action preparation - university of minnesota...
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Chapter 7 1
ACTION PREPARATION
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THIS CHAPTER’S CONCEPT
Performing voluntary, coordinated movements requires preparation of the motor control
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Action Preparation Requires Time This chapter is devoted to:
“the principle that the motor control system needs preparation before it can initiate an action.”
RT (reaction time) is an index of preparation required to produce an action which is sometimes called response-delay interval.
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Factors that influence action preparation Task & situational characteristics that can influence
one’s reaction time. Performance characteristics that influence one’s
reaction time.
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TASK & SITUATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS Number of responses choices Predictability of the correct response choice Influence of pre-cueing Stimulus response compatibility Fore period length regularity Movement complexity Movement accuracy Repetition of a movement Psychological refractory period
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NUMBER OF RESPONSE CHOICES
Hick’s Law
Predicts that RT increases as the number of choices alternatives increases
Predicts the size of of increases to be expected
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Apply Hick’s Law to Sport Time out where the coach give instruction to
their players about an upcoming play.
Hockey player skating down the ice during a game, he or she has several choices
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PREDICTABILITY OF THE CORRECT RESPONSE CHOICE As the predictability of one of the possible
choices increases, RT decreases.
It’s all about probability of advanced information being correct! 50-50 chance: Chance of guessing is low! 80-20 chance: Bias effect will occur 20-80 chance: Tendency to ignore
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Precueing Technique Precueing technique provides performer with
advanced information and as the number of precueing dimensions increases so does RT increase BUT: If advanced knowledge of what will happen is
correct, precueing will work to the advantage of the performer.
If advanced knowledge of what will happen is incorrect, precueing will work to the disadvantage of the performer.
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Precueing & Sport Why does an end around play in football work
sometimes and other times it does not work?
The answer is found in the cost-benefit-trade off principle
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Research Evidence Research evidence has consistently shown that as the predictability of one of the
possible choices increases, reaction time deceases. A popular way to investigate this assumption is through the pre-cueing technique. Pre-cueing technique is where the researcher provide the participant with differing amounts of advanced information about which movement must be made in a choice situation. Prior to the signal to move, the subject receives advance information (the pre-cue) specifying the correct upcoming response. Researchers using the pre-cue technique have indicated that correct advanced information given to the subject prior to the “go” signal improves their preparation time.
An interesting twist to the pre-cue situation occurs when the advanced information may or may not be correct. The critical factor influencing the preparation time in this situation is the probability of the advance information correctness. It has been determined that subjects who are in a two choice situation (the advanced information has only a 50-50 chance of being correct), the subject will ignore the information and respond as if no advanced information has been given. But if the advanced information has an 80 percent chance of being correct or wrong, the performer will bias his or her preparation in making a response.
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STIMULUS RESPONSE COMPATIBILITY
RT decreases (faster) as the relationship between the stimulus and their required response becomes compatible.
RT increases (slows) as when this relationship become less compatible
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S-R Relationship
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Before your even turn on a burner which stove will enables you to make a faster decision?
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Stimulus-response compatibility Stroop effect…appearance of the stimulus
suggests one type of response but the situation requires a difference response.
Spatial relation 5 on floor to steering column shifting Circus dash board to car dash panel
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FOREPERIOD LENGTH REGULARITY
Time period between the warning signal and the go signal.
What happens to our decisions when: When there is no foreperiod?
When foreperiod varies?
When foreperiod is constant?
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MOVEMENT COMPLEXITY RT increases as the task become
more complicated due to motor program theory(more parts to control).
Key factor is the number of component parts involved in the action.
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MOVEMENT ACCURACY As the movement demands for
movement increases, the greater the amount of preparation time is required.
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THE REPETITION OF A MOVEMENT What affect does practicing a
motor or sport skill have on one’s reaction time?
WHY?
