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Bulletin 4866

Replaces Bulletin 4860September 2015ISSN: 1833 7366

Barley variety sowing guide for Western Australia 2016By Blakely Paynter, Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Northam,Georgia Trainor, Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Northam,Sanjiv Gupta, Murdoch University, Murdoch,Sarah Collins, Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, South Perth, andHarmohinder Dhammu, Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Northam.

Contents Page Introduction 3Market feedback 6Grain yield comparisons 14Disease resistance 24Agronomic attributes 35Herbicide tolerance 45Barley variety descriptions 56

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AcknowledgementsThe information contained in this Bulletin is based on the work conducted by many research scientists, technical officers and plant breeders.The authors would like to thank the following groups of people from the Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia:Barley agronomy: Raj Malik, Sue Cartledge, Rod Bowey, Rachel Brunt and Georgia Oliver.Biometrics: Andrew van Burgel.Herbicide tolerance: Vince Lambert, Daniel Cox and Russell Quartermaine.Plant pathology: Jason Bradley, Andrea Hills and Geoff Thomas.Nematology: Sean Kelly, Lucy Debrincat, Helen Hunter and John Lewis (SARDI).Research support units: Esperance, Geraldton, Katanning, Merredin, Northam and Wongan Hills.Thank you to National Variety Trials (NVT), the NVT trial co-operators and breeding organisations for their cooperation in providing data. Thank you to the Grain Industry of Western Australia (GIWA) Barley Council for allowing us to use excerpts from their industry report detailing malting barley variety receival recommendations for the 2016/17 harvest.This publication presents data and information developed from research supported by the Department of Agriculture and Food and the Grains Research and Development Corporation.

DisclaimerThe State of Western Australia, the Minister for Agriculture, the Chief Executive Officer of the Department of Agriculture and Food and their respective officers, employees and agents: a) Do not endorse or recommend any individual specified product or any manufacturer of a

specified product. Brand, trade and proprietary names have been used solely for the purpose of assisting users of this publication to identify products. Alternative manufacturers’ products may perform as well or better than those specifically referred to.

b) Do not endorse the use of herbicides above the registered rate, off-label use of herbicides or off-label tank mixes. Crop tolerance and yield responses to herbicides are strongly influenced by seasonal conditions. Always adhere to label recommendations.

c) Accept no liability whatsoever by reason of negligence or otherwise from use or release of this information or any part of it.

Copyright © Western Australian Agriculture Authority, 2015Tel: +61 (0)8 9368 3333 Email: [email protected] Website: agric.wa.gov.au

AccessCopies of this document may be available in alternative formats upon request.

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mailto:[email protected]

IntroductionThis sowing variety guide is designed as a reference to help determine which barley variety to grow in your region. It provides market feedback, relative grain yield comparisons, disease ratings, agronomic information and herbicide tolerance ratings for all malting and food barley varieties segregated in Western Australia (WA) and selected feed varieties (Tables 1-11; Figures 1-10). The decision whether to grow barley with a malt, food or feed classification depends on six main factors: (1) Premium paid for different varieties when segregated. (2) Relative grain yield of malting, food and feed grade barley varieties.(3) Differences in inputs costs due to their agronomy and disease characteristics.(4) Likelihood that grain of a malting variety will meet malt barley receival specifications. (5) Likelihood that grain of a food variety will meet food barley receival specifications.(6) Location of receival segregations for malt and food barley varieties.Identifying which option will lead to the greatest returns for a grower is complex. In some instances, the price premium paid for malting will offset the yield difference between malting and food or feed varieties. In other situations, the substantially higher yield of food or feed varieties, or the low likelihood of a malting variety being segregated as malting or the higher costs of growing a malting barley, may justify the choice of a food or feed variety.

What’s new?Three new feed barley varieties – Compass (tested as WI4593), IGB1334T and Rosalind (tested as IGB1302) will be available for sowing in 2016. Why consider them?

CompassCompass is derived from Commander but with improvements in grain yield, grain plumpness and agronomic characteristics over Commander. Barley National Variety Trial (NVT) data (2012-2014) suggests that the grain yield of Compass is comparable to Hindmarsh and La Trobe in WA and that it also has the potential to out-yield those varieties under some conditions. The key agronomic differences between Compass and Hindmarsh / La Trobe are:Compass is slightly later to flower (approximately 3-4 days later when sown in late May).Compass has plumper grain but with a lower hectolitre weight.Compass has a slightly lower risk of spot type net blotch (STNB) infection.Compass has a higher lodging risk. Compass has been released as a feed barley, but is being evaluated by Barley Australia with an accreditation decision possible as early as autumn 2017.

IGB1334TIGB1334T is an imidazolinone tolerant barley with similar grain yield, grain quality and agronomic features to Hindmarsh and La Trobe. Whilst both IGB1334T and Scope CL can be sprayed with a registered imidazolinone herbicide to control barley grass and brome in-crop, IGB1334T has a higher grain yield than Scope CL. The yield advantage of IGB1334T over Scope CL is similar to that of Hindmarsh and La Trobe over Scope CL. In the 2014 barley NVT, IGB1334T out-yielded Scope CL in 13 of the 18 barley NVT trials and was only lower yielding in one trial.The key agronomic differences between IGB1334T and Scope CL are:

IGB1334T is earlier to flower (approximately 8 days earlier when sown in late May). IGB1334T has poorer resistance to STNB (susceptible to very susceptible (SVSp) versus

susceptible (S)). IGB1334T is at a lower risk of head loss at harvest than Scope CL. IGB1334T is being released as a feed barley, but is being evaluated by Barley Australia

with an accreditation decision possible as early as autumn 2018.

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Even without accreditation, IGB1334T appears to be a viable alternative to Scope CL based on its grain yield performance in 2014 (caution is advised when interpreting single year NVT data).

RosalindRosalind looks a lot like Dash, Hindmarsh and La Trobe with its erectoides growth habit, but it is earlier flowering than Dash and similar to Hindmarsh and La Trobe in Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia (DAFWA) and Grains Research and Development Corporation (GRDC) phenology trials in 2014. Whilst Rosalind and Hindmarsh / La Trobe share Dash as a common parent, their other parent is different. Data from the 2014 season barley NVT suggests that Rosalind has the capacity to out-yield Hindmarsh (the yield benchmark in WA). In the 2014 season trials Rosalind was higher yielding in six of the 18 trials and the same yield in the other 12 trials. Provisional disease data suggests that Rosalind has good overall disease resistance except to STNB (as per all current barley varieties except Fathom). In high rainfall regions this makes Rosalind competitive with the high rainfall feed varieties Lockyer and Oxford. In head to head comparisons against Lockyer and Oxford in the 2014 barley NVT, Rosalind out-yielded Lockyer in eight and Oxford in nine of the 18 barley NVT trials. Rosalind was only lower yielding than Lockyer and Oxford in one NVT trial in 2014. If the 2014 season NVT and pathology observations are repeated in coming seasons (caution is advised when interpreting single year NVT data), Rosalind is likely to be a competitive feed barley option for sowing in WA.

What should I grow?In addition to the new varieties – Compass, IGB1334T and Rosalind the following varieties should be high on the list of what to grow – Bass, Flinders, Granger, La Trobe, Oxford and Scope CL. There are also other options for specific agronomic situations like the sowing of Litmus on soils with a sub-soil pH below 4.8 or Fathom where stubble-borne STNB is a high risk. Aside from those specific situations why consider Bass, Flinders, Granger, La Trobe, Oxford and Scope CL?

BassBass is an established malt variety with strong market demand. Best suited to environments:

With a potential above 3 tonnes per hectare (t/ha). Where barley leaf rust is not a risk. Rotations in which low grain protein may be a problem. Where high grain plumpness is important.

FlindersFlinders is a new malt variety being evaluated for its suitability in international brewing markets. Limited segregation opportunities are to be expected until full market acceptance is achieved. Best suited to environments:

With a potential above 3t/ha. Where both powdery mildew and barley leaf rust are a risk. Where short, stiff straw and good head retention are important.

GrangerGranger is a new malt variety being evaluated for its suitability in international brewing markets. Limited segregation opportunities are to be expected until full market acceptance is achieved. Best suited to environments:

With a potential above 3t/ha. Where both powdery mildew and barley leaf rust are a risk. Away from the coast to reduce the risk of kernel discolouration at harvest.

La TrobeLa Trobe is a new malt barley with good market demand. Best suited to environments:

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With a potential below 4t/ha. Where STNB and barley leaf rust are not a risk. If every seed is treated with a good quality smuticide. As a direct replacement for the food variety Hindmarsh.

OxfordOxford is a feed barley. Best suited to environments:

On the south coast with a potential above 3t/ha. Where late April sowing is regularly practiced. Where both powdery mildew and barley leaf rust are a risk. With a low probability of delivering malt grade grain due to kernel discolouration.

Scope CLScope CL is an established malt variety with strong market demand. Best suited to environments:

With a potential below 3t/ha. Where an imidazolinone herbicide was used last year or Intervix® is required this year. Where prompt harvesting once the crop is mature is possible.

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Market feedbackMalt barley varietiesMalt barley varieties traditionally account for over 80% of the area sown to barley (Figure 1), although in recent years segregated varieties have included the food variety Hindmarsh. Only one feed variety, Mundah, features in the top 10 barley varieties sown in WA.Each malting barley variety grown in WA has unique and different malting attributes. As a consequence brewers purchase varieties subject to their availability, their price, the style of beer they produce and the level of adjunct (supplementary form of carbohydrate for fermentation) used in their brewing recipe. The long term aim of the WA barley industry is to rationalise the number of varieties segregated to two major malting varieties per port zone, with limited segregations on offer for some minor, new or niche malting varieties. The purpose of this aim is to maximise the opportunities for growers and maximise the opportunities for the trade.The transition of the WA malting barley industry away from Baudin, Buloke, Gairdner and Vlamingh is nearly complete. Buloke, Gairdner and Vlamingh have been phased out as segregated varieties (the 2015/16 harvest will be their last) and the production volumes of Baudin may not be enough to support segregation opportunities after the 2016/17 harvest. Production of those varieties in 2016 will be directed into feed stacks unless niche opportunities are created for supply to the domestic market for export as malt. It is expected that during the 2016 season the WA barley industry will transition out of the food variety Hindmarsh.Bass, La Trobe and Scope CL will be the main malting barley varieties received in 2016 for export as grain and as malt, with limited segregation opportunities for Baudin and Commander. Flinders and Granger are new to the market and will continue undergoing international market development. If you do decide to adopt Flinders and/or Granger during this market development phase, your expectation should be to deliver the new malting varieties as feed until there are clearer segregation, pricing and market signals. Hectares of Hindmarsh are likely to decline in 2016 to be replaced with new malting varieties that have improved agronomic and processing capacities.General information on market demand by industry sector, variety and Port Zone for each of the malting barley varieties that will potentially be segregated in WA at the 2016/17 harvest is presented in Tables 1 and 2. This information is presented on behalf of the Grain Industry of WA (GIWA) Barley Council. It represents the expected demand from domestic and international customers of WA barley. Barley Australia and the GIWA Barley Council do not support the co-binning of segregated varieties, even if the varieties concerned have similar agronomic traits. The Australian barley industry works hard to uphold our malt variety traits to the end customer and the reputation and integrity of Australian malt barley from co-binning cannot in any way be condoned.It is important to note that whilst the GIWA Barley Council may foreshadow a specific market demand, if in any port zone there is sufficient volume grown of a malting variety, segregation opportunities will be considered. Whilst the GIWA Barley Council facilitates industry wide consultation on an annual basis, it has no control or influence on the actual segregations available in any port zone.Growers and consultants also need to be aware that there is no guarantee that every international market will pay a premium for an accredited malting variety compared to a non-accredited variety. Accreditation as a malt variety does not guarantee market success, but many international markets place value on the accreditation provided by Barley Australia. Before planting any variety with a malting or food classification, market demand, pricing signals and the location of segregations should be considered in partnership with the agronomic management required and the risk associated with delivering malt / food grade barley. It is

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important that growers accurately tell storage and handling companies which malt or food variety/ies they are growing (and how much area) when returning their grower estimate forms, as they assist with the planning of segregations. Combined with the capacity to transport grain long distances or even store grain on-farm, the information presented in this Bulletin can then be used to assist in determining which variety to plant. A full copy of the GIWA Western Australian Malting Barley Variety Receival Recommendations for the 2016/17 harvest can be found at giwa.org.au/barley-council.

The updated malt barley recommendations for the 2016 season are as follows:

Bass Bass is an approved malt barley suitable for export as grain and as malt. There is growing market demand for Bass as an alternative to Baudin. Bass is not suitable for the manufacture of shochu in Japan. Target production zones in 2016 are Kwinana, Albany and Esperance Port Zones.

Baudin Baudin is still the ‘market leader’. Strong international market demand for export as both grain and malt. Accepted for shochu production in Japan. Declining production of Baudin, primarily due to its susceptibility to leaf diseases, will limit

segregation opportunities. Target production zones in 2016 are Kwinana, Albany and Esperance Port Zones.

Commander Commander is being used by the domestic market to export as malt. There is a need for increased production of Commander to meet the demand from the

domestic market to cover the loss of Gairdner and Vlamingh as segregated varieties. Preferred malting variety for the WA craft brewing industry. Target production zone in 2016 is Kwinana Port Zone.

Flinders Flinders is new to the market having been accredited in March 2015. Being assessed for export as grain and as malt. International market feedback, albeit limited, from niche segregations at the 2014/15 harvest is

possible before seeding in 2016. Limited segregation opportunities are to be expected until full market acceptance is achieved. Target production zones in 2016 are Kwinana, Albany and Esperance Port Zones.

Granger Granger is in the early stages of international market development. 2016 will be the first opportunity for international customers to assess the malting performance

of this variety. International market feedback from the 2015/16 harvest is unlikely to be available before

seeding in 2016. Being assessed for export as grain. Not being assessed for export as malt or for shochu. Limited segregation opportunities are to be expected until full market acceptance is achieved. Target production zones in 2016 are Albany and Esperance Port Zones.

La Trobe La Trobe is suitable for export as grain and as malt. Being assessed for its suitability in the manufacture of shochu in Japan.

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Do not ruin the integrity of La Trobe malt stacks by contaminating them with Hindmarsh barley.

Target production zones in 2016 are Geraldton, Kwinana, Albany and Esperance Port Zones.

Scope CL Scope CL is suitable for export as grain and as malt. Not suitable for the manufacture of shochu in Japan. Scope CL is replacing Buloke. Do not ruin the integrity of Scope CL malt stacks by contaminating them with Buloke barley. Do not use imidazolinone herbicides other than Intervix® on Scope CL. Target production zones in 2016 are Geraldton, Kwinana and Albany Port Zones.

Food barley varietiesHindmarsh is not a malting variety but is segregated as a food grade variety (BFOD1). The 2016/17 harvest is expected to be the last harvest that Hindmarsh will be segregated as a food variety in the Geraldton, Kwinana, Albany and Esperance Port Zones. The area sown to Hindmarsh has now peaked at around 35% of the area sown to barley in WA. Even though Hindmarsh has established itself as a marketable variety into the Chinese market as a mid-range malting barley and is used in Japan to manufacture the distilled white spirit shochu Hindmarsh is likely to start being phased out during 2016. This will provide segregation opportunities for varieties with improved malting characteristics (i.e. Bass, Flinders, Granger, La Trobe and Scope CL). Expect reduced segregation opportunities at the 2016/17 harvest. Target production zones in 2016 are Geraldton, Kwinana, Albany and Esperance Port Zones.

Barley varieties awaiting accreditationThe accreditation of malting and food barley varieties grown in Australia is overseen by Barley Australia (barleyaustralia.com.au). Barley Australia is a not-for-profit independent organisation representing members of Australia’s malting and brewing industry. For each new variety of barley bred in Australia, there are a rigorous series of evaluations and minimum standards the variety must pass in order to gain accreditation as a nationally recognised malting barley variety. Breeding companies submit varieties to Barley Australia with a case supporting their request for evaluation and accreditation for malting status. The actual accreditation process is managed by the Malting and Brewing Industry Barley Technical Committee (MBIBTC). The MBIBTC is a national industry body, comprised of a panel of malting and brewing experts, who assess each variety to establish if it will meet international and/or domestic market performance requirements. This involves commercially malting the barley and evaluating the processed malt, using approved analysis methodology from the international bodies the Institute of Brewing and Distilling and the European Brewing Convention.When the MBIBTC is satisfied with the malting performance and malt quality under commercial conditions the barley variety is passed on to Pilot Brewing Australia for brewing evaluation. The results of the brewing trials are returned to the MBIBTC for review. A variety must pass Stage 1 of the malting and brewing trials before it can pass to Stage 2 of testing. At the end of Stage 2 the MBIBTC make a recommendation to Barley Australia. Barley Australia then reviews the MBIBTC reports and indicates the national status of the variety evaluated: malt, food or feed. The varieties currently undergoing the Barley Australia malting and brewing accreditation process can be found on the Barley Australia website. Of the varieties listed:Compass (tested as WI4593, breeder – University of Adelaide).IGB1334T (breeder – InterGrain).Litmus (tested as WABAR2625, breeder – InterGrain).are the most relevant to WA. Compass and Litmus are in Stage 1 testing in 2015. Subject to satisfactory malting and brewing performance, malt accreditation of Compass and Litmus could

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occur in autumn 2017. Stage 1 testing for IGB1334T will not commence until 2016. Subject to satisfactory malting and brewing performance, malt accreditation of IGB1334T could occur in autumn 2018.Until Compass, IGB1334T and Litmus have completed the malting and brewing accreditation scheme administered by Barley Australia they should be considered as feed barley varieties. The GIWA Barley Council recommendations only provide segregation and market demand guidance for varieties accredited by Barley Australia and the segregation of varieties before their accreditation does not form part of the GIWA Barley Council recommendations to growers. However, niche segregations may be available for new varieties undergoing accreditation specifically for market development purposes. The GIWA Barley Council is supportive of simultaneous international market development by the breeder alongside the malt and brewing accreditation scheme of Barley Australia.It is important to note that accreditation as a malt variety by Barley Australia does not guarantee segregation or customers domestically or internationally. Unless a new malt variety out-performs established malting varieties in both agronomic and processing capacities the trade will be reluctant to be involved in or encourage its international promotion.

