Daily Challenges

FOOD FOR THOUGHT Once upon a time in a land far away kings used to use their foot size as a means of determining length. One king ordered 36 kings feet of expensive royal fabric from a neighboring country. When the king received his fabric it was only 27 kings feet. Angry that he was being cheated, he declared war on his neighboring country. The fighting lasted for several years. What do you think caused the fighting? What could have been done to prevent this war?

AM #21. What is the fear of the number 13

called?2. What are the 6 metric prefixes?3. What units do we use to measure

volume ?4. How many kiloliters are in 500 liters?

AnswersAnswers:1.TRISKADEKAPHOBIA2.KILO; HECTO; DEKA; DECI; CENTI;

MILLI3.Milliliters (ml) for liquids and irregular

solids (displacement factor) OR cm3 if a rectangular solid

4..5 kl

AM #31. Define mass.2. What is the formula for Density?3. What are the units for Density?4. Define temperature.

Answers 1. The amount of matter in a object.2. D = M/V3. For a Regular solid – g/cm3; for a liquid

or an irregular solid – g/ml4. The amount of ENERGY in an object.

AM #41. 6.2 km = ? M2. The mass of an object is 25g and the

volume is 5ml. What is the density?3. Compare and Contrast accuracy and

precision.4. What is a controlled experiment?

Answers1. 6200m2. 5g/ml3. Accuracy – exactness of your measure and

skill (rounding to nearest .01) Precision – ability to replicate - following the directions exactly as they are written every time.

4. A controlled experiment is one where one variable remains the same (called the control). This is like a point of reference for the experiment. Other variables may be changed (independent variables).

AM # 51. Compare a dependent and an

independent variable.2. Differentiate between a theory to a law.3. Compare quantitative and qualitative

data.4. 6783.49 cl = ? dkl

Answers1. An independent variable is what you

change in an experiment. A dependent variable is the result of changing the independent variable.

2. A theory cannot be concretely proven. A law states a fact.

3. Quantitative – numerical data; Qualitative – details (color, condition, etc.)

4. 6.78349dkl

AM #61. An object has a density of 1.8 g/ml. Will

the object sink or float?2. What tools do you need to calculate

density?3. Give an example scenario where

accuracy is of the utmost importance.

ANSWERS1. Sink (Density greater than 1)2. For a regular solid: metric ruler/meter

stick and a scale/triple-beam balance; For an irregular solid: graduated cylinder (or sometimes a beaker), water, and a scale/triple-beam balance.

3. Answers will vary

AM #71. Differentiate between weight and mass.2. What unit do we use to measure weight

and force?3. What tools are used for measuring mass

(and weight)?

ANSWERS1. Mass is the amount of matter in an

object. Weight is the gravitational force that is exerted on an object.

2. Newton 3. Mass: triple-beam balance/scale and

spring scale; Weight: spring scale/scale

AM # 81. Compare mass and inertia2. Define ductility.3. What does it mean if a substance is

malleable?4. The temperature of an acid solution is

250C. A strip of magnesium is added and the temperature rises 20C each minute for the first 3 minutes. After another 5 minutes the temperature has risen 2 more degrees. What is the final temperature?

ANSWERS1. Mass is a measure of inertia. The more

mass an object has, the more inertia it has.

2. The ability to be pulled into wires. (Copper)

3. The substance can be hammered and rolled into sheets. (Aluminum)

4. 330C

AM #91. How does a chemical change differ from

a chemical property?2. What are the signs of a chemical

change?3. Generally speaking, is a chemical

change reversible? Why or Why not?4. Which of the following is a chemical

property? Malleability, Ductility, Conductivity, or Density

ANSWERS1. Chemical changes occur when one or more

substances are changed into entirely new substances with new properties. Chemical properties determines whether chemical change will occur.

2. Change in color or odor, production of heat, fizzing and foaming, sound or light being given off, etc.

3. A chemical change constitutes a change in composition. It is virtually impossible to revert an object to its original composition.

