ACTUATION SYSTEM DESIGN FOR SOLAR CAR

SYED MOHAMMAD AMIRUDDIN SYED SALEH

Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering with Automotive Engineering

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG

NOVEMBER 2010

CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk

Provided by UMP Institutional Repository

ii

SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION

“I hereby declare that I have read this thesis and in my opinion this thesis sufficient in

terms of scope and quality for the award the degree of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering

with Automotive Engineering”

Signature:

Name of Supervisor: ENGR ZAMRI BIN MOHAMED

Position: LECTURER

Date: 06 DECEMBER 2010

iii

STUDENT’S DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work in this project is my own except for quotations and

summaries which have been duly acknowledged. The project has not been accepted for any

degree and is not concurrently submitted for award of other degree.

Signature:

Name: SYED MOHAMMAD AMIRUDDIN BIN SYED SALEH

ID Number: MH07053

Date: 6 DECEMBER 2010

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Assalamualaikum W.B.T. Alhamdulillah, firstly I would like to stand our greatest gratitude to Allah the most gracious and most merciful, I was fell so proud and glad because I have been able to finish my thesis within the time given with successfully. I think that I have accomplished what I set out to do, and that was improving a successful of my project

I would like to express my deepest appreciation and gratitude to my supervisor, Engr Zamri bin Mohamed for his germinal ideas, invaluable guidance, continuous encouragement and constant support in making this research possible. He has always impressed me with his outstanding professional conduct and the time spent to guide me. A great appreciation is acknowledged to the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering for the funding under the final year project.

Last but not least, I would like to thank all my friends for their support and encouragement given to me, especially during the hard times.

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ABSTRACT

This report is an explanation about actuation system design for solar car. The word actuation is almost same with propulsion. This actuation system involved motor, motor controller and transmission system. Actuation system is vital in order to make sure solar car able to run smoothly when power is supplied. Without proper actuation system design, the power system design that been developed by other person is useless. This system also crucial to ensure safety to driver when driving solar car. Analyses have been done to select suitable electrical device before the devices have been bought. Besides, in this report, motor mounting bracket have been designed and analyzed in software ALGOR. The purpose is to ensure the bracket can withstand vibration of motor and avoid failure. Comparison between AC motor and DC motor are made to compare the torque and power produced. Solar car use simple transmission which is belt drive. Gear ratio analysis is made to ensure correct ratio and car can move with no problem. Then gear ratio analysis is used to consider which torque converter is suitable. This project is successfully completed when every basic part needed for actuation system is analyzed and designed.

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ABSTRAK

Laporan ini ialah penjelasan tentang sistem dorongan untuk kereta. Perkataan dorongan hampir sama dengan menolak atau menggerakkan. Sistem gerakan ini melibatkan motor, kawalan motor dan sistem transmisi.Sistem gerakan ini penting untuk memastikan kereta solar mampu bergerak dengan baik apabila kuasa dibekalkan. Tanpa sistem dorongan yang betul, sistem kuasa yang direka oleh orang lain tidak berguna.Sistem ini sangat penting untuk memastikan keselamatan pemandu semasa memandu kereta solar. Analisis telah dilakukan untuk memilih peralatan elektrik yang sesuai sebelum peralatan itu dibeli. Selain itu, di dalam laporan ini pemegang motor telah direka dan dianalisis menggunakan perisian ALGOR. Ini bertujuan untuk memastikan pemegang motor mampu menampung gegaran motor dan mengelak kepatahan. Perbandingan antara AC (arus ulang alik) motor dan DC (arus terus) motor dibuat untuk membandingkan tork dan kuasa yang dihasilkan. Kereta solar menggunakan transmisi yang mudah iaitu tali sawat. Analisis nisbah gear dibuat untuk memastikan nisbah yang betul dan kereta dapat bergerak tanpa masalah. Kemudian, analisis nisbah gear diguna untuk mempertimbangkan penukar tork yang sesuai. Laporan ini siap dengan sempurna apabila setiap bahagian asas yang diperlukan dalam system dorongan direka dan dianalisis.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION ii