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Table 1. Expected market usage at the 2016/17 harvest and comments about each malting barley variety when grown in WA (source: GIWA Barley Council).

Variety(indicative market size)

Export as grain(> 500 000t)

Export as mal(300 000t)t

Export as shochu(160 000t

Market comments

Bass Yes Yes No Bass is an approved malt barley suitable for export as grain and as malt. There is growing market demand for Bass as an alternative to Baudin. Bass is not suitable for the manufacture of shochu in Japan. Target production zones in 2016 are Kwinana, Albany and Esperance Port Zones.

Baudin Yes Yes Yes Baudin is the ‘market leader’ with strong international market demand for export as both grain and malt, as well as being accepted for shochu production in Japan. The declining production of Baudin, primarily due to its susceptibility to leaf diseases, will limit segregation opportunities. Target production zones in 2016 are Kwinana, Albany and Esperance Port Zones.

Commander Yes Yes No Commander is being used by the domestic market to export as malt. There is increased demand for Commander to cover the loss of Gairdner and Vlamingh as segregated varieties. Commander is a preferred malting variety for the WA craft brewing industry. Target production zone in 2016 is Kwinana Port Zone.

Flinders Yes Yes No Flinders is new to the market having been accredited in March 2015. Flinders is being assessed for export as grain and as malt. Malt grade grain accumulated at the 2015/16 harvest will be used for further international market development. Limited segregation opportunities are to be expected until full market acceptance is achieved. Target production zones in 2016 are Kwinana, Albany and Esperance Port Zones.

Granger Yes No No Granger is in the early stages of international market development. 2016 will be the first opportunity for international customers to assess the malting performance of this variety. Being assessed for export as grain. Not being assessed for export as malt or for shochu. Target production zones in 2016 are Albany and Esperance Port Zones.

La Trobe Yes Yes No With its accreditation as a malt barley, La Trobe is suitable for export as grain and as malt. La Trobe is being assessed for its suitability in the manufacture of shochu in Japan. Do not mix La Trobe grain with Hindmarsh grain or vice versa at seeding or at harvest. Target production zones in 2016 are Geraldton, Kwinana, Albany and Esperance Port Zones.

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Variety(indicative market size)

Export as grain(> 500 000t)

Export as mal(300 000t)t

Export as shochu(160 000t

Market comments

Scope CL Yes Yes No Scope CL is suitable for export as grain and as malt but it is not suitable for the manufacture of shochu in Japan. Scope CL is replacing Buloke. Do not mix Scope CL grain with Buloke grain or vice versa at seeding or at harvest. Do not use imidazolinone herbicides other than Intervix® on Scope CL. Target production zones in 2016 are Geraldton, Kwinana and Albany Port Zones.

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Table 2. Target production zones (likely segregation zones) in 2016 (source: GIWA Barley Council).

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Grade Port Zone Geraldton Kwinana Albany EsperanceNo data (% total barley area) ~5% ~40% ~30% ~25%Malt Bass No Yes Yes YesMalt Baudin No Limited Limited LimitedMalt Commander No Limited No NoMalt Flinders No Limited Limited LimitedMalt Granger No No Limited LimitedMalt La Trobe Limited Yes Yes YesMalt Scope CL Yes Yes Yes NoFood Hindmarsh Limited Limited Limited Limited

Figure 1. Popularity (percent of barley area) of top 10 barley varieties (based on forecast area sown in 2015 season) grown in WA over the last five seasons plus forecast for the 2015 season. Other malt includes Flinders, Hamelin, Stirling and Vlamingh (source: figure based on grower estimates as provided to CBH for 2010 to 2014 and forecast area for 2015 estimated by Blakely Paynter, DAFWA).

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Variety 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015fHindmarsh 1% 5% 15% 30% 36% 34%Scope CL 0% 0% 2% 8% 18% 20%Bass 0% 0% 0% 8% 10% 14%La Trobe 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 7%Baudin 27% 24% 18% 9% 7% 6%Buloke 22% 26% 27% 21% 12% 4%Granger 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 3%Gairdner 17% 12% 11% 8% 5% 3%Mundah 5% 5% 5% 4% 3% 2%Commander 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 2%Other malt 22% 23% 15% 9% 4% 2%Other feed 6% 5% 5% 4% 3% 3%

Grain yield comparisonsGrain yield data is presented in Tables 3 and 4 and Figures 3-6. The National Variety Trial (NVT) program was established by the GRDC in 2005 to provide a nationally independent means of assessing varietal performance to enable growers to select the best variety for their environment. In WA, typically the results of NVT trials are available as individual site reports (available at nvtonline.com.au) or as multi-environment (MET) summaries covering our six Agzones (Table 3 and Figure 2). Agzones have been developed through statistical performance to group together environmental regions that give similar crop performance in WA.The main problem with single site analyses is that they only represent varietal performance under one specific set of seasonal and site conditions. The main problem with MET results based on Agzones is that they average varietal performance and mask variety by environment (G x E) interactions across the locations (and seasons) within the Agzone. NVT has been exploring new ways of presenting their data to improve the knowledge that growers have when selecting new varieties. The Production Value – PLUS (PV-PLUS) system is a new method of results presentation for NVT trials developed by Statistics for the Australian Grains Industry (SAGI). The PV-PLUS system generates performance values for each variety in comparison to the mean of the NVT site at which it was included and is extremely useful in improving grower skills in selecting the best variety for their environment. NVT has released the "NVT Long Term Yield Reports" application to make the PV-PLUS analysis of NVT data readily available in easy to read tables and graphs. The new application was developed to provide growers and advisors with an easy-to-use means of accessing and interpreting NVT data. It has been designed to operate on iPads & Android tablets together with desktop PCs and laptops. It requires some internet access on installation but once this is achieved it can be used as a stand-alone program. The user has the ability to select the State, region, site or group of sites of their choice. The application is also linked directly to the NVT database and will update automatically when additions are made to the data assuring users of live data. The PC version of the application is available at nvtonline.com.au, whilst the tablet version will be available from the iTunes app store for Apple devices and Google play for Android devices.It is important to note that the NVT MET analysis is a retrospective analysis and whilst it cannot predict what might happen, it can help identify those varieties with variable yield, those with stable yield and those which yield either higher or lower than other varieties. As PV-PLUS graphs only relate to the specific sowing date, soil type, seasonal conditions and management that applied at that site in that year, a change of sowing or soil type for example may have resulted in a different outcome. On-farm experience may therefore differ from published data. When selecting varieties it is advisable to look across several locations to see if the variability or yield potential present at your local site is also present at neighbouring locations. This can help provide confidence in the reliability of your preferred varieties. The NVT MET analysis using the new PV-PLUS system allows everyone to see the variability (and complexity) in the grain yield performance of barley varieties over different locations and seasons. Table 4 is an alternative way of looking at the PV-PLUS data. It directly compares the grain yield of two selected varieties when they have occurred side by side in barley NVT trials in WA since 2010. The yield of variety B is compared against variety A using their standard errors. Essentially Table 4 highlights the probability of one variety yielding less, the same or more than another variety when grown with the same agronomy.Another way to look at grain yield data is to plot the relative grain yield of one variety at the different grain yield levels achieved by another variety (Figures 3-6). Figures 3-6 combine and analyse through linear functional relationship modelling NVT grain yield data and DAFWA-GRDC (DAW00190 and DAW00224) agronomy grain yield data.

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The benchmark variety for grain yield in WA is Hindmarsh, with La Trobe the same yield as Hindmarsh (Tables 3 and 4, Figure 5). Varieties with the potential to out-yield Hindmarsh in WA include Compass and Rosalind (Tables 3 and 4, Figure 3). Flinders, Granger, Lockyer and Oxford also have the potential to out-yield Hindmarsh, but generally only in high yielding or longer season environments (Tables 3 and 4, Figures 3, 4 and 5). The yield of IGB1334T and La Trobe is similar to that of Hindmarsh (Table 4, Figure 5). The yield of Scope CL is similar to Buloke (Tables 3 and 4, Figure 6). Grain yield results needs to be balanced with knowledge of the agronomy, disease resistance, grain quality, segregation opportunities and market demand when deciding on which barley variety to sow. Compass, Hindmarsh (= La Trobe), Flinders, Granger, Lockyer, Oxford and Rosalind differ from each other in their agronomy, genetics and phenology (Tables 4-10), clearly demonstrating there are many ways in which grain yield can be achieved. These phenotypic differences may favour one variety over another variety in some seasons but not in other seasons, so it is important to look over seasons and across sites when assessing which variety to sow. The results of one season of trials may be misleading.

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Table 3. Grain yield of barley varieties expressed as a percent of Hindmarsh (NVT 2005 – 2014). Data presented where there are 5 or more observations except IGB1334T and Rosalind as only 1-years data available (source: NVT Online nvtonline.com.au).

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Grade Variety Agzone 1 Agzone 2 Agzone 3 Agzone 4 Agzone 5 Agzone 6Malt Bass 95% 85% 91% 83% 86% 95%Malt Baudin 86% 85% 79% 83% 85% 84%Malt Commander 96% 88% 89% 88% 87% 96%Malt Flinders 97% 97% 95% 89% 94% 101%Malt Granger 96% 94% 95% 85% 90% 101%Malt La Trobe - 99% 102% 98% 99% 102%Malt Scope CL 92% 89% 94% 92% 88% 92%Food Hindmarsh 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%Feed Compass - 99% 99% - 99% 101%Feed Dash - - 93% - 98% -Feed Fathom 103% 95% 98% 97% 97% 98%Feed Fleet 98% 91% 93% 93% 94% 94%Feed IGB1334T - - - - - -Feed Litmus - 90% 82% - 83% 78%Feed Lockyer 101% 98% 96% 93% 97% 102%Feed Mundah 79% 85% 84% 92% 83% 79%Feed Oxford 96% 93% 94% 77% 88% 108%Feed Roe 94% 94% 91% 95% 92% 94%Feed Rosalind - - - - - -Feed Yagan - - - - - -

Benchmark Hindmarsh yield 2.95t/ha 2.94t/ha 4.28t/ha 2.20t/ha 3.14t/ha 3.27t/ha

Table 4. Comparisons between two varieties – how many times (as a percent) was variety B (comparator variety) lower yielding, the same yield or higher yielding than variety A (base variety) when sown in WA barley NVT since 2010? (source: NVT Online nvtonline.com.au).

4a Comparisons with HindmarshVariety A Variety B Lower

yieldingSame yield Higher

yieldingYears Number of

trialsVariety B versus Variety A comment

Hindmarsh Bass 83% 11% 6% 2010-2014 87 Bass < HindmarshHindmarsh Baudin 91% 5% 5% 2010-2014 87 Baudin < HindmarshHindmarsh Commander 79% 9% 11% 2010-2014 87 Commander < HindmarshHindmarsh Compass 31% 37% 31% 2012-2014 54 Compass ≥ HindmarshHindmarsh Dash - - - 2010-2014 0 -Hindmarsh Fathom 57% 28% 15% 2010-2014 87 Fathom ≤ HindmarshHindmarsh Fleet 68% 22% 10% 2010-2014 87 Fleet ≤ HindmarshHindmarsh Flinders 55% 31% 14% 2010-2014 86 Flinders ≤ HindmarshHindmarsh Granger 62% 19% 19% 2010-2014 84 Granger ≤ HindmarshHindmarsh IGB1334T 11% 78% 11% 2014 only 18 IGB1334T = HindmarshHindmarsh La Trobe 11% 81% 8% 2011-2014 72 La Trobe = HindmarshHindmarsh Litmus 67% 13% 19% 2012-2014 52 Litmus ≤ HindmarshHindmarsh Lockyer 53% 22% 24% 2010-2014 86 Lockyer ≤ HindmarshHindmarsh Mundah 99% 1% 0% 2010-2014 84 Mundah < HindmarshHindmarsh Oxford 61% 11% 28% 2010-2014 75 Oxford ≤ HindmarshHindmarsh Roe 82% 15% 3% 2010-2014 87 Roe < HindmarshHindmarsh Rosalind 0% 61% 39% 2014 only 18 Rosalind ≥ HindmarshHindmarsh Scope CL 83% 15% 2% 2010-2014 87 Scope CL < HindmarshHindmarsh Yagan - - - 2010-2014 0 -

4b Bass, Flinders and Granger comparisons of 76

Variety A Variety B Lower yielding

Same yield Higher yielding

Years Number of trials

Variety B versus Variety A comment

Bass Flinders 7% 16% 76% 2010-2014 85 Flinders > BassBass Granger 15% 22% 62% 2010-2014 85 Granger ≥ BassFlinders Granger 46% 45% 9% 2010-2014 85 Granger ≤ Flinders

4c Compass, :a Trobe and Scope CL ComparisonsVariety A Variety B Lower




La Trobe Compass 24% 43% 33% 2012-2014 54 Compass ≥ La TrobeLa Trobe Scope CL 76% 19% 6% 2012-2014 54 Scope CL ≤ La TrobeCompass Scope CL 85% 15% 0% 2012-2014 54 Scope CL < Compass

4d Flinders, Granger, Lockyer and Oxford comparisonsVariety A Variety B Lower




Lockyer Oxford 57% 19% 23% 2010-2014 77 Oxford ≤ LockyerLockyer Flinders 45% 36% 18% 2010-2014 77 Flinders ≤ LockyerLockyer Granger 53% 29% 18% 2010-2014 77 Granger ≤ LockyerOxford Flinders 27% 19% 53% 2010-2014 77 Flinders ≥ OxfordOxford Granger 32% 17% 51% 2010-2014 77 Granger ≥ OxfordFlinders Granger 45% 45% 9% 2010-2014 77 Granger ≤ Flinders< = less than, ≤ = less than or equal to, > = greater than and ≥ = greater than or equal toIGB1334T and Rosalind have only been in NVT for 1-year. Caution is advised when interpreting single year NVT dataLockyer and Oxford have the potential to out-yield Flinders, Granger and Hindmarsh in environments with a high yield potential and early sowing.

Figure 2. Agzone map of the south west corner of WA. Agzones have been developed through statistical analysis of long term crop variety trials and group together environmental regions that give similar crop performance. There are six cereal agzones in WA. Agzone 1 includes the medium and high rainfall areas around Geraldton. Agzone 2 includes the high rainfall areas around Moora and the medium rainfall areas from Carnamah to Corrigin to Pingrup. Agzone 3 includes the high rainfall areas from Bolgart to Mt Barker and the medium rainfall areas around Gnowangerup. Agzone 4 includes the low rainfall areas from

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Mullewa to Merredin and Southern Cross. Agzone 5 includes the medium rainfall areas from Newdegate to Scaddan and the low rainfall areas from Hyden to Salmon Gums. Agzone 6 includes the high rainfall areas from Wellstead to Condingup.

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Figure 3. Relative grain yield of Fathom (r2 = 0.94), Fleet (r2 = 0.90), Lockyer (r2 = 0.90), Mundah (r2 = 0.89) and Roe (r2 = 0.90) at different grain yields achieved by Hindmarsh (source: data from 2011 DAFWA barley agronomy and 2010-2014 NVT trials. Each variety is sown in all 86 trial-years of data.).

Hindmarsh yield (kg/ha) Fathom Fleet Lockyer Mundah Roe500 -55 -124 -90 -130 -531000 -87 -193 -126 -232 -941500 -109 -238 -141 -324 -1312000 -126 -267 -140 -408 -1632500 -138 -283 -128 -487 -1943000 -146 -290 -107 -561 -2233500 -151 -287 -78 -631 -2504000 -154 -278 -42 -699 -2764500 -154 -261 +1 -763 -3005000 -152 -239 +48 -825 -3245500 -149 -211 +101 -885 -3466000 -144 -178 +158 -943 -368

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Figure 4. Relative grain yield of Compass (r2 = 0.95), Fleet (r2 = 0.90), Lockyer (r2 = 0.92), Oxford (r2 = 0.88) and Roe (r2 = 0.97) at different grain yields achieved by Hindmarsh (source: data from 2012-2014 DAFWA barley agronomy and 2012-2014 NVT trials. Each variety is sown in all 69 trial-years of data.).

