acids, bases and salts igcse chemistry
DESCRIPTION
IGCSE Chemistry notes --> ACID BASES AND SALTSTRANSCRIPT
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ACIDS, BASES & ACIDS, BASES & SALTSSALTS
A guide for GCSE studentsA guide for GCSE students
KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHINGKNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING2010 2010
SPECIFICATIONSSPECIFICATIONS
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ACIDS, BASES & SALTSACIDS, BASES & SALTS
INTRODUCTION
This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students understand selected GCSE Chemistry topics. It is based on the requirements of the AQA specification but is suitable for other examination boards.
Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes and it can also prove useful for classroom teaching with an interactive white board.
Accompanying notes on this, and the full range of AS and A2 Chemistry topics, are available from the KNOCKHARDY WEBSITE at...
www.knockhardy.org.uk
All diagrams and animations in this Powerpoint are original and created by Jonathan Hopton. Permission must be obtained for their use in any commercial work.
All diagrams and animations in this Powerpoint are original and created by Jonathan Hopton. Permission must be obtained for their use in any commercial work.
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CONTENTSCONTENTS
• Acidity and alkalinity
• Indicators
• pH
• Acids
• General methods for making salts
• Making salts from metal oxides
• Making salts from metal carbonates
• Making salts from metals
• Making salts from alkalis – by titration
• Making insoluble salts – by precipitation
• Questions
ACIDS, BASES & SALTSACIDS, BASES & SALTS
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ACIDITY AND ALKALINITYACIDITY AND ALKALINITY
• water is a neutral substance
• when substances dissolve in water, the solution may become… ACIDIC or ALKALINE or stay NEUTRAL
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ACIDITY AND ALKALINITYACIDITY AND ALKALINITY
• water is a neutral substance
• when substances dissolve in water, the solution may become… ACIDIC or ALKALINE or stay NEUTRAL
• hydrogen ions H+(aq) make solutions acidic
• hydroxide ions OH¯(aq) make solutions alkaline
• solutions with equal numbers of H+(aq) and OH¯(aq) are neutral
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INDICATORSINDICATORS
• show by a colour change if a solution is acidic, alkaline or neutral
• some can even show how acidic or how alkaline a solution is
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INDICATORSINDICATORS
• show by a colour change if a solution is acidic, alkaline or neutral
• some can even show how acidic or how alkaline a solution is
• well known indicators include…
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INDICATORSINDICATORS
• show by a colour change if a solution is acidic, alkaline or neutral
• some can even show how acidic or how alkaline a solution is
• well known indicators include…
LITMUS
acidic RED alkaline BLUE neutral PURPLE
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INDICATORSINDICATORS
• show by a colour change if a solution is acidic, alkaline or neutral
• some can even show how acidic or how alkaline a solution is
• well known indicators include…
LITMUS
acidic RED alkaline BLUE neutral PURPLE
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INDICATORSINDICATORS
• show by a colour change if a solution is acidic, alkaline or neutral
• some can even show how acidic or how alkaline a solution is
• well known indicators include…
LITMUS
acidic RED alkaline BLUE neutral PURPLE
UNIVERSAL
acidic RED alkaline VIOLET neutral GREEN
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INDICATORSINDICATORS
• show by a colour change if a solution is acidic, alkaline or neutral
• some can even show how acidic or how alkaline a solution is
• well known indicators include…
LITMUS
acidic RED alkaline BLUE neutral PURPLE
UNIVERSAL
acidic RED alkaline VIOLET neutral GREEN
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pH SCALEpH SCALE
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pH SCALEpH SCALE
Used to compare the relative acidity (and alkalinity) of solutions.The value is related to the concentration of H+ions, in solution.
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pH SCALEpH SCALE
Used to compare the relative acidity (and alkalinity) of solutions.The value is related to the concentration of H+ions, in solution.
“The greater the concentration of hydrogen ionsin solution, the lower the pH”
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pH SCALEpH SCALE
Used to compare the relative acidity (and alkalinity) of solutions.The value is related to the concentration of H+ions, in solution.
“The greater the concentration of hydrogen ionsin solution, the lower the pH”
<— 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 —> strongly weakly neutral weakly strongly acidic acidic alkaline alkaline
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pH SCALEpH SCALE
Used to compare the relative acidity (and alkalinity) of solutions.The value is related to the concentration of H+ions, in solution.
“The greater the concentration of hydrogen ionsin solution, the lower the pH”
<— 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 —> strongly weakly neutral weakly strongly acidic acidic alkaline alkaline
HCl CH3COOH H2O NH3 NaOH HYDROCHLORIC ETHANOIC AMMONIA SODIUM
ACID ACID HYDROXIDE
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pH SCALEpH SCALE
Used to compare the relative acidity (and alkalinity) of solutions.The value is related to the concentration of H+ions, in solution.
“The greater the concentration of hydrogen ionsin solution, the lower the pH”
<— 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 —> strongly weakly neutral weakly strongly acidic acidic alkaline alkaline
HCl CH3COOH H2O NH3 NaOH HYDROCHLORIC ETHANOIC AMMONIA SODIUM
ACID ACID HYDROXIDE
Acidic solutions pH < 7Alkaline solutions pH > 7Neutral solutions pH = 7
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pH SCALEpH SCALE
Despite what some people think, the pH scale is not restricted tobetween 0 and 14. It extends beyond those values, but is not asrelevant; e.g. the pH of the dilute HCl and H2SO4 found on the laboratory shelves is -0.3 and -0.6 respectively.
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pH SCALEpH SCALE
Despite what some people think, the pH scale is not restricted tobetween 0 and 14. It extends beyond those values, but is not asrelevant; e.g. the pH of the dilute HCl and H2SO4 found on the laboratory shelves is -0.3 and -0.6 respectively.
Weak acids have higher pH values than stronger ones of the sameconcentration.
Ethanoic acid CH3COOH has a larger pH thanhydrochloric acid HCl of the same concentration.
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MEASURING pHMEASURING pH
Indicator Add a few drops of universal (full-range) indicator tothe solution and compare the colour against a
chart.
The colour you “see” depends not only on how many
drops of indicator you add but also on your perception
of colour.
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MEASURING pHMEASURING pH
Indicator Add a few drops of universal (full-range) indicator tothe solution and compare the colour against a
chart.
The colour you “see” depends not only on how many
drops of indicator you add but also on your perception
of colour.
pH meters Electrical/electronic devices which measure theconductivity of the solution.
Having calibrated the apparatus against a solution of
known pH, you place the probe in any solution and read
off the pH value on a scale or digital read-out.