STUDENT’S DECLARATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v

ABSTRACT vi

ABSTRAK vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS viii

LIST OF TABLES xi

LIST OF FIGURES xii

LIST OF EQUATION xiv

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background 1

1.2 Problems statement 2

1.3 Research objective 2

1.4 Scope of the research 3

1.5 Main focus 3

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 4

2.2 Briefly Overview About Electrical System 4

2.3 Motor 6

2.3.1 Dc Motor 6

2.3.1.1 Brushed DC Motor 7

2.3.1.2 Brushless DC Motor 7

2.3.2 Ac Motors 11

2.3.2.1 Induction motor 11

2.4 Motor Controller 12

ix

2.5 Mechanical Part 13

3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Project Flow Chart 14

3.2 System Design 15

3.3 Methods In Product Selection 15

3.3.1 Selection Of Motor 15

3.3.2 Motor Controller 19 3.3.3 Electric Pedal 21

3.4 Selection Of Diode 22

3.4.1 Diode 22

3.5 Selection Of Fuses 23

3.6 Selection Of Transmission 23

4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction 25

4.2 Ac Motor Analysis 25

4.3 Dc Motor Analysis 31

4.3.1 Torque RPM and Power calculation 33

4.4 Power To Weight 36

4.5 Motor Controller 37

4.5.1 Wiring Motor Controller 37

4.6 Electrical Connections 37

4.6.1 Design Wire Sizes 37

4.6.2 Analysis Wire Sizes 38

4.7 Block Diagram Of Electrical Connection 39

4.7.1 The Purpose of Switches 39

4.7.2 The Purpose of the Diode 40

4.7.3 The Purpose of the Fuses 40

4.7.4 Complete Electrical Design for Actuation System 41

4.8 Motor Mounting Bracket Result 42

4.8.1 Natural frequency analysis for Aluminium AL6061 43

x

4.8.2 Natural frequency analysis for Steel (ASTM-A36) 45

4.8.3 Analysis Motor Mounting Bracket 48

4.9 Transmission 48

4.9.1 Analysis gear ratio for 6 inch driven pulley 50

4.9.2 Analysis gear ratio for 7 inch driven pulley 50

4.9.3 Analysis for suggested torque converter 51

4.9.4 Calculation For Wheel Speed 52

4.9.5 Wheel Circumferences 54

4.9.5.1 Wheel circumferences for 14 inch diameter 54

4.9.5.2 Wheel circumferences for 15 inch diameter 55

5 CONCLUSION

5.1 Introduction 56

5.2 Objective Achieved 56

5.3 Recommendation 56

REFERENCES i

APPENDICES

A. HPM5000B Brushless DC Motor iii B. Picture of motor controller iii

C.Dimensions of motor controller iv

D. Wiring Motor Controller iv E. Gantt Chart for FYP 1 v F. Gantt Chart for FYP 2 v

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LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page 2.1 Comparing a bldc motor to a brushed dc motor 9

2.2 Typical motor technical specification parameters 10

3.1 Motor specification 90BLDC125A-640x 17

3.2 Motor specification for BLDC [HPM-5000B] 18

4.1 Rated load and Power factor (3 phase motor) 26

4.2 Real power and Speed (3phasemotor) 26

4.3 Full table for Model JMSSEWDM3559T 26

4.4 Speed and load torque (3 phase motor) 27

4.5 Rated load and Power factor (Single phase) 27 4.6 Real power and Speed (Single phase) 28

4.7 Full table for Model UCCE570 28

4.8 Speed and load torque (Single phase) 28

4.9 HPM-5000B motor specification 31

4.10 HPM-5000B Motor Performance Data 32 4.11 Driven pulley 6inch 50

4.12 Driven pulley 7inch 50

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Title Page

2.1 Electrical system block diagram 5 2.2 Major component of a solar car 5 2.3 Ideal Otto cycle 11 2.3 Torque versus speed induction motor 12 3.1 Project flow chart 16

3.2 90BLDC125A-640x 17

3.3 High Power Brushless DC Motor [HPM-5000B] 18

3.4 DC Motor Speed Controller 20

3.5 Motor Controller for High Power Brushless Motors 20

3.6 FSC-010 Foot Throttle 21

3.7 Direct drive 23

3.8 Gear drive 24

3.9 Friction drive 24

3.10 Drive belt 24

4.1 Graph torque versus speed for ac motor 3HP 3phase 27

4.2 Graph torque versus speed for AC motor 5HP 1phase 29

4.3 Graph torque versus speed for AC motor 3HP and 5HP 29

4.4 Graph torque versus speed for 3HP AC motor, 5HP AC motor and

3HP DC motor.

