adaptation of microbe

8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe

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ADAPTATION OF MICROBE TO EXTREME ENVIRONMENT

Tri Rini Nuringtyas


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Sensitive to DrasticChange in

Environment

temperature, pressure,drought, salinity, and pH

Extremeconditions


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Microbial Adaptation

Role of adaptation in i!ro"ial

sur#i#al

Most i!roorganiss li#e in $ars$en#ironents

Mi!ro"es ust "e spe!ially adapted

to sur#i#e

Mi!ro"es ust adapt to !onstantly

#arying !onditions


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Pro%aryoti! and eu%aryoti! i!roorganiss sour!es

t$e dis!o#ery of no#el "io!$ei!al pat$&ays and "ioole!ules

allo& i!ro"es to adapt to e'tree en#ironental !onditions(

Mi!roorganiss fro e'tree en#ironents de#elopent ofiportant industrial pro!esses and t$e dis!o#ery of $ealt$)prooting"io)ole!ules(

E'aples in!lude "io)!$ei!als used for detergent forulations* leat$er and paper pro!essing* "iofuels* "ioreediation* +V)"lo!%ing* and

ne& anti"ioti!s


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Role of adaptation in microbialsurvival

Biodi#ersity $eld in "alan!e "y #arious

!$e!%s

Copetition Best)adapted

i!roorganiss $a#e ad#antageous traits

Antagonis One i!ro"e a!ti#ely

in$i"its t$e gro&t$ of anot$er

Cooperation One i!ro"e a%es

en#ironent fa#ora"le for ot$ers

h b i


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hen bacteria encounter ane! challenge in theirenvironment E'aple , treatent &it$ an anti"ioti!

or a poor nutrient sour!e T$eir population fa!es sele!tion in

order to gro& "etter under t$e ne&!onditions(

Adaptation t$en !an "e in t$e for of

a!-uire an anti"ioti! resistan!e gene* or odify an e'isting en.ye to a%e

"etter use of a nutrient sour!e


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Strategy for adaptation on microbe

Ad/ustent of a!roale!ular !oponentsof t$e !ell or "ody 0uids 1uantities 2!on!entration3

Ne& iso.ye added to syste to repla!e t$eone t$at not suita"le &it$ t$e ne& en#ironent

Ad/ustent in t$e in t$e i!ro)en#ironent

&it$in &$i!$ a!roole!ules fun!tion ,-uantitati#e and -ualitati#e Total osoti! regulation


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Strategy for adaptation on microbe

Ad/ustent in t$e outputs ofa!roole!ular systes espe!iallyen.ye &it$out !$anges in t$e type and

aount of t$e en.yeDi4erent rate rea!tion eta"oli!

regulation so it &ill s$o&s , In!rease orde!rease en.ye a!ti#ity(


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loss of function mutations

loss)of)fun!tion utations suggests t$at t$eyplay a a/or role in t$e early adaptation of"a!terial populations to ne& !$allenges

"y re&iring t$e !ell5s eta"olis

pro#ide su"stantial 6tness "ene6ts underany !$allenging !onditions*

"oss of function mutations occur at a

much higher fre#uency than gains ofspeci$c functionality due to the largermutational target area available(


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%ormal environment

T$e &orld t$at &e are failiar &it$ is fullof o'ygen* ne#er too !old nor too $ot

ost of t$e #isi"le organiss li#e in a

relati#ely liited range of teperaturesfro 78C to 9:8C

and &e are prote!ted "y our

atosp$ere fro ost daagingradiation( T$is failiar &orld de6nes &$at &e

t$in% of as normal


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Extreme environment

e'tree en#ironents are de6ned as$a"itats t$at e'perien!e steady or0u!tuating e'posure to one or ore

en#ironental fa!tors* su!$ as salinity*

osolarity*

desi!!ation*

+V radiation*

"aroetri! pressure*

p;* and teperature(


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extremophiles

organiss t$at li#e at t$e edges of t$is&orld

or "eyond it are t$e e'treop$iles ost e'treop$iles are i!ro"es

t$ey ay li#e in pla!es t$at &e ig$tt$in% s$ould "e unin$a"ita"le*

Mi!ro"ial life "egan pro"a"ly a"out <"illion years ago in an e'tree!ondition


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several physico&chemical extreme parametersand the name microbe that adapt on it'

(hermophiles ) ;ig$ teperature T$eral #ents and $ot springs

May go $and in $and &it$ !$ei!al

e'trees )sychrophiles ) =o& teperature

Ar!ti! and Antar!ti!

