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SCIENCE, VOL. 135344

should be forewarned of the danger ofhabit formation, unless they are betterdisciplined than I am. Not only doesone thing lead to another, but one termleads to another-and another.A not unimportant portion of the

work is comprised of three appendixes:one dealing with Greek and Latin roots,one listing geographical terms adoptedfrom languages ranging from Afrikaansto Welsh, and a third which outlinesthe terminology of the geological timescale (especially in reference to British,Northwest European, and North Amer-ican nomenclature). Significant, too, inan early portion of the volume, is a

listing of standard works which were

consulted. Included are references toconventional dictionaries and encyclo-pedias, but, more significantly, there are

references to some of the classics andneoclassics in the realm of geographicalliterature.

Those responsible for the volume donot pretend fullness, let alone repletion,of treatment of geographical terms.Rather, they admit insufficiencies andimperfections, and they invite criticismsand additions.

ROBERT M. GLENDINNINGDepartment of Geography,University of California, Los Angeles

Dielectrics

Digest of Literature on Dielectrics. vol.23, 1959. Louis J. Frisco and ThomasD. Callinam, Eds. National Academyof Sciences-National Research Coun-cil, Washington, D.C., 1960. xiv +423 pp. $8.

A comprehensive digest of technicalpublications on the theory and applica-tions of dielectrics and related subjectsis prepared and published annually bythe Digest Committee of the Confer-ence on Electrical Insulation of the Na-tional Research Council. The 12 chap-ters of the 1959 digest, prepared by a

group of 38 experts, cover all aspectsof dielectrics and treat the subject fromthe viewpoint of the physicist, thechemist, and the engineer. Theoreticaldevelopments as well as progress in thediscovery and application of dielectricmaterials are reviewed. The digest con-

tains summaries and evaluations of tech-nical advances which are described inperiodicals and books published during1959.

366

New Books

Biological and Medical Sciences

The Arthropod Parasites of Vertebratesin Africa South of the Sahara (EthiopianRegion). vol. 1, Chelicerata. F. Zumpt,Ed. South African Inst. for Medical Re-search, Johannesburg, S.A., 1961. 457 pp.Illus. R. 6.

Bioelectricity. E. E. Suckling. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1961. 244 pp. Illus. $8.75.

Chromatographic Reviews. Progress inchromatography, electrophoresis, and re-lated methods. vol. 3. Michael Lederer,Ed. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1961 (order fromVan Nostrand, Princeton, N.J.). 192 pp.Illus.Kenya Trees and Shrubs. Ivan R. Dale

and P. J. Greenway. Published by author-ity of the Government of the Colony andProtectorate of Kenya. Hatchards, Lon-don, 1961. 671 pp. Illus. $17.50.Man, Time, and Fossils. The story of

evolution. Ruth Moore. Knopf, New York,ed. 2, 1961. 467 pp. Illus. $6.95.On Growth and Form. D'Arcy Went-

worth Thompson. John Tyler Bonner, Ed.Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1961.360 pp. Illus. $5.95.

General

Computers and Common Sense. Themyth of thinking machines. MortimerTaube. Columbia Univ. Press, New York,1961. 141 pp. $3.75.The Evolution of Civilizations. Carroll

Quigley. Macmillan, New York, 1961. 291pp. Illus. $5.95.

Four Studies of War and Peace in ThisCentury. W. K. Hancock. Cambridge Univ.Press, New York, 1961. 136 pp. $3.75.

This Crowded Planet. Margaret 0.

Hyde. McGraw-Hill' New York, 1961.159 pp. Illus. $3 (juvenile book).Time and the Physical World. Richard

Schlegel. Michigan State Univ. Press, EastLansing, 1961. 223 pp. Illus. $7.50.

Transactions of the Newcomen Society.vol. 31, 1957-1958 and 1958-1959. Hef-fer, London, 1961. 373 pp. Illus. + 39plates. 50s.The Two Netherlanders, Humphrey

Bradley and Cornelis Drebbel. L. E. Har-ris. Heffer, London, 1961. 227 pp. Illus.44s.