Figure 5. Relative grain yield of Bass (r2 = 0.92), Baudin (r2 = 0.86), Commander (r2 = 0.89), Flinders (r2 = 0.92), Granger (r2 = 0.91) and La Trobe (r2 = 0.96) at different grain yields achieved by Hindmarsh (source: data from 2011-2014

DAFWA barley agronomy and 2011-2014 NVT trials. Each variety

is sown in all 218 trial-years of data.).

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Hindmarsh yield (kg/ha) Compass Fleet Lockyer Oxford Roe500 +6 -77 -35 -289 +191000 +14 -124 -44 -439 +171500 +23 -159 -43 -504 +62000 +32 -186 -35 -503 -92500 +42 -208 -21 -447 -283000 +52 -224 -4 -343 -503500 +62 -236 +17 -195 -754000 +73 -245 +41 -8 -1014500 +83 -251 +68 +216 -1305000 +94 -254 +97 +474 -1605500 +105 -254 +128 +765 -1916000 +117 -252 +161 +1 086 -224

Hindmarsh yield (kg/ha) Bass Baudin Commander Flinders Granger La Trobe500 -188 -215 -207 -172 -242 -851000 -291 -337 -310 -250 -365 -1161500 -354 -413 -362 -284 -424 -1252000 -388 -457 -377 -286 -438 -1192500 -400 -475 -362 -263 -413 -1013000 -394 -471 -322 -219 -355 -733500 -372 -448 -260 -157 -270 -384000 -335 -408 -179 -80 -158 +54500 -287 -353 -81 +11 -24 +535000 -226 -285 +33 +115 +132 +1075500 -156 -204 +161 +231 +308 +1676000 -75 -112 +304 +358 +503 +230

Figure 6. Relative grain yield of Bass (r2 = 0.93), Baudin (r2 = 0.89), Hindmarsh (r2 = 0.91) and Scope CL (r2 = 0.96) at different grain yields achieved by Buloke (source: data from 2009-2013 DAFWA barley agronomy and 2009-2014 NVT trials. Each variety is sown in all 210 trial-years of data.). Buloke yield (kg/ha) Bass Baudin Hindmarsh Scope CL500 -74 -10 +152 +491000 -103 -40 +216 +661500 -114 -78 +251 +722000 -113 -121 +268 +712500 -103 -168 +271 +643000 -85 -217 +265 +543500 -61 -269 +250 +404000 -31 -323 +229 +234500 +4 -378 +201 +35000 +43 -435 +168 -185500 +86 -493 +131 -426000 +133 -553 +89 -67

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Disease resistanceDisease, virus and nematode resistance data is presented in Tables 5, 6 and 7.Foliar disease abbreviations: NTNB = net type net blotch. STNB = spot type net blotch. APR = adult plant resistance.Disease resistance abbreviations: VS = very susceptible. SVS = susceptible to very susceptible. S = susceptible. MSS = moderately susceptible to susceptible. MS = moderately susceptible. MRMS = moderately resistant to moderately susceptible. MR = moderately resistant. RMR = resistant to moderately resistant. R = resistant. p = provisional rating.

Seedling and adult resistanceLeaf disease ratings in this guide include both seedling and adult stage resistance ratings for the foliar leaf diseases NTNB, spot type net blotch STNB, powdery mildew and barley leaf rust (Tables 5 and 6). There is no seedling data for scald so only the adult stage resistance is tabulated.Seedling ratings are applicable at early growth stages (two to three leaf stage) and are important for making decisions on seed fungicide treatments and/or to know the likely response of a variety if there is early disease pressure. Seedling ratings are also important when assigning varieties to paddocks. Varieties susceptible to stubble borne diseases like scald, NTNB and STNB are at a high risk of early infection if sown onto one or two year old barley stubble. Adult plant ratings are applicable at later plant growth stages (after flag leaf emergence), but in some varieties and for some diseases the adult ratings may be applicable as early as stem elongation. Variation in the seedling and adult rating of a variety is most likely due to the presence or absence of adult plant resistance genes.The ratings of varieties may vary over time and these are noted where observed. Seasonal changes occur because of differences in disease pressure, spread of the disease in the region, changes in climatic conditions, stubble retention and development of new pathotypes.

Disease surveillanceGrowers and consultants observing barley varieties rated as MRMS, MR or R to scald, NTNB, STNB, powdery mildew or barley leaf rust carrying significantly greater levels of disease than expected should collect infected material for pathotype identification. Samples of powdery mildew infected leaf material should be forwarded to the Centre for Crop and Disease Management at Curtin University. Unlike other leaf diseases, powdery mildew infected leaves need to be placed into agar to maintain a live culture for pathotyping. To arrange sample collection contact Simon Ellwood via email on [email protected] and phone +61 (0)8 9266 9915.Infected scald, NTNB, STNB and barley leaf rust leaf material must be sent in paper envelopes marked with location, variety, disease and date collected. Fold leaf in half so infected area is on the inside. Please do not wrap leaf material in plastic or send in plastic lined envelopes. Scald, NTNB and STNB infected leaf material should be sent to the Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Locked Bag 4, Bentley Delivery Centre WA 6983 and marked attention

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Jason Bradley. For more information contact Jason Bradley ([email protected]) and phone +61 (0)8 9368 3982. Barley leaf rust samples should be sent directly to the ACRCP Annual Cereal Rust Survey, Plant Breeding Institute, Private Bag 4011, Narellan NSW 2567. For more information contact Professor Robert Park ([email protected]) and +61 (0)2 9351 8806.

ScaldScald starts as pale grey-green water-soaked blotches on older leaves. The blotches become elongated, often diamond shaped, and bleached with a distinctive brown margin. Lesions usually join to form necrotic areas and eventually the entire leaf withers and dies. Scald is potentially very damaging in barley as an infection can kill leaves prematurely and reduce seed weight. Increased plantings of varieties with a susceptible rating will increase the prevalence of scald, especially with early sowing opportunities. A severe early infection can reduce head number and grain number. Yield losses of up to 45% are possible with associated quality defects. The varieties with the highest scald risk are Granger, Litmus, Mundah and Yagan. The adult resistance score of varieties to scald has not changed since the last sowing guide.

Net type net blotchNTNB starts as pinpoint brown lesions, which elongate and produce fine, dark brown streaks along and across the leaf blades, creating a distinctive net-like pattern. Older lesions continue to elongate along leaf veins and could be surrounded by a yellow margin. Double cropping of barley significantly increases the risk of infection. NTNB can reduce grain yield by 20-30% and impact on the quality of the grain produced.The varieties with the highest NTNB risk are Baudin and Litmus. Historically, there are two distinct pathotypes of NTNB prevalent in WA, Beecher virulent (95NB100) and Beecher avirulent (97NB1). Varieties can differ in their response to NTNB depending on which isolate is present in the paddock. The reaction of Bass, Compass and Flinders as seedlings and Fleet as an adult plant will differ significantly depending on what isolate of NTNB is present. The Beecher avirulent (non-attacking) isolate is prevalent throughout the state, whereas the Beecher virulent (attacking) isolate is more common north of the Great Eastern Highway. A new pathotype of NTNB has also recently been detected in the Esperance region and is under study to determine the responses of current varieties. Any changes to the ratings will be included in the future editions of the sowing guide.The seedling NTNB resistance score of La Trobe (MRMS to MS for Beecher virulent) has decreased since the last sowing guide whilst Commander (S to MS for Beecher virulent), Compass (MSp to MRMS for Beecher virulent), Granger (S to MS for Beecher virulent) and Scope CL (MRMS to MR for Beecher avirulent) have increased. The adult NTNB resistance score of Fleet (MRMSp to MS for Beecher virulent) and Oxford (MRMSp to MS for Beecher virulent and MR to MRMS for Beecher avirulent) has decreased since the last sowing guide whilst Commander (S to MSS for Beecher virulent) has increased.

Spot type net blotchSTNB develops as small circular or elliptical dark brown spots becoming surrounded by a chlorotic zone of varying width. These spots do not elongate to the net-like pattern characteristic of NTNB. The spots may grow to 3-6 mm in diameter. Double cropping of barley significantly increases the risk of infection. STNB can reduce grain yield by 10-30% and impact on the quality of the grain produced.Most barley varieties are susceptible to STNB. The varieties with the highest STNB risk are Hindmarsh, IGB1334T and La Trobe.Fathom (MR as a seedling and MRMS as an adult) has the best combined seedling and adult resistance to STNB of the current varieties. Commander (MSS as seedling and adult), Compass (MRMS as seedling and MSS as adult) and Fleet (MR as seedling and MS as adult) also have some STNB tolerance.

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Some varieties susceptible as an adult have some tolerance as a seedling. This reduces the likelihood of early infection but can still infect varieties at the adult stage. Varieties susceptible at the adult stage but with some resistance at the seedling stage (seedling resistance in brackets) include Bass (MRMS), Baudin (MRMS), Flinders (MS), Rosalind (MSSp) and Yagan (MRMS). The seedling STNB resistance score of Flinders (MRMS to MS) and Hindmarsh (S to SVS) has decreased since the last sowing guide whilst Commander (S to MSS) has increased. The adult STNB resistance score of Hindmarsh (S to SVS) and La Trobe (S to SVS) has decreased since the last sowing guide whilst Compass (S to MSS) has increased.

Powdery mildewPowdery mildew appears as fluffy white growths on the surface of the leaf. The area surrounding the spores turns yellow as the fungus depletes the leaf nutrients. Older infections turn grey and may develop small black fruiting bodies. Early infection can cause yield losses of up to 25%, whereas yield losses at the end of stem elongation reduce yield by around 10%.The varieties with the highest risk of powdery mildew are Baudin and Litmus. Genetic resistance is the best form of management against powdery mildew, especially since a mutation of the CYP51 gene in powdery mildew has resulted in the compromised efficacy of many DMI fungicides in controlling powdery mildew at label rates. Higher value DeMethylation Inhibitor (DMI) fungicides and new actives, such as strobilurins and spiroxamine, are now needed to manage the disease. Varieties grown in WA with intermediate resistance or above (MRMS, MR and R) to powdery mildew can be categorised into 9 broad groups based on the postulated or known effective genes that control their resistance to powdery mildew. Only those varieties carrying the mlo gene like Granger have durable resistance to powdery mildew. The rest are vulnerable to mutations of the powdery mildew fungus, but the diversity in resistance genes and the presence of multiple genes in some varieties means that not all varieties will be rendered susceptible at the same time if mutations occur or the known mutations become more widespread. The 9 broad groups separated on known or postulated effective genes (in brackets and U = unknown) include the following varieties:

Group 1 (MlGa) – Fathom, Fleet. Group 2 (MlLa) – Hindmarsh, La Trobe, Lockyer. Group 3 (MlGa, MlLa) – Commander. Group 4 (Mla7, MlLa, U) – Scope CL. Group 5 (Mla7, MlLa, Mlk1) – Dash. Group 6 (Ml(Ch), Mlra) – Yagan. Group 7 (Ml(St)) – Oxford. Group 8 (MlLa, U) – Flinders. Group 9 (mlo) – Granger.

Virulence to the MlLa gene has been detected in barley growing in northern NSW and Queensland resulting in varieties such as Commander, Compass, Hindmarsh and La Trobe being more susceptible to mildew than in previous years. Field screening of varieties with different genes, however, has not yet found any significant regional variation in the field resistance of varieties to powdery mildew in WA. The seedling resistance score to powdery mildew of Commander (MRMS to MS), La Trobe (MRMS to MS) and Fathom (MRMS to MS) has decreased since the last sowing guide and Litmus (S to MSS) has increased. The adult mildew resistance score of Litmus (MS to S) has decreased since the last sowing guide.

Barley leaf rustBarley leaf rusts appears as small, circular to oval pustules with light brown powdery spores on upper surface of leaves (rarely on the back of the leaf) and on leaf sheaths in cases of heavy infection. As the crop matures, pustules darken and produce black spores embedded in leaf tissue. Barley leaf rust can reduce grain yield by over 30% in severe infections.

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Since the detection of a new pathotype (5457 P-) of barley leaf rust in 2013, only varieties (Dash, Flinders, Granger and Oxford) that carry the Rph20 adult plant resistance (APR) gene have some resistance when that pathotype is present. This resistance only develops at the adult plant stage, so there is still a need to protect those varieties from early infection.There has been no change in the seedling rust resistance score since the last sowing guide except where pathotype 5457 P- is present. The adult rust resistance score of Fleet (MRMS to MS) has decreased since the last sowing guide and Fathom (S to R) has increased. The late APR resistance in Fathom only protects it late in the season, so it is still vulnerable to tillering and flag leaf infections.

Barley and cereal yellow dwarfBoth barley yellow dwarf (BYD) and cereal yellow dwarf (CYD) occur in WA. As the screening for varietal resistance occurs in the field the resistance score reflects the rating to both being present, although BYD is more frequent than CYD at a ratio of approximately 2:1. BYD can reduce grain yield by up to 80% with seedling infection and up to 20% with later infection. Barley plants primarily become infected from infected oat (Rhopalosiphum padi) and/or corn leaf (Rhopalosiphum maidis) aphids. Varietal resistance reduces the impact of the virus on plant growth but does not reduce the impact of aphid feeding on plant growth. Varietal resistance to BYD and CYD therefore does not reduce the need to spray for aphids to prevent yield loss from feeding damage once they reach threshold levels in the crop (50% of tillers with 15 or more aphids).The varietal virus resistance score of Compass (MRMSp to MS), Fathom (MRp to MRMS) and Scope CL (MRp to MRMS) has decreased since the last sowing guide.

Root lesion nematodeRoot lesion nematode (RLN, Pratylenchus spp) occurs in more than 65% of WA cropping paddocks. P. neglectus is the most frequent RLN, occurring in at least 76% of infested paddocks surveyed in 2013. P. quasitereoides (formerly P. teres), unique to WA, is the next most common at around 26% of infected paddocks surveyed in 2013. Cereal yield losses due to RLN are in the order of 5-30%, but can be higher, particularly where P. quasitereoides occurs. The actual yield loss due to RLN in different barley varieties is not yet quantified, but the impact of different varieties on nematode populations is (Table 7).Table 7 includes both P. neglectus and P. quasitereoides resistance scores. Using a more resistant variety will retard nematode development and reduce potential RLN impacts in the current crop. Resistance information is also helpful to design rotations that will lower nematode populations in the soil for subsequent crops.The P. neglectus nematode resistance score of Baudin (MS to MSS) has decreased and Scope CL (MSS to MS) has increased since the last sowing guide.The P. quasitereoides nematode resistance score of Baudin (MSSp to S), Commander (MS to MSS), Granger (MRMSp to MSp) and La Trobe (MS to MSS) has decreased since the last sowing guide.

Cereal cyst nematodeCereal cyst nematode (CCN) is present in cropping regions around Geraldton and in the Avon Valley around Northam, but it can occur in any area. Unlike RLN, barley varieties are tolerant to CCN, so yield loss is limited even when infection does occur. The planting of CCN resistant varieties retards nematode development, leading to lower nematode levels in the soil for subsequent crops.There has been no change in nematode resistance scores since the last sowing guide.

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Table 5. Seedling (two to three leaf stage) leaf disease resistance profiles when grown in WA (source: Sanjiv Gupta).

Grade Variety Scald (Medina pathotype)

Net type net blotch (Beecher virulent pathotype)

Net type net blotch (Beecher avirulent pathotype)

Spot type net blotch (South Perth pathotype)

Powdery mildew (South Perth pathotype)

Barley leaf rust

Malt Bass - MR S MRMS MS R/SMalt Baudin - S S MRMS VS SVSMalt Commander - MS S MSS MSS SMalt Flinders - MRMS S MS R SMalt Granger - MS MS S R R/MSMalt La Trobe - MS MRMS S MSS MSMalt Scope CL - MR MR MS R SFood Hindmarsh - MRMS MRMS SVS MRMS SFeed Compass - MRMS S MRMS MS MRMS/SFeed Dash - MRMS MRMS S R MSpFeed Fathom - S S MR MS SFeed Fleet - MS MRMS MR MRMS SFeed IGB1334T - MRMSp MRMSp SVSp Sp R/MSpFeed Litmus - S S S MRMS SFeed Lockyer - MR MR S MRMS SFeed Mundah - S MS S SVS SFeed Oxford - R MR S R R/SFeed Roe - S MS S MS SFeed Rosalind - MRp MRp MSSp Sp MRMSpFeed Yagan - MRMS MRMS MRMS R S

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Resistance rating: VS = very susceptible, S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible, MRMS = intermediate, MR = moderately resistant, R = resistant, / = due to multiple strains of the pathogen the alternate reaction is also presented, p = provisional rating, - = no data available.

Pathotype: source of disease used in evaluating the disease reaction of the different barley varieties. The source used for evaluating varietal resistance represents the most common pathotype present in WA. On farm reactions of varieties may therefore differ if the pathotype/s present differ to the pathotype used in testing.

Growth stage: the seedling resistance score reflects resistance at the two to three leaf stage (data not relevant after four leaf stage). The adult resistance score reflects resistance after flag leaf emergence. Varieties with a VS or S rating at the seedling stage are at a greater risk of early infection. Appropriate cultural (i.e. rotation) and/or chemical (i.e. fungicide) disease management strategies should be considered to minimise the risk when planting those varieties.