>?@ of Eart$5s surfa!e is o!eans "et&een >:

C 9:C

Deep sea >:C to 9:C

Most rely on p$otosynt$esis


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(hermophiles

O"sidian Pool* ello&stone National

Par%;ydrot$eral Vents


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)sychrophiles


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C$ei!al E'trees Acidophiles ) A!idi!

Again t$eral #ents and soe $ot springs

Al*aliphiles ) Al%aline oda la%es in Afri!a and &estern +((

Halophiles ) ;ig$ly alty Natural salt la%es and anade pools

oeties o!!urs &it$ e'tree al%alinity


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Acidophiles

p; :)> of &atersat Iron Mountain


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Al*aliphile

e(g( Mono =a%eal%aline soda la%e* p; salinity G


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Halophiles

solar salterns

O&ens =a%e*Hreat alt =a%e!oastal splas$ .onesDead ea


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ur#i#al Teperature e'trees

E#ery part of i!ro"e ust fun!tion ate'tree Toug$J en.yes for T$erop$iles

EK!ientJ en.yes for Psy!$rop$iles Many en.yes fro t$ese i!ro"es are

interesting

=ife at ;ig$ Teperatures* T$oas M( Bro!%


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ur#i#al C$ei!al e'trees

Interior of !ell is noralJ

E'terior prote!ts t$e !ell

A!idop$iles and Al%alip$iles soeties e'!reteprote!ti#e su"stan!es and en.yes

A!idop$iles often la!% !ell &all

oe oderate $alop$iles $a#e $ig$ !on!entrationsof a solute inside to a#oid pi!%lingJ

oe en.yes fro t$ese i!ro"es areinteresting


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E'treop$iles got t$ere6rst

Nature $as already gi#en us t$esolutions to t$ese pro"les E'treop$iles $a#e t$e en.yes t$at &or%

in e'tree !onditions

Endolit$i! algae fro Antar!ti!aL ;ot springs in ello&stone National Par%* > Reston Couni!ations* &&&(reston(!o?astro?e'tree($tl


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T$erop$iles

Most interesting pra!ti!al appli!ationsso far Many industrial pro!esses in#ol#e $ig$

$eat

97:

C 2>>


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Hsp+s ' Heat shoc*protein T$e $eat)s$o!% response in#ol#es t$e

indu!tion of any proteins ) !alled $eat)s$o!% proteins* ) in response to ele#ation

of teperature

T$e "a!terial $eat)s$o!% response is not

liited to !$anges in teperature

H + H h *


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Hsp+s ' Heat shoc*protein a general stress response* as any of

t$e $eat)s$o!% proteins are indu!ed "yot$er en#ironental !$anges* su!$ as

t$e addition of et$anol* $ea#y etals*$ig$ osolarity* pollutants* star#ation orintera!tion &it$ eu%aryoti! $osts

T$e $eat)s$o!% proteins in!lude!$aperones and proteases t$at arepresua"ly essential for o#er!oing!$anges t$at in#ol#e protein

denaturation


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)CR Polyerase C$ain Rea!tion

Allo&s apli6!ation of sall saple ofDNA using $ig$ teperature pro!ess

Te!$ni-ue is a"out >: years old DNA 6ngerprints ) saples fro !ries!ene

Heneti! !reening ) s&a" fro t$e out$

Medi!al Diagnosis ) a fe& #irus parti!lesfro "lood T$erus a-uati!us or Taq



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Psy!$rop$iles

EK!ient en.yes to &or% in t$e !old En.yes to &or% on foods t$at need to

"e refrigerated

Perfues ) ost don5t tolerate $ig$teperatures

Cold)&as$ detergents

Algal ats on an Antar!ti! la%e "otto* > Reston Couni!ations* &&&(reston(!o?astro?e'tree($tl