Mathematics, Physical Sciences,and Engineering

Advances in Electronics and ElectronPhysics. vol. 15. L. Marton, Ed. Aca-demic Press, New York, 1961. 422 pp.Illus. $13.

Annual Review of Nuclear Science. vol.11. E. Segre, Ed. Annual Reviews, PaloAlto, Calif., 1961. 520 pp. Illus. $7.

Basic Principles of the Tracer Method.Introduction to mathematical tracer ki-netics. C. W. Shepard.,Wiley, New York,1962. 300 pp. Illus. $8.Chemical Reactions in the Lower and

Upper Atmosphere. Interscience, $IewYork, 1961. 400 pp. Illus. $14.

The Geology of Queensland. D. Hilland A. K. Denmead, Eds. Melbourne

Univ. Press, Melbourne, Australia, 1961.444 pp. Illus. + plates.

Mechanical Properties of EngineeringCeramics. W. W. Kriegel and H. Palmour,III, Eds. Interscience, New York, 1961.661 pp. Illus. $21.

Molecular Orbital Theory for OrganicChemists. A. Streitwieser, Jr. Wiley, NewYork, 1961. 505 pp. Illus. $14.50.

Oeuvres Scientifiques Completes. Fred-eric and Irene Joliot-Curie. Presses Uni-versitaires de France, Paris, 1961. 915pp. Illus.

Photogeology. V. C. Miller. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1961. 255 pp. Illus.$13.50.

Photometric Titrations. J. B. Headridge.Pergamon, New York, 1961. 141 pp.Illus. $7.50.

Praktische Mathematik fur Ingenieureund Physiker. R. Zurmiihl, Ed. Springer,Berlin, 1961. 564 pp. Illus. DM. 29.40.Quantum Theory. vol. 2, Aggregates of

Particles (486 pp. $11). vol 3, Radiationand High Energy Physics (413 pp. $10).D. R. Bates, Ed. Academic Press, NewYork, 1962. Illus.Random Processes. M. Rosenblatt. Ox-

ford Univ. Press, New York, 1962. 218 pp.$6.

Rockets and Your Future. Stanley Beit-ler. Harper, New York, 1961. 154 pp.Illus. $3.50.

Roger Joseph Boscovich. Studies of hislife and work on the 250th anniversaryof his birth. Lancelot Law Whyte, Ed.Allen and Unwin, London, 1961. 230 pp.Illus. 32s.

Vector Mechanics for Engineers. pt. 1,Statistics. H. R. Nara, Ed. Wiley, NewYork, 1962. 467 pp. Illus. $6.50.

Reprints

Mechanics. J. P. Den Hartog. Dover,New York, 1961. 471 pp. Illus. $2.Modern Theories of Integration. H.

Kestelman. Dover, New York, 1960. 318pp. $2.The Principles of Chemical Equilibrium.

Kenneth Denbigh. Cambridge Univ. Press,New York, 1961. 512 pp. Illus. $2.95.

Science and Music. Sir James Jeans.Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1961.258 pp. Illus. $1.95.The Scientific Papers of J. Willard

Gibbs. vol. 1, Thermodynamics. 460 pp.vol. 2, Dynamics, Vector Analysis andMultiple Algebra, Electromagnetic Theoryof Light. 292 pp. Dover, New York, 1961.Illus. $2 each.The Story of X-Rays from Rontgen to

Isotopes. Alan Ralph Bleich. Dover, NewYork, 1960. 200 pp. Illus. $1.35.

Strength of Materials. J. P. Den Hartog.Dover, New York, 1961. 331 pp. Illus.$1.95.

Supersonic Aerodynamics. Edward R. C.Miles. Dover, New York, 1961. 266 pp.Illus. $1.45.A Treatise on Hydrodynamics. vol 1,

276 pp. vol. 2, 343 pp. A. B. Bassett.Dover, New York, 1961. Illus. $1.75 each.

Vector Analysis. Edwin Bidwell Wilson.Dover, New York, 1960. 454 pp. Illus. $2.

