ACUTE OTITIS MEDIA

TUBE HYPEREMIS STAGE

Presentator:Megawati Abubakar (12136)

Identity Nama : Ny.A Umur : 53 tahun Alamat : Srowot, Banyumas No MR : 00494641

Anamnesis

The main complaint was fulfilled ears History of present illness:

Since 4 days ago, patient complained fulfilled ear both in the right and left side. The fulfilled was felt constantly and she felt discomfort inside the ears. Sometimes she heard buzzing inside her ear. The patien also got rhinorheae with waterry discharge along with fever until now. There was no discharge coming out from her ears, hearing loss, dizziness, or vertigo. She denied complaint in the throat.

History of past illness: - History of the same complains (+) when she was 5 years old - History of alergy (-)

History of illness in family members: - History of the same complains (-)- History of alergy (-)

Physical Examination General status : well conscious, adequatly

nourished. Vital sign :- Blood Pressure : not

measured - Pulse : 92 x/min - Respiration : 25 x/min - Temperature : 38,3 0C

RESUME ANAMNESIS

Fulfilled ear 4 days Discomfort inside ears Buzzing Rhinorheae Fever

TREATMENT - Observation - Pseudoefedrin 3x30 mg - Paracetamol syrup 3x2 cth - Education

INTRODUCTION

Most common diseases of the middle ear are inflammations and infections play a major role

Otitis media is the most common reason for an illness-related medical visit in preschool age children. (Bailey, 2006)

second most common diagnosis made by pediatricians(Linsk R et al,2002)

INTRODUCTION

70% of children will have had one or more episodes of acute otitis media by their third birthday.

occurs mainly in children : newborn period - 7 years

occurs equally in males and females(Healy&Rosbe,Ballenger’s,2002)

INTRODUCTION

Bondy et al : the proportion of children with a diagnosis of otitis media was highest (42% to 60%) in the 7 to 36 months range

Other studies have shown the highest incidence of acute otitis media, for both sexes, was in the 6 to 11 months(Bailey,2006)

INTRODUCTION

Epidemiologic studies at the University of Pittsburgh : 90% incidence of otitis media in urban children within the first 2 years of life. (Clinical Otology,2007)

Children who live in crowded households,low socioeconomic conditions, poor medical care increasing incidence of acute otitis media(Bailey,2006)

OVERVIEW

ANATOMY

OVERVIEW

The middle earAn air-filled, mucous membrane-lined space in the temporal bone between the tympanic membrane laterally and the lateral wall of the internal ear medially.(Gray’s Anatomy for Student,2007)

OVERVIEW

MIDDLE EAR

Middle Ear

OVERVIEW

AUDITORY OSSICLES

OVERVIEW

Tympanic Membrane Oval shape 8 mm wide and 10 mm high consists of three layers: 1. The outer layer : from the ectoderm, consists

of squamous epithelium.2. The inner layer : from the endoderm,

consists of cuboidal mucosal epithelium. 3. The middle layer : from the mesenchyme,

called the middle fibrous layer

Tympanic Membrane

OVERVIEW

Pharyngotympanic tube (Eustachian tube)

The pharyngotympanic tube/Eustachian tube connects the middle ear - the nasopharynx

Range of length : 31 to 38 mm In adults, the Eustachian tube lies at an

angle 45ºin relation to horizontal plane and in infants this inclination is 10º

OVERVIEW

Pharyngotympanic tube (Eustachian tube)

The Eustachian Tube has three function :1.Ventilation of the middle ear associated

with equalization.2.Protection of the middle ear from sound

and secretions.3.Drainage of middle ear secretions into

the nasopharynxwith.

OVERVIEW

Vasculary SupplyGreat vessels- anterior tympanic branch of the

maxillary: tympanic membrane - stylomastoid branch of the occipital or

posterior auricular arteries : the posterior tympanic cavity and mastoid air cells.

OVERVIEW

. The smallers arteries include:- petrosal branch of the middle meningeal- the superior tympanic branch of the

middle meningeal - a branch from the ascending pharyngeal - tympanic branch or branches from the

internal carotid canal

OVERVIEW

VeinsThese terminate in the pterygoid venous plexus and the superior petrosal sinus.