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A!idop$iles

En.yes used to in!reaseeK!ien!y of anial feeds en.yes $elp anials

e'tra!t nutrients fro feed ore eK!ient and lesse'pensi#e



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;alop$iles

$at is a $alop$ile

Di#ersity of ;alop$ili! Organiss

Osoregulation

Copati"le oluteJ trategy

alt)inJ trategy

Interesting Fa!ts and Appli!ations

$at is a $alop$ile


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$at is a $alop$ile

T$e &ord $alop$ile eans salt lo#ingJ(

A $alop$ile is an organis t$at !angro& in $ig$er salt !on!entrations t$an

t$e nor( Based on optial saline en#ironents

$alop$ili! organiss !an "e grouped

into t$ree !ategories, e'tree$alop$iles* oderate $alop$iles* andslig$tly $alop$ili! or $alotolerantorganiss(

oe e'tree $alop$iles !an li#e in

Di it f ; l $ili


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Di#ersity of ;alop$ili!Organiss ;alop$iles are a "road group t$at !an "e

found in all t$ree doains of life(

T$ey are found in salt ars$es*

su"terranean salt deposits* dry soils*salted eats* $ypersaline seas* and salte#aporation pools(


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+nusual ;a"itats

T$e "a!teriu pseudomonas &as foundli#ing on a desert plant in t$e Nege#Desert( T$e plant se!retes salt t$roug$

salt glands on its lea#es( Bacillus &as found in t$e nasal !a#ities

of desert iguanas( T$ese iguanas $a#esalt glands in t$eir nasal !a#ities t$atse!rete Cl "rine during osoti! stress(

O l ti


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Osoregulation

=i#ing in $ig$ salinity poses a seriousstress t$at $alop$iles $a#e o#er!oet$roug$ special processes oradaptations-

T$e stress lies in t$e i!ro"es a"ilityto aintain an internal osmoticpotential that e#uals their

external environment- Ososis is t$e pro!ess in &$i!$ &ater

o#es fro an area of $ig$!on!entration to an area of lo&!on!entration(


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Osoregulation

In order for !ells to aintain t$eir&ater t$ey ust $a#e an osoti!potential e-ual to t$eir e'ternalen#ironent(

As salinity in!reases in t$een#ironent its osoti! potentialde!reases(

If you pla!ed a non $alop$ili! i!ro"ein a solution &it$ a $ig$ aount ofdissol#ed salts t$e !ell5s &ater &ill

o#e into t$e solution !ausing t$e !ell


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Osoregulation

;alop$iles $a#e adapted to life at $ig$salinity in any di4erent &ays(

One &ay is t$roug$ t$e odi6!ation of

t$eir e'ternal !ell &alls( T$ey tend to $a#e negati#ely !$arged

proteins on t$e outside of t$eir !ell&alls t$at sta"ili.e it "y "inding topositi#ely !$arged sodiu ions in t$eire'ternal en#ironents( If salt!on!entrations de!line t$eir !ell &allsay "e!oe unsta"le and "rea%

do&n(

Copati"le oluteJ


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Copati"le oluteJtrategy T$ere are t&o strategies t$at $alop$iles

$a#e e#ol#ed to deal &it$ $ig$ salten#ironents(

In t$e compatible soluteJ strategy !ellsaintain lo& !on!entrations of salt int$eir !ytoplas "y "alan!ing osoti!potential &it$ organi!* !opati"le solutes(

T$ey do t$is "y t$e synt$esis or upta%e of!opati"le solutes(

Copati"le oluteJ


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Copati"le olutetrategy

Copati"le solutes in!lude polyolssu!$ as glycerol, sugars and theirderivatives* amino acids and their

derivatives*

Energeti!ally t$is is an expensive

process(

Autotrop$s use "et&een


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Copati"le olutetrategy Energy is also e'pended in pumping

out salts t$at dissol#e into t$e !ell(

T$e upta*e of available compatible

solutes in t$e en#ironent is anadaptation t$ey $a#e e#ol#ed to redu!et$e energy !ost of li#ing in $ig$ salt!on!entrations(

.S l i / S


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.Saltin/ Strategy

Cells !an $a#e internalconcentrations that areosmotically e#uivalent to t$eir

e'ternal en#ironent( T$is salt)inJ strategy is priarily used

"y aerobic* e'treely $alop$ili!