SCIENCE, VOL. 135

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380 SCIENCE, VOL. 135

New Procucts

Servo accelerometer is an electricallyconstrained force-balance system con-tained completely in a hermeticallysealed cylinder measuring 1 in. in dia-meter and 2 in. long. Sensitivity toangular and cross-axis acceleration iseliminated by a nonpendulous tangen-tial arm suspension that supports andguides the sensing element. Natural fre-quency of the servo loop is 500 cy/sec,and total displacement of the seismicmass is less than 0.0001 in. Outputfrom the accelerometer is an electriccurrent proportional to acceleration.The load resistor can be selected toprovide any desired voltage sensitivityup to a maximum of ±5 v. The outputsignal is electrically isolated from caseground. Two models are available, ahigh-precision model (No. 302) and aruggedized moderate-cost instrument(model No. 302-2). Specifications ofthe former are: range, ± 15 grav andup to ±100 grav on special order; line-arity, 0.01 percent over the entire range;threshold, 10' grav; null stability, 10'grav; output signal, 0.2 ma/grav; am-bient temperature range -65° to +1 60°F; power requirement, 16 voltsd-c at 30 ma. A compact regulatedpower supply (model No. 300), is avail-able. An optional feature is an addi-tional winding on the force coil,electrically isolated from the acceler-ometer circuitry, which permits intro-duction of compensating or correctingsignals from an external source. Cali-bration can be accomplished using theearth's gravitational field. The instru-ments can also be used as remote-indicating electronic levels or as atti-tude indicators with accuracy and sta-bility to be comparable to a precisionbubble level. (Kistler Instrument Corp.,Dept. Sci557, 15 Webster St., NorthTonawanda, N.Y.)

The infornmation reported here is obtainied frommanufacturers and from other souirces consideredto be reliable. Neither Science nior the writer as-sumes responsibility for the accuracy of the in-formation. All inquiries concerning items listedshould be addressed to the mnanufacturer. In-clude the department number in your inquiry.

2 FEBRUARY 1962

Semiconductor nuclear particle de-tector uses a guard-ring constructionto eliminate surface current leakage,thereby reducing noise and improvingresolution. Two types are available:the NPSG-25, operating from 25 to75 volts, for general use as a nuclear-particle detector; and the NPSG-75,

with operating range from 75 to 200volts, for nuclear-particle spectros-copy. Pulse height is said to be linearwith particle energy over a widerange, and response time is in thenanosecond region. (Solid State Radia-tions Inc., Dept. Sci551, 2261 S. Car-melina, Los Angeles 64, Calif.)

Strain-gage-signal calibrator is saidto accommodate any type of resistancetransducer. Depression of a push buttonassociated with each module causes

automatic balancing and automatic set-ting of the sensitivity control. The servo

system is said to null to + 10 ,v. Amanual override provides for normalmanual balancing and voltage selection.Each module contains an individualfloating power supply. The modules can

be used with three- to eight-wire inputcalibration systems and can performsingle or double shunt resistance cali-bration as well as series current calibra-tion. (B & F Instruments, Inc., Dept.Sci537, 3644 N. Lawrence St., Phila-delphia 40, Pa.)

Bidirectional counter indicates truecount while going through zero ineither direction and thus eliminatesthe need for external reset to estab-lish a reference. The counter convertselectrical input pulses to numeral-tube visual readout and to digitalelectrical readout. The counter can bepreset or reset to any reference num-ber. An optional feature permits re-set to a predetermined number aftereach operation. Counting rate is 45,000per second; five decades and polarityindication are provided; signal outputis up to 100 volts on 53 pins of anelectrical connector. (Crane Co., 300Winona Blvd., Burbank, Calif.)

Frequency meter (model No. 737C)combines a transistorized 1 0-Mcy/ seccounter and a vacuum-tube heterodynereceptacle that accepts various con-verter plug-in units. Units are availablefor the ranges: 10 to 100 Mcy/sec, 100to 220 Mcy/sec, and 100 to 510Mcy/sec. Time base is of the decadecount-down type. Both vertical decadedisplay and in-line numeral-tube dis-play are available. (Computer Measure-ments Corp., Dept. Sci559, 12970 Brad-ley Ave., San Fernando, Calif.)