30

4.5 HPM-5000B Current versus Voltage graph 34

4.6 HPM-5000B RPM versus Voltage graph 34

4.7 HPM-5000B Torque versus RPM graph 35

4.8 HPM-5000B Efficiency versus Power 35

4.9 Block diagram 39

4.10 Switch electrical circuit 39

4.11 Diode electrical circuit 40

4.12 Fuses electrical circuit 41

4.13 Complete electrical circuit 41

4.14 Mode 1 Aluminium AL6061 43

4.15 Mode 2 Aluminium AL6061 43

4.16 Mode 3 Aluminium AL6061 44

xiii

4.17 Mode 4 Aluminium AL6061 44

4.18 Mode 5 Aluminium AL6061 45

4.19 Mode 1 Steel (ASTM-A36) 45

4.20 Mode 2 Steel (ASTM-A36) 46

4.21 Mode 3 Steel (ASTM-A36) 46

4.22 Mode 4 Steel (ASTM-A36) 47

4.23 Mode 5 Steel (ASTM-A36) 47

4.24 Belt drive diagram 49

4.25 Gear ratio diagram 49

4.26 Gear ratio versus driver diameter for 6inch 50

4.27 Gear ratio versus driver diameter for 7inch 51

4.28 Example torque converter 51

4.29 Wheel speed versus motor speed 53

xiv

LIST OF EQUATIONS

Equation No Equation name Page 2.1 Number of poles for AC motor 11

4.1 Real power 26

4.2 Value of speed in rpm 26

4.3 Power equation at given torque

and rotational speed 26

4.4 Torque equation 26

4.5 Power equation at given voltage

and current 34

4.6 Power to weight ratio 36

4.7 Analysis wire sizes 38

4.8 Equation of gear ratio 49

4.9 Equation of wheel speed 53

4.10 Wheel Circumferences 54

4.11 Velocity equation 54

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Solar power comes from the energy of our Sun. Sunlight is an excellent energy

source and the future of using solar power is very exciting. The Sun's energy can be

used to heat and cool buildings, generate electricity, operate communication and

navigation systems and even power solar cars. The cars use hundreds of photovoltaic

cells to convert sunlight into electricity. Each cell produces about one-half volt of

electricity.

When the teams design their electrical systems they have to allow for variations

in sunlight. The Sun's energy powers the car's motor and charges a battery for use when

the Sun is hidden by a cloud. If a car is designed to put all of its energy toward driving

and keeps nothing in reserve, it will stop completely in cloudy weather. If too much

energy is stored to the battery, the engine runs too slowly to move.

The most exciting part of using solar power as an energy source is that it is

pollution free and inexhaustible. If research continues, one day solar energy may replace

today's combustion engine cars.

2

A solar car is an electric vehicle powered by solar energy. This solar energy

gained from solar panels on the car. Solar cars are not currently a practical form of

transportation as they able to operate only during the day and can only carry one or two

passengers.

The main component of a solar car is its solar array, which collect the energy

from the sun and converts it into usable electrical energy. Then, the solar cells collect a

portion of the sun’s energy and store it into the batteries of the solar car. Before that

happens, power trackers converts the energy collected from the solar array to the proper

system voltage, so that the batteries and the motor can use it.

After the energy is stored in the batteries, it is available to be used by the motor

& motor controller to drive the car. The motor controller adjusts the amount of energy

that flows to the motor to correspond to the throttle. The motor uses that energy to drive

the wheels.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Actuation system for solar car involved electrical part. When dealing with

electrical, safety comes first. Failure to select suitable electrical device will cause

dangerous and even fire. For mechanical part, selection of transmission influences the

speed and efficiency of solar car. Material selection for motor mounting bracket is

crucial to avoid failure.

1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE

The objective is to research and find out the simplest actuation system to be used

in solar car. Study about suitable of electrical device to be chosen. Design proper

electrical connection. Analysis mechanical part such as power to weight, motor

mounting bracket and gear ratio.

3

1.4 SCOPE OF RESEARCH

The scope of this project is divided into two major parts which are electrical and

mechanical. Electrical part is limited from battery to motor controller and motor. Instead

for mechanical part is limited from motor mounting bracket to wheel circumferences.

Actuation system able to be simplified by eliminating some electrical device with some

justification and reason. It same goes with mechanical part.

1.5 MAIN FOCUS

The main focus is selecting suitable devices that able to run properly. Before

buying that component, study about each device must be done to avoid lost and waste.