ar!$aea and anaero"i! "a!teria( T$ey aintain osoti!ally e-ui#alent

internal !on!entrations "yaccumulating high concentrations

of potassium chloride(

l i J


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alt)inJ trategy

Potassiu ions enter t$e !ell passi#ely#ia a uniport system( odiu ionsare puped out( C$loride enters t$e

!ell against t$e e"rane potential#ia !otransport &it$ sodiu ions(

For e#ery three molecules ofpotassium chloride accumulated,t!o A() are $ydroly.ed a%ing t$isstrategy ore energy eK!ient t$an

t$e !opati"le soluteJ strategy(


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alt)inJ trategy

To use t$is strategy all en0ymes andstructural cell components must beadapted to $ig$ salt !on!entrations to

ensure proper !ell fun!tion(

; l " i l f


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;alo"a!teriu, an e'aple of an e'tree$alop$ile

;alo"a!teriu are e"ers of t$e$alop$ile group in t$e doain ar!$aea( T$ey are &idely resear!$ed for t$eir

e'tree $alop$ilis and uni-uestru!ture(

T$ey re-uire salt !on!entrations"et&een >7G to


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;alo"a!teriu

T$ey ay also $a#e $alor$odopsin t$atpups !$loride into t$e !ell instead ofpuping protons out(

T$e Red ea &as naed after$alo"a!teriu t$at turns t$e &ater redduring assi#e "loos(


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Appli!ations

Current appli!ations using $alop$ilesin!lude, t$e e'tra!tion of !arotene fro !arotene

ri!$ $alo"a!teria and $alop$ili! algae t$at!an t$en "e used as food additi#es or asfood)!oloring agents(

t$e use of $alop$ili! organiss in t$e

ferentation of soy sau!e and T$ai 6s$sau!e(


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Appli!ations

Many possi"le appli!ations using$alop$iles are "eing e'plored su!$ as, in!reasing !rude oil e'tra!tion

geneti!ally engineering $alop$ili! en.yeen!oding DNA into !rops to allo& for salttoleran!e

treatent of &aste &ater

l i


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Con!lusions

;alop$iles are salt tolerant organiss( T$ey are &idespread and found in all

t$ree doains(

T$e salt)inJ strategy uses less energy"ut re-uires intra!ellular adaptations(Only a fe& pro%aryotes use it(

All ot$er $alop$iles use t$e

!opati"le soluteJ strategy t$at isenergy e'pensi#e "ut does not re-uirespe!ial adaptations(


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)oly )

Polyp$osp$ates 2polyP3* linear polyers of tens or$undreds of ort$op$osp$ate 2Pi3 residues lin%ed "y

$ig$)energy p$osp$oan$ydride "onds*

asso!iated &it$ t$e !apa!ity of i!ro"es to resist "ot$p$ysi!al and !$ei!al stresses

polyP granules or "odies

6rst e'aples of e"rane)"ound organelles &it$iportant fun!tional roles found in "ot$ pro%aryoti! andeu%aryoti! %ingdos(


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Cellular polyP $a#e "een proposed toser#e as reser#oirs for p$osp$ate and as!$elators of etal ions and in gene

regulation

polyP $a#e also "een lin%ed to a #arietyof i!ro"ial p$ysiologi!al pro!esses*in!luding otility* "io6l de#elopent*-uoru sensing* and #irulen!e


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Heneti! prospe!ting

$at is it T$in% of a $unt for t$e geneti! gold

Pr( Patri!% Forterre* E'treop$iles =a"oratory of IHM at Orsay* Fran!e $ttp,??&&&)ar!$"a!(u)psud(fr?


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+ses of E'treop$iles

t$e de#elopent of iportant industrialpro!esses and t$e dis!o#ery of $ealt$)prooting "ioole!ules( E'aples ,

"io!$ei!als used for detergentforulations*

leat$er and paper pro!essing*

"iofuels*

"ioreediation* +V)"lo!%ing* and

ne& anti"ioti!s


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+ses of E'treop$iles

1ioremediation

+ses organiss to !lean up to'i!*

$a.ardous* or re!al!itrant !opounds "y

degrading t$e to $arless !opounds

Most %no&n appli!ation is use of "a!teria to

!lean oil spills

adaptation of microbe

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