4. Conductivity – ability to conduct an electrical charge

AM # 101. Compare the 3 states of matter in

regard to placement of particles.2. How is a plasma classified as a state of

matter?3. Compare Boyle’s Law to Charles’ Law.4. What happens to a helium balloon when

it is taken outside on a cold winter day? Explain why.

ANSWERS1. Solid: particles tightly packed; liquid: particles

loosely packed – enough to where they can slip past one another; gas: particles are widely dispersed

2. An ionized gas. It only exists on the earth in the form of lightning. Almost impossible to harness…Plasma makes up about 99% of the matter in the universe.

3. Boyle: constant temperature – volume increases as pressure decreases. Charles: constant pressure – volume increases and temperature increases

4. Balloon deflates – example of Charles Law (as temperature decreases, volume decreases)

AM #111.Compare elements, mixtures,

and compounds.2.What are the three

classifications of elements?3.Give an example of an element,

a mixture, and a compound.4.Compare a solute to a solvent.

ANSWERS…1. Element – as simplistic as a substance

can be without losing its properties; Mixture – substances that are NOT chemically combined; Compound – substances that ARE chemically combined

2. Metal, Nonmetal, Metalloid3. Element: Neon; Mixture: salad;

Compound: Water4. A solute is dissolved in a solvent.

AM #121. What is concentration?2. How can we change the

solubility rate?3. Give an example of a

colloid and a suspension.4. What is the universal

solvent?

ANSWERS1.The ratio of solute to solvent. 2.Can be manipulated by heat.3.Colloid: jello, milk,

mayonnaise; Suspension: Italian Salad Dressing, Homestyle Orange Juice

4.WATER!!!

AM #131. Define an atom.2. Compare an atom, element,

molecule, and a compound.3. What makes John Dalton

special?4. What Greek Philosopher came

up with the idea for an atom?

ANSWERS1. Smallest particle into which an

element/substance can be cut.2. Atom – smallest particle of an element;

element – pure substance (on periodic table); molecule – any two chemically bonded ATOMS; compound – any two or more chemically bonded ELEMENTS

3. He was the first to develop an atomic theory.

4. Democritus

AM # 141. Who’s theory about the atom was

called “plum pudding?”2. What is Rutherford credited for?3. What unit do we use to measure

atomic mass?4. What charges do the subatomic

particles hold?5. Where can the subatomic particles

be found inside the atom?

ANSWERS1. J.J. Thomson2. The positively charged nucleus3. Atomic mass unit (amu’s)4. Proton = +; Neutron = neutral;

Electron = -5. Protons and Neutrons – inside the

nucleus; Electrons – in the electron clouds spinning around the nucleus

AM # 151. What does the atomic number tell

you?2. How do you find the number of

neutrons in an atom?3. How many electrons will the 4

electron cloud hold?4. What is an ion?5. What forces are at work inside an

atom?

ANSWERS1. How many protons are in the nucleus.

Most of the time it tells you the number of electrons as well (unless it is an ion).

2. Take the difference between the atomic number and the atomic mass (rounded to the nearest whole number).

3. 324. An electrically charged atom. The number

of protons and electrons are NOT equal. Can be positive or negative.

5. Magnetic and Gravitational

AM#161. What does the term “periodic” mean?2. Who was the first scientist to organize

the Periodic Table of Elements?3. Using your textbook: define “periodic

law.”4. Using your textbook: What are the

only 2 elements that are liquids at room temperature?

5. What are the 6 metalloids?

ANSWERS…1. Happening at regular intervals2. Mendeleev3. Repeating chemical and physical

properties of elements change periodically (across periods) with the element’s atomic number

4. Bromine and Mercury5. Boron (B), Silicon (Si), Germanium

(Ge), Arsenic (As), Antimony (Sb), and Tellurium (Te)

AM#171. What are the vertical columns called on

the periodic table?2. What are the horizontal rows called on

the periodic table?3. As you move across periods from left to

right, what happens to elements?4. What is Group 1 called? What are the

common characteristics of this group?5. What is Group 2 called? What are the

common characteristics of this group?

