active and passive by adeel mushtaq.docx

8/12/2019 active and passive by Adeel Mushtaq.docx

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Introduction For instance

In active voice subject acts upon

object, while in passive voice object isacted upon by subject. It can also be

said, in active voice subject does a

work on object, while in passive voice

object is worked on by subject. The

normal structure of an active voice

sentence issubject+verb+objectbut

in passive the normal structure of

sentence is reversed according to certain

rules and becomes.i.e.

object+verb+subject.

Subject + Verb + Object

Object + Verb + 3rd +by+ Subject

Adeel + plays + cricket

Cricket + played + by + Adeel

1. The places of subject and object are interchanged i.e. the object shifts to theplace of subject and subject shifts to the place of object in passive

voice.Example.

Active voice:I write a letter.

Passive voice:I letter is written by me.

Subject (I) of sentence shifted to the place of object (letter) and object (letter)

shifted to the place of subject (I) in passive voice.

2. Sometimes subject of sentence is not used in passive voice. Subject ofsentence can be omitted in passive voice, if without subject it can give enough

meaning in passive voice.Examples.

Passive voice:cloth is sold in yards

3. 3rd form of verb (past participle)is always used as main verb in sentencesof passive voice for all tenses. Base form of verb or present participle will be

never used in passive voice.

The word by is used before subject in sentences in passive voice.Example.

Active voice:He sings a song.

Passive voice:A song is sung byhim.

4. The word by is not always used before subject in passive voice. Sometimeswords with, to, etc may also be used before subject in passive voice.

Examples.

Active voice:The water fills the tub.

Passive voice:The tub is filled withwater.

A verb can be either transitive or intransitive. A transitive verb needs an object (in sentence) to

give complete meaning while intransitive verb does need an object (in sentence) to give complete

meaning.

For example,

Transitive verb.

He sent a letter.

(Send is a transitive verb and it needs an object i.e. letter to express full meaning.)

Intransitive Verb.

He laughs.

(Laugh is an intransitive verb and it does not need object for expressing full meaning.)

e.g. Sleep, go, reach, sit, die, are examples of intransitive verbs.

Intransitive verb cannot be changed into passive voiceT

he sentences having intransitive verbs (belonging to any tense) cannot be changed into passive

voice. The reason is that there is not any object in such sentences and without object of sentence

passive voice is not possible.

A sentence can be changed into passive voice if it has subject and object. Sometimes subject may


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not be written in passive voice but it does not mean that it has no subject. Such sentences have

subject but the subject is so common or familiar or known that if even it is not wr itten in passive

voice, it gives full meaning.

For example Cloth is sold in yards.

Active voice: He knows me.

Passive voice:I am known to him.

5. Auxiliary verbs are used passive voice according to the tense of sentence.


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Passive voice of imperative sentences(command and request)

A sentence which expresses command or request or advice is

called imperative sentence.

For example,

Open the door.

Turn off the television.

Learn your lesson.

For changing these sentences in to passive voice, auxiliary verb be is

used. The word Let is added before sentence in passive voice. Auxiliary

verb be is added after object in sentence in passive voice. Main verb

(base form) of imperative sentence is changed to 3rd form of verb (past

participle) in passive voice. For best understand read the following

examples.

Examples

Passive voice of Imperative Sentences

Active Voice Passive Voice

Open the door. Letthe door beopened.

Complete the work. Letthe worked becompleted.

Turn off the television. Letthe television betuned off.

Learn your lesson. Letyour lesson belearnt.

Kill the snake. Letthe snake bekilled.

Punish him. Lethim bepunished.

Speak the truth. Letthe truth bespoken.

Help the poor. Letthe poor behelped.

Interrogative Voices with whoThe passives start with whothe rules are bit different.

1. Convert Subject into Object2. Convert Object into Subject3. Use 3rdform4. Use bywith Objects

Rules for the Interrogative with whoWhenever the interrogative with whois converted into passive voice there is a

bit different rule to be applied, whereas all the other rules are the same.

By is used at the beginning with whom. Since who is the subject and itconverts into whom in passive voice.