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ACIDSACIDS
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ACIDSACIDS
Definition ACIDS ARE PROTON (H+ ion) DONORS
Categories Acids can be arranged into groups according tohow many H+ ions they produce from each molecule
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ACIDSACIDS
Definition ACIDS ARE PROTON (H+ ion) DONORS
Categories Acids can be arranged into groups according tohow many H+ ions they produce from each molecule
ACID SALTS ION EXAMPLE
hydrochloric HCl chloride Cl¯ NaCl
nitric HNO3 nitrate NO3¯ NaNO3
ethanoic CH3COOH ethanoate CH3COO¯ CH3COONa
THE ABOVE ARE MONOPROTIC (MONOBASIC) ACIDS
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ACIDSACIDS
Definition ACIDS ARE PROTON (H+ ion) DONORS
Categories Acids can be arranged into groups according tohow many H+ ions they produce from each molecule
ACID SALTS ION EXAMPLE
hydrochloric HCl chloride Cl¯ NaCl
nitric HNO3 nitrate NO3¯ NaNO3
ethanoic CH3COOH ethanoate CH3COO¯ CH3COONa
THE ABOVE ARE MONOPROTIC (MONOBASIC)ACIDS
sulphuric H2SO4 hydrogensulphate HSO4¯ NaHSO4
sulphate SO42-
Na2SO4
“carbonic” H2CO3 hydrogencarbonate HCO3¯ NaHCO3
carbonate CO32-
Na2CO3
THE ABOVE ARE DIPROTIC (DIBASIC)ACIDS
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ACIDSACIDS
Definition ACIDS ARE PROTON (H+ ion) DONORS
Categories Acids can also arranged into groups according tothe extent they split into ions when put in water.
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ACIDSACIDS
Definition ACIDS ARE PROTON (H+ ion) DONORS
Categories Acids can also arranged into groups according tothe extent they split into ions when put in water.
STRONG ACIDS COMPLETELY dissociate (split up) into ionse.g. sulphuric, hydrochloric, nitric
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ACIDSACIDS
Definition ACIDS ARE PROTON (H+ ion) DONORS
Categories Acids can also arranged into groups according tothe extent they split into ions when put in water.
STRONG ACIDS COMPLETELY dissociate (split up) into ionse.g. sulphuric, hydrochloric, nitric
WEAK ACIDS PARTIALLY dissociate (split up) into ionse.g. ethanoic, citric, carbonic
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ACIDSACIDS
Definition ACIDS ARE PROTON (H+ ion) DONORS
Categories Acids can also arranged into groups according tothe extent they split into ions when put in water.
STRONG ACIDS COMPLETELY dissociate (split up) into ionse.g. sulphuric, hydrochloric, nitric
WEAK ACIDS PARTIALLY dissociate (split up) into ionse.g. ethanoic, citric, carbonic
This means that if you take similar concentrations of HCl andCH3COOH, the concentration of H+ ions in the solution of CH3COOHwill be less as only a few of its molecules will have split up into ions.Its pH will consequently be higher.
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ACIDSACIDS
Reactions The hydrogen ions produced by acids can be replacedby other positive ions (metal ions or ammonium
ions)to produce salts. This occurs when dilute acids
reactwith metals, oxides of metals, hydroxides of metals,carbonates, hydrogencarbonates and ammonia.
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ACIDSACIDS
Reactions The hydrogen ions produced by acids can be replacedby other positive ions (metal ions or ammonium
ions)to produce salts. This occurs when dilute acids
reactwith metals, oxides of metals, hydroxides of metals,carbonates, hydrogen carbonates and ammonia.
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
ZINCCHLORIDE
SODIUMCHLORIDE
COPPERCHLORIDE
AMMONIUMCHLORIDEZINC
SODIUM HYDROXIDE
COPPER OXIDE
AMMONIA
MAGNESIUMCHLORIDE
MAGNESIUMCARBONATE
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ACIDSACIDS
Reactions The hydrogen ions produced by acids can be replacedby other positive ions (metal ions or ammonium
ions)to produce salts. This occurs when dilute acids
reactwith metals, oxides of metals, hydroxides of metals,carbonates, hydrogen carbonates and ammonia.
SULPHURIC ACID
ZINCSULPHATE
SODIUMSULPHATE
COPPERSULPHATE
AMMONIUMSULPHATEZINC
SODIUM HYDROXIDE
COPPER OXIDE
AMMONIA
MAGNESIUMSULPHATE
MAGNESIUMCARBONATE
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MAKING SALTS - POSSIBILITIESMAKING SALTS - POSSIBILITIES
IS THE SALT SOLUBLE OR INSOLUBLE?
DOES THE METAL REACT WITH DILUTE
ACIDS?
IS IT SAFE?
IS THE METAL OXIDE OR CARBONATE
SOLUBLE IN WATER?
MIX SOLUTIONS OF TWO SUITABLE
SALTS TO PRECIPITATE THE INSOLUBLE SALT
ADD EXCESS METAL TO THE ACID THEN
FILTER OFF THE EXCESS METAL
TITRATE THE METAL HYDROXIDE WITH
ACID
FILTER OFF THE SALT
ADD EXCESS METAL OXIDE OR METAL
CARBONATE TO ACID THEN FILTER OFF THE
EXCESS SOLID
CRYSTALLISE THE SALT FROM THE FILTRATE
NONO
SOLUBLE
NO
YES
YESYES
INSOLUBLE
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PREPARATION OF SOLUBLE SALTSPREPARATION OF SOLUBLE SALTS
Salts can be made by NEUTRALISATION of acids;
• acidic solutions contain aqueous hydrogen ions H+(aq)• sulphuric acid produces a sulphate• hydrochloric acid produces a chloride• nitric acid produces a nitrate
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Salts can be made by NEUTRALISATION of acids;
• acidic solutions contain aqueous hydrogen ions H+(aq)• sulphuric acid produces a sulphate• hydrochloric acid produces a chloride• nitric acid produces a nitrate
Other chemicals are formed, it depends on what is neutralising the acid.
OXIDES SALT + WATER
HYDROXIDES SALT + WATER
CARBONATES SALT + CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER
METALS SALT + HYDROGEN
(not all metals are suitable; some are too reactive; others are not reactive enough)
PREPARATION OF SOLUBLE SALTSPREPARATION OF SOLUBLE SALTS
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PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATIONPREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION
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MAKING SALTS – FROM INSOLUBLE BASESMAKING SALTS – FROM INSOLUBLE BASES
IS THE SALT SOLUBLE OR INSOLUBLE?
