accounting process & concepts business transactions & completing accounting cycle by:...
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Masters of Business AdministrationAccounting for Managers
Accounting Process & ConceptsBusiness Transactions & Completing Accounting Cycle
By: Associate Professor Dr. GholamReza Zandi
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The Role of Accounting Records
Establishes accountability for assets and transactions.
Establishes accountability for assets and transactions.
Keeps track of routine business activities.Keeps track of routine business activities.
Obtains detailed information about a particular transaction.
Obtains detailed information about a particular transaction.
Evaluates efficiency and performance within company.
Evaluates efficiency and performance within company.
Maintains evidence of a company’s business activities.
Maintains evidence of a company’s business activities.
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The Ledger
The entire group of accounts is kept
together in an accounting record
called a ledger.
The entire group of accounts is kept
together in an accounting record
called a ledger.
Cash
Accounts Payable
Capital Stock
Accounts are individual records showing increases
and decreases.
Accounts are individual records showing increases
and decreases.
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The Use of Accounts
Increases are recorded on one side of the T
account, and decreases are recorded on the
other side.
Left or
Debit Side
Right or
Credit Side
Title of Account
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Cash1/20 80,000 1/21 52,000 1/26 600 1/22 6,000 1/31 2,200 1/27 6,800
1/31 200 1/31 1,200
1/31 16,600
Receipts are on
the debit side.
Payments are on the credit side.
The balance is the difference between the debit and credit entries
in the account.
The balance is the difference between the debit and credit entries
in the account.
Debit and Credit Entries
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A = L + OEASSETS
Debit for
Increase
Credit for
Decrease
EQUITIES
Debit for
Decrease
Credit for
Increase
LIABILITIES
Debit for
Decrease
Credit for
Increase
Debits and credits affect accounts as follows:
Debit and Credit Entries
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A = L + OEDebit
balancesCredit
balances=In the double-entry accounting system, every transaction is recorded by equal dollar amounts of debits and credits.
In the double-entry accounting system, every transaction is recorded by equal dollar amounts of debits and credits.
Double Entry AccountingThe Equality of Debits and Credits
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Let’s record selected
transactions for Overnight
Auto Service in the accounts.
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January 20: Michael McBryan and his family invested $80,000 in Overnight Auto Service and received 8,000 shares of stock at $10 per share.
January 20: Michael McBryan and his family invested $80,000 in Overnight Auto Service and received 8,000 shares of stock at $10 per share.
Capital Stock1/20 80,000
Cash1/20 80,000
Cash increases $80,000 with a debit.
Capital Stock increases $80,000
with a credit.
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Jan. 21: Overnight purchased land for $52,000 cash.
Jan. 21: Overnight purchased land for $52,000 cash.
Land1/21 52,000
Cash1/20 80,000 1/21 52,000
Cash decreases $52,000 with a
credit.
Land increases $52,000 with a debit.
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Jan. 22: Overnight purchased a garage for $36,000 by paying $6,000 in cash and issuing a note payable for the remaining $30,000.
Jan. 22: Overnight purchased a garage for $36,000 by paying $6,000 in cash and issuing a note payable for the remaining $30,000.
Building1/22 36,000
Cash1/20 80,000 1/21 52,000
1/22 6,000
Notes Payable1/22 30,000
Building increases $36,000 with a debit.
Cash decreases $6,000 with a credit. Notes Payable increases
$30,000 with a credit.
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Jan 23: Overnight Auto Service purchased tools and equipment for $13,800 on account.
Jan 23: Overnight Auto Service purchased tools and equipment for $13,800 on account.
Tools & Equipment increases $13,800
with a debit.
Accounts Payable increases $13,800 with a
credit.
Tools & Equipment1/23 13,800
Accounts Payable1/23 13,800
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Tools & Equipment
decreases $1,800 with a credit.
Accounts Receivable increases $1,800 with a
debit.
Tools & Equipment1/23 13,800 1/24 1,800
Accounts Receivable1/24 1,800
Jan 24: Overnight sold part of the tools and equipment to Ace Towing for $1,800, a price equal to Overnight’s cost. Ace agrees to pay Overnight on account in the future.