Examples

Who is knocking at the door? (active voice)By whom the door is being knocked at? (passive voice)

Who is calling me? (active voice)By whom am I being called? (passive voice)

Who invited you? (active voice)By whom are you invited? (passive voice)

Who made this? (active voice)By whom is this made? (passive voice)


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Revise your book. Letyour book berevised.

Clean your room. Letyour room becleaned.

Person Cases

Singular Subjective

(used

before

verb)

Possesive

form

Objective form(used

after verb)

1st

I Mine Me

2nd You Yours You

3rd He,She,It His ,Hers,Its Him,Her,Its

Plural

1st

We Ours Us

2nd

You Yours You

3rd They Their Them


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Passive voice for Present/Future Modals

CAN, MAY, MIGHT, SHOULD, MUST, OUGHT TO

Auxiliary verb in passive voice: be

The places of subject and object in sentence are inter-changed in passive voice.

3rd form of verb (past participle) will be used only (as main verb) in passive voice.To change sentences having present/future modal into passive voice, auxiliary verb

be is added after modal in sentence.

Active voice: CAN

She can play a violin.

She cannot play a violin.

Can she play a violin?

Passive voice: CAN BEA violin can be played by her.A violin cannot be played by her.Can a violin be played by her?

Active voice: MAY

I may buy the computer.

I may not buy the computer.

May I buy the computer?

Active voice: MAY BE

The computer may be bought by me.

The computer may not be bought by me.

May the computer be bought by me?

Active voice: MIGHT

Guests might play chess.

Guests might not play chess.

Active voice: MIGHT BE

Chess might be played by guests.

Chess might not be played guests.

Active voice: SHOULD

Students should study all lessons.

Students should not study all lessons.

Should students study all lessons?

Active voice: SHOULD BE

All lessons should be studied by students.

All lessons should not be studied by students.

Should all lessons be studied by students?

Active voice: MUST

You must learn the test-taking strategies.

You must not learn the test-taking

strategies.

Active voice: MUST BE

Test-taking strategies must be learnt by you.

Test-taking strategies must not be learned by you.

Passive voice for Present/Future Modals

MAY HAVE, MIGHT HAVE, SHOULD HAVE, MUST HAVE, OUGHT HAVE TO

Auxiliary verb in passive voice: been

The places of subject and object in sentence are inter-changed in passive voice.

3rd form of verb (past participle) will be used only (as main verb) in passive voice.To change sentences having past modal into passive voice, auxiliary verb been is

added after modal in sentence.

Active voice: MAY HAVE

You may have availed the opportunity.

You may not have availed the opportunity.

Active voice: MAY HAVE BEEN

The opportunity may have been availed byyou.The opportunity may not have been availed byyou.

Active voice: MIGHT HAVE

He might have eaten meal.

He might not have eaten meal.

Active voice: MIGHT HAVE BEEN

Meal might have been eaten by him.

Meal might not have been eaten by him.

Active voice: SHOULD HAVE

You should have studied the book.

You should not have studied the book.

Active voice: SHOULD HAVE BEEN

The book should have been studied by you.

The book should have not been studied by you.

Active voice: MUST HAVE

He must have started job.

He must not have started job.

Active voice: MUST HAVE BEEN

Job must have been started by you.

Job must not have been started by you.

Active voice: OUGHT TO HAVE

You ought to have helped him.

Active voice: OUGHT TO HAVE BEEN

He ought to have been helped by you


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Active voice: OUGHT TO

They ought to take the examination.

Active voice: OUGHT TO BE

The examination ought to be taken by them.

PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE PAST INDEFINITE TENSE FUTURE INDEFINITE TENSE

Helping verbs: is, am, and are.

Singular subjects: use of is

Plural subjects: use of are

Subject I: use of am

Form of verb: 3rdform of verb

Simple passive voiceObject + Helping Verb + Verb + By + Objective Form.

Example: Hockey is played by him.

Negative passive voiceObject + Helping Verb + Not + Verb + By + Objective

Form.

Example: Hockey is not played by h im.

Interrogative passive voiceHelping verb +Object + Verb + by + Objective Form +?

Is hockey played by him?

Interrogative and negative

Helping verbs: was and were.