ANSWERS…1. Groups/Families2. Periods3. Elements become less metallic; change

based on a repeating pattern (periodic law).

4. Alkali Metals; highly reactive; one valence electron; explodes in presence of water

5. Alkaline Earth Metals; reactive; 2 valence electrons

AM#181. Where are the Lanthanides and

Actinides located on the Periodic Table?

2. Name 2 elements from these 2 series.

3. What group is called the Halogens?4. Why are the Noble Gases “noble?”5. What is the purpose of a valence

electron?

ANSWERS…1. At the bottom2. Answers Vary…3. Group 174. The have a full set of valence

electrons and do not feel the need to bond to be complete.

5. They are the electrons that are responsible for bonding. Commonly called the “hook up” electrons…

AM#191. What happens to chemical bonds

during a chemical reaction?2. What are the “magic numbers” in

bonding?3. Do the Noble Gases bond?4. What kind of elements make up an

ionic, covalent, and metallic bond?5. Why would an ion carry a negative

charge?

ANSWERS…1. The break and the bond again2. 2 and 83. No – they have 8 valence electrons in

their outermost shell4. Ionic = metal/nonmetal; Covalent =

nonmetal/nonmetal; Metallic = metal/metal

5. It has gained electrons during the bonding process

s

AM#201. Why would an ion carry a positive

charge?2. Why are ionic compounds neutral?3. Give an example of a molecule.4. Why can you bend a metal spoon,

but not a wooden spoon?5. What is the result of a chemical

reaction?

ANSWERS…1. It lost electrons during the bonding

process. Therefore the protons outnumber the electrons.

2. The positive charged metal neutralizes the negative charged nonmetal. (+2 + -2 = 0)

3. H2O or O2

4. Metals bond loosely, therefore they can bend. Ionic and covalent bonds are more brittle than metallic bonds.

5. A chemical bond (or a product).

AM #211. What is a precipitate?2. What are 3 signs of a chemical reaction?3. How many atoms are in the following

equations?1. H2O

2. C6H12O6

3. 2Al2(SO4)3

4. Label the parts of the following equation.1. C + O2 CO2

5. Balance the following equation.1. ___H + ___ O2 ____ H2O

ANSWERS…1. A solid particle that forms during a chemical

reaction.2. Gas formation, precipitate formation, color

change, fizzing, etc…3. 3,24,344. Label the parts of the following equation.

1. C + O2 CO2

5. Balance the following equation.1. ___H + ___ O2 ____ H2O

AM #221. Explain the Law of Conservation of Mass in

relation to a chemical equation.2. Give an example of each of the following:

1. Synthesis2. Decomposition3. Single-Displacement Reaction4. Double-Displacement Reaction

3. What is an endothermic reaction? An exothermic reaction?

4. What is the Law of Conservation of Energy and how does it apply to chemical reactions?

ANSWERS…1. What ever particles you start with, you also end

with. (Balancing Equations) Matter is NOT created or destroyed!

1. Synthesis…Na + Cl = NaCl2. Decomposition…NaCl = Na + Cl3. Single-Displacement Reaction

1. Zn + AgCl Yields Ag + ZnCl4. Double-Displacement Reaction

1. ZnF + AgCl Yields AgF + ZnCl

2. Endo = energy is brought in (on reactant side); Exo = energy is released (on product side)

3. What ever energy you start with, you finish with…energy is NOT created or destroyed!

AM #231. What kind of energy is required to

start a chemical reaction?2. What are 5 ways we can manipulate a

Chemical Reaction?3. What is an indicator?4. Describe an acid.5. Describe a base.6. How does the pH scale work?