Net type net blotch: there are two major pathotypes (95NB100 and 97NB1) of NTNB present in WA. The Beecher avirulent (97NB1) pathotype is the dominant isolate, but north of the Great Eastern Highway, Beecher virulent (95NB100) and avirulent (97NB1) pathotypes are present in similar proportions. The reaction of Bass, Compass and Flinders as seedlings will differ significantly depending on the pathotype present.

Powdery mildew: varieties with a VS or S rating at the seedling stage (Baudin, IGB1334T, Mundah and Rosalind) should be treated with a seed dressing active against powdery mildew to prevent early infection during the tillering stage.

Barley leaf rust: a new pathotype (5457 P-) was detected in September 2013 virulent on the Rph3 gene. The resistance score before the / is the seedling resistance in the presence of 5453 P-. The resistance score after the / is the seedling resistance in the presence of 5457 P-. As Bass and Compass only carry the Rph3 gene, their seedling and adult resistance in the presence of 5457 P- is reduced. Granger and Oxford carry an adult plant resistance gene Rph20 in addition to the Rph3 gene, conferring them adult resistance against pathotype 5457 P-, but not seedling resistance.

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Grade Variety Scald (Medina pathotype)

Net type net blotch (Beecher virulent pathotype)

Net type net blotch (Beecher avirulent pathotype)

Spot type net blotch (South Perth pathotype)

Powdery mildew (South Perth pathotype)

Barley leaf rust

Malt Bass MRMS MRMS MSS S MS MR/SMalt Baudin MSS S S S VS SVSMalt Commander MSS MS S MSS MR SMalt Flinders MS MSp MS S R MRMalt Granger S MS MRMS S R RMRMalt La Trobe MR MS MRMS SVS MRMS SMalt Scope CL MS MRMS MRMS S R SFood Hindmarsh MRMS MS MS SVS MRMS SFeed Compass MS MRMSp MSS MSS MR MR/SFeed Dash R MRMS MRMS S R RFeed Fathom MR S MSS MRMS MRMS R (late APR)Feed Fleet MS MS MR MS MRMS MSFeed IGB1334T MRp MRp MRp SVSp MRMSp -Feed Litmus SVS S S S S SFeed Lockyer MRMS MSp MRMS S MRMS SFeed Mundah S S MS S MSS SFeed Oxford MS MS MRMS S R RFeed Roe MSS S MSS S MS SFeed Rosalind MSp MRMSp MRp Sp MRMSp MRpFeed Yagan VS MSSp MRMS S MRMS S

Table 6. Adult (after flag leaf emergence) leaf disease resistance profiles when grown in WA (source: Sanjiv Gupta).

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Table 7. Virus and nematode seedling and adult resistance profiles when grown in WA (source: virus - Sanjiv Gupta and nematodes - Sarah Collins and John Lewis).

Grade Variety Barley and cereal yellow dwarf

Root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus neglectus)

Root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus quasitereoides)

Cereal cyst nematode

Malt Bass MR MSS MS SMalt Baudin MR MSS S SMalt Commander MRMS MS MSS RMalt Flinders MR MRMS MRMS SMalt Granger MRMS MS MSp RMalt La Trobe Sp MS MSS RMalt Scope CL MRMS MS MS SFood Hindmarsh S MR MRp RFeed Compass MS - MSp RFeed Dash MRMSp MRMS MRp RFeed Fathom MRMS MS MSSp RFeed Fleet MRMS MRMS MRMSp RFeed IGB1334T Sp - - RFeed Litmus S - - MSFeed Lockyer S MR MRMSp -Feed Mundah S MR MRp SFeed Oxford MRMS MRMSp - SFeed Roe MS MR MRp -Feed Rosalind Sp - - SFeed Yagan S MS MRp S

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Resistance rating: VS = very susceptible, S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible, MRMS = intermediate, MR = moderately resistant, R = resistant, p = provisional rating, - = no data available.

Barley and cereal yellow dwarf: plants become infected from infected oat and corn leaf aphids. Varietal resistance reduces the impact of the virus on plant growth but does not reduce the impact of aphid feeding on plant growth.

Root lesion nematode: barley varieties vary in the impact of root lesion nematode on their growth. A resistant variety retards nematode development, leading to lower nematode levels in the soil for subsequent crops. Pratylenchus teres has been renamed Pratylenchus quasitereoides.

Cereal cyst nematode: all barley varieties are tolerant of cereal cyst nematode but a resistant variety retards nematode development, leading to lower nematode levels in the soil for subsequent crops.

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Agronomic attributesTables 8-10 and Figures 7-10 cover different agronomic attributes of each variety in this sowing guide. Table 8 describes agronomic characteristics (i.e. coleoptile length, straw strength and plant height). It can be very difficult to distinguish between varieties once they are sown in the paddock. Table 9 attempts to provide some visual guides as to how one might use plant traits to separate varieties or to identify contaminated seed. Some of the questions you might ask include: What did the crop look like at 8-10 weeks after seeding (prostrate or erect)?

Does it have red auricles at the base of the leaf blade where it wraps around the stem? Does the head have red awns? How long are the awns? Is the head near maturity fanned (tapered) or straight (parallel) in shape? When you look at the furrow at the germ end of the grain through a magnifying glass

what length is the rachilla (white, rod-shaped organ) and how long are the hairs on the rachilla?

For more advice on what differences to look for consult DAFWA Bulletin 4765 “Maintaining variety purity in the WA malting barley industry” by Jeff Russell and Blakely Paynter. If visual cues are not enough then the grain will need to be tested at an accredited laboratory for varietal purity. The most common method used to determine varietal purity is based on mass spectrometry analysis of protein profiles in grains, but newer methods such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) microsatellites and diversified array technology (DArT) are also available and being used. AGWEST Plant Laboratories (agric.wa.gov.au/agwest-plant-laboratories) offers a mass spectrometry test that compares the protein profile of a combined sample or of 30 individual seeds or of 150 individual seeds. Those tests range from $135 to $694 to conduct. Higher levels of accuracy can be obtained by analysing more seeds, but the price also increases as more seeds are done. They also offer a DNA microsatellite test for $298.Table 10 covers information about who bred the variety, who do you go to see to buy seed, how much you will you pay when you deliver the grain (end point royalties) and what the pedigree of the variety is. Figures 7-10 combine and analyse through linear functional relationship modelling the NVT grain quality data and DAFWA-GRDC (DAW00190 and DAW00224) agronomy grain quality data. Figures 7 and 8 compare the grain plumpness (% < 2.5mm) of different varieties. Figures 9 and 10 compare the grain brightness (Minolta ‘L*’) of different varieties. The benchmark malt variety for grain plumpness is Bass (Figures 7 and 8). All the newer malt varieties have a grain plumpness which is better than Baudin, but not as good as Bass. Bass is plumper than Flinders and Granger. Flinders and Granger are slightly plumper than Hindmarsh up to 30% screenings. Plumpness of La Trobe is similar to Hindmarsh, whereas Commander is not quite as plump as Hindmarsh. Scope CL is slightly plumper than Buloke and similar to Hindmarsh.At grain brightness levels of 53-59 ‘L*’, the benchmark malt variety is Baudin (Figures 9 and 10). Within this range the grain brightness of Bass and Flinders is similar to Baudin, with Hindmarsh and La Trobe being about 0.5 to 0.7 ‘L*’ darker and Granger about 1.1 ‘L*’ darker. Below 55 ‘L*’ Commander is similar to Baudin, but brighter above 55 ‘L*’. Scope CL is similar in its grain brightness to Hindmarsh and Buloke, but is darker than Bass and Baudin below 60 ‘L*’.

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Table 8. Agronomic characteristics of a range of barley varieties when grown in WA (source: Blakely Paynter, Andrea Hills and Raj Malik).

Grade Variety Coleoptile length

Maturity with late May sowing

Boron leaf symptoms

Straw strength

Head loss risk

Plant height at maturity

Grain plumpness

Malt Bass Medium Medium Medium Very good Medium Short GoodMalt Baudin Medium Medium Medium Very good Low Short FairMalt Commander Medium Medium Medium Fair Low Medium Mod. goodMalt Flinders Short Medium Medium Very good Low Short Mod. goodMalt Granger Medium Medium - Good Low Medium Mod. goodMalt La Trobe Short Early Medium Mod. good Low Medium Mod. goodMalt Scope CL Short Medium - Fair High Tall FairFood Hindmarsh Short Early Medium Fair Medium Medium Mod. goodFeed Compass Medium Medium - Fair Medium Medium GoodFeed Dash Short Late Medium Good Low Short Very poorFeed Fathom Medium Medium Medium Fair Low Tall GoodFeed Fleet Long Medium Low Fair Medium Medium GoodFeed IGB1334T Short Early - - - Medium -Feed Litmus Short Early Medium Fair Medium Tall Mod. goodFeed Lockyer Medium Late Medium Mod. good Low Short PoorFeed Mundah Medium Very early Medium Fair Medium Medium Very goodFeed Oxford Medium Late - Very good Low Short Very poorFeed Roe Medium Early Medium Mod. good Medium Medium Very goodFeed Rosalind Short Early - Mod. good Low Medium -Feed Yagan Medium Very early Medium Fair Medium Medium Very good

Coleoptile length: short (40-60mm), medium (60-80mm) and long (80-100mm).

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Maturity: very early (-15 to -4 days), early (-3 to +3 days), medium (+4 to +10 days) and late (+11 to +17 days) maturity (days to awn emergence) relative to Stirling when sown in late May. Maturity ranking with a late May sowing differs to the maturity ranking when sown in April or after mid June.

Head loss risk: under adverse conditions barley varieties differ in their risk of shedding. Head loss risk is based on counting heads post-harvest at sites where high levels of head loss has been recorded in high risk varieties.

Plant height at maturity: very short (<45cm), short (45-55cm), medium (55-65cm) and tall (65-75cm) relative to Stirling and Buloke at sites where their straw (ground to base of ear) was between 65-75cm long.

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Grade Variety Early growth habit

Redness of flag leaf auricle

Redness of awns during grain fill

Awn length Ear shape Rachilla length

Rachilla hair length

Malt Bass Prostrate Present Weakly present Long Parallel Short-medium LongMalt Baudin Prostrate Strongly present Present Medium Parallel Short-medium LongMalt Commander Semi-erect Present Weakly present Very long Tapering Medium-long ShortMalt Flinders Prostrate Strongly present Present Medium Parallel Medium-long ShortMalt Granger Prostrate Present Weakly present Medium Parallel Medium ShortMalt La Trobe Erect Weakly present Present Medium Tapering Medium-long ShortMalt Scope CL Semi-erect Weakly present Absent Medium Tapering Medium LongMalt Vlamingh Prostrate Present Weakly present Long Parallel Short-medium LongFood Hindmarsh Erect Present Present Medium Parallel Short-medium ShortFeed Compass Semi-erect Present Weakly present Long Tapering Medium-long LongFeed Dash Erect Present Weakly present Long Tapering Short-medium LongFeed Fathom Erect Weakly present Weakly present Very long Parallel Medium LongFeed Fleet Erect Absent Absent Very long Parallel Medium-long LongFeed IGB1334T Erect Absent - - - - ShortFeed Litmus Erect Weakly present Weakly present Long Parallel Medium LongFeed Lockyer Prostrate Weakly present Present Long Parallel Medium LongFeed Mundah Erect Weakly present Weakly present Long Parallel Medium ShortFeed Oxford Prostrate Present Present Long Parallel Medium LongFeed Roe Erect Weakly present Weakly present Medium Parallel Medium ShortFeed Rosalind Erect Present Present - - - -Feed Yagan Erect Present Present - Tapering - Short

Table 9. Visual characteristics of a range of barley varieties when grown in WA (source: DAFWA Bulletin 4765, breeding companies and IP Australia Plant Breeders Rights database – pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/pbr_db/search.cfm).

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Table 10. Breeding, seed trading and end point royalty status for barley varieties when grown in WA (source: breeding companies and Variety Central – varietycentral.com.au).

Grade Licence information

Variety owner or licensee

Year released

Seed licensee Farmer to farmer trading

End point royalty

Pedigree

Malt Bass InterGrain 2012 Syngenta Yes $3.50 WABAR2023/AlexisMalt Baudin InterGrain 2003 Free to trade Yes $3.00 / $1.00 Stirling/FranklinMalt Commander University of Adelaide 2008 SeedNet Yes $3.80 Keel/Sloop//GalaxyMalt Flinders InterGrain 2014 Syngenta Yes $3.80 Baudin/CooperMalt Granger Limagrain 2013 Heritage Seeds Yes $2.95 Braemar/AdonisMalt La Trobe InterGrain 2013 Syngenta Yes $4.00 Dash/VB9409Malt Scope CL AgVic Services 2010 SeedNet No $3.50 Franklin/VB9104//VB9104Malt Vlamingh InterGrain 2012 Syngenta Yes $3.50 WABAR2023/AlexisFood Hindmarsh DPI (Vic) 2006 SeedNet Yes $1.50 Dash/VB9409Feed Compass University of Adelaide 2015 SeedNet No $3.80 County/Commander//CommanderFeed Dash New Farm Crops 1995 SeedNet Yes $1.80 Chad/Joline//CaskFeed Fathom University of Adelaide 2011 SeedNet No $2.00 JE013D-020/WI3806-1Feed Fleet University of Adelaide 2006 SeedNet Yes $1.50 Mundah/Keel//BarqueFeed IGB1334T InterGrain 2015 Syngenta No $4.25 -Feed Litmus InterGrain 2013 Syngenta Yes $3.80 WB229/2*Baudin//WABAR2238Feed Lockyer InterGrain 2007 Free to trade Yes $1.50 Tantangara/VB9104Feed Mundah InterGrain 1995 Free to trade Yes - Yagan/O'ConnorFeed Oxford Limagrain 2010 Heritage Seeds Yes $2.50 Tavern/ChimeFeed Roe InterGrain 2007 Free to trade Yes $1.50 Doolup//Windich/MorexFeed Rosalind InterGrain 2015 Syngenta No $3.50 -Feed Yagan InterGrain 1989 Free to trade Yes - unknown pedigree

Growers registered with the SeedNet Authorised Grower Distribution Scheme can participate in farmer to farmer trading of Commander, Dash, Fleet and Hindmarsh.

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End point royalties (EPR) ($/t) are quoted excluding GST. EPR for Baudin received as malt is $3/t and as feed $1/t.

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Figure 7. Relative screenings of Bass (r2 = 0.64), Baudin (r2 = 0.68), Commander (r2 = 0.64), Flinders (r2 = 0.63), Granger (r2 = 0.59) and La Trobe (r2 = 0.84) at different screenings achieved by Hindmarsh (source: data from 2011-2014 DAFWA barley agronomy and 2011-2014 NVT trials. Each variety is sown in all 216 trial-years of data.).

Hindmarsh screenings (% < 2.5mm) Bass Baudin Commander Flinders Granger La Trobe1 -0.9 -0.7 +0.1 -0.7 -0.7 -0.12 -1.7 -1.1 +0.1 -1.3 -1.3 -0.25 -3.8 -1.4 +0.4 -2.6 -2.4 -0.47 -4.8 -0.9 +0.7 -3.2 -2.8 -0.410 -5.9 +0.5 +1.0 -3.7 -3.0 -0.415 -6.4 +4.0 +1.5 -3.9 -2.4 -0.320 -5.5 +8.5 +2.0 -3.4 -1.1 -0.225 -3.5 +13.1 +2.5 -2.4 +0.8 +0.035 +3.1 +21.0 +3.2 +0.8 +5.4 +0.640 +6.8 +23.7 +3.5 +2.6 +7.6 +0.850 +13.5 +26.4 +3.8 +6.1 +11.5 +1.3

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Figure 8. Relative screenings of Bass (r2 = 0.82), Baudin (r2 = 0.79), Hindmarsh (r2 = 0.79) and Scope CL (r2 = 0.93) at different screenings achieved by Buloke (source: data from 2009-2014 DAFWA barley agronomy and 2009-2014 NVT trials. Each variety is sown in all 208 trial-years of data.).

Buloke screenings (% < 2.5mm) Bass Baudin Hindmarsh Scope CL1 -0.8 -0.2 +0.2 -0.12 -1.6 -0.2 +0.3 -0.25 -3.5 -0.0 +0.0 -0.67 -4.5 +0.2 -0.3 -1.010 -5.9 +0.8 -0.9 -1.515 -7.7 +1.8 -1.9 -2.320 -8.9 +3.0 -3.1 -3.225 -9.5 +4.1 -4.3 -4.035 -9.2 +6.2 -6.7 -5.540 -8.5 +7.1 -7.8 -6.150 -5.9 +8.3 -9.7 -7.0

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Hindmarsh brightness (Minolta ‘L*’) Bass Baudin Commander Flinders Granger La Trobe52 +0.6 +0.6 -0.6 +0.7 -0.1 -0.153 +0.6 +0.6 -0.4 +0.7 -0.2 -0.154 +0.6 +0.7 -0.2 +0.6 -0.2 -0.055 +0.5 +0.7 +0.1 +0.6 -0.3 +0.056 +0.5 +0.8 +0.3 +0.6 -0.4 +0.158 +0.4 +0.9 +0.7 +0.6 -0.5 +0.160 +0.4 +1.0 +1.1 +0.6 -0.6 +0.262 +0.3 +1.1 +1.6 +0.6 -0.7 +0.364 +0.2 +1.2 +2.0 +0.5 -0.9 +0.366 +0.2 +1.3 +2.4 +0.5 -1.0 +0.468 +0.1 +1.4 +2.8 +0.5 -1.1 +0.5

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Figure 9. Relative grain brightness of Bass (r2 = 0.80), Baudin (r2 = 0.79), Commander (r2 = 0.84), Flinders (r2 = 0.83), Granger (r2 = 0.80) and La Trobe (r2 = 0.93) at different levels of grain brightness achieved by Hindmarsh (source: data from 2011-2014 DAFWA barley agronomy and 2011-2014 NVT trials. Each variety is sown in all 211 trial-years of data.).