Singular objects: use of was

Plural objects: use of were


Simple passive voiceObject + Helping Verb + Verb + By + Objective Form.

Example: Hockey was played by him.

Negative passive voiceObject + Helping Verb + Not + Verb + By + Objective

Form.

Example: Hockey was not played by him.

Interrogative passive voiceHelping verb +Object + Verb + by + Objective Form +?

Was hockey played by him?

Interrogative and negativeHelping verb+ Object +not + Verb + by + Objective Form.

Was hockey not played by him?

Helping verbs: will.

Be is used after helping verb and

before verb.


Simple passive voiceObject + Helping Verb + be + Verb + By + Objective Form.

Example: Hockey will be played by him.

Negative passive voiceObject + Helping Verb + Not + be + Verb + by + Objective

Form.Example: Hockey will not be played by him.

Interrogative passive voiceHelping verb +Object + be + Verb + by + Objective Form

+?

Will hockey be played by him?



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Helping verb+ Object +not + Verb + by + Objective Form.

Is hockey not played by him?

Double Interrogative and negative

sentencesObject + Helping Verb + Verb + By + Objective Form.

Why is hockey not played by him?


sentencesWh word + Helping Verb + Object + Verb + By + Objective

Form.

Why was hockey not played by him?

Helping verb+ Object +not + be + Verb + by + Objective

Form.

Will hockey not be played by him?


sentencesWh word + Helping Verb + Object + be + Verb + By +

Objective Form.Why will hockey not be played by him?

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

Helping verbs: is, am and are.Singular objects: use of is

Plural objects: use of are

Form of verb: 3rdform of verb.

Simple passive voiceObject + Helping Verb +being+ Verb + by + Objective

Form.

Example: Hockey is being played by him.

Negative passive voiceObject + Helping Verb + Not+ being + Verb + by +

Objective Form.

Example: Hockey is not being played by him.

Interrogative passive voiceHelping verb +Object +being+ Verb + by + Objective Form

+?

Is hockey being played by him?

Helping verbs: was and were.Being is used after helping verb and

before verb.

Singular subjects: use of was

Plural subjects: use of were


Simple passive voiceObject + Helping Verb + being + Verb + by + Objective

Form.

Example: Hockey was being played by him.

Negative passive voiceObject + Helping Verb + Not + being + Verb + by +

Objective Form.

Example: Hockey was not being played by him.

Helping verbs: will be and shall be.Being is used after helping verb and

before verb


Simple passive voiceObject + Helping Verb + being + Verb + By + Objective

Form.

Example: Hockey will be being played by him.

Negative passive voiceObject + Helping Verb + Not + being + Verb + By +

Objective Form.

Example: Hockey will not be being played by him.

Interrogative passive voiceHelping verb +Object + being +Verb + By + Objective Form


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Interrogative and negativeHelping verb+ Object +not +being+ Verb + by + Objective

Form.

Is hockey not being played by him?


sentencesWh word+ Helping Verb+object +being+ Verb + By +

Objective Form.

Why is hockey not being played by him?

Interrogative passive voiceHelping verb +Object +being + Verb + by + Objective Form

+?

Was hockey being played by him?

Interrogative and negativeHelping verb+ Object +not + being + Verb + by + Objective

Form.Was hockey not being played by him?


sentencesWh word + Helping Verb + Object + being + Verb + By +

Objective Form.

Why was hockey not being played by him?

+ ?

Will hockey be being played by him?

Interrogative and negativeHelping verb+ Object +not + being + Verb + By + Objective

Form.

Will hockey not be being played by him?

Double Interrogative and negativesentencesWh word + Helping Verb + Object + being +Verb + By +

Objective Form.

Why will hockey not be being played by him?

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE PAST PERFECT TENSE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

Helping verbs: has and have.

Use of been after helping verb and

before verb.

Singular objects: use of has

Plural objects: use of have


Simple passive voiceObject + Helping Verb + been + Verb + by + Objective

Form.

Example: Hockey has been played by him.

Negative passive voiceObject + Helping Verb + Not + been + Verb + by +

Objective Form.

Helping verbs: had.

Been is used after helping verb and

before verb.

