ace preparation course
TRANSCRIPT
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ACE Preparation CourseINSECT CLASSIFICATION, BIOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY
(PART OF INSPECTION AND IDENTIFICATION 45%)
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What are insects and mites?Animals that belong to the Phylum Arthropoda ◦ hard outer exoskeleton◦ segmented bodies◦ jointed legs◦ Bilateral symmetry
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Arthropod classes
Crustacealobsters, crabs, shrimp
Diplopodamillipedes
Chilopodacentipedes
Arachnida spiders, mites, scorpions
Insecta insects
Images courtesy Purdue University, Peter Decker (diploda.de), Mike Merchant
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Insect CharacteristicsThree main body regions◦ Head, thorax, abdomen
Six legged
AntennaeMetamorphosis usual
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Head: Center for sensory perceptionEyes◦ vision
Palpi◦ Taste, touch
Antennae◦ Smell, touch, temperature, water detection
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Thorax: Center for movement
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Thorax: Center for movement
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Thorax: Center for movement
coxa
trochanterfemur
tibia
tarsus
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Wings
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Abdomen: Digestive tract
Communication glands?◦ pheromones
Reproductive organs◦ Genitalia ◦ Ovipositor
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Modified ovipositors in some insects are stingers
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Insect exoskeletonMade of the protein chitin◦ Strong◦ lightweight◦ resilient◦ ideal for small organisms
Covered with wax layers for waterproofing
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As size of an animal decreases, its volume and weight decrease by the cube of the object’s length (volume is 3-dimensional)
…but surface area decreases only by the square of its length (area is two dimensional)
Therefore, insects have at least a 6000X higher surface area to volume ratio than humans
AND insects lose water > 6000X than humans
Human 75,000 g, 190 cm
2skin
Large grasshopper 0.25 g, 4 cm2 cuticular surface
On being small…
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Pesticides designed to affect insect skeletal systems:Diatomaceous earth◦ Abrades insect
cuticles
Silica aerogels◦ Absorbs waxes from
exoskeleton
Note: Desiccants only highly effective in dry environments.
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Insect respiratory systemSimple series of tubes and openings◦ Spiracles ◦ Tracheae
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Respiratory system
trachea
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Oils block insect spiraclesEspecially effective on small insects
Oil types:◦ Horticultural oil◦ Vegetable oils◦ Mineral oils
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How insects grow and developMolting occurs during immature stages
Stages between molts called “instars”
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Cockroach nymph final molt
PHOTO: MICHAEL MERCHANT
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Hormones regulate the metamorphic processDiagram modified from Smykal et al.
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Insect Growth regulatorsJuvenile hormone (Peter Pan hormone)◦ Prolong juvenile stage◦ Prevents reproduction◦ Sterilizes eggs
Chitin synthesis inhibitors◦ Insecticides that disrupt the formation of
insect exoskeletons during molting◦ Effective when immature insects exposed
Dead brown marmorated stink bug nymph after unsuccessful molting from feeding on a diflubenzuron-treated green bean. Kamminga et al. 2012. Plant Health Progress. Dec.
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Metamorphosis: (<Greek) a change in form
Mysterious process by which the form of an insect changes over the course of its lifespan
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No (or rudimentary)
metamorphosis: silverfish, springtails
Gradual metamorphosis:
grasshoppers, cockroaches,
termites, thrips, dragonflies
Complete metamorphosis:
beetles, butterflies and
moths, flies, bees and wasps,
ants, fleas
metamorphosis
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Gradual metamorphosisThree life stages
Immatures called “nymphs” share a resemblance to the adult
Developing wing pads may be visible in later nymph stages (instars) Photo courtesy Univar
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Gradual metamorphosis
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Complete metamorphosis means a complete change in form
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Complete metamorphosisMost complex form of development
Four life stages
Immature form called “larva”
monarch butterfly
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Complete metamorphosis
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Types of mouthparts
Chewing
crickets, termites, beetles,
caterpillars
Piercing/sucking
plant bugs, fleas, lice, mites,
hoppers
Sponging
some flies
Siphoning
moths and butterflies
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Chewing mouthpartsSide to side movement◦ Upper lip: labrum◦ Jaws: mandibles, maxillae◦ Tongue: hypopharynx ◦ Lower lip: labium
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Piercing/sucking mouthpartsMicroscopic food channel for liquids
Mouthparts usually folded under head, between legs
sap feeders, blood suckers, predators
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Sponging mouthpartsSponge-like labella on certain flies
Capable of feeding only on exposed liquids such as nectar or sap
Capable of transmitting pathogens in the house fly & blow fly
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Siphoning mouthpartsFlexible maxillae form soda-straw like mouthparts
Incapable of piercing skin or plant surfaces.