Figure 10. Relative grain brightness of Bass (r2 = 0.92), Baudin (r2 = 0.93), Hindmarsh (r2 = 0.90) and Scope CL (r2 = 0.97) at different levels of grain brightness achieved by Buloke (source: data from 2009-2014 DAFWA barley agronomy and 2009-2014 NVT trials. Each variety is sown in all 196 trial-years of data.).

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Buloke brightness (Minolta ‘L*’) Bass Baudin Hindmarsh Scope CL52 +0.6 +0.3 -0.2 -0.053 +0.5 +0.4 -0.1 -0.154 +0.5 +0.4 -0.1 -0.155 +0.4 +0.4 -0.0 -0.156 +0.4 +0.5 +0.1 -0.158 +0.3 +0.6 +0.2 -0.260 +0.2 +0.6 +0.3 -0.262 +0.1 +0.7 +0.4 -0.364 +0.0 +0.8 +0.5 -0.366 -0.0 +0.9 +0.6 -0.468 -0.1 +1.0 +0.7 -0.4

Herbicide toleranceTable 11 presents the herbicide data for barley when grown in Western Australia.Herbicide timing abbreviations: IBS = incorporated by seeding. PSPE = post sowing pre-emergent. Z12 = Zadoks growth score 13, 2 leaves emerged on the mainstem. Z13 = Zadoks growth score 13, 3 leaves emerged on the mainstem. Z14 = Zadoks growth score 14, 4 leaves emerged on the mainstem. Z15 = Zadoks growth score 15, 5 leaves emerged on the mainstem. Z16 = Zadoks growth score 16, 6 leaves emerged on the mainstem.Herbicide tolerance trials conducted over the last 15 years in WA indicate that some barley varieties are more susceptible to damage from certain herbicides than others (Table 11). The variation in tolerance may be due to differences in morphological or physiological characters and/or internal ear development stages among the varieties. The level of tolerance amongst varieties varies with the rate of herbicide, the environmental conditions when the herbicide is applied, and the stage of the crop growth. Seasonal variability makes it essential to test herbicide and variety interaction over several seasons and locations. The risk of crop damage from a herbicide should be balanced against the potential yield loss from both the weed competition and the number of weed seeds returning to the soil seed bank. Small yield reductions due to herbicide damage in sensitive varieties may not be easily detected at the paddock level, but over larger areas can be of great economic importance.Since 2009, advanced breeding lines and commercial varieties have been tested for herbicide tolerance in small plot (1.6m x 1.5m) screening trials at Katanning. In those screenings trials the following herbicides (which provide consistent damage to barley or are commonly used by WA barley growers) are tested at higher than label rates: Axial® (pinoxadin). Achieve® (tralkoxydim). Affinity® + MCPA (carfentrazone-ethyl + MCPA). Ally® (metsulfuron). Boxer® Gold (s-metolachlor + prosulfocarb). Broadside® (bromoxynil + MCPA + dicamba). Diuron + MCPA (diuron + MCPA). Hoegrass® (diclofop-methyl). Triflur® X (trifluralin). Triflur® 400 + Lexone® (trifluralin + metribuzin). Tigrex® (diflufenican + MCPA). 2,4-D LVE 680 (2,4-D). Any variety by herbicide combination that causes a significant yield reduction in the screening trial is then further tested in larger plot (10m x 1m) advanced trials. In the advanced trials, the varieties are assessed against label and higher than the label rates for at least two years to validate the results and to minimise seasonal influences on the herbicide tolerance responses. Quite a few barley varieties have shown some sensitivity to at least one herbicide in the herbicide tolerance trials, but no barley variety tested has yet to demonstrate consistent yield loss due to herbicide application. Of the recommended varieties, only Baudin, Hindmarsh and Lockyer have shown sensitivity to two or more herbicides at label rates.Several of the herbicides tested have caused a yield loss in two or more varieties. Growers should be cautious when using those products with new varieties. Sensitivity at label rates has been noted in at least two varieties for these products: Achieve® (tralkoxydim) at Z13-Z15.

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Diuron + MCPA (diuron + MCPA) at Z13-Z15.A narrow safety margin was also noted in at least two varieties when these products were applied at above labels rates, but not at label rates: Barrel® / Broadside® (bromoxynil + MCPA + dicamba) at Z13-Z14. Boxer® Gold (s-metolachlor + prosulfocarb) IBS. Hoegrass® (diclofop-methyl) at Z13-Z15. Velocity® (bromoxynil + pyrasulfotole) at Z12-Z15.The full list of varieties tested in herbicide tolerance trials can be found at NVT Online nvtonline.com.au/herbicide-tolerance .When using pre-emergent herbicides like trifluralin, Boxer® Gold (s-metolachlor + prosulfocarb) and Diuron + Dual® Gold (diuron + s-metolachlor) ensure the sown seed is placed below the herbicide treated soil band; as the crop safety is mainly due to seed placement selectively. If sowing with knife points, and using higher label rates, ensure that treated soil does not get thrown, blown or washed into the furrows.Phenoxy herbicides (2,4-D and MCPA) are commonly applied in barley as late post-emergence treatments and to reduce the seed set of wild radish, wild mustard, wild turnip and lupins. Application timing for phenoxy herbicides is more critical than for other herbicides. Barley is most sensitive to phenoxy herbicides at the double ridge stage of ear development (the point at which the ear first starts to form). It is critically important to correctly identify the correct crop development stage to avoid damaging the crop when spraying with phenoxy herbicides.Application of phenoxy herbicides during the double ridge stage usually results in distorted or twisted heads later in the season when the heads emerge from the boot. This is normally accompanied by some missing grains in the head and these ear head abnormalities could lead to grain yield losses. Double ridge usually occurs when there is between three to four leaves on the mainstem in varieties like La Trobe, Scope CL and Stirling and between four to five leaves on the mainstem in varieties like Bass, Baudin, Compass, Flinders and Granger. The best time to apply a phenoxy herbicide is to wait until at least one leaf after the double ridge stage and before booting. Application of phenoxy herbicides between flag leaf emergence and the soft dough stage on any barley variety can cause serious yield losses due to effects on pollen development. It is important to remember that herbicides are only one of the tools in which we can manage weeds. Herbicides are only a useful tool when part of an integrated weed management plan (IWM). An IWM plan should include an element from each of the following five tactics: Tactic 1 – deplete weed seed in the target area soil seed bank. Tactic 2 – kill weeds (seedlings) in the target area. Tactic 3 – stop weed seed set. Tactic 4 – prevent viable weed seeds from being added to the soil seed bank. Tactic 5 – prevent introduction of viable weed seed from external sources.When using herbicides to control weeds it is important to rotate between different mode-of-action groups to reduce weed numbers, stop replenishment of the seed bank and minimise the risk of developing herbicide resistant weeds.

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http://www.nvtonline.com.au/herbicide-tolerance/

Table 11a. Tolerance of some of barley varieties (1999-2014) to herbicides incorporated by seeding (IBS) or post seeding pre-emergent (PSPE) in WA (source: Harmohinder Dhammu).

Herbicide used and rate applied/ha

Tim

ing

Bas

s

Bau

din

Com

man

der

Com

pass

Fath

om

Flee

t

Flin

ders

Gra

nger

Hin

dmar

sh

La T

robe

Lock

yer

Mun

dah

Oxf

ord

Roe

Sco

pe C

L

Avadex® BW 2L (tri-allate) IBS – OK (4)

– – – – – – – – – OK (1)

– – –

Boxer® Gold 2.5L (s-metolachlor + prosulfocarb)

IBS N (1/3)

N (1/3)

OK (1)

OK (1)

– – – – OK (2)

– OK (3)

– OK (1)

OK (3)

–

Boxer® Gold 2.5L + Lexone® 150g (s-metolachlor + prosulfocarb) + (metribuzin)

IBS – OK (1)

– – – – – – OK (1)

– OK (1)

– – OK (1)

–

Dual® Gold 0.5L (s-metolachlor) IBS – OK (1)

– – – – – – OK (1)

– OK (1)

– – OK (1)

–

Diuron 1L+ Dual® Gold 0.5L (diuron + s-metolachlor)

IBS – OK (1)

– – – – – – OK (1)

– OK (1)

– – OK (1)

–

Logran® 35g (triasulfuron) IBS – OK (1)

– – – – – – – – – OK (1)

– – –

Stomp® 330 1.8L (pendimethalin) IBS – OK (5)

– – – – – – OK (1)

– OK (3)

OK (1)

– OK (3)

–

Treflan® 1L (trifluralin) IBS – OK (4)

– – – – – – – – – OK (1)

– – –

Triflur® X 3L (trifluralin) IBS OK (1)

OK (2)

OK (1)

– OK (2)

– – – OK (2)

– OK (2)

– OK (1)

OK (2)

–

Triflur® X 1L + Lexone® 150g (trifluralin + metribuzin)

IBS – OK (4)

– – – – – – OK (1)

– OK (3)

– – OK (3)

–

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Tim

ing

Bas

s

Bau

din

Com

man

der

Com

pass

Fath

om

Flee

t

Flin

ders

Gra

nger

Hin

dmar

sh

La T

robe

Lock

yer

Mun

dah

Oxf

ord

Roe

Sco

pe C

L

Yield® 250 EC 2L (oryzalin + trifluralin) IBS – OK (1)

– – – – – – – – – OK (1)

– – –

Diuron 1L + Dual® Gold 0.25L (diuron + s-metolachlor)

PSPE – OK (3)

– – – – – – – – – OK (1)

– – –

Diuron 1L + Dual® Gold 0.5L (diuron + s-metolachlor)

PSPE – OK (2)

– – – – – – – – – – – – –

- = No herbicide tolerance data.

OK = No significant yield reduction at label recommended rate. Parentheses highlight the number of trials conducted.

N = Narrow safety margin. Significant yield reduction at higher than label recommended rate, but not at recommended label rate. Parentheses highlight the number of trials where a significant yield reduction occurred out of the total number of trials conducted.

YL = Percentage yield reduction at recommended label rate in 1 trial. Parentheses highlight the number of trials where a significant yield reduction occurred out of the total number of trials conducted.

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Table 11b. Tolerance of some of barley varieties (1999-2014) to herbicides applied between 2 to 5 leaf stage in WA (source: Harmohinder Dhammu).


Tim

ing

Bas

s

Bau

din

Com

man

der

Com

pass

Fath

om

Flee

t

Flin

ders

Gra

nger

Hin

dmar

sh

La T

robe

Lock

yer

Mun

dah

Oxf

ord

Roe

Sco

pe C

L

Axial® 300mL (pinoxadin) Z12-Z14

– OK (1)

– – OK (2)

– – – OK (1)

– OK (3)

– – OK (3)

–

Velocity® 0.67L (bromoxynil + pyrasulfotole)

Z12-Z15

OK (1)

OK (4)

YL 14 (1/2)

– – – N (1/1)

– N (1/4)

– – – OK (1)

– –

Achieve® 380g (tralkoxydim) Z13-Z15

– OK (5)

OK (1)

– – – YL 5 (1/2)

– OK (4)

OK (2)

YL 21 (1/1)

OK (1)

OK (2)

OK (1)

–

Achieve® 380g + Tigrex® 0.8L (tralkoxydim) + (diflufenican + MCPA)

Z13-Z14

OK (1)

– OK (1)

– OK (2)

– – – – – – OK (1)

– – –

Affinity® 50g + MCPA 0.5L (carfentrazone-ethyl + MCPA)

Z13-Z15

OK (1)

OK (6)

OK (1)

– – – – – OK (2)

– OK (3)

– OK (1)

OK (3)

–

Affinity Force® 100mL + MCPA 0.5L (carfentrazone-ethyl + MCPA)

Z13-Z14

– OK (1)

– – – – – – OK (1)

OK (1)

– – – – –

Ally® 5g (metsulfuron) Z13-Z14

– OK (4)

– – – – – – – – OK (2)

OK (1)

– OK (2)

–

Ally® 7g (metsulfuron) Z13-Z15

OK (1)

OK (2)

OK (1)

– N (1/3)

– – – OK (4)

OK (2

OK (1)

– OK (1)

OK (1)

–

Barrel® / Broadside® 1L (bromoxynil + MCPA + dicamba)

Z13-Z14

– OK (4)

– – N (1/2)

N (1/3)

N (1/2)

OK (2)

– – – OK (1)

OK (1)

– –

Buctril® MA 1L (bromoxynil + MCPA) Z13-Z14

– OK (3)

– – – – – – – – – – – – –

Buctril® MA 1.4L (bromoxynil + MCPA)

Z13-Z14

– OK (2)

– – – – – – OK (1)

– OK (3)

– – OK (3)

–

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Cheetah® Gold 1L (diclofop + sethoxydim + fenoxaprop)

Z13-Z14

– OK (1)

– – – – – – OK (1)

– OK (3)

– – OK (3)

–

Decision® 1L (diclofop + sethoxydim) Z13-Z14

– OK (3)

– – – – – – – – – – – – –

Diuron 0.35L + MCPA 0.4L (diuron + MCPA)

Z13-Z14

– OK (1)

– – YL 4 (1/1)

– – OK (1)

YL 9 (1/1)

YL 8 (1/1)

– OK (1)

– – –

Diuron 0.4L + MCPA 0.5L (diuron + MCPA)

Z14-Z15

OK (1)

OK (2)

OK (1)

– – – – – OK (2)

– OK (1)

– OK (1)

OK (1)

–

Diuron 0.5L + 2,4-D (amine) 0.25L (diuron + 2,4-D)

Z13-Z14

– OK (3)

– – – – – – – – – – – – –

Eclipse® 5g + MCPA LVE 0.5L (metosulam + MCPA)

Z13-Z14

– OK (1)

– – – – – – OK (1)

– YL 16 (1/3)

– – OK (3)

–

Flight® EC 720mL (picolinafen + bromoxynil + MCPA ester)

Z13-Z14

– OK (3)

OK (1)

– – – – – OK (3)

– – – – – –

Glean® 12.5g (chlorsulfuron) Z13-Z14

– OK (3)

– – – – – – – – – – – – –

Glean® 20g (chlorsulfuron) Z13-Z14

– OK (1)

– – – – – – OK (1)

– OK (3)

– – OK (3)

–

Glean® 3g +Ally® 3g + MCPA 0.3L (chlorsulfuron + metsulfuron + MCPA)

Z13-Z14

– OK (1)

– – – – – – – – – – – – –

Hoegrass® 375 1L (diclofop-methyl) Z13-Z14

– OK (1)

– – – – – – – – – OK (1)

– – –

Hoegrass® 375 1.5L (diclofop-methyl)

Z13-Z15

N (1/3)

OK (6)

OK (1)

OK (1)

OK (2)

– – – N (1/4)

N (1/2)

YL 13 (1/3)

– OK (2)

OK (3)

–

Hoegrass® 200ml + Achieve® 200g (diclofop-methyl + tralkoxydim)

Z13-Z14

– OK (4)

– – – – – – OK (1)

– OK (3)

– – OK (3)

–

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Jaguar® 1L (bromoxynil + diflufenican)

Z13-Z14

– OK (4)

– – – – – – OK (1)

– OK (3)

OK (1)

– OK (3)

–

Legacy® MA (diflufenican + MCPA) Z13-Z14

OK (1)

– OK (1)

– – – – – YL 6 (1/1)

– – – – – –

Paragon® 0.375L (picolinafen + MCPA)

Z13-Z14

– YL 13 (1/4)

– – – – – – – – – – – – –

Tigrex® 0.75L (diflufenican + MCPA) Z13-Z14

– OK (2)

– – – – – – – – – – – – –

Tigrex® 1L (diflufenican + MCPA) Z13-Z14

OK (2)

YL 16 (1/3)

OK (1)

– – – – OK (1)

OK (3)

N (1/1)

OK (3)

OK (1)

OK (2)

OK (3)

–

Topik® 240 EC 0.14L (clodinafop) Z13-Z14

– – – – – – – – – – – OK (1)

– – –

Triathlon® (diflufenican + bromoxynil + MCPA)

Z13-Z15

OK (1)

– OK (1)

– – – – – YL 7 (1/1)

OK (1)

– – – – OK (1)

Tristar® 1.5L (diclofop + fenoxaprop) Z12-Z14

– – – – – – – – – – – OK (1)

– – –

Tristar® 1.5L + Tigrex® 0.8L (diclofop + fenoxaprop) + (diflufenican + MCPA)

Z13-Z14

– – – – – – – – – – – OK (1)

– – –

Wildcat® 0.5L (fenoxaprop-P-ethyl) Z13-Z14

– – – – – – – – – – – YL 15 (1/1)

– – –

Precept®300 1L (pyrasulfotole + MCPA ester)

Z14-Z15

– OK (1)

– – – – – – OK (1)

– OK (2)

– – OK (2)

–

- = No herbicide tolerance data.OK = No significant yield reduction at label recommended rate. Parentheses highlight the number of trials conducted.N = Narrow safety margin. Significant yield reduction at higher than label recommended rate, but not at recommended label rate. Parentheses highlight the number of trials where a significant yield reduction occurred out of the total number of trials conducted.