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PSYCHOLOGICAL REFRACTORY PERIOD Studying the time between different
responses to different signals? Why does a fake work? Not Work? RT delay to second response is
called PRP PRP is the delay period during
which a planned response seems to put on hold another response.
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TASK & SITUATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS SUMMARY Teacher, coach, exercise specialist, and/or PT can increase one
preparation action (be slower) when: One increases the number of movement alternatives One increases the unpredictability of the correct movement
response alternative Pre-cue information is incorrect Increase the degree of spatial incompatibility between the
situation and movement outcome Increase the irregularity of the foreperiod Having no previous practice in performing the task
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Part II: Performer Characteristics
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PERFORMER CHARACTERISTICS Alertness of the perfomer
Attentional Focus
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ALERTNESS OF THE PERFORMER
Optimal length of being alert is key factor in reaction time tasks.
Different tasks One type of RT task, where a person does not have
to wait for any length of period beyond a few seconds but must respond as quickly and possible.
One type of RT task, where a person has a long term maintenance of alertness (vigilance tasks) where signal occurs very infrequently or irregularly..
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Alertness and RT Types of tasks with a short optimal time of
alertness, RT are smaller than tasks with a long optimal time of alertness.
Fast reaction time usually occur when the performer’s fore period length ranges from 1 to 4 seconds.
When the stimulus is irregular or one has to wait long periods before the stimulus appears, RT is slow.
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Alertness & Injury Closed-head injury
Boxers Car accident resulting in brain damage Football player with repeated concusions.
Problems Duration of being vigilant is short RT increases in detection of the stimulus
(detection time lacency)
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ATTENTIONAL FOCUS Should we have the performer concentrate
on the start signal (sensory set) or the required movement?
When one’s focus is on the sensory set it produces faster RT than the motor response.
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Performer characteristic (summary)
The teacher, coach, exercise specialist or PT can increase action preparation time (be slower) by: Decreasing the performer’s alertness Focus on one’s movement rather than the “go”
signal
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WHAT OCCURS DURING PREPARATION?
Postural preparation Preparing the limb to move in a given
direction, trajectory and accuracy. Preparing one for object control Preparing for skills that require sequences Preparing one to move in a specific pattern Preparing to move in rhythmic pattern
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What occurs during preparation?
(Cognitive processes)
Fractionated Reaction Time
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Insight into Preparation If we increase response complexity, we see an increase
in pre motor component.
If we increase duration of completing the response increases, we see an increase in premotor component.
If movement velocity increases, we see an increase in premotor component.
If I perform the skill with more force, we see an increase in both premotor and motor components.
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Developmental Coordination Disorder Children who display motor performance levels below those
of aged-matched peers.
Fractionated visual RT revealed the DCD children’s reaction times are slower in both their pre- and motor components.
These results gave researchers evidence that motor component (motor time) contributes to coordination difficulties.
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Postural Preparation Prior to performing a task, postural muscles are
activated to prepare for movement (anticipatory postural adjustment) In elbow-flexion aiming task, muscles of both legs
were activated before the arm muscles. Prior to a leg movement, muscles that stabilized
the leg fired before the prime movers. Stoke patients with paralysis on one side
(hemiparesis) have problems because they are impaired in anticipatory postural adjustments.
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Some Interesting Facts about Preparation EMG studies prove there is relationship between
movement time and postural position. A common problem with stroke patients is inability to
perform anticipatory postural adjustment of the trunk & limbs.
Movement force characteristics in lifting an object occurs in advance of manipulating the object.
The precision of limb positioning will be greater and faster when a person’s limb is in a comfortable position (end-state comfort control)
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Some interesting facts about preparation Hand positioning in playing piano and typing due
the skill is sequential is key to playing or typing. Pre-performance routines stabilizes the motor
system Southard and Amos with tennis serve found a .77
correlation between relative time of a ritual to successful performance.
Mack found additional evidence of ritual in free-throw shooting.
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The End
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