Besides that, efficiency of the system also has been studied and considered. Connection

of each device has been studied to ensure electrical system work properly with no

problem in future. Mechanical part also has been studied such as motor bracket and gear

ratio for transmission.

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Nowadays, electrical system has two types of current that widely been used in

the world. Alternating Current (AC) and Direct Current (DC) make world becomes a

better place to live. There are electrical devices that use AC while others us DC. It

depends on application of the system. Actuation system for solar car involves motor,

motor controller, and electric pedal. For this system, direct current is selected and used.

2.2 BRIEFLY OVERVIEW ABOUT ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

The sunlight hits the cells of the solar array, which produces an electrical

current. The energy (current) can travel to the batteries for storage go directly to the

motor controller, or a combination of both. The energy sent to the controller is used to

power the motor that turns the wheel and makes the car move.

Generally if the car is in motion, the converted sun light is delivered directly to

the motor controller, but there are times when there is more energy coming from the

array than the motor controller needs. When this happens, the extra energy gets stored

in the batteries for later use.

5

Figure 2.1: Electrical system block diagram

Source: Craig E. Hampson, Carolyn Holmes, Laurence P. Long, Robert F.D. Piacesi

and William C. Raynor (1991)

Figure 2.2: Major component of a solar car

Source: Richard J. King (1991)

6

The advantage of solar race car is it can be driven continuously without having

to refuel while the sun is shining. Batteries are used primarily to accelerate and travel at

higher speeds. The propulsion system in a typical solar race car is made up of four basic

components. Solar cells convert sunlight directly into electricity. Then, the solar fuel is

saved in batteries. (Richard J. King (1991))

From the power converted, it goes to motor controller. The electricity powers a

variable-speed electric motor with direct drive to the wheels. Electronics are used to

control electrical power between the solar cells, battery and motor. The speed is

controlled with an accelerator pedal. A solar car race is an exciting sporting event and a

challenging learning experience. Those with the capability to collect and convert the

most sunlight and use it effectively win the race. (Richard J. King (1991))

2.3 MOTOR

The motor has two functions which are converting the electrical energy to

rotating mechanical energy when motoring and mechanical energy to electrical energy

when regenerating. There are a number of types of motors are used today, ranging from

the induction, switched reluctance, brushed DC and stepper motors. Motors are used in

a vast variety of applications ranging from huge crushing mills to pinpoint accuracy

mechanisms in space applications. (Andrew James Reghenzani (1998))

2.3.1 Dc Motor

Dc motor consists of brushed DC and brushless DC motor.

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2.3.1.1 Brushed DC Motor

A brushed DC motor typically consists of stationary fixed permanent magnets

(the stator), a rotating (electro) magnet (the rotor) and a metal body to concentrate the

flux. Brushed DC (BDC) motors are inexpensive, easy to drive, and are readily

available in all sizes and shapes.By attraction of opposite poles and repulsion of like

poles, a torque acts on the rotor and makes it turn. As soon as the rotor begins to turn,

fixed brushes make and break contact with the rotating segments (commutation) in turn

(Reston Condit (2004))

Some applications require motors to operate in harsh environmental conditions,

for example flammable gas leaks, where conventional DC brush motors cannot be used

due to the risk of sparks forming between the brushes and commutator .

(Andrew James Reghenzani (1998))

2.3.1.2 Brushless DC Motor

The solar car is propelled by an electric motor instead of the usual petrol-

powered engines. It does not need gas. Brushless DC motors are similar to Alternating

Current (AC) motors since a moving magnet field causes rotor movement. Brushless

motors are also similar to Permanent Magnet Direct Current (PMDC) motors since they

have predicable linear characteristics (John Mazurkiewicz (2003)).

The famous motor that has very high efficiency and is very reliable is the

brushless DC (BLDC) motor. Unlike conventional DC brush motors, the brushless

motor, suitable with its name, has no brushes and requires extra electronic circuitry to

perform the job of commutation. The BLDC motor can be constructed in many sizes

and power ratings, and finds widespread application in many motor drives

(Andrew James Reghenzani (1998)).

8

Each motor has a number of advantages and disadvantages in particular

applications ranging from large industrial roller mills to accurate positioning control.