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Table 11c. Tolerance of some of barley varieties (1999-2014) to herbicides applied from 5 leaf stage in WA (source: Harmohinder Dhammu).Herbicide used and rate applied/ha

Tim

ing

Bas

s

Bau

din

Com

man

der

Com

pass

Fath

om

Flee

t

Flin

ders

Gra

nger

Hin

dmar

sh

La T

robe

Lock

yer

Mun

dah

Oxf

ord

Roe

Scop

e C

L

Paragon® 0.5L (picolinafen + MCPA) Z15-Z16

– OK (1)

– – – – – – OK (1)

– OK (2)

– – OK (2)

–

MCPA (amine) 500 1.25L (MCPA) Z15-Z16

– OK (2)

– – – – – – OK (1)

– – – – – –

MCPA (amine) 500 2L (MCPA) Z15-Z16

– OK (1)

– – – – – – OK (1)

– OK (3)

– – OK (3)

–

2,4-D Amine 500 1L (2,4-D) Z15-Z16

– OK (2)

– – – – – – – – – OK (1)

– – –

2,4-D Amine 625 1.3L (2,4-D) Z15-Z16

OK (1)

OK (2)

OK (1)

– – – – – OK (2)

– YL 14 (1/3)

– OK (1)

OK (3)

–

2,4-D Ester 800 0.5L (2,4-D) Z15-Z16

– – – – – – – – – – – OK (1)

– – –

2,4-D Ester 800 0.7L (2,4-D) Z15-Z16

– OK (2)

– – – – – – – – OK (1)

– – OK (1)

–

2,4-D LV Ester 680 xtra 0.8L (2,4-D) Z15-Z16

– OK (1)

– – – – – – OK (1)

– OK (2)

– – OK (2)

–

Kamba® 500 0.28L (dicamba) Z21+ – OK (2)

– – – – – – – – – – – – –

Kamba® 500 0.4L (dicamba) Z21+ – OK (1)

– – – – – – OK (1)

– OK (2)

– – OK (2)

–

2,4-D Amine 700 1.5L (2,4-D) Z31 – OK (2)

OK (1)

– – – OK (1)

– OK (2)

– – – – – –

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- = No herbicide tolerance data.

OK = No significant yield reduction at label recommended rate. Parentheses highlight the number of trials conducted.

N = Narrow safety margin. Significant yield reduction at higher than label recommended rate, but not at recommended label rate. Parentheses highlight the number of trials where a significant yield reduction occurred out of the total number of trials conducted.


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Bas

s

Bau

din

Com

man

der

Com

pass

Fath

om

Flee

t

Flin

ders

Gra

nger

Hin

dmar

sh

La T

robe

Lock

yer

Mun

dah

Oxf

ord

Roe

Scop

e C

L

Year of testing

2009

, 201

1, 2

013,

201

4

2001

, 200

2, 2

003,

200

8, 2

009,

20

10, 2

011,

201

2

2009

, 201

2, 2

013,

201

4

2014

2012

, 201

3, 2

014

2012

, 201

3, 2

014

2014

2013

, 201

4

2008

, 200

9, 2

010,

201

1, 2

012,

20

13, 2

014

2013

, 201

4

2006

, 200

7, 2

008

1999

2009

, 201

2

2006

, 200

7, 2

008

2014

Sites B AB B B B B B B B B B C B B B

Table 11d. For each variety, location of herbicide tolerance testing sites and years evaluated (source: Harmohinder Dhammu).

A = Avondale (loamy duplex, pH 5.0), B = Katanning (sandy duplex or gravelly duplex or sandy loam, pH 4.5-5.3) and C = Newdegate (sandy duplex, pH 4.1). Note: Higher than the label herbicide rates to work out crop safety margins (N) were used in some trials and/or for some products only.

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Barley variety descriptionsEight in every 10 hectares (ha) sown to barley in 2014 was sown to Hindmarsh, Scope CL, Buloke and Bass (in decreasing popularity) (Figure 1). It is expected that those same eight in 10ha will be sown to Hindmarsh, Scope CL, Bass and La Trobe in 2015, with Buloke dropping to sixth on the list. The barley industry has indicated that Buloke, Gairdner and Vlamingh will not be segregated after the 2015/16 harvest, with reduced segregations possible for Baudin and Hindmarsh. For the 2016 season it is expected that the top four varieties grown in WA will be still be Hindmarsh, Scope CL, Hindmarsh, Bass and La Trobe (although the order will change relative to 2015), with increasing production of Compass, Flinders and, Granger. Other options that could be considered include IGB1334T and Rosalind, as well as the production of Oxford in the southern part of Agzone 3 and western part of Agzone 6. Each of the established, new and future varieties has agronomic (yield, quality, disease, agronomy) strengths and weaknesses (Tables 3-11, Figures 3-10) that need to be carefully weighed against demand signals from the market (Tables 1 and 2), pricing of malting varieties, pricing of the food variety Hindmarsh and the location of receival sites. There is greater market demand for some varieties in some port zones and lesser demand in other port zones. That demand will influence the choice of variety that is sown regionally. No one variety matches all the different farming systems in which barley is grown or the brewing and shochu markets we service. Use the market and agronomic information presented in Tables 1-11 and Figures 3-10 to assist with decisions on what variety to grow. To make it easier to review the attributes of each barley variety, varietal descriptions in this year’s bulletin are also tabulated. Varieties with a malting or food classification are described first followed by the feed varieties. In less than 3t/ha environments the best alternatives to Hindmarsh include: 1) Compass. Compass is under evaluation by Barley Australia, but has been released as a

feed barley whilst it is being assessed for its malting and brewing characteristics. An outcome from Barley Australia’s malting and brewing accreditation trials is expected in autumn 2017. Compass has a similar grain yield to Hindmarsh (= La Trobe) across all Agzones. Across 54 barley NVT trials Compass was lower than, similar to or higher yielding than Hindmarsh in a third of trials respectively (Table 4). In a direct comparison against Hindmarsh, the line of best fit between Compass and Hindmarsh differed by less than 0.1 t/ha across a range of potential yields (Figure 4). This indicates that seasonal conditions, not yield potential, will strongly influence the relative performance of those two varieties. It is important to note that Compass and Hindmarsh / La Trobe set their yield differently. Hindmarsh / La Trobe plants produce more tillers and have one more grain per ear than Compass plants, but Compass achieves the same yield as Hindmarsh / La Trobe by producing heavier grains. Compass grain is generally plumper than Hindmarsh grain, but at a lower hectolitre weight. For the stubble borne diseases, Compass and Hindmarsh are similar but different depending on what disease and what growth stage is under consideration. Straw strength may be an issue with Compass with early planting and under high fertility.

2) Fathom. Fathom is up to 0.2t/ha lower yielding than Hindmarsh in the less than 3t/ha environments (Figure 3) and is a better alternative to Hindmarsh than Mundah and Roe. In NVT trials Fathom has been lower yielding than Hindmarsh in 58% of trials and only higher yielding in 15% of trials (Table 4). Fathom should be considered where a longer coleoptile is advantageous (i.e. deep seeding into moisture). Fathom is also later to flower than Hindmarsh and may be better suited to earlier sowing opportunities. Fathom’s advantage of having the best available adult resistance to STNB is offset by it being susceptible to both pathotypes of NTNB (Tables 5 and 6). Growers need to be aware of which net blotch their stubble is carrying, based on whether STNB or NTNB was present in the previous barley crop, to determine if Fathom will be useful in the rotation. Weed competition data from eastern Australia suggests that Fathom is more competitive against oats than Hindmarsh.

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3) IGB1334T. IGB1334T is a new imidazolinone barley bred by InterGrain. Its performance in NVT barley trials in 2014 suggests it has a similar agronomic, disease resistance and grain quality profile as Hindmarsh and La Trobe. In those same NVT, IGB1334T out-yielded Scope CL in 72% of trials and was only lower yielding in 5% of trials. Whilst this is only one-year of data (caution is advised when interpreting single year NVT data), the pedigree of IGB1334T would support the likelihood that IGB1334T will quickly become the imidazolinone tolerant barley of choice in many WA farming systems. Whilst IGB1334T has been released as a feed barley, it is under evaluation by Barley Australia with a possible decision expected as early as autumn 2018. It is important to note that IGB1334T has a provisional rating of SVS to STNB as both a seedling and an adult plant (Tables 5 and 6). If approved for use in Australia the new seed fungicide Systiva® will likely be an important disease management tool when growing IGB1334T, particularly when sowing IGB1334T as a plant back option into IGB1334T stubble that received an imidazolinone herbicide the previous year.

4) La Trobe. La Trobe is from the same cross as Hindmarsh. It is almost identical in its agronomic performance and agronomic traits to Hindmarsh in WA (Tables 3-10, Figures 5, 7 and 9). In the field, growers should therefore expect La Trobe to perform exactly as their Hindmarsh has performed under their management in previous seasons. Barley Australia identified quality improvements in La Trobe compared to Hindmarsh, allowing the accreditation of La Trobe as a malt barley in March 2015. Barley Australia has indicated that La Trobe is best suited to brewers seeking malt with a higher Kolbach Index. Segregations are likely in all port zones in 2016 to facilitate the strong demand for its grain (Tables 1 and 2).

5) Litmus. Litmus is the best available barley for sowing on soils with an acidic profile. Litmus carries the Alt1 gene which allows its roots to excrete citrate reducing the toxicity of Al in the soil. On acidic soils this results in increased grain yield relative to traditional barley varieties and a similar yield to wheat varieties like Calingiri and Wyalkatchem. On soils without an acidic sub-soil, Litmus is lower yielding than Hindmarsh (Table 3). Unfortunately Litmus grains can display a blue aleurone, as detected in Henley, which affects its ability to be delivered against current GTA and GIWA barley receival standards. Litmus is being received as a feed barley at the 2015/16 harvest with stack averaging for blue aleurone, but the future of Litmus is still uncertain. Whilst industry deliberates over blue aleurone and its impact on our international market access, Barley Australia is evaluating Litmus as a malt barley variety. It is in Stage 1 of Barley Australia testing in 2015 with malting accreditation possible in autumn 2017. Whilst having great Al tolerance, Litmus has poor straw strength and is susceptible to all leaf diseases.

6) Rosalind. Rosalind is a new feed barley that has been released after only one-year in NVT. In the 2014 barley NVT Rosalind was higher yielding than Hindmarsh in 39% of trials and the same yield in 61% of trials (Table 4). Rosalind has a good level of resistance to foliar leaf diseases except STNB (Tables 5-7) and with appropriate agronomy Rosalind could be the new yield benchmark in WA. Growers should carefully review its combined performance in the 2014 and 2015 NVT before making any decisions to purchase seed.

7) Scope CL. Scope CL is very popular with growers in the Geraldton and Kwinana Port Zones where it is being sown in situations where brome and barley grass are a problem or where there is imidazolinone residues. This is despite Scope CL being 0.1-0.2t/ha lower yielding than Hindmarsh in the less than 3t/ha environments (Figure 6). In fact, Scope CL has only out-yielded Hindmarsh in two of 87 NVT trials and been lower yielding in 72 trials (Table 4). The popularity of Scope CL will decline with the increased availability of the new, higher yielding imidazolinone tolerant barley IGB1334T. Growers should follow the label when applying herbicides to Scope CL barley and should not apply any off label imidazolinone herbicides. The only imidazolinone herbicide registered for use with Scope CL barley is Intervix® (imazapyr/imazamox). Scope CL is later to flower than IGB1334T and may be better suited to earlier sowing opportunities. An important consideration when growing Scope CL is the cost of managing leaf diseases like STNB, particularly when sowing Scope CL as a

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plant back option into Intervix® sprayed Scope CL in the previous year. Timely harvesting is required to minimise the risk of head loss at maturity.

In more than 3t/ha environments, the best feed barley alternatives to Hindmarsh include:1) Compass. As per the less than 3t/ha environments, Compass performs similarly to

Hindmarsh / La Trobe in the above 3t/ha environments (Figure 5). Compass and Hindmarsh / La Trobe have a similar level of resistance to powdery mildew and are both susceptible to barley leaf rust when pathotype 5457 P- is present. Straw strength may be an issue in Compass in high yielding environments, particularly with early sowing and high nitrogen applications.

2) Dash. Dash is higher yielding than Hindmarsh above 4t/ha and has a better overall disease resistance package than Hindmarsh including scald, adult resistance to NTNB, barley leaf rust and barley yellow dwarf (Tables 5-7). Dash flowers two weeks later than Hindmarsh with late April sowing.

3) Lockyer. Lockyer is higher yielding than Hindmarsh above 4t/ha (Figures 3 and 4), but not as good as Dash or Oxford in very high yielding situations. Lockyer is, however, more stable than Dash and Lockyer with delayed sowing. The leaf disease resistance of Lockyer is comparable with Hindmarsh, except Lockyer is better where Beecher avirulent NTNB is present (Tables 5 and 6). Lockyer flowers two weeks later than Hindmarsh with late April sowing.

4) Oxford. Oxford is best suited to environments with a yield potential above 4t/ha (Figure 4). Oxford has a very high yield potential when sown early (late April and early May), but its potential drops rapidly as seeding is delayed into late May and even later. Oxford flowers nearly two weeks later than Hindmarsh with late April sowing. In high disease risk environments, Oxford is superior to Hindmarsh for straw strength and head retention, NTNB, powdery mildew, barley leaf rust and barley yellow dwarf virus (Tables 5-8). Oxford is susceptible to STNB and will need an integrated disease management plan to manage STNB.

In more than 3t/ha environments the malt barley alternatives to Hindmarsh include:

1) Bass. Bass is generally lower yielding than Hindmarsh (Tables 3 and 5, Figures 5 and 6). If a realised malt premium of at least $20/t can be achieved, Bass is likely to equal or the better profitability of Hindmarsh in environments with a potential above 3.5t/ha. Both varieties have a similar disease resistance profile (with Hindmarsh better for powdery mildew), except Bass will have a higher probability of receival as Malt1 than Hindmarsh for receival as BFOD1 due its plumper grain (Figures 7 and 8) and slightly brighter kernels (Figures 9 and 10). Bass is now at risk of barley leaf rust.

2) Commander. Commander’s main weakness in the above 3t/ha environments is straw strength, even though it can out yield Hindmarsh in the above 5t/ha environments (Figure 5). If a realised malt premium of at least $20/t can be achieved, Commander is likely to equal or better the profitability of Hindmarsh in environments with a potential above 3t/ha. Commander is close to but not quite as plump as Hindmarsh (Figure 7). Disease resistance is comparable with Hindmarsh, but Commander is poorer for scald and NTNB. Like Hindmarsh, barley leaf rust is a risk to manage. There is a need for increased production of Commander as the current area sown is approximately 15 000ha short of market demand.

3) Flinders. Flinders is a new malt barley, having been accredited in March 2015 by Barley Australia. Flinders is very competitive with Hindmarsh in high rainfall areas (Table 3 and Figure 5). Its agronomic advantage over Hindmarsh includes adult plant resistance to barley leaf rust (due to Rph20 gene) and improved barley yellow dwarf resistance (Tables 5-7). Flinders has short, stiff straw and a low head loss risk. Flinders is expected to have a high probability of meeting the GIWA Malt 1 specifications due to a combination of high grain plumpness (Figure 7), high hectolitre weight and good grain brightness (Figure 9).

4) Granger. Granger is very competitive with Hindmarsh in high rainfall areas (Table 3 and of 76

Figure 5) and has the highest yield potential of the current malting varieties. Its agronomic advantage over Hindmarsh includes durable powdery mildew resistance (due to mlo gene), adult plant resistance to barley leaf rust (due to Rph20 gene), improved resistance to Beecher avirulent NTNB and improved barley yellow dwarf resistance, although it is more susceptible to scald (Tables 5-7). Grain plumpness of Granger is an improvement over Baudin and Buloke, but not as good as Bass (Figure 7). Grain plumpness is slightly better than Hindmarsh. Granger has a good hectolitre weight, but grain brightness may be an issue in some seasons (Figure 9).

5) Scope CL. Scope CL performs almost identically to Buloke (Tables 5-9 and Figures 7 and 10). Aside from the herbicide advantages of Scope CL relative to Hindmarsh, it has better resistance to NTNB and powdery mildew, but it is poorer for straw strength and head retention than Hindmarsh (Tables 5, 6 and 8). Relative to Buloke, Scope is slightly plumper (Figure 10) and tolerant of the Clearfield® herbicide Intervix®. As with Buloke, head loss may be an issue in some seasons.

