activities on conflict management

Negotiation and Conflict Resolution Skills

Activities on Conflict Management

Submitted To:

Prof. Dr. Shaker Mahmood Mayo

Prof. Dr. Ijaz Ahmad

Submitted By:

Muhammad Nadeem (2016-MS-CRP-03)

Department Of City and Regional Planning

University Of Engineering and Technology, Lahore

Negotiation & Conflict Resolution Skills Department of City & Regional planning

Activities on Conflict Management University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore

Table of Contents

Conflict ......................................................................................................................................................... 1

Conflict Resolution ....................................................................................................................................... 1

Causes of Conflict ......................................................................................................................................... 1

Activity No.01: Types of Conflict ................................................................................................................ 1

Conflict Analysis Tools ................................................................................................................................ 2

Purpose of Conflict Analysis .................................................................................................................... 2

Advantages of Conflict Analysis .............................................................................................................. 3

Limitations of Conflict Analysis ............................................................................................................... 3

Activity No. 02: The Wheel .......................................................................................................................... 3

Purpose ...................................................................................................................................................... 4

Material ..................................................................................................................................................... 4

Preparation ................................................................................................................................................ 4

Time .......................................................................................................................................................... 4

Steps .......................................................................................................................................................... 4

Activity No. 03: The Conflict Tree ............................................................................................................... 6

Purpose ...................................................................................................................................................... 6

Material ..................................................................................................................................................... 6

Preparation ................................................................................................................................................ 6

Time .......................................................................................................................................................... 6

Steps .......................................................................................................................................................... 7

Activity No. 04: The Conflict Map ............................................................................................................... 9

Purpose ...................................................................................................................................................... 9

Material ..................................................................................................................................................... 9

Preparation ................................................................................................................................................ 9

Time .......................................................................................................................................................... 9

Steps .......................................................................................................................................................... 9

Possible Symbols used in Conflict Mapping .......................................................................................... 10

Activity No. 05: Need Fears Mapping ........................................................................................................ 12

Purpose .................................................................................................................................................... 12

Preparation .............................................................................................................................................. 12

Time ........................................................................................................................................................ 12



Steps ........................................................................................................................................................ 12

Example 01 ............................................................................................................................................. 12

Example 02 ............................................................................................................................................. 13

Activity No. 06: Multi Causal Role Model ................................................................................................. 14

Purpose .................................................................................................................................................... 14

Preparation .............................................................................................................................................. 14

Time ........................................................................................................................................................ 14

Steps ........................................................................................................................................................ 14

Example .................................................................................................................................................. 15

Activity No. 07: Construction of a new access road to Sungai Penuh cutting through Kerinci Seblat

National Park in Sumatra ............................................................................................................................ 16

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 16

Application of Harvard Approach ........................................................................................................... 17

Preparation .............................................................................................................................................. 17

Time ........................................................................................................................................................ 17

Steps ........................................................................................................................................................ 17

Conflict Map ........................................................................................................................................... 20

Argument against the project .................................................................................................................. 20

Argument in favor of the project............................................................................................................. 21

Agreement ............................................................................................................................................... 22

Activity No. 08............................................................................................................................................ 22

Study I: Conduct of Holy Prophet (PBUH) ................................................................................................ 22

Conflict Type: ......................................................................................................................................... 23

Apply Glasl’s Escalation Model ............................................................................................................. 23

Study II: Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and the Gift of Sour Grapes ................................................ 23

Conflict Type: ......................................................................................................................................... 24

Apply Conflict Perspective Analysis ...................................................................................................... 24

Apply Harvard Approach ........................................................................................................................ 24



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Conflict

“It is a form of interaction among parties that differ in interest, perceptions, and preferences.”

(Kolb, David A., Osland, Joyce S., and Rubin, Irwin M., Organizational behavior: An experiential approach, Prentice Hall,

Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 6th Edition.)

Conflict Resolution

It is the process by which two or more parties engaged in a disagreement, dispute, or debate reach an

agreement resolving it. Several skills are needed for you to resolve conflicts in the workplace effectively.

Causes of Conflict

In order to understand a given context it is fundamental to identify potential and existing conflict causes,

as well as possible factors contributing to peace. Conflict causes can be defined as those factors which

contribute to people’s grievances; and can be further described as:

Structural causes

The pervasive factors that have been become built into the policies, structures and fabric of a society and

may create the pre-conditions for violent conflict.

Proximate causes

Factors contributing are to a climate conducive to violent conflict or its further escalation, sometimes

apparently symptomatic of a deeper problem.

Triggers

Single key acts, events, or their anticipation that will set off or escalate violent conflict.

Activity No.01: Types of Conflict

There are following types of conflict are given below

Types of

Conflict Description

Examples

Micro Level Macro Level

Person vs.

Person

The central character

clashes with another

person

Two former players

compete for the same

position on the cricket team.

Negotiating peace between

Israel and Palestine.

Person vs. Self The main character

battles him.

Ali caught him friend Ahsan

stealing from a classmate.

Now Ali must choose

between keeping friendship

with Ahsan and doing the

A stutterer preparing for a

public speech.



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right thing.

Person vs.

Society

The main character

challenges a law,

tradition, or

institution.

A boy struggling to fit in at

school.

Ali makes an art project

protesting school

examination.

Prime Minister speaking out

against segregation.

Prime Minister encouraging

non violent protests.

Person vs.

Nature

The main character

fights to endure or

overcome forces of

nature.

A guard dog attacking a

thief when he entered into

house.

Trying to summit Mount

Everest.

Floods destroying a

person’s house and

livelihood.

Person vs.

Supernatural

The main character

resists forces that are

not of this world.

A young boy digs a hole in

his backyard and finds a

gateway to another

dimension, one which is

filled with monsters.

A family moves into a

house on a Civil War battle

ground that turns out to be

haunted.

Person vs.

Technology

The central character

struggles with or

against the forces of

technology.

A group of strangers gets

stuck in an elevator.

The pencil sharpener won’t

sharpen your pencil.

GPS giving wrong

directions.

Ali flying the airplane after

the pilot dies.

Electricity going out.

Conflict Analysis Tools

Conflict analysis is the systematic study of the profile, causes, actors, and dynamics of conflict. It helps

development, humanitarian and peace building organizations to gain a better understanding of the context

in which they work and their role in that context.

Purpose of Conflict Analysis

The purpose of conflict analysis is

o To better understand why there is a conflict and why this conflict is expressed violently.

o To better understand how stakeholders deal with conflicts.

o To inform the actors concerned how to respond sensitively to a conflict situation, thereby

contributing to reducing or eliminating the likelihood of violent conflict.



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Advantages of Conflict Analysis

The advantages of conflict analysis is

o The involvement of project staff leads to an increase in their professional capability to work in

complex environments.

o Conflict analysis encourages project teams to think beyond their set objectives and planned

impacts, and to consciously consider the broader environment (Including cultural, political, and

socio-economic factors) within which the project operates.

o Making conscious and explicit attempts to "integrate a conflict lens" into a project usually results

in making additional attempts in adopting common good practices such as participation,

transparency, and application of developmental policy criteria such as poverty orientation, good

governance and sustainability.

Limitations of Conflict Analysis

The limitations of conflict analysis is

o Conflict analysis might provoke various forms of opposition from within and resistance from

outside.

o Conflict analysis cannot be conducted at any moment. Conflict analysis itself presents an

intervention in the conflict, and therefore involves the risk of aggravating existing tensions.

o Data collection is constrained. In areas where free articulation of opinion might entail personal

security risks for staff, first hand information cannot be obtained. In addition to that, most people

do not want 'outsiders' to find out about 'the state of internal affairs'.

o The quality of the conflict analysis depends on the local capacity for professional conduct of

conflict analysis. There is no substitute for skilled regional analysts.

o Most of the time, conflict analysis is a snapshot of a present situation. Conflicts are highly

dynamic and a regular updating mechanism is often needed.

Activity No. 02: The Wheel

The students of Negotiation and Conflict Resolution Skills are divided into three groups. Each group

consists of one mediator with five members. Each group selected two or three conflict through

brainstorming technique within fifteen minutes and finalized one core conflict which has enough relevant

data. Members of each group are shifted from one group to another but mediator remained fixing.

Group-I prepared Conflict wheel on Disasters due to Heavy flood of 2010 in Pakistan which is under

Person versus Nature type of conflict.



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The Wheel gives a first overview of a conflict, before analyzing specific aspects. The Wheel symbolizes

wholeness and movement, once the various aspects have been examined; they need to be brought together

again, to get the conflict analysis “rolling”.

Conflict Wheel having three important dimension of conflict analysis are given below

o Understanding Conflict Context

o Understanding the Interactions

o Developing Options and Alternatives

Purpose

To identify issues and gives alternatives of the conflict.

Material

Flip charts and Colored pens are the materials.

Preparation

Draw a Sample conflict tree on a flip chart.

Time

1 Hour

Steps

The following steps are involve to perform conflict wheel activity are given below

o Introduce the purpose of the activity

o Decide conflict which is above mentioned.

o Draw a wheel on large sheet of paper.

o Divide wheel into three sections.

o List the various aspects in the three sections of the wheel.



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Activity No. 03: The Conflict Tree

Group-II prepared Conflict tree on conflict between Custodians and affectees, Orange line metro train

project Lahore, which is under Person versus Society type of conflict.

The tree visualizes the interaction between structural, manifest and dynamic factors. The roots symbolize

structural “static” factors. The trunk represents the manifest issues, linking structural factors with the

dynamic factors. The leaves moving in the wind represent the dynamic factors.

Dynamic Factors: Dynamic factors include the form of communication, escalation level, relationship

aspects etc. Working with dynamic factors involves a short time horizon; reactions to interventions are

quick and at times unpredictable. Examples are diplomatic interventions, or multi track conflict

transformation dealing directly with the form of interaction between the conflict parties. Quick money is

often more important than big money when addressing dynamics factors.

Manifest issues: Issues are what the conflict parties want to talk about, the “topic” of the conflict.

Structural Factors: Root causes are the basic “reason “of the conflict. They are difficult to influence

on a short time basis, if they are avoided, however, the conflict may pop up again later. This is the typical

area for development cooperation, longer-term involvement and the prevention of structural violence.

Purpose

To help stakeholders examine the origins and underlying causes of conflict.

Material

Flip charts, Post-it notes and Colored marking pens.

Preparation

Draw a Sample conflict tree on a flip chart.

Time

1Hour



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Steps


o Introduce the purpose of the activity. Explain that this activity assists the understanding of how

and why conflict originates and the sequence of contributing causes.

o The starting point is a specific conflict. Members first to discuss and agree on a conflict that they

are all familiar with and write the conflict issue at the top of the flip chart.

o Each person gets several index cards, on which they write a word or two indicating important

factors of the conflict as they see it.

o Draw a tree with root, trunk and branches.

o Invite member to attach their cards to the tree

o Mediator facilitates the discussion on where the factors are placed on the tree. There is no

absolute “right” or “wrong”. Placement of factors is partly subjective, may be different in

different conflicts, and may change over time.

o Members visualize their own conflict transformation efforts and place this on the tree in relation

to the factors they are currently working on.

o Discussion on the links between root causes and dynamics factors and how to address these.

o At the end, give presentation.



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Activity No. 04: The Conflict Map

Group-III prepared Conflict Map on Housing Shortage for Low Income Group in Lahore, which is under

Person versus Society type of conflict.

Similar to a geographic map that simplifies terrain so that it can be summarized on one page, a conflict

map simplifies a conflict, and serves to visualize

o The actors and their “power”, or their influence on the conflict

o Their relationship with each other

o The conflict theme or issues

A conflict map represents a specific view point (of the person or group mapping), of a specific conflict

situation, at a specific moment in time, similar to a photograph.

Purpose

o To clarify relationships between actors

o To visualize and reflect on the “power” of various actors

o To determine the primary issues of conflict

Material

Flip chart and Colored pens are materials used in conflict mapping.

Preparation

Draw a Sample conflict map on a flip chart.

Time

1Hour

Steps


o Explain the purpose of the activity, emphasizing that mapping is a useful tool for exploring power

of actors.

o Explain to participants that they will need first to discuss and agree on a conflict that they are all

familiar with.

o Preparing a basic sketch map of the area on which the conflict is centered. On this map, they are

to show the major actors who are involved to provide Low income housing.



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o Take a large sheet of paper

o Draw the actors as circles on the paper, the size of the circle representing an actors’ “power”.

o Draw lines between the circles representing the relationship between the actors.

o In square boxes, list the main themes.

o Add title on the top of the chart and date to the conflict map.

Possible Symbols used in Conflict Mapping

Name Description Symbol

Circle

Parties involved in the situation. The size of the Circle/s

symbolized the power of the conflict party in relation to the

conflict. The name of the party can be written in the circle.

Straight Line Close Relationship

Double Line Very good relationship, Alliance

Dotted Line Weak, Informal or Intermittent Links

Arrow Predominant direction of Influence or activity

Zig Zag Line Discord, Conflict. Lightning Bolts can be added to indicate

hot events

Crossed Out

line Broken Connection

Half / Quarter

Circle External Parties, Third Parties

Rectangular

Boxes

Issues, Topics, or Things other than people and

organizations



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Activity No. 05: Need Fears Mapping

This method focuses on actors and their issues, interests, needs, fears, means and options. It

allows for a clear comparison of actors similarities and differences in the form of a table.

Purpose

o To clarify in a comparable format the various actors attributes

o To focus on needs and fears, and possible options to deal with these

o To help people understand each other perceptions

o To stimulate discussion

Preparation

Prepare a table on Need Fear Mapping technique.

Time

30 Minutes

Steps

o Draw a table with the following columns: Issues, interests/needs, fears, means and

options

o A conflict party or third party fills the table in as a conflict analysis tool

o The joint table is discussed in the group

o Give presentation and make discussion

The following example about the Need Fears Mapping are given below

Example 01

Actors Issues Interest/Needs Fears Means Options

Pastoralists

Pound

unavailability

Limited access

to water

Income

generation

Increase of

production

Loss of

livestock

Increase in

poverty

Public

consultation

Cooperation

with land

department for

Negotiation

with irrigation

department

Coordination

with farmers



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Livelihood and

survival

Migration provision of

land

Political

Lobbying

Give funds/

incentive to the

farmers

Dialogue to

provide water

to the farmers

Example 02

Actors Issues Interest/Needs Fears Means Options

Farmer

Owning 10

Buffalos

Unavailability

of land

Lack of

grazing space

Lack of

training to

remain healthy

Provide land

provide proper

storage space

Provide

medicine

Severe illness

Death of

buffalo

Increase in

poverty

Cooperation

with

department

Public

consultation

Feeds export

from other city

Storage space

provide by

Government

Negotiation

with park

concerns

Funds provides

by Government



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Activity No. 06: Multi Causal Role Model

The concept differentiates structural from actor-oriented factors by synthesizing system and actor

approaches. Disputes have their roots in psycho-sociological, socioeconomic, political, and international

conditions.

Purpose

o To trace causal mechanisms, patterns, to distinguish between the different quality and role of the

various factors that lead to conflicts.

o To facilitate the location of entry points for conflict transformation, to differentiate between short

term and long term commitment needs.

Preparation

Draw a diagram based on Multi Causal Role Model.

Time

30 Minutes

Steps

Focusing on your conflict, differentiate between the following factors

Reason: these are the basic or root causes and structural factors of the conflict, perceived by the actor as

“historical problems”. Reasons are related to a conflict parties’ interests and needs, but also to their

perception of history.

Target: These are the aims of the conflict parties, what the conflict parties say they are fighting about, the

positions and expressed interests of the conflict parties.

Channels: These are lines of political, social, economic or national cleavage, that group people together,

that form group-identity. The channels are often not directly related to the root cause of the conflict.

Triggers: It initiate a new level of conflict. It is very difficult to identify.

Catalysts: It influence the rate, intensity and duration of a conflict once the conflict is underway,

affecting content and dynamics of a conflict.



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Example

The following example on the Multi Causal Role Model are given below

In this diagram Illegal Housing Scheme related issue is highlighted to show the application of Multi

Casual Model.

Illegal Housing Scheme

Lahore Motorway City

extended the area

beyond your approved

limit by Lahore

Development Authority

and entered into River

Ravi Front project

Lahore Development

Authority wants to draw

area from the project but


wants to not remove the

area from the project

Political interfere and

Media are the channels

Extended area is the main

cause of conflict


enter into the River Ravi

project area

Lahore Development

Authority, Lahore

Reason

Target

Channel Catalyst

Violence

Trigger



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Activity No. 07: Construction of a new access road to Sungai Penuh

cutting through Kerinci Seblat National Park in Sumatra

Introduction

o Kerinci Seblat National Park is the largest National Park on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia

and one of the largest protected areas in all of South East Asia

o 370 species of birds, 85 species of mammals and 4,000 species of plants

o Total area:13,791 km2

o Established: 4 October, 1982

o legally confirmed: 1999

o Governing body: Ministry of Environment and Forestry

o One of thirteen Globally Important Tiger Conservation Landscapes

o Highest population of Tigers on Sumatra, estimated to be between 165-190 individuals

o Part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site (2004) Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra, the

Kerinci Seblat National Park has a wide variety of geological features and landscapes from

volcanoes and cloud forests, hot springs to waterfalls to lakes, Kerinci is diverse in every way

o Six species of Wild Cats

o KSNP has faced most of the challenges common to protected areas in tropical countries- illegal

logging, illegal mining, poaching, and encroachment.

o These activities were mainly viewed by park officials as opportunistic acts perpetrated by

residents of villages surrounding the park rather than coordinated challenges to the central

government's administration of the park.

o In the years just after the park's designation, park managers had limited enforcement resources,

and so in some areas fields and agroforests that predated the park's founding were allowed to

remain.



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Application of Harvard Approach

Roger Fisher and William Ury of Harvard wrote a seminal work on negotiation entitled “Getting to yes:

Negotiating Agreement without Giving In”.

The “Principled Negotiation” theory which they developed was first applied to the Camp David

negotiations between Egypt and Israel in 1978.

Good negotiation is more than just getting to “yes.” A good agreement is one which is wise and efficient,

and which improves relationships. Wise agreements satisfy both parties’ interests and are fair and lasting.

With most long-term clients, business partners and team members the quality of the ongoing relationship

is more important than the outcome of the particular negotiation. In order to preserve and hopefully

improve relationships how you get to “yes” matters.

Preparation

Make an agreement on which every group member is agree

Time

4 hours

Steps

o Selection of Mediator and Assistant Mediator

o Assigned role by Mediator

o Brief introduction of conflict by Mediator

o Brainstorming and discussion on conflict

o Identification of common interest on conflict

o Criteria for good solution and agree on solution

o Conclude agreement

In the first step rules are assigned to each member to express their view about the conflict might be in

favor and against of the project

Role Name

Mediator Iqra Ismail

Assistant Mediator Tayyaba Nazir



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Bupati/ Mayor of Sungai Penuh Zahid Hussain

Atiq-ur-Rehman

Chief Warden, Kerinci Seblat National Park Umair-Bin-Saad

Muhammad Bilal Akram

Representative of Ministry of Environment and Forestry Muhammad Nadeem

A Swiss Environmental NGO Sumaira Chohan

A Tour Operator Based in Jambi Aqsa Jabeen

Chamber of Commerce, Sungai Penuh Muhammad Ikram Anwar

Regional Planners’ Association of Central Sumarta Muhammad Ihsan Nawaz

Khawaja Junaid Ahmed

Representative of the Suku Anak Dalam People Muhammad Suleman

Environmental Activist Uzma Afzal

Hassam Ali

Transporter Muhammad Farhan Zaheer

Poverty Eradication Activist Usama Younas

Mostly members are in favor of the project and some members are against of the implementation of

project passes through the park. This step shows that

Competing

In this step, everyone wants to compete in the project. Each member gave argument are in favor and

against of the project.