Jan 24: Overnight sold part of the tools and equipment to Ace Towing for $1,800, a price equal to Overnight’s cost. Ace agrees to pay Overnight on account in the future.
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In an actual accounting system, transactions are initially recorded in the journal.
In an actual accounting system, transactions are initially recorded in the journal.
GENERAL JOURNAL
Date Account Titles and ExplanationPR Debit Credit
2015
Jan 20 Cash 80,000
Capital Stock 80,000
Owners invest cash in the business.
The Journal
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Posting Journal Entries to the Ledger Accounts
Posting simply means updating the ledger accounts for
the effects of the transactions
recorded in the journal.
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GENERAL JOURNAL
Date Account Titles and ExplanationPR Debit Credit
2015
Jan 20 Cash 80,000
Capital Stock 80,000
Owners invest cash in the business.General LedgerCash
Date Debit Credit Balance2015
Jan 20 80,000 80,000
Posting Journal Entries to the Ledger Accounts
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GENERAL JOURNAL
Date Account Titles and ExplanationPR Debit Credit
2015
Jan 20 Cash 80,000
Capital Stock 80,000
Owners invest cash in the business.General LedgerCapital Stock
Date Debit Credit Balance2015
Jan 20 80,000 80,000
Posting Journal Entries to the Ledger Accounts
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GENERAL JOURNAL
Date Account Titles and ExplanationPR Debit Credit
2015
Jan 21 Land 52,000
Cash 52,000
Purchased land.
Let’s see what the cash account looks like after posting the cash portion of this transaction for
Overnight Auto Service.
Let’s see what the cash account looks like after posting the cash portion of this transaction for
Overnight Auto Service.
Posting Journal Entries to the Ledger Accounts
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General LedgerCash
Date Debit Credit Balance2015
Jan 20 80,000 80,000 21 52,000 28,000
This ledger format is referred to as a running balance.
Ledger Accounts After Posting
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General LedgerCash
Date Debit Credit Balance2015
Jan 20 80,000 80,000 21 52,000 28,000
T accounts are simplified versions of the ledger account that only show the
debit and credit columns.
T accounts are simplified versions of the ledger account that only show the
debit and credit columns.
Ledger Accounts After Posting
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Net income is not an asset it’s an increase in owners’ equity from profits of the
business.
Net income is not an asset it’s an increase in owners’ equity from profits of the
business.
A = L + OEIncrease Decrease
As income is earned, either an asset is
increased or a liability is decreased.
Increase
Net income always results in the increase of Owners’ Equity
What is Net Income?
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A = L + OE
Retained Earnings
Capital Stock
Retained Earnings
The balance in the Retained Earnings account represents the total net income of the corporation over the entire
lifetime of the business, less all amounts which have been distributed to the stockholders as dividends.
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The income statement summarizes the profitability of a business for a specified period of time.
The income statement summarizes the profitability of a business for a specified period of time.
The Income Statement: A Preview
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Accounting Periods
Time Period PrincipleTo provide users of financial statements
with timely information, net income is
measured for relatively short accounting
periods of equal length.
Time Period PrincipleTo provide users of financial statements
with timely information, net income is
measured for relatively short accounting
periods of equal length.
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Revenue and Expenses
The price for goods sold and services rendered during a given accounting period.
Increases owners’ equity.
The costs of goods and services used up in the process of earning revenue.
Decreases owner’s equity.
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The Matching Principle: When To Record Revenue
Matching PrincipleRevenue should be recognized at the
time goods are sold and services are
rendered.
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The Matching Principle: When To Record Expenses
Matching PrincipleExpenses should be
recorded in the period in which they
are used up.
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The Accrual Basis of Accounting
Current Accounting Period
FutureAccounting Period
Jan. 1, 2015 Dec. 1, 2015 Jan. 1, 2016 Dec. 1, 2016
Cash is received or paid here
The income statement reports revenue or
expense here
The income statement reports revenue or
expenses here
Cash is received or paid here
OR
But . . .