DOES THE METAL REACT WITH DILUTE
ACIDS?
IS IT SAFE?
IS THE METAL OXIDE OR CARBONATE
SOLUBLE IN WATER?
MIX SOLUTIONS OF TWO SUITABLE
SALTS TO PRECIPITATE THE INSOLUBLE SALT
ADD EXCESS METAL TO THE ACID THEN
FILTER OFF THE EXCESS METAL
TITRATE THE METAL HYDROXIDE WITH
ACID
FILTER OFF THE SALT
ADD EXCESS METAL OXIDE OR METAL
CARBONATE TO ACID THEN FILTER OFF THE
EXCESS SOLID
CRYSTALLISE THE SALT FROM THE FILTRATE
NONO
SOLUBLE
NO
YES
YESYES
INSOLUBLE
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Acid with excess insoluble oxideAcid with excess insoluble oxide
PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATIONPREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION
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1 Place dilute acid in a beaker and warm it gently without letting it boil (reactions are faster at higher temperatures)
Acid with excess insoluble oxideAcid with excess insoluble oxide
PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATIONPREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION
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1 Place dilute acid in a beaker and warm it gently without letting it boil (reactions are faster at higher temperatures)
2. Remove the heat
Acid with excess insoluble oxideAcid with excess insoluble oxide
PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATIONPREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION
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1 Place dilute acid in a beaker and warm it gently without letting it boil (reactions are faster at higher temperatures)
2. Remove the heat
3. Carefully and slowly add small amounts of the solid while stirring (most reactions of this type are exothermic i.e. they give off energy - the energy released would make the solution boil over)
Acid with excess insoluble oxideAcid with excess insoluble oxide
PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATIONPREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION
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1 Place dilute acid in a beaker and warm it gently without letting it boil (reactions are faster at higher temperatures)
2. Remove the heat
3. Carefully and slowly add small amounts of the solid while stirring (most reactions of this type are exothermic i.e. they give off energy - the energy released would make the solution boil over)
4. Continue adding the solid until no more dissolves (this ensures all the acid has been used - it is easier to filter off excess solid than extract excess acid).
Acid with excess insoluble oxideAcid with excess insoluble oxide
PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATIONPREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION
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5. Filter the solution into an evaporating dishto remove excess solid
Acid with excess insoluble oxideAcid with excess insoluble oxide
PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATIONPREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION
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5. Filter the solution into an evaporating dishto remove excess solid
6. Transfer the dish to a tripod and carefully warm the mixture to remove some of the water. Too much heat will drive off any water of crystallisation.
Acid with excess insoluble oxideAcid with excess insoluble oxide
PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATIONPREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION
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5. Filter the solution into an evaporating dishto remove excess solid
6. Transfer the dish to a tripod and carefully warm the mixture to remove some of the water. Too much heat will drive off any water of crystallisation.
7. When some of the water has been evaporated, let the solution to cool; (allows crystallisation takes place)
Acid with excess insoluble oxideAcid with excess insoluble oxide
PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATIONPREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION
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5. Filter the solution into an evaporating dishto remove excess solid
6. Transfer the dish to a tripod and carefully warm the mixture to remove some of the water. Too much heat will drive off any water of crystallisation.
7. When some of the water has been evaporated, let the solution to cool; (allows crystallisation takes place)
Acid with excess insoluble oxideAcid with excess insoluble oxide
8. When sufficient crystals have appeared, filter them off, wash with a little cold water and transfer them to a filter paper. Place another filter paper over the top and press gently to help remove some of the water.
PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATIONPREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION
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5. Filter the solution into an evaporating dishto remove excess solid
6. Transfer the dish to a tripod and carefully warm the mixture to remove some of the water. Too much heat will drive off any water of crystallisation.
7. When some of the water has been evaporated, let the solution to cool; (allows crystallisation takes place)
Acid with excess insoluble oxideAcid with excess insoluble oxide
8. When sufficient crystals have appeared, filter them off, wash with a little cold water and transfer them to a filter paper. Place another filter paper over the top and press gently to help remove some of the water.
9. Allow the crystals to dry naturally in air. (heat can cause the crystals to decompose and lose their water of crystallisation)
PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATIONPREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION
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PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATIONPREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION
Acid with excess insoluble carbonateAcid with excess insoluble carbonate
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PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATIONPREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION
Acid with excess insoluble carbonateAcid with excess insoluble carbonate
The method used is similar to that used with acids and metal oxides.The main differences is that it is not necessary to use heat and thatcarbon dioxide gas is given off so you have to make sure the solutiondoesn’t effervesce (fizz) too much.
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PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATIONPREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION
Acid with excess insoluble carbonateAcid with excess insoluble carbonate
The method used is similar to that used with acids and metal oxides.The main differences is that it is not necessary to use heat and thatcarbon dioxide gas is given off so you have to make sure the solutiondoesn’t effervesce (fizz) too much.
1 Place dilute acid in a beaker
![Page 51: Acids, bases and salts IGCSE Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081414/555b55f6d8b42a16758b545f/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATIONPREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION
Acid with excess insoluble carbonateAcid with excess insoluble carbonate
The method used is similar to that used with acids and metal oxides.The main differences is that it is not necessary to use heat and thatcarbon dioxide gas is given off so you have to make sure the solutiondoesn’t effervesce (fizz) too much.
1 Place dilute acid in a beaker
2. Carefully and slowly add small amounts of the solid carbonate while stirring – make sure there is not too much effervescence.
![Page 52: Acids, bases and salts IGCSE Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081414/555b55f6d8b42a16758b545f/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATIONPREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION
Acid with excess insoluble carbonateAcid with excess insoluble carbonate
The method used is similar to that used with acids and metal oxides.The main differences is that it is not necessary to use heat and thatcarbon dioxide gas is given off so you have to make sure the solutiondoesn’t effervesce (fizz) too much.
1 Place dilute acid in a beaker
2. Carefully and slowly add small amounts of the solid carbonate while stirring – make sure there is not too much effervescence.
3. Continue adding the solid carbonate until no more dissolves (this ensures all the acid has been used - it is easier to filter off excess solid than extract excess acid).
![Page 53: Acids, bases and salts IGCSE Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081414/555b55f6d8b42a16758b545f/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
4. Filter the solution into an evaporating dishto remove excess solid
Acid with excess insoluble carbonateAcid with excess insoluble carbonate
PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATIONPREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION
![Page 54: Acids, bases and salts IGCSE Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081414/555b55f6d8b42a16758b545f/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
4. Filter the solution into an evaporating dishto remove excess solid
5. Transfer the dish to a tripod and carefully warm the mixture to remove some of the water. Too much heat will drive off any water of crystallisation.
Acid with excess insoluble carbonateAcid with excess insoluble carbonate
PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATIONPREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION
![Page 55: Acids, bases and salts IGCSE Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081414/555b55f6d8b42a16758b545f/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
4. Filter the solution into an evaporating dishto remove excess solid
5. Transfer the dish to a tripod and carefully warm the mixture to remove some of the water. Too much heat will drive off any water of crystallisation.
6. When some of the water has been evaporated, let the solution to cool; (allows crystallisation takes place)
Acid with excess insoluble carbonateAcid with excess insoluble carbonate
PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATIONPREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION
![Page 56: Acids, bases and salts IGCSE Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081414/555b55f6d8b42a16758b545f/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
4. Filter the solution into an evaporating dishto remove excess solid
5. Transfer the dish to a tripod and carefully warm the mixture to remove some of the water. Too much heat will drive off any water of crystallisation.
6. When some of the water has been evaporated, let the solution to cool; (allows crystallisation takes place)
Acid with excess insoluble carbonateAcid with excess insoluble carbonate
7. When sufficient crystals have appeared, filter them off, wash with a little cold water and transfer them to a filter paper. Place another filter paper over the top and press gently to help remove some of the water.
PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATIONPREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION
![Page 57: Acids, bases and salts IGCSE Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081414/555b55f6d8b42a16758b545f/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
4. Filter the solution into an evaporating dishto remove excess solid
5. Transfer the dish to a tripod and carefully warm the mixture to remove some of the water. Too much heat will drive off any water of crystallisation.
6. When some of the water has been evaporated, let the solution to cool; (allows crystallisation takes place)
Acid with excess insoluble carbonateAcid with excess insoluble carbonate
7. When sufficient crystals have appeared, filter them off, wash with a little cold water and transfer them to a filter paper. Place another filter paper over the top and press gently to help remove some of the water.
8. Allow the crystals to dry naturally in air. (heat can cause the crystals to decompose and lose their water of crystallisation)
PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATIONPREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION
![Page 58: Acids, bases and salts IGCSE Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081414/555b55f6d8b42a16758b545f/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
MAKING SALTS – FROM METALSMAKING SALTS – FROM METALS
IS THE SALT SOLUBLE OR INSOLUBLE?
DOES THE METAL REACT WITH DILUTE
ACIDS?
IS IT SAFE?
IS THE METAL OXIDE OR CARBONATE
SOLUBLE IN WATER?
MIX SOLUTIONS OF TWO SUITABLE
SALTS TO PRECIPITATE THE INSOLUBLE SALT
ADD EXCESS METAL TO THE ACID THEN
FILTER OFF THE EXCESS METAL
TITRATE THE METAL HYDROXIDE WITH
ACID
FILTER OFF THE SALT
ADD EXCESS METAL OXIDE OR METAL
CARBONATE TO ACID THEN FILTER OFF THE
EXCESS SOLID
CRYSTALLISE THE SALT FROM THE FILTRATE
NONO
SOLUBLE
NO
YES
YESYES
INSOLUBLE
![Page 59: Acids, bases and salts IGCSE Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081414/555b55f6d8b42a16758b545f/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATIONPREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION
Acid with excess metalAcid with excess metal
![Page 60: Acids, bases and salts IGCSE Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081414/555b55f6d8b42a16758b545f/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATIONPREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION
Acid with excess metalAcid with excess metal
The method used is similar to that used with acids and metal oxidesor metal carbonates. However, because hydrogen is produced duringthe experiment, Bunsen burners must not be used while the chemicalreaction is taking place.
Not all metals are suitable: some are too reactive K, Na, Casome don’t react Cu
![Page 61: Acids, bases and salts IGCSE Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081414/555b55f6d8b42a16758b545f/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATIONPREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION
Acid with excess metalAcid with excess metal
The method used is similar to that used with acids and metal oxidesor metal carbonates. However, because hydrogen is produced duringthe experiment, Bunsen burners must not be used while the chemicalreaction is taking place.
Not all metals are suitable: some are too reactive K, Na, Casome don’t react Cu
1 Place dilute acid in a beaker
![Page 62: Acids, bases and salts IGCSE Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081414/555b55f6d8b42a16758b545f/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATIONPREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION
Acid with excess metalAcid with excess metal
The method used is similar to that used with acids and metal oxidesor metal carbonates. However, because hydrogen is produced duringthe experiment, Bunsen burners must not be used while the chemicalreaction is taking place.
Not all metals are suitable: some are too reactive K, Na, Casome don’t react Cu
1 Place dilute acid in a beaker
2. Carefully and slowly add small amounts of the metal while stirring – make sure there is not too much effervescence.
![Page 63: Acids, bases and salts IGCSE Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081414/555b55f6d8b42a16758b545f/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATIONPREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION
Acid with excess metalAcid with excess metal
The method used is similar to that used with acids and metal oxidesor metal carbonates. However, because hydrogen is produced duringthe experiment, Bunsen burners must not be used while the chemicalreaction is taking place.
Not all metals are suitable: some are too reactive K, Na, Casome don’t react Cu
1 Place dilute acid in a beaker
2. Carefully and slowly add small amounts of the metal while stirring – make sure there is not too much effervescence.
3. Continue adding the metal until no more dissolves (this ensures all the acid has been used - it is easier to filter off excess metal than extract excess acid).
![Page 64: Acids, bases and salts IGCSE Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081414/555b55f6d8b42a16758b545f/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
4. Filter the solution into an evaporating dishto remove excess metal
Acid with excess metalAcid with excess metal
PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATIONPREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION
![Page 65: Acids, bases and salts IGCSE Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081414/555b55f6d8b42a16758b545f/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
4. Filter the solution into an evaporating dishto remove excess metal
5. Transfer the dish to a tripod and carefully warm the mixture to remove some of the water. Too much heat will drive off any water of crystallisation.
Acid with excess metalAcid with excess metal
PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATIONPREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION
![Page 66: Acids, bases and salts IGCSE Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081414/555b55f6d8b42a16758b545f/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
4. Filter the solution into an evaporating dishto remove excess metal
5. Transfer the dish to a tripod and carefully warm the mixture to remove some of the water. Too much heat will drive off any water of crystallisation.
6. When some of the water has been evaporated, let the solution to cool; (allows crystallisation takes place)
Acid with excess metalAcid with excess metal
PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATIONPREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION
![Page 67: Acids, bases and salts IGCSE Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081414/555b55f6d8b42a16758b545f/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
4. Filter the solution into an evaporating dishto remove excess metal
5. Transfer the dish to a tripod and carefully warm the mixture to remove some of the water. Too much heat will drive off any water of crystallisation.
6. When some of the water has been evaporated, let the solution to cool; (allows crystallisation takes place)
Acid with excess metalAcid with excess metal
7. When sufficient crystals have appeared, filter them off, wash with a little cold water and transfer them to a filter paper. Place another filter paper over the top and press gently to help remove some of the water.
PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATIONPREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION
![Page 68: Acids, bases and salts IGCSE Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081414/555b55f6d8b42a16758b545f/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
4. Filter the solution into an evaporating dishto remove excess metal
5. Transfer the dish to a tripod and carefully warm the mixture to remove some of the water. Too much heat will drive off any water of crystallisation.
6. When some of the water has been evaporated, let the solution to cool; (allows crystallisation takes place)
Acid with excess metalAcid with excess metal
7. When sufficient crystals have appeared, filter them off, wash with a little cold water and transfer them to a filter paper. Place another filter paper over the top and press gently to help remove some of the water.
8. Allow the crystals to dry naturally in air. (heat can cause the crystals to decompose and lose their water of crystallisation)
PREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATIONPREPARATION OF SALTS BY NEUTRALISATION
![Page 69: Acids, bases and salts IGCSE Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081414/555b55f6d8b42a16758b545f/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
MAKING SALTS – FROM SOLUBLE BASES (ALKALIS)MAKING SALTS – FROM SOLUBLE BASES (ALKALIS)
IS THE SALT SOLUBLE OR INSOLUBLE?
DOES THE METAL REACT WITH DILUTE
ACIDS?
IS IT SAFE?
IS THE METAL OXIDE OR CARBONATE
SOLUBLE IN WATER?
MIX SOLUTIONS OF TWO SUITABLE
SALTS TO PRECIPITATE THE INSOLUBLE SALT
ADD EXCESS METAL TO THE ACID THEN
FILTER OFF THE EXCESS METAL
TITRATE THE METAL HYDROXIDE WITH
ACID
FILTER OFF THE SALT
ADD EXCESS METAL OXIDE OR METAL
CARBONATE TO ACID THEN FILTER OFF THE
EXCESS SOLID
CRYSTALLISE THE SALT FROM THE FILTRATE
NONO
SOLUBLE
NO
YES
YESYES
INSOLUBLE
![Page 70: Acids, bases and salts IGCSE Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081414/555b55f6d8b42a16758b545f/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
ALKALISALKALIS
![Page 71: Acids, bases and salts IGCSE Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081414/555b55f6d8b42a16758b545f/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
ALKALISALKALIS
Definition ALKALIS ARE SOLUBLE BASES Their solutions contain hydroxide ions, OH¯(aq)
![Page 72: Acids, bases and salts IGCSE Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081414/555b55f6d8b42a16758b545f/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
ALKALISALKALIS
Definition ALKALIS ARE SOLUBLE BASES Their solutions contain hydroxide ions, OH¯(aq)
STRONG ALKALISsodium hydroxide (NaOH)potassium hydroxide (KOH)
WEAK ALKALIS ammonia solution (ammonium hydroxide) (NH4OH)
![Page 73: Acids, bases and salts IGCSE Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081414/555b55f6d8b42a16758b545f/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
ALKALISALKALIS
Definition ALKALIS ARE SOLUBLE BASES Their solutions contain hydroxide ions, OH¯(aq)
STRONG ALKALISsodium hydroxide (NaOH)potassium hydroxide (KOH)
WEAK ALKALIS ammonia solution (ammonium hydroxide) (NH4OH)
Making salts using alkalis cannot be done by the methods used forinsoluble bases because you cannot tell when all the acid has beenneutralised – the excess alkali is soluble.
![Page 74: Acids, bases and salts IGCSE Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081414/555b55f6d8b42a16758b545f/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
ALKALISALKALIS
Definition ALKALIS ARE SOLUBLE BASES Their solutions contain hydroxide ions, OH¯(aq)
STRONG ALKALISsodium hydroxide (NaOH)potassium hydroxide (KOH)
WEAK ALKALIS ammonia solution (ammonium hydroxide) (NH4OH)
Making salts using alkalis cannot be done by the methods used forinsoluble bases because you cannot tell when all the acid has beenneutralised – the excess alkali is soluble.
The salts are made by titration using an indicator
ACID + ALKALINE HYDROXIDE ——> NEUTRAL SALT + WATER SOLUTION SOLUTION
![Page 75: Acids, bases and salts IGCSE Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081414/555b55f6d8b42a16758b545f/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
ALKALISALKALIS
Definition ALKALIS ARE SOLUBLE BASES Their solutions contain hydroxide ions, OH¯(aq)
STRONG ALKALISsodium hydroxide (NaOH)potassium hydroxide (KOH)
WEAK ALKALIS ammonia solution (ammonium hydroxide) (NH4OH)
Making salts using alkalis cannot be done by the methods used forinsoluble bases because you cannot tell when all the acid has beenneutralised – the excess alkali is soluble.
The salts are made by titration using an indicator
ACID + ALKALINE HYDROXIDE ——> NEUTRAL SALT + WATER SOLUTION SOLUTION
The indicator tells you when the acid has been neutralised
![Page 76: Acids, bases and salts IGCSE Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081414/555b55f6d8b42a16758b545f/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
AMMONIUM SALTSAMMONIUM SALTS
Ammonia is very soluble in water giving an alkaline solution whichcan be neutralised by acids to produce AMMONIUM SALTS
e.g. AMMONIA + HYDROCHLORIC —> AMMONIUMSOLUTION ACID CHLORIDE
![Page 77: Acids, bases and salts IGCSE Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081414/555b55f6d8b42a16758b545f/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
AMMONIUM SALTSAMMONIUM SALTS
Ammonia is very soluble in water giving an alkaline solution whichcan be neutralised by acids to produce AMMONIUM SALTS
e.g. AMMONIA + HYDROCHLORIC —> AMMONIUMSOLUTION ACID CHLORIDE
If ammonium hydroxide is specified you can write the equation
AMMONIUM + HYDROCHLORIC —> AMMONIUM + WATERHYDROXIDE ACID CHLORIDE
Ammonium salts make very important fertilisers
![Page 78: Acids, bases and salts IGCSE Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081414/555b55f6d8b42a16758b545f/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
MAKING SALTS BY TITRATIONMAKING SALTS BY TITRATION
This method is limited to the soluble salts of ammonia or alkali metals e.g. ammonium chloride NH4Cl
sodium chloride NaClpotassium sulphate K2SO4
sodium nitrate NaNO3
![Page 79: Acids, bases and salts IGCSE Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081414/555b55f6d8b42a16758b545f/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
MAKING SALTS BY TITRATIONMAKING SALTS BY TITRATION
This method is limited to the soluble salts of ammonia or alkali metals e.g. ammonium chloride NH4Cl
sodium chloride NaClpotassium sulphate K2SO4
sodium nitrate NaNO3
Method React an acid with an alkali (hydroxides of Group Imetals and ammonia). The method involves
TITRATION.
![Page 80: Acids, bases and salts IGCSE Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081414/555b55f6d8b42a16758b545f/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
MAKING SALTS BY TITRATIONMAKING SALTS BY TITRATION
This method is limited to the soluble salts of ammonia or alkali metals e.g. ammonium chloride NH4Cl
sodium chloride NaClpotassium sulphate K2SO4
sodium nitrate NaNO3
Method React an acid with an alkali (hydroxides of Group Imetals and ammonia). The method involves
TITRATION.
1 Place a measured quantity of acid in a conical flask.2 Add three or four drops of a suitable indicator.3 Place the alkali in a burette. Note the level of the liquid.4 Add the alkali to the acid until the indicator just changes colour Note the new level of liquid.5 Repeat experiment with exactly the same volumes but no indicator.6 Evaporate a small amount of the water in an evaporating basin and let the solution cool to allow crystals to form.
![Page 81: Acids, bases and salts IGCSE Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081414/555b55f6d8b42a16758b545f/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
MAKING SALTS BY TITRATIONMAKING SALTS BY TITRATION
This method is limited to the soluble salts of ammonia or alkali metals e.g. ammonium chloride NH4Cl
sodium chloride NaClpotassium sulphate K2SO4
sodium nitrate NaNO3
Method React an acid with an alkali (hydroxides of Group Imetals and ammonia). The method involves
TITRATION.
1 Place a measured quantity of acid in a conical flask.2 Add three or four drops of a suitable indicator.3 Place the alkali in a burette. Note the level of the liquid.4 Add the alkali to the acid until the indicator just changes colour Note the new level of liquid.5 Repeat experiment with exactly the same volumes but no indicator.6 Evaporate a small amount of the water in an evaporating basin and let the solution cool to allow crystals to form.
![Page 82: Acids, bases and salts IGCSE Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081414/555b55f6d8b42a16758b545f/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
MAKING SALTS BY TITRATIONMAKING SALTS BY TITRATION
This method is limited to the soluble salts of ammonia or alkali metals e.g. ammonium chloride NH4Cl
sodium chloride NaClpotassium sulphate K2SO4
sodium nitrate NaNO3
Method React an acid with an alkali (hydroxides of Group Imetals and ammonia). The method involves
TITRATION.
1 Place a measured quantity of acid in a conical flask.2 Add three or four drops of a suitable indicator.3 Place the alkali in a burette. Note the level of the liquid.4 Add the alkali to the acid until the indicator just changes colour Note the new level of liquid.5 Repeat experiment with exactly the same volumes but no indicator.6 Evaporate a small amount of the water in an evaporating basin and let the solution cool to allow crystals to form.
![Page 83: Acids, bases and salts IGCSE Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081414/555b55f6d8b42a16758b545f/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
MAKING SALTS BY TITRATIONMAKING SALTS BY TITRATION
This method is limited to the soluble salts of ammonia or alkali metals e.g. ammonium chloride NH4Cl
sodium chloride NaClpotassium sulphate K2SO4
sodium nitrate NaNO3
Method React an acid with an alkali (hydroxides of Group Imetals and ammonia). The method involves
TITRATION.
1 Place a measured quantity of acid in a conical flask.2 Add three or four drops of a suitable indicator.3 Place the alkali in a burette. Note the level of the liquid.4 Add the alkali to the acid until the indicator just changes colour Note the new level of liquid.5 Repeat experiment with exactly the same volumes but no indicator.6 Evaporate a small amount of the water in an evaporating basin and let the solution cool to allow crystals to form.
![Page 84: Acids, bases and salts IGCSE Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081414/555b55f6d8b42a16758b545f/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
MAKING SALTS BY TITRATIONMAKING SALTS BY TITRATION
This method is limited to the soluble salts of ammonia or alkali metals e.g. ammonium chloride NH4Cl
sodium chloride NaClpotassium sulphate K2SO4
sodium nitrate NaNO3
Method React an acid with an alkali (hydroxides of Group Imetals and ammonia). The method involves
TITRATION.
1 Place a measured quantity of acid in a conical flask.2 Add three or four drops of a suitable indicator.3 Place the alkali in a burette. Note the level of the liquid.4 Add the alkali to the acid until the indicator just changes colour Note the new level of liquid.5 Repeat experiment with exactly the same volumes but no indicator.6 Evaporate a small amount of the water in an evaporating basin and let the solution cool to allow crystals to form.
![Page 85: Acids, bases and salts IGCSE Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081414/555b55f6d8b42a16758b545f/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
MAKING SALTS BY TITRATIONMAKING SALTS BY TITRATION
This method is limited to the soluble salts of ammonia or alkali metals e.g. ammonium chloride NH4Cl
sodium chloride NaClpotassium sulphate K2SO4
sodium nitrate NaNO3
Method React an acid with an alkali (hydroxides of Group Imetals and ammonia). The method involves
TITRATION.
1 Place a measured quantity of acid in a conical flask.2 Add three or four drops of a suitable indicator.3 Place the alkali in a burette. Note the level of the liquid.4 Add the alkali to the acid until the indicator just changes colour Note the new level of liquid.5 Repeat experiment with exactly the same volumes but no indicator.6 Evaporate a small amount of the water in an evaporating basin and let the solution cool to allow crystals to form.
![Page 86: Acids, bases and salts IGCSE Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081414/555b55f6d8b42a16758b545f/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
MAKING SALTS BY TITRATIONMAKING SALTS BY TITRATION
This method is limited to the soluble salts of ammonia or alkali metals e.g. ammonium chloride NH4Cl
sodium chloride NaClpotassium sulphate K2SO4
sodium nitrate NaNO3
Method React an acid with an alkali (hydroxides of Group Imetals and ammonia). The method involves
TITRATION.
1 Place a measured quantity of acid in a conical flask.2 Add three or four drops of a suitable indicator.3 Place the alkali in a burette. Note the level of the liquid.4 Add the alkali to the acid until the indicator just changes colour Note the new level of liquid.5 Repeat experiment with exactly the same volumes but no indicator.6 Evaporate a small amount of the water in an evaporating basin and let the solution cool to allow crystals to form.
![Page 87: Acids, bases and salts IGCSE Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081414/555b55f6d8b42a16758b545f/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
MAKING SALTS BY TITRATIONMAKING SALTS BY TITRATION
Example word equations:-
sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid —> sodium chloride + water
sodium hydroxide + sulphuric acid —> sodium sulphate + water
potassium hydroxide + nitric acid —> potassium nitrate + water
ammonium hydroxide + nitric acid —> ammonium nitrate + water
![Page 88: Acids, bases and salts IGCSE Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081414/555b55f6d8b42a16758b545f/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
MAKING SALTS BY TITRATIONMAKING SALTS BY TITRATION
Example word equations:-
sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid —> sodium chloride + water
sodium hydroxide + sulphuric acid —> sodium sulphate + water
potassium hydroxide + nitric acid —> potassium nitrate + water
ammonium hydroxide + nitric acid —> ammonium nitrate + water
Now complete these:-
![Page 89: Acids, bases and salts IGCSE Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081414/555b55f6d8b42a16758b545f/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
MAKING SALTS BY TITRATIONMAKING SALTS BY TITRATION
Example word equations:-
sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid —> sodium chloride + water
sodium hydroxide + sulphuric acid —> sodium sulphate + water
potassium hydroxide + nitric acid —> potassium nitrate + water
ammonium hydroxide + nitric acid —> ammonium nitrate + water
Now complete these:-
potassium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid —> potassium chloride + water
![Page 90: Acids, bases and salts IGCSE Chemistry](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081414/555b55f6d8b42a16758b545f/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
MAKING SALTS BY TITRATIONMAKING SALTS BY TITRATION
Example word equations:-
sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid —> sodium chloride + water
sodium hydroxide + sulphuric acid —> sodium sulphate + water
potassium hydroxide + nitric acid —> potassium nitrate + water
ammonium hydroxide + nitric acid —> ammonium nitrate + water
Now complete these:-
potassium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid —> potassium chloride + water sodium hydroxide + nitric acid —> sodium nitrate + water
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MAKING SALTS BY TITRATIONMAKING SALTS BY TITRATION
Example word equations:-
sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid —> sodium chloride + water
sodium hydroxide + sulphuric acid —> sodium sulphate + water
potassium hydroxide + nitric acid —> potassium nitrate + water
ammonium hydroxide + nitric acid —> ammonium nitrate + water
Now complete these:-
potassium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid —> potassium chloride + water sodium hydroxide + nitric acid —> sodium nitrate + water
ammonium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid —> ammonium chloride + water
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MAKING SALTS BY TITRATIONMAKING SALTS BY TITRATION
Example word equations:-
sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid —> sodium chloride + water
sodium hydroxide + sulphuric acid —> sodium sulphate + water
potassium hydroxide + nitric acid —> potassium nitrate + water
ammonium hydroxide + nitric acid —> ammonium nitrate + water
Now complete these:-
potassium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid —> potassium chloride + water sodium hydroxide + nitric acid —> sodium nitrate + water
ammonium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid —> ammonium chloride + water
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NEUTRALISATION - IONIC EQUATIONNEUTRALISATION - IONIC EQUATION
In all alkali – acid reactions, the same ionic reaction takes place…
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NEUTRALISATION - IONIC EQUATIONNEUTRALISATION - IONIC EQUATION
In all alkali – acid reactions, the same ionic reaction takes place…
sodium hydroxide + dil. nitric acid —> sodium nitrate + water NaOH(aq) + HNO3 (aq) —> NaNO3 (aq) + H2O (l)
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NEUTRALISATION - IONIC EQUATIONNEUTRALISATION - IONIC EQUATION
In all alkali – acid reactions, the same ionic reaction takes place…
sodium hydroxide + dil. nitric acid —> sodium nitrate + water NaOH(aq) + HNO3 (aq) —> NaNO3 (aq) + H2O (l)
Na+(aq) + OH¯(aq) + H+(aq) + NO3¯(aq) —> Na+(aq) + NO3¯(aq) + H2O(l)
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NEUTRALISATION - IONIC EQUATIONNEUTRALISATION - IONIC EQUATION
In all alkali – acid reactions, the same ionic reaction takes place…
sodium hydroxide + dil. nitric acid —> sodium nitrate + water NaOH(aq) + HNO3 (aq) —> NaNO3 (aq) + H2O (l)
Na+(aq) + OH¯(aq) + H+(aq) + NO3¯(aq) —> Na+(aq) + NO3¯(aq) + H2O(l)
cancel ions H+(aq) + OH¯(aq) —> H2O(l)
from from acid alkali
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MAKING SALTS - POSSIBILITIESMAKING SALTS - POSSIBILITIES
IS THE SALT SOLUBLE OR INSOLUBLE?
DOES THE METAL REACT WITH DILUTE
ACIDS?
IS IT SAFE?
IS THE METAL OXIDE OR CARBONATE
SOLUBLE IN WATER?
MIX SOLUTIONS OF TWO SUITABLE
SALTS TO PRECIPITATE THE INSOLUBLE SALT
ADD EXCESS METAL TO THE ACID THEN
FILTER OFF THE EXCESS METAL
TITRATE THE METAL HYDROXIDE WITH
ACID
FILTER OFF THE SALT
ADD EXCESS METAL OXIDE OR METAL
CARBONATE TO ACID THEN FILTER OFF THE
EXCESS SOLID
CRYSTALLISE THE SALT FROM THE FILTRATE
NONO
SOLUBLE
NO
YES
YESYES
INSOLUBLE
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PREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE SALTSPREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE SALTS
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PREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE SALTSPREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE SALTS
METHOD Insoluble salts can be made by mixing appropriate solutions of ions so that a precipitate is formed.
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PREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE SALTSPREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE SALTS
METHOD Insoluble salts can be made by mixing appropriate solutions of ions so that a precipitate is formed.
EXAMPLES silver chloride silver nitrate and sodium chloridebarium sulphate barium chloride and sodium
sulphatelead iodide lead nitrate and potassium iodide
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PREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE SALTSPREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE SALTS
METHOD Insoluble salts can be made by mixing appropriate solutions of ions so that a precipitate is formed.
PREPARATION OF SILVER CHLORIDE
To make silver chloride you need… (i) a soluble silver salt silver nitrate plus (ii) a soluble chloride sodium chloride.
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PREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE SALTSPREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE SALTS
METHOD Insoluble salts can be made by mixing appropriate solutions of ions so that a precipitate is formed.
PREPARATION OF SILVER CHLORIDE
To make silver chloride you need… (i) a soluble silver salt silver nitrate plus (ii) a soluble chloride sodium chloride.
Prepare a solution of sodium chloride.1
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PREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE SALTSPREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE SALTS
METHOD Insoluble salts can be made by mixing appropriate solutions of ions so that a precipitate is formed.
PREPARATION OF SILVER CHLORIDE
To make silver chloride you need… (i) a soluble silver salt silver nitrate plus (ii) a soluble chloride sodium chloride.
The sodium chloride lattice breaks up and dissolves in the water.2
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PREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE SALTSPREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE SALTS
METHOD Insoluble salts can be made by mixing appropriate solutions of ions so that a precipitate is formed.
PREPARATION OF SILVER CHLORIDE
To make silver chloride you need… (i) a soluble silver salt silver nitrate plus (ii) a soluble chloride sodium chloride.
Prepare a solution of silver nitrate.3
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PREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE SALTSPREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE SALTS
METHOD Insoluble salts can be made by mixing appropriate solutions of ions so that a precipitate is formed.
PREPARATION OF SILVER CHLORIDE
To make silver chloride you need… (i) a soluble silver salt silver nitrate plus (ii) a soluble chloride sodium chloride.
The silver nitrate lattice breaks up and dissolves in the water.4
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PREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE SALTSPREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE SALTS
METHOD Insoluble salts can be made by mixing appropriate solutions of ions so that a precipitate is formed.
PREPARATION OF SILVER CHLORIDE
To make silver chloride you need… (i) a soluble silver salt silver nitrate plus (ii) a soluble chloride sodium chloride.
Mix the two solutions.5
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PREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE SALTSPREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE SALTS
METHOD Insoluble salts can be made by mixing appropriate solutions of ions so that a precipitate is formed.
PREPARATION OF SILVER CHLORIDE
To make silver chloride you need… (i) a soluble silver salt silver nitrate plus (ii) a soluble chloride sodium chloride.
All four ions are now mixed together.6
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PREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE SALTSPREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE SALTS
METHOD Insoluble salts can be made by mixing appropriate solutions of ions so that a precipitate is formed.
PREPARATION OF SILVER CHLORIDE
To make silver chloride you need… (i) a soluble silver salt silver nitrate plus (ii) a soluble chloride sodium chloride.
The silver ions and chloride ions come together and theinsoluble silver chloride forms a white precipitate.
7
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PREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE SALTSPREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE SALTS
METHOD Insoluble salts can be made by mixing appropriate solutions of ions so that a precipitate is formed.
PREPARATION OF SILVER CHLORIDE
To make silver chloride you need… (i) a soluble silver salt silver nitrate plus (ii) a soluble chloride sodium chloride.
Because sodium nitrate is soluble in water their ions remain insolution. The precipitate is then filtered, washed and dried.
7
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PREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE SALTSPREPARATION OF INSOLUBLE SALTS
METHOD Insoluble salts can be made by mixing appropriate solutions of ions so that a precipitate is formed.
PREPARATION OF SILVER CHLORIDE
To make silver chloride you need… (i) a soluble silver salt silver nitrate plus (ii) a soluble chloride sodium chloride.
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SALTS - QUESTIONSSALTS - QUESTIONS
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SALTS - QUESTIONSSALTS - QUESTIONS
1. Work out what you get if the following chemicals are mixed.
a) zinc and sulphuric acidb) copper carbonate and nitric acidc) sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acidd) lead oxide and nitric acide) magnesium and hydrochloric acid f) ammonium hydroxide and sulphuric acidg) magnesium carbonate and sulphuric acid
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SALTS - QUESTIONSSALTS - QUESTIONS
1. Work out what you get if the following chemicals are mixed.
a) zinc and sulphuric acid zinc sulphate + hydrogenb) copper carbonate and nitric acid copper nitrate + carbon dioxide +
waterc) sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid sodium chloride + waterd) lead oxide and nitric acid lead nitrate + watere) magnesium and hydrochloric acid magnesium chloride + hydrogen f) ammonium hydroxide and sulphuric acid ammonium sulphate + waterg) magnesium carbonate and sulphuric acid magnesium + carbon + water
sulphate dioxide
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SALTS - QUESTIONSSALTS - QUESTIONS
1. Work out what you get if the following chemicals are mixed.
a) zinc and sulphuric acid zinc sulphate + hydrogenb) copper carbonate and nitric acid copper nitrate + carbon dioxide +
waterc) sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid sodium chloride + waterd) lead oxide and nitric acid lead nitrate + watere) magnesium and hydrochloric acid magnesium chloride + hydrogen f) ammonium hydroxide and sulphuric acid ammonium sulphate + waterg) magnesium carbonate and sulphuric acid magnesium + carbon + water
sulphate dioxide
2. Answer the following...Which ion is found in (i) acidic solutions; H+(aq) (ii) alkaline solutions?
What is formed when you mix these two ions together?
What name do we give to this type of reaction?
When making salts from metals, oxides and carbonates, how do you knowwhen all the acid is used up?
When making salts from soluble Group I hydroxides, what doyou use to check when all the acid is used up?
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SALTS - QUESTIONSSALTS - QUESTIONS
1. Work out what you get if the following chemicals are mixed.
a) zinc and sulphuric acid zinc sulphate + hydrogenb) copper carbonate and nitric acid copper nitrate + carbon dioxide +
waterc) sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid sodium chloride + waterd) lead oxide and nitric acid lead nitrate + watere) magnesium and hydrochloric acid magnesium chloride + hydrogen f) ammonium hydroxide and sulphuric acid ammonium sulphate + waterg) magnesium carbonate and sulphuric acid magnesium + carbon + water
sulphate dioxide
2. Answer the following...Which ion is found in (i) acidic solutions; H+(aq) (ii) alkaline solutions? OH¯(aq)
What is formed when you mix these two ions together? WATER
What name do we give to this type of reaction?NEUTRALISATION
When making salts from metals, oxides and carbonates, how do you knowwhen all the acid is used up? WHEN THE SOLID NO LONGER DISSOLVES
When making salts from soluble Group I hydroxides, what doyou use to check when all the acid is used up? AN INDICATOR
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ACIDS, BASES & ACIDS, BASES & SALTSSALTS
THE ENDTHE END
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