OVERVIEW

Innervation- The nerves that innervate tympanic

cavity is tympanic plexus.- Derives from the tympanic branch of the

glossopharyngeal nerve and the caroticotympanic nerves.

OVERVIEW

Tympanic Plexus supplies: Branches to the mucosa of the tympanic

cavity, pharyngotympanic tube and mastoid air cells.

A branch traversing an opening anterior to the fenestra vestibuli and joining the greater petrosal nerve.

The lesser petrosal nerve, which may be regarded as continuation of the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve travesing the tympanic plexus

OVERVIEW

Definition- Acute otitis media (AOM) represents the rapid onset of

an inflammatory process of the middle ear space associated with one or more symptoms or local or systemic signs(Healy and Rosbe,2002)

- Acute otitis media (AOM) is an infection that involves the middle ear. The tympanic membrane becomes inflamed and opaque. Blood vessels to the area dilate. Fluid accumulates in the middle ear space. AOM is usually associated with infection by viruses or bacteria.

- (http://www.utmb.edu/pedi_ed/AOM-Otitis/default.htm)

OVERVIEW

ETIOLOGY most common bacterial pathogens:- Streptococcus pneumonia (35%) - Haemophilis influenza (23%) Less Frequent- Moraxella catarrhalis- Group A Streptococcus- Branhamella catarrhalis- Staphylococcus aureu- gram-negative enteric bacteria

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Tuba dysfuction air resorbtion

negatif.pressure Obstructed tuba influx bacteria

AOM

(Bailey,2006)

Infection

Clinical Features

Occlusion tube stage- Performing tympanic membrane

retraction due to negative pressure inside the middle ear due to air.

- Sometimes the color of tympanic membrane normal or pale.

Clinical Features

Hyperemia stage or presupuration stage

- Dilated vessels in the tympanic membrane

- The tympanic membrane is hyperemia and edema.

- The performing discharge may be serous so that difficult to assess.

•Hyperemia stage or presupuration stageHyperemia stage is characterized with dilated vessels in the tympanic membrane or the tympanic membrane is hyperemia and edema . The performing discharge may be serous so that difficult to assess.

OVERVIEW

Supuration stage- All symptoms become

more severe. - The drum now starts

bulging and convex. - The exudates exerts

pressure on one spot of the ear drum, may be the point of perforation later and the point appears like yellow nipple.

OVERVIEW

Perforation stage- The drum perforates , pus

starts flowing out. - Pain and constitutional

symptoms lessen with the escape of ear discharge. Otorrhoea ,may be initially blood-stained,discharge can range from mucoid to frankly purulent. Examination: ear drum reveals a small perforation, usually in the anteroinferior quadrant with pulsatile discharge.

OVERVIEW

Resolution stage- If the tympanic membrane is still intact

gradually back to normal condition.- If perforation happens, the discharge

will decrease and finally become dry. In good immunity system , resulotion will be performed eventhough without any medical treatment

OVERVIEW

DIAGNOSIS Careful history (fulfilled/fullness

ear,otalgia, fever) and physical examination will lead to the accurate diagnosis of acute otitis media

The ultimate diagnostic test to confirm the presence of AOM involves aspiration of middle ear contents

OVERVIEW

TREATMENT- Watchful waiting without antibiotic therapy

healthy 2-year-olds or older children with nonsevere illness

- Antibiotic therapyFirst line therapy: Amoxicillin 80mg-90mg/kg/24 hours in three divided doses , for 10 days

- The adjunctive therapy include analgesics and antipyretics.

- Myringotomy

CASE REPORT

Otorhinolarygology examination: Otoscopy examination : the both auricles were within normal limit. Both external auditory canals were within normal limit. Tympanic membranes were pale and retraction. Rhinoscopy anterior examination : hyperemia conchae & discharge serous-mucousRhinoscopy posterior examination : within normal limitOrofarings examination : within normal limitIndirect laringoscopy examination : within normal limit

 

DIAGNOSISacute otitis media in tube occlusion stage

PROBLEMRecurrency

PlanningControl again after 3 days of treatment to evaluate the disease.

