acid base disorders and compensatory mechanis
DESCRIPTION
Acid-base disorders and compensationTRANSCRIPT
ACID BASE DISORDER & COMPENSATORY
MECHANISM
Dr. Vijay Marakala, MBBS, MD.
Senior LecturerBIOCHEMISTRY
IMS, MSU.
DISTURBANCES IN ACID – BASE BALANCE
Ratio of HCO3-/H2CO3 is 20:1which is
constant at physiological pH
Derangements of hydrogen and bicarbonate concentrations in body
fluids are common in disease processes
WHEN TO ORDER ACID-BASE PARAMETERS
Any serious illness
Multi-organ failure
Respiratory failure
Cardiac failure
Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
Poisoning (barbiturates, ethylene glycol)
CLASSIFICATION OF ACID-BASE DISTRURBANCES
ACIDOSISALKALOSIS
7.47.35 – 7.45 ACIDOSIS ALKALOSIS
CLASSIFICATION OF ACID-BASE DISTRURBANCES
Acidosis (fall in pH)
• Respiratory acidosis
• Metabolic acidosis
Alkalosis (Rise in pH)
• Respiratory alkalosis
• Metabolic alkalosis
METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
It is due to a primary deficit in the bicarbonate, resulting from an accumulation
of acid or depletion of bicarbonate
When there is excess acid production, the bicarbonate is used up for buffering. Depending on the cause, the anion gap is altered
[HCO-3] / [H2CO3] = <20:1
ANION GAP
• The sum of cations and anions in ECF is always equal
• Unmeasured anions constitute the anion gap.
• The anion gap is calculated as the difference between (Na+ + K+) and (HCO3
– + Cl–).
• Normally this is about 12 mmol/liter.
ANION GAP
• The sum of cations and anions in ECF is always equal
HIGH ANION GAP METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
Decreased acid excretion
• Renal failure
Increased acid production
• Lactic acidosis
• Ketoacidosis
Toxicity or overdose
• Salicylate Aspirin poisoning
• Methanol
NORMAL ANION GAP METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
HYPERCHLOREMIC OR NORMAL ANION GAP
Diarrhoea, Loss of bicarbonate and cations
RTA Defective acidification of urine.
METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
pH
Decreased
Primary deficit
Deficit of bicarbonate
Ratio of HCO3-/H2CO3
Less than 20
COMPENSATORY MECHANISM METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
Respiratory compensation
Hyperventilation
Renal compensationIncreased excretion
of acid and conservation of base
METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
In its most pronounced clinical manifestation,
the increase in ventilation is referred
to as Kussmaul Respiration
METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
METABOLIC ALKALOSIS
pH
Increased
Primary change
Excess of bicarbonate
Ratio of HCO3-/H2CO3
More than 20
[HCO-3] / [H2CO3] = >20:1
METABOLIC ALKALOSIS
Loss of hydrogen
• Severe vomiting• loop or thiazide
diuretics• Mineralocorticoid
excess
Exogenous Alkali
• Administration of NaHCO3, sodium citrate, gluconate, acetate, antacids
• Antacids
COMPENSATORY MECHANISM METABOLIC ALKALOSIS
Respiratory compensation
Hypoventilation
Renal compensationIncreased excretion
of HCO3- and
conservation of H+
METABOLIC ALKALOSIS
RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS
pH
Decreased
Primary change
Excess of carbonic
acid
↑PCO2
Ratio of HCO3-/H2CO3
less than 20
[HCO-3] / [H2CO3] = <20:1
CAUSES OF RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS
• Pneumonia • Emphysema, Asthma
Obstruction to respiration
• Respiratory depressant toxic drugs• Morphine
Depression of respiration
• Due to severe hypoxiaCardiac arrest
COMPENSATORY MECHANISM RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS
Excess carbonic acid is buffered by haemoglobin
and protein buffer
Renal compensationIncreased excretion
of acid and conservation of base
RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS
RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS
pH
Increased
Primary change
Deficit of carbonic
acid
↓PCO2
Ratio of HCO3-/H2CO3
More than 20
[HCO-3] / [H2CO3] = >20:1
CAUSES FOR RESPIRAOTORY ALKALOSIS
High altitude
Hysteria
Septicaemia
Febrile conditions
COMPENSATORY MECHANISM RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS
Rapid cell buffering
Decrease in net renal acid excretion.
Bicarbonate level is reduced by decreasing the reclamation of filtered
bicarbonate.
RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS