Active demand management of Electrical Vehicles charged by residential grids.

Engineer Ron Davidescu

THE ONE AND ONLY

2013

End-Use Sector Shares of Total Consumption

USA Primary Energy Consumption by Source and Sector

71% 93%

The wild card – The price of oil

The price of oil is influenced by unexpected local and international events therefore it is very difficult to predict

US Electric Generation

CO2 Emissions

Well-to-Wheels Efficiency

The electric cars are coming………..

2012 2013iMiEV

Audi A1 e-tron

Ford Focus EV

Toyota Prius*

Mercedes SLS

Tesla Model X

Mercedes A-Class

BMW Active E

Honda Fit EV

Volvo C30 EV

2014Nissan Leaf

Chevy Volt*

Volvo V60 EV

Audi A3 e-tron

Tesla Model S

VW E-Golf

Kia Sol

The Obama-Biden comprehensive New Energy for America plan will put 1 million plug-in hybrid

cars on the road by 2015

Source : www.pluginamerica.org/vehicles/

In large numbers …….

Predicted US EV and EVSE sales 2010 – 2015Source: Smart Grid Applications, US; Global Insights

AC and DC charging require specific charging hardware

L1 AC charging L2 AC charging L3 DC charging

Simple and cheap (normal household outlet sufficient)

Long charging time (~8-10 hrs)

Fast charging (~2-4 hrs)

Charging time still too long

Very fast charging (~30 min)

Expensive power charger

Differences between L1 AC, L2 AC, and L3 DC charging

L3 DC charging is not applicable to residential network

Source: Siemens Energy

Concern : Overload of the distribution network

Because L2 charges represent an electricity load similar to a air conditioned house ,even small percentage of Electrical Vehicle

implementation has a significant impact on common residential electrical network

* Assuming a transformer rating of 37.5kVA and unity power factor

The most serious concern utilities have is controlling when EVSE load is applied to their grid.

A high percentage of consumers will instinctively charge their Evs ,when they get home from work.

The absence of load management would likely have a destabilizing effect on the grid.

Source : www. silverspringnetworks.com

Electric cars and the network infrastructureAvailable network capacity – No EV

Uncontrolled charging

[KV

A]

Maximum transport capacity

Daily patern households on MV level

Available remaining capacity

Source : www.ecn.nl

Electric cars and the network infrastructureAvailable network capacity – 25 % EV penetration

Source : www.ecn.nl

Uncontrolled charging5 hours charging

00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00

[KV

A]

About 25 cars per 100 dwellings

Reinforcement of transport capacity

Electric cars and the network infrastructure

Smart grid Infrastructure allows utilities to handle this effect by enabling smarter charging . Two way interactive communication ,control and monitor abilities

between the smart meter, relays and management software allows better operation of the charging process and preventing failures and lower quality network.

19

Active control

How to control recharging? (I)

What should be known?– State of charge, i.e. how empty is

the battery?– Charging power (kW), i.e. slow or

fast charging– The driver’s preference, i.e. when

should the battery be fully recharged (within 1 hour, 4 hours, 8 hours etc.)

20

Active control

How to assign recharging? (2)

Harmonic Analyzer– THD, TDD, up to 40th harmonics (incl. angles)

Real-time Waveform Capture– 128 samples/cycle

Programmable Logical Controller- 16 control set points, thresholds and delays

- Standard 2DI/1DO, Optional 4DI/2DO,

12DI/4DO

(total 14DI/5DO) or 4 AO

Event and Data Recording– Over 90 days history storage

Real Time Clock– Backup for 60 days

Built-in RS-485 and IR Ports Second optional communication:

RS-485, RS-232, Ethernet, Profibus, RF, GPRS

EM133 - DIN Rail Mounted Energy Meter

Multifunctional 3-Phase Smart Meter

– More than 120 monitored parameters

– 16×2 character LCD display

Billing/TOU Revenue Energy Meter– Class 0.5S precision

The system is based on a accurate three phase meter , equipped with internal digital relay outputs and two way communication , integrated into the charging doc. The meter acts as a charging controller and communicates with a cloud management software through secure

communication

Easy to use, energy management tool. Complete data flow admin:

Collecting from meters Analyzing, including virtual meters Various displays Manual/automatic decisions for load control

Alarms and Events Messages, Emails, SMS

Historical information MS-SQL database

Remote control over relays Billing and invoicing

Full bill customization

Energy management Software

Electric cars and the network infrastructureAvailable network capacity – 25 % EV penetration

Source : www.ecn.nl

Controlled charging5 hours charging

[KV

A]

About 25 cars per 100 dwellings

Maximum transport capacity

Intelligent demand and supply management results in less required extra peak and reserve capacity

LEARN FROM MISTAKES!!!

Conclusions

Electricity system and network infrastructure can handle large numbers of electric cars through active demand

Management of electrical vehicle charging points.Is done through controllers that communicates with a

central management software utilizing secure communication. That allows the EV user to interface with the electrical supplier and on the same time gives the network full control of the demand side of the EV

charging process..

Smart Grid – Cyber SecurityThe Cyberspace Policy Review initiated by President Obama advised that “the Federal government should work with the private sector to define public-private

partnership roles and responsibilities for the defense of privately owned critical infrastructure and key

resources.” Specifically, the review recommended that as “the United States deploys new Smart Grid

technology, the Federal government must ensure that security standards are developed and adopted to avoid

creating unexpected opportunities for adversaries to penetrate these systems or conduct large-scale

attacks”.

Source : http://www.whitehouse.gov

The fact that the Smart Grid is connected to an Electrical Vehicle makes the security concern even bigger !!!