Moths and butterflies
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How insects are classified and named
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How we classify insects
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How we classify insects
The Linnaean classification system
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A word about scientific names..Blatella germanica (Linnaeaus)Genus species AuthorCommon names:◦ croton bug (NY)◦ German cockroach (U.S.)◦ steamfly (U.S.)◦ waterbug (U.S.)◦ cucaracha (Spanish)◦ küchenschabe (German)◦ *&#@$!!* (universal)
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Insect Orders30 total, 11 most important for PMPs
CollembolaZygentoma(Thysanura)OrthopteraBlattodeaDermaptera
Hemiptera ColeopteraSiphonapteraDipteraLepidopteraHymenoptera
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Collembola: SpringtailsName: kolla = glue, embolon = bolt (Latin)
Metamorphosis: none
Mouthparts: chewing
Food: decaying plant material, fungi, bacteria
Notes: Mostly nuisance pests, very small (0.25 - 0.6 mm). Sometimes found floating in swimming pools and entering homes.
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Zygentoma: SilverfishName: formerly Thysanùrathysan = bristle, ura = tail
Metamorphosis: none
Mouthparts: chewing
Food: starchy foods
Notes: Three tail-like appendages. Some species economically important. Feed on books, pastes, starched fabrics,
(up to 15 mm)
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Dermaptera: earwigsName: derma = skin, ptera = winged
Metamorphosis: gradual
Mouthparts: chewing
Food: mostly decaying plants
Notes: Mostly nocturnal. Large pinchers can pinch, generally harmless (less than 2 cm)
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Orthoptera: Grasshoppers, crickets, katydidsName: ortho = straight, ptera = winged
Metamorphosis: gradual
Mouthparts: chewing
Food: various plant material
Notes: Some species economically important. Can produce sound. (medium to large sized)
PHOTO: MICHAEL MERCHANT
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Blattodea: Cockroaches & termitesName: blatta, Latin for cockroach
Metamorphosis: gradual
Mouthparts: chewing
Food: cellulose and a variety of other foods
Notes: Recent genetic analysis has concluded that termites and cockroaches belong to the same taxonomic order
Now in separate suborders/infraorders
Mastotermes, a primitive termite
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TermitesInfraorder IsopteraName: iso = equal, ptera = winged
Metamorphosis: gradual
Mouthparts: chewing
Food: cellulose
Notes: Symbiotic relationship with cellulose-digesting protozoans, highly social. (generally small, less than 1 cm)
PHOTO: MICHAEL MERCHANT
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Australian cockroach
CockroachesSuperfamilies Blattoidea, Blaberoidea, Corydioidea
Name: blatta Latin for cockroach
Metamorphosis: gradual
Mouthparts: chewing
Food: omnivorous
Notes: Medium to large sized. Mostly nocturnal. Some produce ootheca (egg cases)
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True bugsand relatives: HemipteraName: hemi = half, ptera = winged
Metamorphosis: gradual
Mouthparts: piercing/sucking
Food: plant feeders, predators
Notes: Two sub-orders: Heteroptera, Homoptera
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Suborder HeteropteraTrue bugs
only outer half of wings membranous, held flat over the body
Bed bugs, stink bugs, plant bugs, kissing bugs, assassin bugs, leaf-footed bugs, etc.)
Both predators and plant feeders
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Bed bug
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Suborder HomopteraFully membranous wings held roof-like over body
All are plant feeders, a few occasional invaders
Many important plant pests
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aphids
scales
mealybugs
treehoppers
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Coleoptera: BeetlesName: Coleo = sheath, ptera = winged
Metamorphosis: complete
Mouthparts: chewing
Notes: Only 2nd pair of wings used in flight. Most diverse insect order. Many important pests of outdoor plants, stored grains and wood.
Saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis
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Siphonaptera: fleasName: siphon = a tube, aptera = wingless
Metamorphosis: complete
Mouthparts: sucking
Notes: Parasitic, jumping. Require furred animals for survival and reproduction.
Cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis
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Diptera: FliesName: di = two, ptera = winged
Metamorphosis: complete
Mouthparts: sponging, piercing/sucking
Notes: Excellent fliers. Larvae are legless and generally found in water or around wet environments. Many important indoor and outdoor pests.
Dark-eyed fruit fly
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Lepidoptera: moths and butterfliesName: lepido = scale, ptera = winged
Metamorphosis: complete
Mouthparts: sucking/siphoning
Notes: Scaly wings, often colorful. Some important pests of fabric, stored products.
Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella
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Hymenoptera: Bees, wasps and antsName: humen = membrane, pteron = wing
Metamorphosis: complete
Mouthparts: usually chewing
Notes: Constriction between abdomen and gaster (part of thorax). Many social species.
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Biology/morphology quiz questions:What growth process does an insect use to cope with a rigid exoskeleton that
does not grow with its body ?
a) pupation
b) thigmotaxis
c) trophallaxis
d) molting
d) Molting
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Biology/morphology quiz questions:What type of mouthpart would you find on a bed bug?
a) chewing
b) piercing/sucking
c) siphoning
d) sponging
b) piercing/sucking
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QuestionsU N L E S S O T H E R W I S E I N D I C A T E D , P H O T O S B Y M I K E M E R C H A N T