Follow upPatient came after 3 days treatmentComplaint: the fulfilled ears was getting relievedPhisycal examination : Otoscopy examination : Both external auditory canals are within normal limit. Tympanic membranes were not retraction anymorePlan : continued the treatment and educated the parents to come back to the doctor if the symptoms were more severe.

DISCUSSION

Patient is diagnosed as acute otits media based on the anamnesis and physical examination

Based on the symptoms and signs this patient comes in tube occlusion stage

Sautter and Hirose: otitis media may be associated with

several inciting factors, most commonly upper respiratory tract infection and Eustachian tube dysfunction

DISCUSSION

Acute otitis media is usually characterized by rapid onset of otalgia and erythema of the tympanic membrane, otalgia and fever are more evident in younger children and maybe absent in older children

using pneumatic otoscopy alone has been shown to have 85% sensitivity and 75% specificity in the diagnosis of otitis media

DISCUSSION

According to Guidelines & Protocols Advisory Commitee : If older than 24 months, most cases of AOM resolve with systemic analgesics alone and do not require antibiotics. If signs and symptoms of AOM persist in spite of systemic analgesics after 48 to 72 hours, treat with antibiotics

DISCUSSION

Lalwani AK: There is no role for oral decongestants or antihistamines in the treatment of Acute Otitis Media

Bhargava: systemic decongestan like phenylephrine hydrochloride or pseudoephedrine decongest the mastoid, middle, ear cavity, and the Eustachian tube along with nasal cavity

DISCUSSION

After 3 days treatment, patient comes and shows better condition than before but we still plan to continue the observation

CONCLUSION

Have been reported a patient, girl, 7 years old and is diagnosed as acute otitis media in tube occlusion stage. The initial treatment of this patient is by giving pseudoefedrine 3x30 mg, paracetamol syrup 3x2cth, observation of the disease, also education. After 3 days treatment, the patient comes and shows better conditions than before getting any treatments

THANK YOUSUGGESTION PLEASE

UMHS Otitis Media Guideline, May, 2002

Low Risk Factors:- Exposure to group day care with

subsequent increase in respiratory infections.

- Exposure to environmental smoke or other respiratory irritants and allergens that interfere with

- Eustachian tube function. - Lack of breast feeding & Supine feeding

position

UMHS Otitis Media Guideline, May, 2002

High Risk FactorsCraniofacial abnormalities. Immune deficiency. Gastro-esophageal reflux.

Clasification

Acute stage is the short (less than 3 months) and rapid onset of signs and symptoms of middle ear disease.

Chronic stage is middle ear disease for 3 months or more

(Bailey, 2006)

> 3 months : Ballanger,1996 > 2 months : Djaafar, 2001 > 6 weeks : Rolland, 2002

Common signs and symptoms Fever Otalgia Otorhea Fullness in the ear Irritability Crying/shouting (child) Eardrum : light reflect (-),hyperemia, bulging,

perforation

Less common signs and symptoms Tinnitus Vertigo Facial paralysis Swelling behind the ear

(Bailey, 2006)

SIGN and SYMPTOM

Bluestone CD, Klein JO Otitis Media in Infants and Children 1995

S. pneumoniae H. influenzae

Amoxicillin +++ +++

Amoxicillin (80-100 mg/kg/d)

++++ +++

Amoxicillin/ Clavulanate

+++ ++++

Bluestone CD, Klein JO Otitis Media in Infants and Children 1995

S.pnuemoniae H. influenzae Cefaclor ++ +++ Cefixime ++ ++++ Cefuroxime ++++ ++++ Cefprozil ++++ +++ Ceftibuten ++ ++++ Ceftriaxone ++++ ++++ Cefpodoxime ++++ ++++ Loracarbef +++ ++++

1. Stadium Oklusi Tuba

Radang mukosa hidung/nasofaring berlanjut ke tuba eustachii mukosa udem lumen tuba sempit fungsi (ventilasi dan drainage) terganggu O2 menurun tekanan udara menurun perubahan mukosa kavum timpani, sehingga :Perubahan permeabilitas vasa darah dan limfePeningkatan permeabilitas membran selProliferasi sel kelenjarTerjadi transudasi hydrops ex vacuo