Collaborating

After discussion when some members are against of the project. Members who in favor of the project try

to resolve the conflict

Role Name Status Personal Intentions

Mediator Iqra Ismail Neutral Satisfying both parties

Assistant Mediator Tayyaba Nazir Neutral Satisfying both parties

Bupati/ Mayor of Sungai

Penuh

Zahid Hussain

Atiq-ur-Rehman In Favor Corruption



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Chief Warden, Kerinci Seblat

National Park

Umair-Bin-Saad

Muhammad Bilal Akram

Against

Has personal grudges with the

Mayor

Representative of Ministry of

Environment and Forestry Muhammad Nadeem Against

Wants to favour some other

project in this area.

A Swiss Environmental NGO Sumaira Chohan Against Becoming famous though

media by opposing the project

A Tour Operator Based in

Jambi Aqsa Jabeen In Favor

Boosting her business if

tourism will be promoted.

Chamber of Commerce,

Sungai Penuh Muhammad Ikram Anwar In Favor Corruption

Regional Planners’

Association of Central

Sumarta

Muhammad Ihsan Nawaz

Khawaja Junaid Ahmed In Favor

Getting privileges from mayor

by supporting the project

Representative of the Suku

Anak Dalam People Muhammad Suleman In Favor

Becoming famous in the

community and get elected for

the next tenure

Environmental Activist Uzma Afzal

Hassam Ali Against Always supports Swiss NGO

Transporter Muhammad Farhan

Zaheer In Favor More Economic Benefits

Poverty Eradication Activist Usama Younas In Favor Economic Benefits

The above table shows that mediator and Assistant mediator are natural while

most members are in favor and some members are against.

Natural

In Favor

Against



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Conflict Map

The conflict map shows the power of the actors as well as the relationship between actors.

Argument against the project

o Road construction through national parks is forbidden by national law without the consent of the

MoF (Ministry of Forest). The MoF has not approved any of the proposed roads not only because

of their ecological impacts, but also because roads pose a threat to the MoF's control over forest

resources. The MoF, like other bureaucratic entities responsible for land, forests, and other

natural resources, is both regulator and rent seeker, and so increased access for district elites

potentially decreases the ability of the MoF to reach lucrative conservation and/or exploitation

agreements with multinational corporations, international nongovernmental organizations

(NGOs), and other non-state actors.



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o Roads are also opposed by local, national, and international conservation organizations.

o The main argument against the road proposals is that they will adversely impact KSNP. Roads

directly impact protected areas by increasing edge effects and fragmented habitats, which leads to

a wide variety of avoidance behaviors among key species. These impacts are compounded by the

economic and physical contexts in which roads are constructed on Sumatra. Road construction in

Indonesia is rife with corruption from the sub-district level all the way up to the national level.

o Conservationists and park officials also point to the secondary effects of road construction,

asserting that new roads would provide a point of entry for illegal loggers and poachers as well as

frontier encroachment on either side of the road.

Argument in favor of the project

o District governments argue that roads provide an economic advantage, providing shorter routes to

existing markets and additional routes to new markets.

o For farmers in the mostly agricultural communities surrounding KSNP, new, shorter, and better

roads decrease transportation time and costs.

o They will help in opening up isolated and underdeveloped areas or those they will reconnect

villages and regions that have traditional or historical ties.

Most of the districts around the park argue that it is an obstacle to development.

o Not only can they not benefit from the timber, ore, and land sequestered within the park, but the

ban on existing roads serves as an enforced isolation that puts them at an unfair disadvantage in

relation to other districts. In many instances this is true, e.g. Kerinci district in Jambi province,

which is a densely populated enclave completely surrounded by the park, is accessible only via

three roads, which adds to travel times and increases the cost of consumer goods. It takes 12

hours by road to reach the provincial capital (Jambi City) and seven hours to reach the nearest

port. However, the role of road construction in district politics cannot be ignored.

o As the proposed road allows connectivity to airport, tour operator is of the view that tourism will

be promoted as accessibility would increase. More revenue will be generated as an outcome

which will help to overcome the economic investment made in this project.

o The Representative of transport sector supports the argument with the view point that this project

will be beneficial for the locals by providing accessibility to markets and other basic facilities like

school, hospitals; of which they are deprived of.