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Bass - malting varietyCommentsComments: Bass is a medium spring, semi-dwarf, malting barley acceptable for export as grain and as malt but not for shochu. There is growing market demand for Bass as an alternative to Baudin. Competitive with Scope CL for grain yield, higher yielding than Baudin and as good as Hindmarsh in environments with a yield potential above 5t/ha. Better resistance to scald and powdery mildew than Baudin. It is susceptible to barley leaf rust when the new pathotype 5457 P- is present, but resistant if pathotype 5453 P- is present. Bass has a higher probability of being received as malt than Baudin as its grain plumpness and hectolitre weight is superior with comparable grain brightness. Target production zones in 2016 are Kwinana, Albany and Esperance Port Zones.

Grain yield (2005-2014 NVT) % Scope CL % HindmarshAgzone 1 103 95Agzone 2 96 85Agzone 3 97 91Agzone 4 91 83Agzone 5 98 86Agzone 6 103 95

Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald - MRMSNTNB (Beecher virulent) MR MRMSNTNB (Beecher avirulent) S MSSSTNB MRMS SPowdery mildew MS MSLeaf rust R/S MR/SBYD and CYD MR MRRLN (P. neglectus) MSS MSSRLN (P. quasitereoides) MS MSCCN S S

Flowering (days to Z49) Relative to Scope CL Relative to Hindmarshlate April -6 to -4 +4 to +7late May -3 to -1 +4 to +6early July 0 to +1 +4 to +6

Agronomic traits No dataColeoptile length MediumPlant height ShortStraw strength Very goodHead loss risk Medium

Herbicide toleranceHas shown no sensitivity to a range of herbicides / herbicide mixtures at label rates in herbicide tolerance trials conducted in WA.

Variety informationPedigree: WABAR2023/AlexisBreeder / Seed licensee: InterGrain / Syngenta

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Baudin - malting varietyCommentsBaudin is a medium spring, semi-dwarf, malting barley that is acceptable for export as grain, as malt and as a shochu barley. Baudin is still the 'market leader' for the Chinese, south-east Asian and Japanese brewing markets. Declining acreage (due to lower yield potential and poor resistance to leaf diseases) will limit segregation opportunities in 2016. When growing Baudin, an integrated disease management plan needs to be implemented. Grain plumpness of Baudin is generally inferior to other malting varieties. Target production zones in 2016 are Kwinana, and to a lesser extent Albany and Esperance Port Zones.

Grain yield (2005-2014 NVT) % Scope CL % HindmarshAgzone 1 93 86Agzone 2 95 85Agzone 3 85 79Agzone 4 91 83Agzone 5 96 85Agzone 6 91 84

Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald - MSSNTNB (Beecher virulent) S SNTNB (Beecher avirulent) S SSTNB MRMS SPowdery mildew VS VSLeaf rust SVS SVSBYD and CYD MR MRRLN (P. neglectus) MSS MSSRLN (P. quasitereoides) S SCCN S S

Flowering (days to Z49) Relative to Scope CL Relative to Hindmarshlate April +3 to +5 +12 to +17late May +1 to +3 +9 to +10early July -4 to -1 +2 to +4

Agronomic traits No dataColeoptile length MediumPlant height ShortStraw strength Very goodHead loss risk Low

Herbicide toleranceMay be sensitive to label rate applications of Paragon® (picolinafen + MCPA) and Tigrex® (diflufenican + MCPA) sprayed at Z13-Z14.

Variety informationPedigree: Stirling/FranklinBreeder / Seed licensee: InterGrain

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Commander - malting varietyCommentsCommander is a medium spring, tall height, CCN resistant, malting barley. There is a need for increased production of Commander to meet the demand from the domestic market to export as malt to cover the loss of Gairdner and Vlamingh as segregated varieties. In its target environment, Commander only out-yields Hindmarsh at sites with a yield potential above 5 t/ha. Straw strength may be an issue in high yielding environments. Commander is expected to have a slightly higher probability of malting than Baudin as its grain is slightly plumper, but with a slightly lower hectolitre weight. Grain brightness may be an issue in coastal areas. Commander has good resistance to powdery mildew, but is at risk of NTNB (Beecher avirulent) and barley leaf rust. Target production zone in 2016 is Kwinana Port Zone.Grain yield (2005-2014 NVT) % Scope CL % HindmarshAgzone 1 103 96Agzone 2 99 88Agzone 3 95 89Agzone 4 95 88Agzone 5 99 87Agzone 6 104 96

Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald - MSSNTNB (Beecher virulent) MS MSNTNB (Beecher avirulent) S SSTNB MSS MSSPowdery mildew MSS MRLeaf rust S SBYD and CYD MRMS MRMSRLN (P. neglectus) MS MSRLN (P. quasitereoides) MSS MSSCCN R R

Flowering (days to Z49) Relative to Scope CL Relative to Hindmarshlate April -1 to +1 +9 to +12late May 0 to +4 +8 to +11early July -3 to +0 +2 to +5

Agronomic traits No dataColeoptile length MediumPlant height MediumStraw strength FairHead loss risk Low

Herbicide toleranceMay be sensitive to a label rate application of Velocity® (bromoxynil + pyrasulfotole) sprayed at Z12-15.

Variety informationPedigree: Keel/Sloop//GalaxyBreeder / Seed licensee: University of Adelaide / SeedNet

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Flinders - malting varietyCommentsNewly accredited (tested as WABAR2537) medium spring, semi-dwarf, malting barley derived from Baudin but with significantly improved resistance to powdery mildew (non-mlo resistance) and barley leaf rust (due to adult plant resistance, Rph20). Flinders is being assessed for export as grain and as malt. NVT testing suggests that Flinders is a higher yielding option than Hindmarsh in environments with a potential above 4t/ha (i.e. Agzone 6). Grain plumpness of Flinders is an improvement over Baudin, Commander, Hindmarsh, La Trobe and Scope CL with a grain brightness equivalent to Bass and Baudin. Limited segregation opportunities are to be expected until full market acceptance is achieved. Target production zones in 2016 are Kwinana, Albany and Esperance Port Zones.Grain yield (2005-2014 NVT) % Scope CL % HindmarshAgzone 1 104 97Agzone 2 108 97Agzone 3 101 95Agzone 4 97 89Agzone 5 107 94Agzone 6 110 101

Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald - MSNTNB (Beecher virulent) MRMS MSpNTNB (Beecher avirulent) S MSSTNB MS SPowdery mildew R RLeaf rust S MRBYD and CYD MR MRRLN (P. neglectus) MRMS MRMSRLN (P. quasitereoides) MRMS MRMSCCN S S

Flowering (days to Z49) Relative to Scope CL Relative to Hindmarshlate April -3 to 0 +7 to +9late May 0 to +2 +7 to +9early July +2 to +3 +5 to +9

Agronomic traits No dataColeoptile length ShortPlant height ShortStraw strength Very goodHead loss risk Low

Herbicide toleranceMay be sensitive to a label rate application of Achieve® (tralkoxydim) sprayed at Z13-Z15.

Variety informationPedigree: Baudin/CooperBreeder / Seed licensee: InterGrain / SyngentaAccess to seed: SyngentaEPR ($/t, excluding GST): $3.80

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Granger - Malting varietyCommentsGranger is a medium spring, semi-dwarf, malting variety being assessed for export as grain but not as malt or for shochu. NVT testing suggests that Granger is a higher yielding option than Hindmarsh in environments with a potential above 4t/ha (i.e. Agzone 6). Granger's grain is plumper than that of Baudin and Commander, but not as plump as Bass. Grain brightness is expected to be an issue in coastal areas as it has a naturally darker kernel than other malting varieties. Excellent resistance to powdery mildew (mlo resistance) and barley leaf rust (due to adult plant resistance, Rph20) but susceptible to scald and STNB. Limited segregation opportunities are to be expected until full market acceptance is achieved. Target production zones in 2016 are Albany and Esperance Port Zones.Grain yield (2005-2014 NVT) % Scope CL % HindmarshAgzone 1 103 96Agzone 2 105 94Agzone 3 102 95Agzone 4 93 85Agzone 5 102 90Agzone 6 110 101

Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald - SNTNB (Beecher virulent) MS MSNTNB (Beecher avirulent) MS MRMSSTNB S SPowdery mildew R RLeaf rust R/MS RMRBYD and CYD MRMS MRMSRLN (P. neglectus) MS MSRLN (P. quasitereoides) MSp MSpCCN R R

Flowering (days to Z49) Relative to Scope CL Relative to Hindmarshlate April -2 to +2 +7 to +13late May -1 to +1 +6 to +9early July 0 to +2 +4 to +7

Agronomic traits No dataColeoptile length MediumPlant height MediumStraw strength GoodHead loss risk Low


Variety informationPedigree: Braemar/AdonisBreeder / Seed licensee: Limagrain / Heritage SeedsAccess to seed: Free to tradeEPR ($/t, excluding GST): $2.95

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La Trobe - malting varietyCommentsNewly accredited (tested as IGB1101) early spring, semi-dwarf, CCN resistant, malting barley bred in Victoria but licensed to InterGrain. Agronomic performance (i.e. maturity, grain yield, grain plumpness, grain brightness) of La Trobe is almost identical to Hindmarsh. La Trobe is from the same cross that gave us Hindmarsh. La Trobe is susceptible to barley leaf rust and very susceptible to STNB and smut. Every La Trobe seed should be treated with a good quality smuticide before sowing. Do not ruin the integrity of La Trobe malt stacks by contaminating them with Hindmarsh barley. Being assessed for export as grain and as malt and for use in the manufacture of shochu in Japan. Target production zones in 2016 are Geraldton, Kwinana, Albany and Esperance Port Zones.Grain yield (2005-2014 NVT) % Scope CL % HindmarshAgzone 1 - -Agzone 2 111 99Agzone 3 108 102Agzone 4 107 98Agzone 5 113 99Agzone 6 110 102

Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald - MRNTNB (Beecher virulent) MS MSNTNB (Beecher avirulent) MRMS MRMSSTNB S SVSPowdery mildew MSS MRMSLeaf rust MS SBYD and CYD Sp SpRLN (P. neglectus) MS MSRLN (P. quasitereoides) MSS MSSCCN R R

Flowering (days to Z49) Relative to Scope CL Relative to Hindmarshlate April -11 to -7 0 to +1late May -9 to -7 -1 to +1early July -8 to -5 -1 to +1

Agronomic traits No dataColeoptile length ShortPlant height MediumStraw strength Moderately goodHead loss risk Low

Herbicide toleranceMay be sensitive to a label rate application of Diuron + MCPA (diuron + MCPA) sprayed at Z13-Z14.

Variety informationPedigree: Dash/VB9409Breeder / Seed licensee: InterGrain / SyngentaAccess to seed: Free to tradeEPR ($/t, excluding GST): $4.00

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Scope CL - malting varietyCommentsScope CL is a medium spring, tall height, malting variety suitable for export as grain and as malt but not for shochu. Scope CL is derived from Buloke through mutation and its agronomic response (grain yield, disease, grain quality, phenology, lodging, head loss and agronomic traits) is almost identical to Buloke. Scope CL is susceptible to STNB and barley leaf rust and should be harvested when ripe due to a high head loss risk. Scope CL is registered for use with the imidazolinone chemistry herbicide Intervix®. Do not use other imidazolinone herbicides on Scope CL. Do not ruin the integrity of Scope CL malt stacks by contaminating them with Buloke barley. Scope CL is replacing Buloke in export markets. Target production zones in 2016 are Geraldton, Kwinana and Albany Port Zones.Grain yield (2005-2014 NVT) % Baudin % HindmarshAgzone 1 108 92Agzone 2 105 89Agzone 3 118 94Agzone 4 110 92Agzone 5 104 88Agzone 6 110 92

Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald - MSNTNB (Beecher virulent) MR MRMSNTNB (Beecher avirulent) MR MRMSSTNB MS SPowdery mildew R RLeaf rust S SBYD and CYD MRMS MRMSRLN (P. neglectus) MS MSRLN (P. quasitereoides) MS MSCCN S S

Flowering (days to Z49) Relative to Baudin Relative to Hindmarshlate April -5 to -3 +8 to +12late May -3 to -1 +7 to +8early July +1 to +4 +3 to +6

Agronomic traits No dataColeoptile length ShortPlant height TallStraw strength FairHead loss risk High


Variety informationPedigree: Franklin/VB9104//VB9104Breeder / Seed licensee: AgVic Services / SeedNetAccess to seed: SeedNetEPR ($/t, excluding GST): $3.50

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Hindmarsh - food varietyCommentsHindmarsh is an early spring, semi-dwarf, CCN resistant, food (BFOD1) barley that is exported to general grade malt markets in China and to Japan for shochu production. Hindmarsh is higher yielding than all malting and feed barley varieties, except Compass and La Trobe, in environments with a yield potential below 3t/ha. Above 4t/ha its yield is often inferior to Flinders, Granger, Lockyer and Oxford. Hindmarsh is not as plump as Bass, Flinders and Granger, but superior to Baudin and Scope CL. Grain brightness may be an issue in coastal regions. Susceptible to barley leaf rust and very susceptible to STNB and smut. Hindmarsh is being phased out with the 2016/17 harvest likely to be the last harvest it is segregated in WA. Food segregation (BFOD1) opportunities are likely in all four port zones in 2016.Grain yield (2005-2014 NVT) % Scope CL % BaudinAgzone 1 108 117Agzone 2 112 118Agzone 3 107 126Agzone 4 109 120Agzone 5 114 118Agzone 6 108 119

Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald - MRMSNTNB (Beecher virulent) MRMS MSNTNB (Beecher avirulent) MRMS MSSTNB SVS SVSPowdery mildew MRMS MRMSLeaf rust S SBYD and CYD S SRLN (P. neglectus) MR MRRLN (P. quasitereoides) MRp MRpCCN R R

Flowering (days to Z49) Relative to Scope CL Relative to Baudinlate April -12 to -8 -16 to -12late May -8 to -7 -10 to -8early July -7 to -5 -5 to -3

Agronomic traits No dataColeoptile length ShortPlant height MediumStraw strength FairHead loss risk Medium

Herbicide toleranceMay be sensitive to label rate applications of Diuron + MCPA (diuron + MCPA) and Legacy® (diflufenican + MCPA) sprayed at Z13-Z14 and Triathlon® (diflufenican + bromoxynil + MCPA) sprayed at Z13-Z15.

Variety informationPedigree: Dash/VB9409Breeder / Seed licensee: DPI (Vic) / SeedNetAccess to seed: SeedNet Authorised GrowersEPR ($/t, excluding GST): $1.50

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Compass - feed varietyCommentsNew (tested as WI4593) medium spring, medium height, CCN resistant, feed barley derived from Commander, but with a higher yield potential. NVT trials suggest that Compass has a similar to higher grain yield potential than Hindmarsh. Compass is moderately resistant to powdery mildew, but is susceptible to barley leaf rust when pathotype 5457 P- is present. Like Commander, Compass is also very susceptible to lodging, particularly in high yielding situations. Compass is being assessed for its suitability as a malting variety. It is in Stage 1 of Barley Australia testing in 2015 with malting accreditation possible in 2017. Seed of Compass is available from SeedNet Authorised Agents for sowing as a feed barley in 2016.Grain yield (2005-2014 NVT) % Scope CL % HindmarshAgzone 1 - -Agzone 2 111 99Agzone 3 105 99Agzone 4 - -Agzone 5 113 99Agzone 6 110 101

Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald - MSNTNB (Beecher virulent) MRMS MRMSpNTNB (Beecher avirulent) S MSSSTNB MRMS MSSPowdery mildew MS MRLeaf rust MRMS/S MR/SBYD and CYD MS MSRLN (P. neglectus) - -RLN (P. quasitereoides) MSp MSpCCN R R

Flowering (days to Z49) Relative to Scope CL Relative to Hindmarshlate April -7 to -3 +1 to +6late May -4 to -2 +3 to +4early July -2 to -1 +2 to +5

Agronomic traits No dataColeoptile length MediumPlant height MediumStraw strength FairHead loss risk Medium


Variety informationPedigree: County/Commander//CommanderBreeder / Seed licensee: University of Adelaide / SeedNetAccess to seed: SeedNetEPR ($/t, excluding GST): $3.80

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Dash - feed varietyCommentsHigh yielding, late spring, semi-dwarf, CCN resistant, feed barley resistant to scald, powdery mildew and barley leaf rust best suited to Agzones 3 and 6. Has good resistance to NTNB but is susceptible to STNB. Dash is higher yielding than Hindmarsh in environments with a yield potential above 4t/ha. An erectoides variety that can produce small grain. Dash can be expected to show a small percentage of red awned and taller off types. It has a short coleoptile and caution is urged with deep seeding. May be useful in rotations where root lesion nematodes and cereal cyst nematodes are a problem.Grain yield (2005-2014 NVT) % Scope CL % HindmarshAgzone 1 - -Agzone 2 - -Agzone 3 99 93Agzone 4 - -Agzone 5 111 98Agzone 6 - -

Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald - RNTNB (Beecher virulent) MRMS MRMSNTNB (Beecher avirulent) MRMS MRMSSTNB S SPowdery mildew R RLeaf rust MSp RBYD and CYD MRMSp MRMSpRLN (P. neglectus) MRMS MRMSRLN (P. quasitereoides) MRp MRpCCN R R

Flowering (days to Z49) Relative to Scope CL Relative to Hindmarshlate April +1 to +5 +11 to +15late May +5 to +6 +12 to +13early July +4 to +9 +7 to +13

Agronomic traits No dataColeoptile length ShortPlant height ShortStraw strength GoodHead loss risk Low

Herbicide toleranceShowed no sensitivity to a limited number of herbicides evaluated in herbicides tolerance trials during 2009 in WA.