Rubidium frequency standard issaid to be accurate to 5 parts in 101with long-term stability of 2 parts in1010. The instrument consists of aquartz-crystal oscillator whose fre-quency is maintained at a subharmonicof the 6834-Mcy/ sec hyperfine reso-nance in the ground state of rubidium-87. Microwave resonance absorption isenhanced by optical pumping. Thecrystal oscillator frequency is trans-lated to outputs at frequencies 5 Mcy/sec, 1 Mcy/sec, and 100 kcy/sec. Allactive elements are solid state. Weightof the portable instrument is 30 lb, andvolume is 0.83 ft'. (Clauser TechnologyCorp., Dept. Sci548, 3510 TorranceBlvd., Torrance, Calif.)

Bearing ratio apparatus can be usedeither in the laboratory or in the fieldto evaluate the bearing characteristicsof friable soils. The soil or aggregate tobe tested is contained in a small cup. Abearing plate is placed on top of thesample and loaded by means of a leverarrangement. The entire apparatus isself-contained. (Soiltest, Inc., Dept.Sci574, 4711 W. North Ave., Chicago39, 11.)

JOSHUA STERNNational Bureau of Standards,Washington, D.C.

381

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382

LettersScience and Engineering Manpower

Your news article on science and en-gineering manpower [Science 135, 301(26 Jan. 1962)], together with the vol-ume of public mail in response to thePresident's statement at his press con-

ference on 15 January, emphasizes theimportance of the studies the Presidenthas requested. Despite differences ofview over whether or not the drop inengineering enrollments is significant,and despite inadvertent errors, originat-ing in my office (in the statistics in-cluded in the press conference state-ment, the year 1951 should have read1950 in the listings of graduates in sci-ences, and engineering enrollments for1951 should have read 146,000), thereis, nevertheless, a growing consensus

that major problems may be developingas we move further into the 1960's. Asa minimum, there is an urgent need tounderstand the significance of the manystatistics and statements relating to thesubject of technical manpower.We probably need better statistics

and, more important, better analysesof what the statistics mean. For exam-

ple, figures comparing present collegeenrollments with what they have beenduring the past decade are badly con-

fused by the post-World War II "bulge."But regardless of any difference over

numbers, the simple fact is that it istime for searching study and analysisof our technical manpower-its qualityand utilization, as well as its quantity-and its implications for public policy.Similarly, we must make careful assess-

ments of the demands our expandingresearch and development programs,

both public and private, will place on

our technical manpower resources. Itis precisely such studies that the Presi-dent now has asked for.One matter of primary concern in

the consideration of technical manpow-

er problems is that of quality. I am

convinced that it is necessary to im-prove the over-all quality of science andengineering education at all levels, tostimulate a high order of advancedtraining through research, and to makeit possible for scientists and engineersto enhance their professional skills andto utilize their talents to the fullest. Itis also necessary, in the planning of thegovernment's research and developmentprograms, to give greater emphasis tothe effective use of technical manpower.

The effective employment of our scien-

tists and engineers is important for theindividual as well as for the nation. Inmy view, far too little attention hasbeen directed toward determining howeffectively the national pool of scientificand technical manpower is distributedamong industry, government, and uni-versities, or to gaining a better under-standing of the technical manpower

needs and practices of each of thesesectors and of the factors that influencemanpower distribution.

It is for these reasons, among others,that there is a need for more studyof our human resources for researchand development.

JEROME B. WIESNERThe White House, Washington, D.C.

Research in Australia

My associates and I feel that thearticle "Financing scientific research inAustralia" by S. Encel [Science 134, 260(1961)] presents an inaccurate and un-

flattering picture of this company's con-

tribution to research. The followingfacts are provided in the hope thattheir publication may lead to a more

balanced picture.Encel says: "In 1955 the company

embarked on a research program whichhas involved a capital cost of over

£ A400,000 ($1 million) to date, andits annual expenditure is now about£A 100,000. It employs about 90scientists, engineers, technicians, andgeologists." Later, in commenting on a

total estimated industrial researchbudget of about £A5 million, he says,

"Almost all of this is for 'development'rather than 'research'."The figures in the first quoted passage

apply reasonably well to staffing andexpenditure at the Central ResearchLaboratories alone at a time about 2years ago. However, this is only one

facet of research in this company. TheCentral Research Laboratories were

opened in March 1957 to undertakefundamental and long-term researchfor the steel industry. Prior to thatdate research was- conducted for theindividual steel plants, and still is, ineven greater volume.