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Compromising

Ready to give up some of my claims, if receive something from other party. The members who are

against about the project want to compromise by giving some incentives or alternatives of their views.

Accommodating

The members who are in favor of project to prepare for sacrifice. After listening argument of all roles,

Mediator and Assistant Mediator tried to resolve the conflict by bringing both parties to level of

compromise in order to achieve some of their goals.

Issues mentioned by opposing parties were discussed with supporting party and they were asked to

accommodate their perspective in their plans in order to satisfy their concerns.

After discussion with supporting party, mediator and assistant mediator listed down the possible solutions

and presented them to the other party.

After mutual consensus, some solutions were extracted which are mentioned on next slide.

Agreement

It’s a win-win situation where both parties have to compromise for their benefits.

Concluding the discussion and satisfying the opposing parties, the favoring parties agreed upon the

following conditions to be met regarding the proposal:

o Government will provide separate land for forest in place of the land taken for the project.

o Government has to ensure that the project is not totally political but aims to lessen social and

economic barriers. It should also ensure provision of facilities for villages around the park.

o EIA and TIA are to be conducted and submitted for the project. Moreover, government should

ensure effective monitoring of the project during operation phase.

Activity No. 08

Study I: Conduct of Holy Prophet (PBUH)

Holy prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and a few other individuals were having their meal when a person,

suffering from smallpox, came to the gathering. His disease was so acute that the boils had become septic.

Every person, near whom this diseased person tried to sit, would show his revulsion and loathing by



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rising up and moving away from him. (Noticing this) Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) made the person

sit beside himself and exhibited great kindness towards him.

On another occasion, Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), together with a few of his companions, was

busy having his food when a leper arrived in the gathering. The people present expressed their abhorrence

and detestation over his arrival but Holy prophet Muhammad (PBUH) asked him to sit next to himself

and invited him to eat the food.

Note: A person from the Quraish, who had displayed his aversion, was afflicted with the same disease

before meeting his death!

Conflict Type: Person Vs Society

Apply Glasl’s Escalation Model

Interaction between two or more people is only then a conflict.

Lose-Lose

A person who was suffered from smallpox tried to sit near Sahabah, the Sahabah moving away from that

person. This condition shows lose-lose situation for ill person.

Win-Win

Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) made the person sit beside himself and exhibited great kindness

towards him.

Accumulating (Harvard Model)

This case study shows that Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) accumulating the ill person in the

gathering

Study II: Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and the Gift of Sour

Grapes

Whenever they reaped their first harvest, they brought early, fresh fruits to Holy Prophet Muhammad

(PBUH). Then he would distribute them among his companions (Sahabah), those who sat around him.

This morning, a poor man brought one fruit from his small farm and gave it to Holy Prophet Muhammad

(PBUH).



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Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) accepted the gift, tested it and then went on eating it alone while the

companions watched. One of those present meekly said: O Messenger of Allah (SWT), you have over

looked the right of those who watch while you eat?

Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) smiled and waited till the poor man who had brought the fruit had

gone. Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said: “I tested the fruit and it was not yet ripe. Had I allowed

you to have some of it, someone would have definitely shown his distaste, thus disappointing the poor

man who had brought the gift. Rather than make him feel better, my palate the bitterness.” Such were the

conducts and manners of this most noble Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).

Conflict Type: Person Vs Society

Apply Conflict Perspective Analysis

Apply Conflict Perspective Analysis which helps conflict parties to broaden their view.

Actors: Holy prophet (PBUH), Shabah (R.A.) and Person.

Facts: Grapes are sour.

Motivation: Holy Prophet (PBUH) does not want to heart the person who brings grapes by giving to

Shabah (R.A.).

Options: Holy Prophet (PBUH) could give grapes to Shabah (R.A.).

Reality Check: Such were the conducts and manners of the noble Holy Prophet (PBUH).

Apply Harvard Approach

Types of Conflict Solution: Win-Win Solution

Accommodating Approach: Sacrifice

Conciliation: Talk separately to the parties.

Finally Holy Prophet (PBUH) stopped the conflict to transfer shabah (R.A.).

activities on conflict management

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