ANSWERS…1. Activation energy2. Temperature, concentration, inhibitor,

catalyst, surface area3. Substance that changes color in the

presence of an acid or base4. Sour, toxic, corrosive5. Bitter, slippery, conducts electrical

current6. 1-14 – lower numbers are acids; higher

numbers are bases; 7 is neutral

AM#241. What is the formula for speed?2. Calculate the speed: 50meters and

10seconds3. What is velocity?4. Define acceleration.5. What are the 2 types of acceleration? 6. What do we call continuous

acceleration in a circle?7. Define force. What unit do we use to

measure force?

ANSWERS1. Speed = Distance ÷ Time2. 5m/s3. Speed in a SPECIFIC direction

(45m/s NW)4. Any change in velocity (speed or

direction)5. Positive and Negative (Deceleration)6. Centripetal Acceleration7. A push or pull; the newton (N)

AM#251. Describe net force.2. What happens when forces are traveling in

the same direction? In the opposite direction?

3. Describe a balanced force. What can balanced forces NOT do?

4. Describe an unbalanced force. What can unbalanced do?

5. How is friction involved in unbalanced forces?

6. What 2 factors affect friction?

ANSWERS1. The combination of all forces acting on an

object.2. Same direction = add; Opposite direction =

subtract3. An object that has constant velocity or is

completely still; cannot start motion!4. An object in motion; can begin or change

motion!5. Friction is a factor to increase or decrease

motion/unbalanced force.6. Force applies; roughness of the surfaces

AM #261. What are the 2 kinds of friction?2. State one way that friction can be helpful

and one way that friction can be harmful.3. What is gravity? What unit do we use to

measure gravity?4. What do you have to overcome to lift an

object?5. What are the 2 parts of the Universal

Law of Gravitation?6. Differentiate between weight and mass.

ANSWERS1. Kinetic and Static2. Slowing down your car = helpful;

friction in a car engine = harmful3. Force of attraction between objects;

newtons4. Earth’s gravity5. Gravitational force increases as mass

increases; gravitational force decreases as distance increases

6. Weight is variable; Mass is constant

AM#271. 100 grams = ? In Newtons2. How do we represent gravity numerically?3. What is the formula for calculating the

change in velocity?4. Calculate the change in velocity: A penny

falls from a stairwell and travels 7 seconds. What is it’s velocity as it hits the ground?

5. How does air resistance affect gravity?6. What is terminal velocity?

ANSWERS1. 1 newton2. 9.8 m/s23. ΔV = G X T4. 68.6 m/s5. Air resistance opposes gravity; it is a

type of friction6. The point at which air resistance and

gravity reach equilibrium and the object no longer accelerates.

AM #281. Where is the only place an object can be

in a true free fall?2. What 2 movements/motions are

involved in projectile motion?3. What does Newton’s First Law State?

Give an example.4. What is inertia?5. How are mass and inertia related?

ANSWERS1. In orbit (in space)2. Horizontally then down (vertical)3. Object in motion stays in motion, object at

rest stays at rest until an unbalanced force acts upon it; bumper cars

4. Tendency of an object to resist a change in motion

5. As mass increases, inertia increases…the larger the object, the more inertia it has…compare stopping an 18-wheeler to a Prius

AM #291. What is Newton’s Second Law of Motion?2. Give an example of Newton’s 2nd Law.3. What are the 2 factors involved in

Newton’s Second Law?4. What is the formula for acceleration?5. What is the formula for calculating force?6. What is the acceleration of a 7kg mass if

a force of 68.6N is used to move it toward Earth?

7. What force is necessary to accelerate a 1,250kg car at a rate of 40m/s2?

ANSWERS1. The acceleration of an object depends on

the mass of the object and the force applied.2. Compare pushing an empty grocery cart to a

full grocery cart. Which is easier to start and stop.

3. Mass and Force4. A= Force ÷ Mass5. F= Mass X Acceleration6. 9.8 m/s2

7. 50,000N

AM#301. What does Newton’s Third Law state?2. Give an example of Newton’s 3rd Law.3. Define Momentum.4. How does the Law of Conservation of

Momentum work?5. Define Work.6. What formula do we use to calculate

work?7. What is the unit we use for work?8. What is Power?9. How do we calculate Power?

