Acoustical Imaging Volume 13

Acoustical Imaging

Volume 1 Proceedings of the First International Symposium, December 1967, edited by A. F. Metherell, H. M. A. EI-Sum, and Lewis Larmore

Volume 2 Proceedings of the Second International Symposium, March 1969, edited by A. F. Metherell and Lewis Larmore

Volume 3 Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, July 1970, edited by A. F. Metherell

Volume 4 Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium, April 1972, edited by Glen Wade

Volume 5 Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium, July 1973, edited by Philip S. Green

Volume 6 Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium, February 1976, edited by Newell Booth

Volume 7 Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium, August 1976, edited by Lawrence W. Kessler

Volume 8 Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium, May 29-June 2, 1978, edited by A. F. Metherell

Volume 9 Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium, December 3-6,1979, edited by Keith Y. Wang

Volume 10 Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium, October 12-16, 1980, edited by Pierre Alais and Alexander F. Metherell

Volume II Proceedings of the Eleventh International Symposium, May4-7, 1981, edited by John P. Powers

Volume 12 Proceedings of the Twelfth International Symposium, July 19-22,1982, edited by Eric A. Ash and C. R. Hill

Volume 13 Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Symposium, October 26-28, 1983, edited by M. Kaveh, R. K. Mueller, and J. F. Greenleaf

A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher.

Acoustical Imaging Volume 13

Edited by

M. Kaveh

R. K. Mueller University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota

and

J. F. Greenleaf Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota

PLENUM PRESS . NEW YORK AND LONDON

The Library of Congress cataloged the first volume of this series as follows:

International Symposium on Acoustical Holography.

Acoustical holography; proceedings. v. 1-New York, Plenum Press, 1967-

v. illus. (part col.), ports. 24 cm.

Editors: 1967- A. F. Metherell and L. Larmore (1967 with H. M. A. el-Sum) Symposium for 1967- held at the Douglas Advanced Research Laboratories,

Huntington Beach, Calif.

1. Acoustic holography-Congresses-Collected works. I. Metherell. Alexander A., ed. II. Larmore, Lewis, ed. III. el-Sum, Hussein Mohammed Amin, ed. IV. Douglas Advanced Research Laboratories, v. Title. QC244.5.I.5 69-12533

ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-9715-4 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2779-0

e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-2779-0

Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Symposium on Acoustical Imaging, held October 26-28, 1983, in Minneapolis, Minnesota

© 1984 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1984 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013

All rights reserved

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher

PREFACE

This volume constitutes the proceedings of the Thirteenth Inter-national Symposium on Acoustical Imaging which was held in Minneapolis, Minnesota during October 26-28, 1983. Forty-eight research papers were presented during the meeting by researchers from twelve countries, again demonstrating the true international character of these meetings. Of these presentations this volume contains forty-two complete manuscripts. The abstracts for addi-tional papers that were not available at publication time are also included.

According to the recent tradition of these symposia an inter-disciplinary program under the general theme of acoustical imaging was organized. This can clearly be observed from the wide range of topics and approaches contained in the following manuscripts. There are papers of mathematical nature dealing with the basis of image formation and algorithms for digitally carrying out specific imaging tasks. One finds manuscripts dealing with the design and construction of imaging transducers as well as complete imaging systems. Applications include medical imaging and nondestructive testing, seismic and underwater imaging. This volume, therefore, should be of interest to active researchers in acoustical imaging as a report on current research and to workers in signal process-ing, sonics and ultrasonics who are interested in exploring the diverse areas of application for their fields of interest.

These proceedings are organized in seven topical sections, paral-leling the sessions of the conference. These are: Inversion and Tomography, Microscopy, Scattering and Propagation, Tissue and Material Characterization, Signal Processing, Transducers and Arrays, Imaging Systems and Special Techniques.

The editors would like to express their gratitude to many individ-uals and several organizations. Foremost, our thanks to the authors for their excellent contributions and cooperation in pro-viding us with camera-ready drafts of their manuscripts in a prompt fashion. Medical ultrasound pioneer, Dr. J. Wild, delivered

v

vi PREFACE

the opening lecture of the symposium with an historical overview of ultrasonic visualization techniques and their impact on biomedical investigation. The session chairmen were instrumental in the smooth running of the conference. These gentlemen were Drs. J. Ridder, G. Wade, R. Waag, J. Jones, O. Tretiak, L. Hargrove, J. Powers, W. Robbins and P. Alais. Members of the International Committee Drs. Ridder, Waag, Alais, Powers, van der Wal, Ermert, Ash, Hill, Chubachi and Burckhardt aided us with the review of abstracts and the planning of future symposia. Professor M. Soumekh helped with the preparation of the abstract booklet, and Ms. Betsy Rhame provided expert editorial consulting in the review of the completed manuscripts. The symposium was generously sup-ported by the Physics Program of the Office of Naval Research, directed by Dr. Logan Hargrove, under Grant #N00014-83-C-0019. The logistical organization of the meeting was facilitated by the Department of Conferences, University of Minnesota, under the coor-dination of Ms. Leslie Denny. The symposium was co-sponsored by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Twin Cities Section.

