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The Law of Use and Disuse

He proposed that if an organ is used a lot it

will develop and strengthen

If it is not used it will atrophy He called this the law of use and disuse

2008 Paul Billiet ODWS Lamarck

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Physical Differences BetweenNeandertals and Humans

Large

frontteeth

Brow ridge

Receding forehead

Modern HumanModern HumanNeandertalNeandertal

Brain shape

Occipital bun

Retromolar gap

Large eyesockets

Chinreceding

Modern HumanModern HumanNeandertalNeandertal

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A

dvantages of Bipedalism Travel for food

Transport food

Feed in stationary position Avoid predatory attacks

Thermoregulatory advantages

Tool use

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Anatomy of Bipedalism

Shorter/broaderpelvis

Human Great Ape

Valgus angle

The angle the femur (leg bone) makes relative to the

knee. About 90 degrees in apes, less in bipeds

Valgus angle Knee

Lengthened

lower limbs

Enlarged joint

surfaces

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Anatomy of Bipedalism

Relocation offoramen magnum

Human Great Ape

Lower/upper spinecurvature

Restructuring of

rib cage

Rearrangement of

musculature

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Origin of the Races

Scientific classification

African (groups indigenous to Africa)

Caucasian (European populations)

Greater Asian (Mongols, Polynesians,Micronesians)

Amerindian (North & South AmericanIndians, Eskimos)

Australoid (Australia, Papua)

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Biological Basis for Race

No specific race genes

Skin color melanin (phenomelanin andeumelanin)

Melanin expression controlled by theenzyme tyrosinase

All people have enough tyrosinase to be

very black in skin color Regulation of the tyrosinase determines

skin color

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Sharing the Planet

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Extinct:not alive any more

Extinct in the wi

ld:

captive individuals survive, but there is no free-living, naturalpopulation. Examples:Socorro Dove, Red-tailed Black Shark

Critically endangered: faces an extremely high risk ofextinction in the immediate future.

Examples:Mountain Gorilla, Brown Spider Monkey

Endangered: faces a very high risk of extinction in the near future. Examples:Dhole, Blue

Whale, Asian Elephant, Giant Panda, Snow Leopard

Vulnerable: faces a high risk of extinction in the medium-term. Examples:African

Elephant, Cheetah, Gaur, Lion

Near threatened: may be considered threatened in the near future. Examples:Blue-

billed Duck, Jaguar

Least concern: no immediate threat to the survival of the species. Examples:Common

Wood Pigeon, Rock Pigeon, Giraffe`

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Endangered Species Top Ten List!

According to the World Wildlife Federation, these

are the ten most endangered species on earth.

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#10 The mako shark

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#9 Green-cheeked parrot

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# 8 Big leaf mahogany

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# 7 Hawksbill Turtle

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# 6 Alligator Snapping Turtle

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# 5 - Goldenseal

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# 4 Beluga sturgeon

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# 3 - Tiger

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# 2 Giant panda

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And, the number one endangered

species on the whole dang planetis

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The black rhinoceros

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And, thats all folks.

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Critically Endangered

In India we have six species of the birdswhich come under this category

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White-backed Vulture Gyps bengalensis

This species is widely distributed in India

Till late 1990 it was in abundant butdeclined rapidly

Cause veterinary use of diclofenac forlivestock

Conservation BNHS initiative -Vulture Conservation Center at

Pinjore, Buxa and Nagaon

- Nation wide Ban on diclofenac

- Vulture advocacy programme

- Comes under Schedule I of Indian

Wildlife ( Protection) Act. 1972

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Long-billed Vulture Gyps indicus

This species is also widely distributed inIndia

Like White-backed Vultures their populationdeclined rapidly after 1990

Cause veterinary use of diclofenac forcattle

Conservation BNHS initiative

-Vulture Conservation Center at

Pinjore, Buxa and Nagaon- Nation wide Ban on diclofenac

- Vulture advocacy programme

- Comes under Schedule I of IndianWildlife

(Protection) Act. 1972

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Jerdon's Courser Rhinptilus bitorquatus

This is endemic bird found in south-easternAndhra Pradesh. Earlier known from fewplaces in Central India from Godavari Riverbasin.

Habitat specialist bird found only in scrubforest

Threats habitat destruction because ofhuman activities

Conservation BNHS is carrying out longterm study in Sri Lankamalleshwar Sanctuaryin Cuddapah district ofAndhra Pradesh.

- Comes under Schedule I of IndianWildlife (Protection) Act. 1972

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Forest Owlet Heteroglaux blewitti

This bird is endemic to Satpuda Mountainsknown from only from six places in CentralIndia. Because of the Forest Owlet, the CentralIndian Forests come under Endemic Bird Area

Only found in dry deciduous forests

Threats habitat destruction for fuel wood,illicit wood cutting, overgrazing and directpersecution by tribal

Conservation BNHS carried out three yearstudy in Satpuda. Several recommendationshave been put forward for its protection andconservation.

- Comes under Schedule I of IndianWildlife (Protection) Act. 1972

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Sociable Lapwing Vanellus gregarius

It is a migratory bird visits India duringwinter

Inhabitant of Europe and west-central Asia

The population is decreased rapidly in thisdecade

Threats - increasing use of pesticide andchange in land use pattern

Conservation declared as criticallyendangered and protected by law invarious countries. Listed in Appendix I ofCITES.

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Pallas's Fish Eagle Haliaetus leucoryphus

Very recently included in CriticallyEndangered category

Inhabitant of large wetlands. It is a breeding

migrant to India.

Threats habitat loss and destruction,pollution on large water bodies due topesticides and industrial effluents

Conservation - included on Appendix II ofCITES. It is listed in Schedule I of the IndianWildlife (Protection) Act

1972

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Natural Extinctions

Habitat Disruption

Volcanic Eruptions

Asteroid Impact

Habitat Modification

Climate Change

Mountain-Building

Sea Level Change

Exotic Species

Continental Drift

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Extinct Species

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Extinct Animals

http://www.studentsoftheworld.info/sites/ani

mals/33579.php