The most popular choice for high efficiency applications such as solar car, is the

permanent magnet brushless DC motor, or sometimes known as a synchronous DC

motor. The advantages of the BLDC motor include:

• Very high efficiency characteristics over a large power range (98.2% recorded for

an optimized Halbach magnet arrangement).

• Require minimal maintenance, due to elimination of mechanical commutator and

brushes.

• Long operating life and higher reliability.

• No brushes means no arcing which can be paramount when working in flammable

gas locations.

• Number of motor geometry’s possible for example interior permanent magnet or

surface magnet arrangements.

• High power density and torque to inertia ratio give a fast dynamic response.

• No brushes eliminates need for a high rotor inertia.

• Speed restrictions due to the traditional mechanical commutator are eliminated

(Andrew James Reghenzani (1998)).

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Table 2.1: Comparing a bldc motor to a brushed dc motor

Feature BLDC Motor Brushed DC Motor

Commutation. Electronic commutation based on Hall

position sensors

Brushed commutation

Maintenance Less required due to absence of brushes. Periodic maintenance is required.

Life Longer. Shorter.

Speed/Torque

Characteristics

Flat – Enables operation at all speeds with

rated load.

Moderately flat – At higher speeds,

brush friction increases, thus reducing

useful torque.

Efficiency High – No voltage drop across brushes. Moderate.

Output Power/

Frame Size

High – Reduced size due to superior thermal

characteristics. Because BLDC has the

windings on the stator, which is connected to

the case, the heat dissipation is better.

Moderate/Low – The heat produced

by the armature is dissipated in the air

gap, thus increasing the temperature

in the air gap and limiting specs on

the

output power/frame size.

Rotor Inertia

Low, because it has permanent magnets on

the rotor.

This improves the dynamic response.

Higher rotor inertia which limits the

dynamic

characteristics

Speed Range Higher – No mechanical limitation imposed

by brushes/commutator.

Lower – Mechanical limitations by

the brushes

Electric Noise

Generation

Low. Arcs in the brushes will generate

noise causing EMI

in the equipment nearby.

Cost of

Building

Higher – Since it has permanent magnets,

building

costs are higher

Low

Control Complex and expensive. Simple and inexpensive.

Control

Requirements

A controller is always required to keep the

motor running. The same controller can be

used for variable speed control.

No controller is required for fixed

speed; a controller is required only if

variable speed is desired.

Source: Padmaraja Yedamale (2003)

10

Table 2.2: Typical motor technical specification parameters

Electrical

Parameter

Typical

Symbol

Unit Definition

Reference Voltage V Volts This is the rated terminal voltage.

Rated Current. Ir Amps Current drawn by the motor when it

delivers the rated torque

Peak Current (stall) Ipk Amps This is the maximum current allowed to

be drawn by the motor.

No Load Current INL Amps Current drawn by the motor when there

is no load on the motor shaft.

Back EMF Constant KE V/RPM or

V/rad/s

Using this parameter, back EMF can be

estimated for a given speed.

Resistance R Ohms Resistance of each stator winding.

Inductance

L mH Winding inductance. This, along with

resistance, can be used to determine the

total impedance of the winding to

calculate the electrical time constant of

the motor.

Motor Constant KM Oz-in/√W or

NM//√W

This gives the ratio of torque to the

power.

Electrical Time

Constant

τE ms Calculated based on the R and L of the

windings.

Source: Padmaraja Yedamale (2003)

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2.3.2 Ac Motors

AC motors typically feature rotors, which consist of a laminated, cylindrical iron

core with slots for receiving the conductors. The most common type of rotor has cast-

aluminium conductors and short-circuiting end rings.The speed of an AC motor is

determined for the most part by two factors: The applied frequency and the number of

poles.

N=120 (Eq 2.1)

Where:

N Revolution Per Minute, rad

f Frequency, Hz P Number of poles

Some motors such as in a typical paddle fan have the capability to switch poles

in and out to control speed. In most cases however, the number of poles is constant and

the only way to vary the speed is to change the applied frequency. Changing the

frequency is the primary function of an AC drive (Rakesh Parekh (2003)).

2.3.2.1 Induction motor

Each motor is suitable for different applications. Although AC induction motors

are easier to design than DC motors, the speed and the torque control in various types of

AC induction motors require a greater understanding of the design and the

characteristics of these motors (Rakesh Parekh (2003))

Generally, induction motors are categorized based on the number of stator

windings which are:

• Single-phase induction motor

• Three-phase induction motor