Variety informationPedigree: Chad/Joline//CaskBreeder / Seed licensee: New Farm Crops / SeedNetAccess to seed: SeedNet Authorised GrowersEPR ($/t, excluding GST): $1.80

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Fathom - feed varietyCommentsNew (tested as WI4483) medium spring, tall height, CCN resistant feed barley. Similar to or slightly below the grain yield of Hindmarsh. Fathom has the highest level of resistance to STNB of current varieties but is susceptible to NTNB. Has good resistance to scald and powdery mildew and late acting resistance to barley leaf rust. Fathom is mixed for its head colour, having green and waxy green heads. When needing to sow into moisture at depth, Fathom is better suited than Hindmarsh as it has a longer coleoptile than Hindmarsh. Weed competition data from eastern Australia suggests it is more competitive against oats than Hindmarsh.Grain yield (2005-2014 NVT) % Scope CL % HindmarshAgzone 1 111 103Agzone 2 106 95Agzone 3 104 98Agzone 4 106 97Agzone 5 110 97Agzone 6 106 98

Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald - MRNTNB (Beecher virulent) S SNTNB (Beecher avirulent) S MSSSTNB MR MRMSPowdery mildew MS MRMSLeaf rust S R (late APR)BYD and CYD MRMS MRMSRLN (P. neglectus) MS MSRLN (P. quasitereoides) MSSp MSSpCCN R R

Flowering (days to Z49) Relative to Scope CL Relative to Hindmarshlate April -2 to 0 +7 to +2late May -3 to -2 +4 to +6early July -6 to -5 -1 to +1

Agronomic traits No dataColeoptile length MediumPlant height TallStraw strength FairHead loss risk Low

Herbicide toleranceMay be sensitive to a label rate application of Diuron + MCPA (diuron + MCPA) sprayed at Z13-Z14.

Variety informationPedigree: JE013D-020/WI3806-1Breeder / Seed licensee: University of Adelaide / SeedNetAccess to seed: SeedNetEPR ($/t, excluding GST): $2.00

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Fleet - feed varietyCommentsCCN resistant, medium spring, medium height, feed barley with good overall disease resistance. Grain yield is generally below Fathom, Hindmarsh and Lockyer. The hectolitre weight of Fleet is 2-3kg/hL lighter than Hindmarsh and Lockyer and up to 1kg/hL lighter than Mundah. It is susceptible to lodging and head loss with early planting. Fleet has a long coleoptile (so can be planted deep) and is suited to both sandy and clayey soils. May be useful in rotations where root lesion nematodes and cereal cyst nematodes are a problem.Grain yield (2005-2014 NVT) % Scope CL % HindmarshAgzone 1 106 98Agzone 2 102 91Agzone 3 99 93Agzone 4 102 93Agzone 5 107 94Agzone 6 102 94

Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald - MSNTNB (Beecher virulent) MS MSNTNB (Beecher avirulent) MRMS MRSTNB MR MSPowdery mildew MRMS MRMSLeaf rust S MSBYD and CYD MRMS MRMSRLN (P. neglectus) MRMS MRMSRLN (P. quasitereoides) MRMSp MRMSpCCN R R

Flowering (days to Z49) Relative to Scope CL Relative to Hindmarshlate April -8 to -4 +2 to +6late May -4 to -2 +4 to +5early July -5 to -3 +1 to +2

Agronomic traits No DataColeoptile length LongPlant height MediumStraw strength FairHead loss risk Medium


Variety informationPedigree: Mundah/Keel//BarqueBreeder / Seed licensee: University of Adelaide / SeedNetAccess to seed: SeedNet Authorised GrowersEPR ($/t, excluding GST): $1.50

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IGB1334T - feed varietyCommentsIGB1334T is a new imidazolinone tolerant feed barley that is agronomically similar to La Trobe. IGB1334T plants lack the anthocyanin pigmentation associated with Hindmarsh and La Trobe plants. Barley NVT (2014 season only) trials suggest that IGB1334T is higher yielding than Scope CL when grown in WA. Like Hindmarsh and La Trobe, IGB1334T is one week earlier to awn peep than Scope CL when sown in late May. IGB1334T is being assessed for its suitability as a malting variety. It will enter Stage 1 of Barley Australia testing in 2016 with malting accreditation possible in 2016. Seed of IGB1334T is available from Syngenta SeedGro Partners for sowing as a feed barley in 2016.Grain yield (2005-2014 NVT) % Scope CL % HindmarshAgzone 1 - -Agzone 2 - -Agzone 3 - -Agzone 4 - -Agzone 5 - -Agzone 6 - -

Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald - MRpNTNB (Beecher virulent) MRMSp MRpNTNB (Beecher avirulent) MRMSp MRpSTNB SVSp SVSpPowdery mildew Sp MRMSpLeaf rust R/MSp -BYD and CYD Sp SpRLN (P. neglectus) - -RLN (P. quasitereoides) - -CCN R R

Flowering (days to Z49) Relative to Scope CL Relative to Hindmarshlate April - -late May - -early July - -

Agronomic traits NO dataColeoptile length ShortPlant height MediumStraw strength -Head loss risk -

Herbicide toleranceHerbicide tolerance data from WA trials is not yet available.

Variety informationPedigree: -Breeder / Seed licensee: InterGrain / SyngentaAccess to seed: SyngentaEPR ($/t, excluding GST): $4.25

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Litmus - feed varietyCommentsEarly spring, tall height, feed barley with improved tolerance to low soil pH and high soil Al. Carries Alt1 gene which allows its roots to excrete citrate reducing the toxicity of Al in the soil, resulting in increased grain yield relative to traditional barley varieties on acidic soils. Litmus provides growers with an option to diversify their wheat phase on acidic soils, but does not ameliorate the soil. Lime is required to ameliorate soil with a low pH. Higher yielding than Hindmarsh on soils with a sub-soil pH below 4.8, particularly in lower rainfall years. Litmus has poor straw strength and is susceptible to all leaf diseases. Litmus is being assessed for its suitability as a malting variety. In Stage 1 of Barley Australia testing in 2015 with accreditation possible in 2017. Future of Litmus uncertain due to the presence of blue aleurone in its grain. Grain yield (2005-2014 NVT) % Scope CL % HindmarshAgzone 1 - -Agzone 2 101 90Agzone 3 87 82Agzone 4 - -Agzone 5 94 83Agzone 6 85 78

Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald - SVSNTNB (Beecher virulent) S SNTNB (Beecher avirulent) S SSTNB S SPowdery mildew MRMS SLeaf rust S SBYD and CYD S SRLN (P. neglectus) - -RLN (P. quasitereoides) - -CCN MS MS

Flowering (days to Z49) Relative to Scope CL Relative to Hindmarshlate April -15 to -11 -4 to -1late May -9 to -7 -2 to +1early July -7 to -6 -1 to +1

Agronomic traits No dataColeoptile length ShortPlant height TallStraw strength FairHead loss risk Medium


Variety informationPedigree: WB229/2*Baudin//WABAR2238Breeder / Seed licensee: InterGrain / SyngentaAccess to seed: Free to tradeEPR ($/t, excluding GST) $3.80

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Lockyer - feed varietyCommentsLonger seasoned, semi-dwarf, short height, high yielding, feed barley. Lockyer is higher yielding than Hindmarsh in Agzone 6 and in environments with a yield potential above 4t/ha. Relative to the long seasoned feed varieties Dash and Oxford, Lockyer is able to maintain its grain yield as seeding is delayed into June and July. Has poor resistance to barley leaf rust relative to Dash and Oxford. May be useful in rotations where root lesion nematodes are a problem.Grain yield (2005-2014 NVT) % Scope CL % HindmarshAgzone 1 109 101Agzone 2 109 98Agzone 3 102 96Agzone 4 101 93Agzone 5 111 97Agzone 6 110 102

Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald - MRMSNTNB (Beecher virulent) MR MSpNTNB (Beecher avirulent) MR MRMSSTNB S SPowdery mildew MRMS MRMSLeaf rust S SBYD and CYD S SRLN (P. neglectus) MR MRRLN (P. quasitereoides) MRMS MRMSCCN - -

Flowering (days to Z49) Relative to Scope CL Relative to Hindmarshlate April +3 to +5 +13 to +15late May +2 to +5 +10 to +11early July -1 to 0 +3 to +6

Agronomic traits No dataColeoptile length MediumPlant height ShortStraw strength Moderately goodHead loss risk Low

Herbicide toleranceMay be sensitive to label rate applications of Achieve® (tralkoxydim), Eclipse® + MCPA LVE (metosulam + MCPA) and Hoegrass® (diclofop-methyl) sprayed at Z13-Z14; and to 2,4-D Amine 625 sprayed at Z15-Z16.

Variety informationPedigree: Tantangara/VB9104Breeder / Seed licensee: InterGrainAccess to seed: Free to tradeEPR ($/t, excluding GST): $1.50

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Mundah - feed varietyCommentsVery early spring, medium height, feed barley suited to later sowing systems where early season weed control is necessary. Mundah can suffer from severe head loss and lodging. Susceptible to NTNB (Beecher virulent), powdery mildew and barley leaf rust. Suitable for areas with a low disease risk, but may be useful in rotations where root lesion nematodes, but not cereal cyst nematodes, are a problem. Lower yielding than all the newer feed varieties including Fathom, Hindmarsh, Lockyer and Roe.Grain yield (2005-2014 NVT) % Scope CL % HindmarshAgzone 1 86 79Agzone 2 95 85Agzone 3 90 84Agzone 4 100 92Agzone 5 95 83Agzone 6 85 79

Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald - SNTNB (Beecher virulent) S SNTNB (Beecher avirulent) MS MSSTNB S SPowdery mildew SVS MSSLeaf rust S SBYD and CYD S SRLN (P. neglectus) MR MRRLN (P. quasitereoides) MRp MRpCCN S S

Flowering (days to Z49) Relative to Scope CL Relative to Hindmarshlate April -19 to -17 -10 to -7late May -15 to -12 -8 to -4early July -10 to -5 -3 to 0


Herbicide toleranceMay be sensitive to a label rate application of Wildcat® (fenoxaprop-P-ethyl) sprayed at Z13-Z14.

Variety informationPedigree: Yagan/O'ConnorBreeder / Seed licensee: InterGrainAccess to seed: Free to tradeEPR ($/t, excluding GST): No EPR payable

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Oxford - feed varietyCommentsLong seasoned, semi-dwarf, short height, feed barley suited to Agzone 6. Oxford is best suited to late April or early May planting and its yield potential falls rapidly as seeding is delayed. Oxford is higher yielding than Hindmarsh in environments with a yield potential above 4t/ha (i.e. Agzone 6), particularly when sown early. Excellent resistance to NTNB, powdery mildew (non-mlo resistance) and barley leaf rust (due to adult plant resistance, Rph20). Growers need to be wary of STNB and therefore avoid sowing Oxford into paddocks where one or two year old barley stubble is present. May be useful in rotations where root lesion nematodes are a problem.Grain yield (2005-2014 NVT) % Scope CL % HindmarshAgzone 1 104 96Agzone 2 105 93Agzone 3 100 94Agzone 4 84 77Agzone 5 100 88Agzone 6 117 108

Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald - MSNTNB (Beecher virulent) R MSNTNB (Beecher avirulent) MR MRMSSTNB S SPowdery mildew R RLeaf rust R/S RBYD and CYD MRMS MRMSRLN (P. neglectus) MRMSp MRMSpRLN (P. quasitereoides) - -CCN S S

Flowering (days to Z49) Relative to Scope CL Relative to Hindmarshlate April -1 to +3 +9 to +13late May +3 to +4 +10 to +11early July +2 to +5 +6 to +10

Agronomic traits No dataColeoptile length MediumPlant height ShortStraw strength Very goodHead loss risk Low


Variety informationPedigree: Tavern/ChimeBreeder / Seed licensee: Limagrain / Heritage SeedsAccess to seed: Free to tradeEPR ($/t, excluding GST): $2.50

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Roe - feed varietyCommentsMedium height, early spring, feed barley. Reaches awn peep 5-8 days later than Mundah and at a similar time to Hindmarsh and Stirling with late May sowing. Roe is higher yielding than Mundah, equivalent to Fleet, but lower yielding than Hindmarsh. Susceptible to NTNB (Beecher virulent), STNB and barley leaf rust. Suitable for areas with a low disease risk, but may be useful in rotations where root lesion nematodes are a problem.Grain yield (2005-2014 NVT) % Scope CL % HindmarshAgzone 1 101 94Agzone 2 105 94Agzone 3 97 91Agzone 4 104 95Agzone 5 105 92Agzone 6 101 94

Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald - MSSNTNB (Beecher virulent) S SNTNB (Beecher avirulent) MS MSSSTNB S SPowdery mildew MS MSLeaf rust S SBYD and CYD MS MSRLN (P. neglectus) MR MRRLN (P. quasitereoides) MRp MRpCCN - -

Flowering (days to Z49) Relative to Scope CL Relative to Hindmarshlate April -14 to -10 -4 to 0late May -11 to -7 -4 to -1early July -8 to -5 -2 to 0

Agronomic traits No dataColeoptile length MediumPlant height MediumStraw strength Moderately goodHead loss risk Medium


Variety informationPedigree: Doolup//Windich/MorexBreeder / Seed licensee: InterGrainAccess to seed: Free to tradeEPR ($/t, excluding GST): $1.50

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Rosalind - feed varietyCommentsRosalind (tested as IGB1302) is a new feed barley derived from Dash and Lockyer with a high grain yield potential. Rosalind was first tested in NVT in 2014. In the 2014 season barley NVT Rosalind performed well across a range of environments and was higher yielding than the current WA yield benchmark Hindmarsh at many of the sites. Preliminary pathology data suggests that Rosalind has a high level of leaf disease resistance being intermediate or better to NTNB, powdery mildew and barley leaf rust. Like most barley varieties it is susceptible to STNB as an adult plant. Seed of Rosalind is available from Syngenta SeedGro partners for sowing as a feed barley in 2016. Grain yield (2005-2014) % Scope CL % HindmarshAgzone 1 - -Agzone 2 - -Agzone 3 - -Agzone 4 - -Agzone 5 - -Agzone 6 - -

Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald - MSpNTNB (Beecher virulent) MRp MRMSpNTNB (Beecher avirulent) MRp MRpSTNB MSSp SpPowdery mildew Sp MRMSpLeaf rust MRMSp MRpBYD and CYD Sp SpRLN (P. neglectus) - -RLN (P. quasitereoides) - -CCN S S

Flowering (days to Z49) Relative to Scope CL Relative to Hindmarshlate April - -late May - -early July - -

Agronomic traits No dataColeoptile length ShortPlant height MediumStraw strength Moderately goodHead loss risk Low

Herbicide toleranceHerbicide tolerance data from WA trials is not yet available.

Variety informationPedigree: -Breeder / Seed licensee: InterGrain / SyngentaAccess to seed: SyngentaEPR ($/t, excluding GST): $3.50

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Yagan - feed varietyCommentsVery early spring, medium height, feed barley that may be considered in weed management situations for late sowing or short seasons. Reaches awn peep 12-16 days earlier than Mundah and 14–20 days earlier than Hindmarsh with late May sowing. As Yagan has not been sown in NVT trials since 2003 there is no current NVT MET data available. Results from DAFWA barley agronomy time of sowing trials suggest that Fleet, Hindmarsh, Lockyer and Roe are all higher yielding than Yagan. Hindmarsh and Roe also have improved hectolitre weight and grain brightness relative to Yagan. Very susceptible to scald and susceptible to barley leaf rust.Grain yield (2005-2014) % Scope CL % HindmarshAgzone 1 - -Agzone 2 - -Agzone 3 - -Agzone 4 - -Agzone 5 - -Agzone 6 - -

Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald - VSNTNB (Beecher virulent) MRMS MSSpNTNB (Beecher avirulent) MRMS MRMSSTNB MRMS SPowdery mildew R MRMSLeaf rust S SBYD and CYD S SRLN (P. neglectus) MS MSRLN (P. quasitereoides) MRp MRpCCN S S

Flowering (days to Z49) Relative to Scope CL Relative to Hindmarshlate April -32 to -29 -22 to -16late May -28 to -22 -20 to -14early July -18 to -12 -11 to -7


Herbicide toleranceMay be sensitive to a label rate application of Eclipse® (metosulam + MCPA) and Glean® (chlorsulfuron) sprayed at Z13-Z14.

Variety informationPedigree: Unknown pedigreeBreeder / Seed licensee: InterGrainAccess to seed: Free to tradeEPR ($/t, excluding GST): No EPR payable -End-

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acknowledgements - agriculture and food v… · web viewsarah collins, department of agriculture...

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