But . . .
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Debit and Credit Rules for Revenue and Expenses
EQUITIES
Debit for
Decrease
Credit for
Increase
Expenses decrease owners’ equity.
Revenues increase owners’ equity.
EXPENSES
Credit for
Decrease
Debit for
Increase
REVENUES
Debit for
Decrease
Credit for
Increase
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EQUITIES
Debit for
Decrease
Credit for
Increase
Payments to owners
decrease owners’ equity.
Owners’ investments
increase owners’ equity.
DIVIDENDS
Credit for
Decrease
Debit for
Increase
Dividends
CAPITAL STOCK
Debit for
Decrease
Credit for
Increase
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Let’s analyze the revenue and expense
transactions for Overnight Auto
Service for the month of February.
We will also analyze a dividend transaction.
Let’s analyze the revenue and expense
transactions for Overnight Auto
Service for the month of February.
We will also analyze a dividend transaction.
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FEB. 1: Paid Daily Tribune $360 cash for newspaper advertising to be run during February.
FEB. 1: Paid Daily Tribune $360 cash for newspaper advertising to be run during February.
Advertising Expense2/1 360
Cash decreases $360 with a credit.
Advertising Expense increases $360 with a
debit.
Cash1/31 bal 16,600 2/1 360
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FEB. 2: Purchased radio advertising from KRAM to be aired in February. The cost was $470, payable within 30 days.
FEB. 2: Purchased radio advertising from KRAM to be aired in February. The cost was $470, payable within 30 days.
Advertising Expense2/1 360 2/2 470
Accounts payable increases $470 with
a credit.
Advertising Expense increases $470 with a
debit.
Accounts Payable1/31 bal 7,000 2/2 470
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Shop Supplies2/4 1,400
Accounts payable increases $1,400
with a credit.
Shop Supplies increases $1,400 with a debit.
Accounts Payable1/31 bal 7,000 2/2 470 2/4 1,400
FEB. 4: Purchased various supplies for $1,400, payable within 30 days. The supplies are expected to be used over the next 3 to 4 months.
FEB. 4: Purchased various supplies for $1,400, payable within 30 days. The supplies are expected to be used over the next 3 to 4 months.
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Cash increases $4,980 with a debit.
Repair Service Revenue increases $4,980 with a
credit.
Cash1/31 bal 16,600 2/1 360 2/15 4,980
FEB 15: Overnight collected $4,980 cash for repairs made to vehicles of Airport Shuttle Service.
FEB 15: Overnight collected $4,980 cash for repairs made to vehicles of Airport Shuttle Service.
Repair Service Revenue1/31 bal. 2,200 2/15 4,980
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Repair Service Revenue1/31 bal. 2,200 2/15 4,980 2/28 5,400
Accounts receivable
increases $5,400 with a debit.
Repair Service Revenue increases $5,400 with a
credit.
Accounts Receivable1/31 bal 1,200 2/28 5,400
FEB 28: Overnight billed Harbor Cab Co. $5,400 for maintenance and repair services provided in February, with payment to be received by March 10.
FEB 28: Overnight billed Harbor Cab Co. $5,400 for maintenance and repair services provided in February, with payment to be received by March 10.
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FEB 28: Overnight paid employee’s wages earned in February, $4,900.
FEB 28: Overnight paid employee’s wages earned in February, $4,900.
Wages Expense1/31 bal. 1,200 2/28 4,900
Cash decreases $4,900 with a credit.
Wages Expense increases $4,900 with a
debit.
Cash1/31 bal 16,600 2/1 360 2/15 4,980 2/28 4,900
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FEB 28: Overnight recorded a $1,600 utility bill for February. The entire amount is due March 15.
FEB 28: Overnight recorded a $1,600 utility bill for February. The entire amount is due March 15.
Utilities Expense1/31 bal. 200 2/28 1,600
Accounts Payable increases $1,600
with a credit.
Utilities Expense increases $1,600 with a
debit.