Laboratories at present operated bythe company for research purposes in-clude the Central Research Labora-tories at Shortland, the Works Re-search Laboratories at Newcastle andPort Kembla, the Central MineralDressing Laboratories at Whyalla, andsmaller but important facilities in sev-

SCIENCE, VOL. 135

BERM PLASMRESOURCESAAAS SymposiumVolume No. 66

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Order today from

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Washington 5, D.C.

eral subsidiary plants. A modern andwell-equipped research laboratory isalso maintained in Newcastle by thefirm of John Lysaght (Australia)Limited. This is in no way connectedwith our own organization.

In addition to these installations,which exist purely for research, thereare other departments where a gooddeal of research and investigation arecarried on. A new million-dollar con-trol laboratory at the Newcastle Steel-works will undertake many activitiesnormally listed under the researchbudgets of industrial concerns, quiteapart from its responsibilities in controlchemistry and metallurgy. The samemay be said of new facilities proposedfor Port Kembla and Whyalla.

Further, all evaluation and explora-tion of ore deposits is carried out bythe Department of Raw Materials andExploration, whose expenditure wouldnot have appeared in Encel's listing.The staff now directly engaged on re-

search is as follows: Central ResearchLaboratories, Shortland, 117; WorksResearch Department, Newcastle, 30;Works Research Department, PortKembla, 25; Central Mineral DressingLaboratories, Whyalla, 12. The Depart-ment of Raw Materials and Explorationemploys 40 graduate geologists andother scientists, including field officers.A total budget for all research and

development conducted by the com-pany would be difficult to compute.The current research budget for theCentral Research Laboratories alone isvery nearly twice the figure Encel hasgiven for the entire industry. The otherbranches are proportionately financed.

It should also be pointed out that byno means is "almost all" of this ex-penditure for "development" ratherthan "research." Four major projects atShortland now are entirely innovative,and a great deal of fundamental workis done that is either complementary toor independent of these. These labora-tories are engaged almost exclusivelyon "research"; "development" is under-taken by Works teams as the projectsprogress. A smaller, though important,proportion of the work undertaken bythe Works Research laboratories is trueresearch, either independent of or sup-plementary to developmental function.Much of the developmental work doneat the Works laboratories is also in-novative; though applied and practical,it calls for scientific rigor and academiccompetence and makes a real contribu-tion to knowledge in the general sense.We realize that delays in publication

2 FEBRUARY 1962

SHHH! METALLURGY IS "BORROWING" THE MASS SPEC FROM PHYS CHEM

This could happen at your laboratory. Bendix makes the time-of-flight massspectrometer to do a multitude of research and analytical jobs. It's compact,easy to move, a breeze to maintain, and about as versatile as the user'simagination. Five basic inlet systems help to make this versatility possible:the molecular leak inlet, the fast reaction inlet, the hot filament inlet, theKnudsen cell, and the vapor phase chromatograph. To be more specific, theBendix® mass spec will do almost any routine analytical problem, plus all ofthe following:* Monitoring chromatograph output * Photoionization studies* Determination of vapor pressures * Molecular structure studies* Determination of heats of vaporization * Photochemical reaction studies* Free radical studies * Negative ion analysis* Solids analysis * Pilot plant studies* Thermal decomposition * Combustion analysis* Shock tube research * Plasma jet analysis* Appearance potential measurements * Rocket jet analysis* Fast reaction studies * Ion-molecule reactions

Here's versatility that makes a mass spec really pay off. Isn't this what youwant in your lab? Write Dept. C-2 at 3130 Wasson Road, Cincinnati 8, Ohio.

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383

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The heavy-duty (Irive mechalnism is quiet in op-erationi, aichieving smootlh, unifor-m rotary motion (luring prolonge(l investigations. Poweredby a heavy-duty, totally enclose(d ball-bearingmotor, the apparatus gives many years of con-tinuous service un(ler incuLbation tenmperatures.

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384 SCIENCE, VOL. 135