ANSWERS1. For every action there is an equal and opposite

reaction.2. Bouncing a ball3. The product of mass and velocity4. Momentum is not created or destroyed; it is simply

transferred5. Transfer of energy where force and object are

traveling in the same direction.6. W = Force X Distance7. Joules8. P = Work ÷ Time9. Watt

AM #311. What is Power?2. How do we calculate Power?3. Define a machine.4. Is it possible for any machine to have

100% efficiency? Why or Why not?5. What are the 3 classes of levers? Give

an example of each.6. What are the 3 kinds of pulleys? What is

the advantage of the Block and Tackle pulley?

ANSWERS…1. See previous AM 2. See previous AM3. Device that makes work easier by manipulating

force4. No, because of friction no machine can ever be

100% efficient.5. 1st class = see saw; 2nd class = wheelbarrow; 3rd

class = swinging a hammer6. Fixed, Movable, and Block and Tackle; Block

and Tackle adds extra wheels so that the weight is distributed evenly…if there are 4 wheels, each wheel takes 25% of the weight.

AM #321. Give an example of a wheel and axle.2. Give an example of an incline plane.3. Give an example of a wedge.4. Give an example of a screw.5. What is a compound machine?6. Define energy.7. What are the 2 kinds of energy?8. What is GPE? How do you calculate

GPE?

ANSWERS…1. Doorknob2. Ramp3. Knife4. Screw5. When more than one simple machine are

combined.6. Ability to do work.7. Kinetic and Potential8. Gravitational Potential Energy (higher you raise

the object, the more potential energy it has); GPE = weight X height

AM #331. What is mechanical energy?2. What is thermal energy?3. Why is chemical energy important?4. How does electrical energy work?5. How does sound energy travel? Can

sound travel in space?6. What is special about light energy?7. What are the 2 kinds of nuclear energy?

ANSWERS…1. Total energy of motion (KE) and position (PE)2. All KE due to random movement of particles

(heat). 3. Energy of a compound as atoms rearrange (food).4. Energy of moving electrons.5. Sound energy travels by vibrating particles.

Sound cannot travel in space since it is a vacuum.6. Light can travel through any matter – particles

are not required.7. Fission – splitting of the nuclei; Fusion – fusing

(coming together) of nuclei

AM #341. What is energy conversion?2. Describe how the conversion of electrical

energy works?3. What can change energy into different

forms?4. Define friction.5. Summarize the Law of Conservation of

Energy.6. What type of energy does an object have to

have to convert?7. Is perpetual motion possible?

ANSWERS…1. Change from one form of energy to another.2. Light energy and thermal energy can be

converted to electrical energy so that you can turn on a lamp and the light glows.

3. Machines4. Force that opposes motion.5. Energy is NEVER created or destroyed, it is

simply transferred.6. Thermal energy (heat)7. No, 100% efficiency is NOT possible where

friction exists.

AM #351. Define temperature.2. What is the boiling point of each scale (C, K, and F)3. What is the freezing point of each scale (C,K, and F)4. What is thermal expansion and why is it significant?5. What is absolute zero? Is absolute zero possible to

replicate?6. What is heat?7. What is Thermal Conduction? Give an example.8. Define (thermal) insulators and (thermal) conductors.9. What is convection? Give an example.10.What is radiation? Give an example.11.Define specific heat.

ANSWERS…1. Measure of average KE of particles.2. 212OF; 100OC; 273K3. 32OF; 0OC; -273K4. Roads and bridges need extra space to expand5. Point where all motion stops; -459OF, -273OC; 0K; it’s NOT possible to

replicate absolute zero6. Energy transferred between objects of 2 different temperatures.7. Transfer of energy by direct contact; touch a hot pot8. Conductors: conduct thermal energy; insulators: do not conduct

thermal energy 9. Transfer of energy by fluid in a circular patters; convection currents10.Transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves; sun on your face (heat

you can feel)11.Amount of energy needed to change the temperature of an object by

1OC