Objects: only had is used with all

kinds of objects.


Simple passive voiceObject + Helping Verb + been + Verb + By + Objective

Form.

Example: Hockey had been played by him.

Negative passive voiceObject + Helping Verb + Not + been + Verb + By +

Helping verbs: will have been/shall have been.

Been is always used after helping

verb and before verbObjects: use of will have been


Simple passive voiceObject + Helping Verb + been + Verb + By + Objective

Form.

Example: Hockey will have been played by him.

Negative passive voiceObject + Helping Verb + Not +have + been+ Verb + by +


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Example: Hockey has not been played by him.

Interrogative passive voiceHelping verb +Object + been + Verb + by + Objective Form

+?

Has hockey been played by him?


Helping verb+ Object +not + been + Verb + by + ObjectiveForm.

Has hockey not been played by him?


sentencesWh word+ Helping Verb + object + been + Verb + By +

Objective Form.

Why has hockey not been played by him?

Objective Form.

Example: Hockey had not been played by him.

Interrogative passive voiceHelping verb +Object + been + Verb + By + Objective

Form + ?

Had hockey been played by him?

Interrogative and negativeHelping verb+ Object +not + been + Verb + By + Objective

Form.

Had hockey not been played by him ?


sentencesWh word + Helping Verb + Object + been + Verb + By +

Objective Form.

Why has hockey not been played by him?

Objective Form.

Example: Hockey will not have been played by him.

Interrogative passive voiceHelping verb +Object + have + been + Verb + By +

Objective Form + ?

Will hockey have been played by him?

Interrogative and negativeHelping verb+ Object +not + have + been + Verb + By +

Objective Form.

Will hockey not have been played by him?


sentencesWh word + Helping Verb + Object + have + been+ Verb +

By + Objective Form.

Why will hockey not have been played by him?

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUES TENSE

HAS NO PASSIVE VOICEPAST PERFECT CONTINUES TENSE

HAS NO PASSIVE VOICEFUTURE PERFECT CONTINUES TENSE

HAS NO PASSIVE VOICE

Harry ate six shrimp at dinner. (active)At dinner, six shrimp were eaten by Harry. (passive)

Beautiful giraffes roam the savannah. (active)The savannah is roamed by beautiful giraffes.(passive)

Sue changed the flat tire. (active)The flat tire was changed by Sue. (passive)

We are going to watch a movie tonight. (active)A movie is going to be watched by us tonight.(passive)

I ran the obstacle course in record time. (active)The obstacle course was run by me in record time.

The teacher always answers the students questions.(active)The students questions are always answered by the

teacher. (passive)

The choir really enjoys that piece. (active)That piece is really enjoyed by the choir. (passive)

Who taught you to ski? (active)By whom were you taught to ski? (passive)

The forest fire destroyed the whole suburb. (active)The whole suburb was destroyed by the forest fire.(passive)

The two kings are signing the treaty. (active)

The wedding planner is making all the reservations.(active)All the reservations will be made by the wedding

planner. (passive)

Susan will bake two dozen cupcakes for the bakesale. (active)

For the bake sale, two dozen cookies will be baked bySusan. (passive)

The science class viewed the comet. (active)The comet was viewed by the science class. (passive)

Who ate the last cookie? (active)The last cookie was eaten by whom? (passive)


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(passive)

The crew paved the entire stretch of highway.(active)The entire stretch of highway was paved by the crew.(passive)

Mom read the novel in one day. (active)

The novel was read by Mom in one day. (passive)

The critic wrote a scathing review. (active)A scathing review was written by the critic. (passive)

I will clean the house every Saturday. (active)The house will be cleaned by me every Saturday.(passive)

The staff is required to watch a safety video everyyear. (active)A safety video will be watched by the staff everyyear. (passive)

She faxed her application for a new job. (active)The application for a new job was faxed by her.(passive)

Tom painted the entire house. (active)The entire house was painted by Tom. (passive)

The treaty is being signed by the two kings. (passive)

The cleaning crew vacuums and dusts the officeevery night. (active)Every night the office is vacuumed and dusted by thecleaning crew. (passive)

