleeY June, 1791June, 1791
Y Helped by the Swedish Count Hans Helped by the Swedish Count Hans Axel von Fusen [Marie Antoinette’s Axel von Fusen [Marie Antoinette’s lover].lover].
Y Headed toward the Headed toward the LuxembourgLuxembourgborder.border.
Y The King wasThe King wasrecognized atrecognized atVarennes, nearVarennes, nearthe borderthe border
![Page 38: Adapted from: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020417/5697bfcf1a28abf838ca9b72/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Olympe de Gouges Olympe de Gouges (1745-1793)(1745-1793)
Declaration of Declaration of the Rights of the Rights of
WomanWomanand of the and of the
Citizen Citizen (1791)(1791)
Declaration of Declaration of the Rights of the Rights of
WomanWomanand of the and of the
Citizen Citizen (1791)(1791)
V Women played a Women played a vital role in the vital role in the Revolution.Revolution.
V But, But, The Declaration The Declaration of the Rights of Manof the Rights of Man did NOT extend the did NOT extend the rights and rights and protections of protections of citizenship to citizenship to women.women.
![Page 39: Adapted from: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020417/5697bfcf1a28abf838ca9b72/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
French Expansion: French Expansion: 1791-17991791-1799
![Page 40: Adapted from: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Chappaqua, NY](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020417/5697bfcf1a28abf838ca9b72/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Bibliographic ResourcesBibliographic Resources
« ““Hist210—Europe in the Age of Hist210—Europe in the Age of Revolutions.”Revolutions.”http://www.ucl.ac.uk/history/courses/europe1/chron/rch5.htm
« “ “Liberty, Fraternity, Equality: Liberty, Fraternity, Equality: Exploring the French Revolution.”Exploring the French Revolution.” http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/
« Matthews, Andrew. Matthews, Andrew. Revolution and Revolution and Reaction: Europe, 1789-1849Reaction: Europe, 1789-1849. . CambridgeCambridgeUniversity Press, 2001.University Press, 2001.
« “ “The Napoleonic Guide.” The Napoleonic Guide.” http://www.napoleonguide.com/index.htm