2. Stadium hiperemis (Presupurasi)

Anamnesis : demam, otalgia, fullness, pendengaran berkurang

Otoskopi : membran timpani kemerahan/hiperemi

Terapi: pada stadium ini bertujuan untuk memperlancar fungsi tuba (dengan mukolitik) dan menghindari perforasi m.tympani

Obat: antibiotik, analgetik, antipiretik, nasal decongestan, antiinflamasi

3. Stadium Supurasi

Adanya perubahan mukosa cavum timpani pertahanan mukosa setempat menurun kuman hidung/nasofaring penetrasi ke cavum timpani pembentukan eksudat purulen tekanan cavum meninggi bulging

3. Stadium Supurasi

Adanya perubahan mukosa cavum timpani pertahanan mukosa setempat menurun kuman hidung/nasofaring penetrasi ke cavum timpani pembentukan eksudat purulen tekanan cavum meninggi bulging

4. Stadium perforasi

Tekanan tinggi cavum timpani iskemia nekrosis mukosa dan submukosa perforasi

5. Stadium Resolusi

Pada stadium ini proses penyakit menyembuh

Oedem mukosa berkurang, fungsi tuba membaik, sekret berkurang/mengering

Membrana tympani kembali normal, terjadi resolusi pada perforasi membran timpani

MIRINGOTOMI(Efiaty,1990)

Tindakan insisi pada pars tensa membran tympani pada kuadran posterior-inferior agar tejadi drainase sekret dari telinga tengah ke liang telinga luar

Dapat menimbulkan komplikasi berupa perdarahan akibat trauma liang telinga luar, dislokasi tulang pendengaran, trauma pada fenestra rotundum, trauma nervus facialis

Indication 1. AOM with acute complications (mastoiditis, paresis n.VII, meningitis)2. AOM with severe otalgia3. Recurrent ear-ache or steady ear-

ache, fever still (+) even antibiotic had been given4. Patient is in neonatal periode5. Child with low immune system6. Culture

Otot sistem tuba eustachius

- 4 otot : - m. tensor veli palatini - m. levator veli palatini - m. salpingopharyngeus - m. tensor tympani

- ET tertutup saat istirahat terbuka saat mengunyah, menelan dan menguap-M. tensor veli palatini dilatator

Mekanisme pembukaan tuba : - aktif konstraksi m.tensor velli palatini .

- pasif beda tekanan kavum tympani dengan nasofaring (reflektoris) 20-40 mmHg

Acute Otitis Media Clinical Guideline from the American Academy of Pediatrics and American Academy of Family Physicians 2004)

Pseudoephedrine is a sympathomimetic agent that occurs naturally in plants of the genus Ephedra; the drug acts directly on both α- and, to a lesser degree, β-adrenergic receptors.

Pseudoephedrine is used as a nasal decongestant for self-medication for the temporary relief of nasal congestion associated with upper respiratory allergy and to provide temporary relief of sinus congestion and pressure. The drug also has been used for self-medication in the symptomatic prevention of otitic barotrauma

The usual dosage of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride for adults and children 12 years of age or older is 60 mg every 4–6 hours with a maximum of 240 mg daily.

Alternatively, some pediatricians recommend 4 mg/kg or 125 mg/m2 daily, given in 3- 4 divided doses.

Adapted from: drugs info at www.emedicine-medscape.com

PSEUDOEPHEDRINE

Pseudoephedrine acts directly on α-adrenergic receptors in the mucosa of the respiratory tract producing vasoconstriction that results in shrinkage of swollen nasal mucous membranes, reduction of tissue hyperemia, edema, and nasal congestion, and an increase in nasal airway patency; drainage of sinus secretions is increased. Sympathomimetic effects of pseudoephedrine presumably also may occur in other areas of the respiratory tract, including the eustachian tube; these effects may improve or maintain eustachian tube patency and allow equilibration of middle ear pressure during external atmospheric pressure changes (e.g., during descent of an aircraft, underwater diving, hyperbaric oxygenation).

Adapted from: drugs info at www.emedicine-medscape.com

PSEUDOEPHEDRINE

KOMPLIKASI (Thieme, 2006)

KOMPLIKASI INTRAKRANIAL (Dhillon,1999)