Finally, the editors would like to apologize for any uncorrected typographical errors and nonuniformities in the format and style of the manuscripts in this volume. It has been decided by consensus that rapid publication of the proceedings of these symposia is preferable to attempted editorial perfection. The Fourteenth International Symposium on Acoustical Imaging will be held during April 22-25, 1985 at the Hague, the Netherlands, under the Chairmanship of Drs. Berkhout, Ridder and van der Wale

M. Kaveh and R. K. Mueller Minneapolis, Minnesota

J. F. Greenleaf Rochester, Minnesota

CONTENTS

INVERSION AND TOMOGRAPHY

Inverse Solution for Multiple Scattering in Inhomogeneous Acoustic Media •

J. M. Blackledge and L. Zapalowski

A Filtered Backpropagation Algorithm for Fan Beam Diffraction Tomography (Abstract) •••••

A. J. Devaney and G. Beylkin

Fourier Domain Reconstruction Methods with Application to Diffraction Tomography

M. Soumekh, M. Kaveh, and R. K. Mueller

Image Reconstruction from Limited Projections Using the Angular Periodicity of the Fourier Transform of the Radon Transforms of an Obj ect .................. .

M. Soumekh

Multi-Frequency Diffraction Tomography J. F. Greenleaf and A. Chu

The Inverse Acoustical Scattering Problem for Layered Media in the Presence of Broad-band Acoustic Noise and with Limited Transducer Bandwidth • • •••••••

P. C. Pedersen, O. J. Tretiak, and J. Bai

Fast Iterative Algorithms for Inverse Scattering Solutions of the Helmholtz and Riccati Wave Equations • • • • • • • • • •

S. A. Johnson, Y. Zhou, M. K. Tracy, M. J. Berggren and F. Stenger

vii

1

15

31

43

57

75

viii

MICROSCOPY

Acoustical Imaging/NDE of Complex Geometries Using Refraction and Reflection Transmission Techniques in Acoustic Microscopy (Abstract)

M. Oravecz, C. Vorres, and L. W. Kessler

Computer-Assisted Tomographic Acoustic Microscopy for Subsurface Imaging • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Z-C. Lin, H. Lee, G. Wade and C. F. Schueler

The Origin of Grain Contrast in the Scanning Acoustic Microscope • • • • • • • • • • • • •

M. G. Somekh, G. A. D. Briggs and C. Ilett

Detection of Surface-Breaking Cracks in the Acoustic Microscope • • • • • • • • • • • • •

M. G. Somekh, G. A. D. Briggs, and C. Ilett

SCATTERING AND PROPAGATION

Description of the Pulsed Acoustic Field of a Linear Diagnostic Ultrasound Array Using a Simple Approximate Expression . • • • • • •

M. Pappalardo, N. Denisenko, G. Scarano and M. Matteucci

Cross-Sectional Measurements and Extrapolations of Ultrasonic Fields (Abstract) ••••••

R. C. Waag, J. A. Campbell, J. Ridder, and P. R. Mesdag

Spectrum of Echo Scattered by Simple Object Placed at Focal Plane of Ultrasonic Transducer • • •

M. Ueda

Measurement and Simulation of the Scattering of Ultrasound by Penetrable Cylinders

B. S. Robinson and J. F. Greenleaf

Fresnel Approximation in the Non Paraxial Case and in Absorbing Media • • • • • • • • • • • • •

P. Alais and P. Cervenka

CONTENTS

89

91

107

119

129

147

149

163

179

CONTENTS

TISSUE AND MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION

Material Characterization by Acoustic Line-Focus Beam • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

J. Kushibiki, Y. Matsumoto, and N. Chubachi

Ultrasonic Velocity Spatial Distribution Analysis of Biological Materials with the Scanning Laser Acoustic Microscope • • • • • • •

P. M. Embree, S. G. Foster, G. Bright, and W. D. O'Brien, Jr.

Diffraction of Ultrasound by Soft Tissues: The

. . .

Inhomogeneous Continuous Model • • • C. M. Sehgal and J. F. Greenleaf

. . . . . . Tissue Information from Ultrasound Scattering

S. Leeman and J. P. Jones •••••••••

SIGNAL PROCESSING

Stable Impedance Profile Reconstruction by Spike Train Approximation • • • • • •

H. Schwetlick and W. Sachse

. . . . .