Larry generously donated money to the homeless

shelter. (active)Money was generously donated to the homelessshelter by Larry. (passive)

No one responded to my sales ad. (active)My sales ad was not responded to by anyone.(passive)

The saltwater eventually corroded the metal beams.(active)The metal beams were eventually corroded by thesaltwater. (passive)

The kangaroo carried her baby in her pouch. (active)The baby was carried by the kangaroo in her pouch.(passive)

Alex posted the video on Facebook. (active)The video was posted on Facebook by Alex. (passive)

The director will give you instructions. (active)Instructions will be given to you by the director.(passive)

Thousands of tourists view the Grand Canyon every

year. (active)The Grand Canyon is viewed by thousands of touristsevery year. (passive)

The homeowners remodeled the house to help it sell.(active)The house was remodeled by the homeowners tohelp it sell. (passive)

The team will celebrate their victory tomorrow.(active)The victory will be celebrated by the team tomorrow.(passive)

Some people raise sugar cane in Hawaii. (active)Sugar cane is raised by some people in Hawaii.(passive)

interrogative sentence

Read the following sentences:

Active: Dothe children play football?

Passive: Isfootball played by the children? (NOT Do

football played by the children?)

Active: Did Alice invite you?

Passive: Wereyou invited by Alice? (NOT Did you

invited by Alice?)

Note:As you may have noticed, the auxiliaries do,

doesand didare not used in the passive.

Imperative Sentence

Sentences which express request, order, advice,

suggestion, prohibition etc., are calledimperative

sentences.

The imperative sentence in the passive voice has the

following structure:

Let + object + be + past participle

When the active voice begins with do not, the passive

voice has the following structure:

Let not + object + be + past participle

More examples are given below:

Active: Please lend me some money.

Passive: You are requested to lendme some money.

Active: Kindly do this work.

Passive: You are requested to dothis work.

Active: Get me a glass of water.

Passive: You are orderedto get me a glass of water.

Active: Let us go for a walk.

Passive: It is suggested thatwe should go out for a

walk.


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Active: Have you finished the work?

Passive: Hasthe work been finished by you?

Notes: The auxiliaries has, haveand hadare used in

the passive, but they change their form according to

the number and person of the passive subject.

Active: Cananyone cure it?

Passive:Canit be cured?Active: Willhe accept our invitation?

Passive: Will our invitation be accepted by him?

Note:

The auxiliaries can, may, willand shalldo not change

their beginning position when active voice is changed

into the passive voice.

Active: Whomdid you laugh at?

Passive: Who was laughed at by you?

Active: Whokilled the snake?

Passive: By whomwas the snake killed?

Note:

Whochanges to by whomin the passive; (by)

whomchanges to whoin the passive.

Active: Why didhe punish you?

Passive: Why wereyou punished by him?

Notes:

The question words when, where, why,

howand whatdo not change their beginning position

when the sentence is changed from the active to the

passive.

In some sentences it is possible to put notafter

the object or be.

Examples are given below:

Active: Bringit home.

Passive: Let it be broughthome.

Active: Doit at once.

Passive: Let it be done at once.Active: Do not beat the dog.

Passive: Let the dog not be beaten.

Active: Let me do it.

Passive: Let it be doneby me. OR Let me be allowed

to doit.

You can begin the sentence with youif you want to put

emphasis on the person addressed to.

Examples are given below:

Active: Please help me.

Passive: Let me be helped.

Passive: You are requestedto help me.

Active: Dont touch it.

Passive: Let it not be touched.

Active: You are warned not to touch it.

The passive form has to begin with you, when the object

of the verb in the active voice is not given.

Active: Work hard. (No object)

Passive: You are advisedto work hard.

Active: Get out. (No object)

Passive: You are ordered to get out.

Note that suggestis followed by a -that clauseand not

an infinitive.

Sentences with modals

Active: You ought to respect your parents.

Passive: Your parents ought to be respectedby you.

Active: You should learn your lessons.

Passive: Your lessons should be learnedby you.In sentences where God is invoked the passive voice will

be as follows:

Active: May God bless you!

Passive: May you be blessed bGod


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active and passive by adeel mushtaq.docx

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