Golay Codes for Simultaneous Multi-Mode Ultrasonic Imaging • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • •

B. B. Lee and E. S. Furgason

Spectral Equalisation: A Signal Processing Technique to Increase Pulse-Echo Signal Bandwidth • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

L. F. van der Wal, A. C. Dijkhuizen, and G. L. Peels

The Modified Discrete Wigner Distribution and Its Application to Acoustic Well Logging

D. D. Day and R. Yarlagadda

Tvo-Dimensional Statistical Analysis of Synthetically Focused Images

P. R. Mesdag and A. J. Berkhout

ix

193

203

217

233

247

257

273

293

315

x

TRANSDUCERS AND ARRAYS

Acoustical Imaging Techniques Applied to General Transducer Design • • • • • • • • • • • • •

G. H. Harrison, E. Balcer-Kubiczek, and D. McCulloch

Fresnel Zone Plate and Fresnel Phase Plate Patterns for Acoustic Transducers • •

M. Mortezaie and G. Wade

A New Technique for Realizing Annular Arrays or Complex Shaped Transducers • • • • • •

P. Alais, P. Challande, and C. Kammoun, B. Novailhas and F. Pons

A Hybrid Trapped Energy Mode Transducer • • • • • D. Shick, H. F. Tiersten, J. F. McDonald, and P. K. Das

Annular Surface Wave Transducer R. F. Vogel and G. Pollari

. . . . . . . . .

IMAGING SYSTEMS

Acoustic Spectral Interferometry: A New Method for Sonic Velocity Determination • • • • • •

M. G. Oravecz and S. Lees

Thermoacoustic Imaging Induced by Deeply Penetrating Radiation • . • •

T. Bowen, R. L. Nasoni, and A. E. Pifer

Observation of Acoustic Signals from a Phantom in an 18 Mev Electron Beam for Cancer Therapy •

T. Bowen, W. G. Connor, R. L. Nasoni, A. E. Pifer, R. Bell, D. H. Cooper and G. H. Sembroski

Holographic Imaging System Using Wideband Chirped Ultrasound • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

T. Yamamoto, S. Fujii, and Y. Aoki

Real-time 2-Dimensional Doppler Flow Mapping Using Auto-Correlation • • • • • • • • • • • • •

C. Kasai, K. Namekawa, A. Koyano and R. Omoto

CONTENTS

329

357

369

381

397

409

429

435

447

CONTENTS

Imaging of the Ultrasonic Velocity and Reflection Properties of Objects by a C-Scan Method ••

K. Tervola, J. Koivukangas, E. Alasaarela and J. Ylitalo

Improvement and Quatitative Assessment of B-Mode Images Produced by Annular Array/Cone Hybrids (Abstract)

M. S. Patterson and F. S. Foster

Image Interpolation for Real-Time Compound Dual Sector Scans • • • • • • • • • • •

E. Machida, J. Miyazaki, N. Sugaya, K. Murakami, T. Shimura and H. Hayashi

A Digital Pulse-Echo System Based on Acoustic Inversion (Abstract) • • • • • • •

J. Ridder, A. J. Berkhout, and J. A. Van Woerden

A Dual B-Scan for Attenuation Acoustical Imaging B. Ho, A. Jayasumana, and C. G. Fang

In-Situ Silt Density Measurements Using a Broadband Parametric Sound Source

L. F. van der Wal, D. Ph. Schmidt, and A. J. Berkhout

Computer-Aided Imaging with Optically-Scanned Acoustic Transducers • • • • • • • • • •

M. Salahi and C. W. Turner

SPECIAL TECHNIQUES

Simulation of Imaging Systems for Underwater Viewing • • • • • • . . • • . • . . •

K. Dalland and M. Vestrheim

Imaging of Cluttered Targets in Colourerd Absorpti ve Media • • • • • • • • • •

R. C. Bryant and R. E. Bogner

Seismic Tomography Applied to Surface Wave Analysis ............. .

N. J. Wattrus

xi

461

477

479

493

495

501

513

525

537

xii

Application of Acoustical Holography to Noise Suppression • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

W. S. Gan

Probabilistic. Image Reconstruction Using Experimental Ultrasonic Data • • • • • • • •

K. A. Marsh, R. C. Addison and J. M. Richardson

Errata "Generalization of Gabor's Theory ••• The Theory of Multi-beam Holographic Interference • • • • . • • • • • • • • .

W. S. Gan

Participants

Author Index •

Subject Index

CONTENTS

591

593

599

601