Accounts Payable1/31 bal 7,000 2/2 470 2/4 1,400 2/28 1,600
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Dividends1/31 bal. - 2/28 3,200
Cash decreases $3,200 with a credit.
Dividends increase $3,200 with a debit.
FEB 28: Overnight Auto Services declares and pays a dividend of 40 cents per share to the owners of its 8,000 shares of capital stock—a total of $3,200.
FEB 28: Overnight Auto Services declares and pays a dividend of 40 cents per share to the owners of its 8,000 shares of capital stock—a total of $3,200.
Cash1/31 bal 16,600 2/1 360 2/15 4,980 2/28 4,900
2/28 3,200
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Now, let’s look at the Trial Balance for
Overnight Auto Service for the
month of February.
Now, let’s look at the Trial Balance for
Overnight Auto Service for the
month of February.
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All balances are taken from the ledger accounts on Feb 28 after considering all of Overnight’s transactions for the month.
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The Accounting Cycle in Perspective
Accountants spend much of their time
focusing on the more analytical aspects of their
discipline.
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Adjusting
entries are
needed whenever
revenue or expenses
affect more than oneaccounting
period.
Every adjusting
entry involves achange in either a
revenue or expense and an asset
or liability.
Adjusting Entries
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Converting assets to expenses
Converting assets to expenses
Accruing unpaid
expenses
Accruing unpaid
expenses
Converting liabilities to
revenue
Converting liabilities to
revenue
Accruing uncollected
revenue
Accruing uncollected
revenue
Types of Adjusting Entries
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Prior Periods Current Period Future Periods
TransactionPaid cash in advance of
incurring expense(creates an asset).
TransactionPaid cash in advance of
incurring expense(creates an asset).
End of Current Period
Adjusting Entry Recognizes portion of asset consumed as expense, and Reduces balance of asset account.
Adjusting Entry Recognizes portion of asset consumed as expense, and Reduces balance of asset account.
Converting Assets to Expenses
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Mar. 1 Feb.28
$18,000 Insurance Policy Coverage for 12 Months
$1,500 Monthly Insurance Expense
On March 1, Overnight Auto Services purchased a one-year insurance policy
for $18,000.
On March 1, Overnight Auto Services purchased a one-year insurance policy
for $18,000.
Converting Assets to Expenses
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GENERAL JOURNAL
Date Account Titles and ExplanationPR Debit Credit
Mar. 1 Unexpired Insurance 18,000
Cash 18,000
Purchase a one-year insurance policy.
Initially, costs that benefit more than one accounting period are recorded as assets.
Initially, costs that benefit more than one accounting period are recorded as assets.
Converting Assets to Expenses
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The costs are expensed as they are used to generate revenue.
The costs are expensed as they are used to generate revenue.
GENERAL JOURNAL
Date Account Titles and ExplanationPR Debit Credit
Monthly Adjusting Entry for Insurance
Mar. 31 Insurance Expense 1,500
Unexpired Insurance 1,500
Adjusting entry to record insurance expense for March.
Converting Assets to Expenses
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Insurance Expense3/31 1,500
Unexpired Insurance3/1 18,000 3/31 1,500 Bal. 16,500
Income StatementCost of assets used
this period to generate revenue.
Income StatementCost of assets used
this period to generate revenue.
Balance SheetCost of assets that
benefit future periods.
Balance SheetCost of assets that
benefit future periods.
Converting Assets to Expenses
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The Concept of Depreciation
Depreciation is the systematic allocation of the cost of a depreciable asset to expense.
Depreciation is the systematic allocation of the cost of a depreciable asset to expense.
Cash (credit)Cash (credit)
Fixed Asset (debit)
Fixed Asset (debit)
On date when initial payment is made . . .
The asset’s usefulness is
partially consumed during the
period.At end of period . . .
Depreciation Expense (debit)Depreciation
Expense (debit)
Accumulated Depreciation
(credit)
Accumulated Depreciation
(credit)
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On Jan. 22, 2015, Overnight Auto Service purchased a building with a useful life of
240 months for $36,000.
Using the straight-line method, calculate the monthly depreciation expense.
$36,000240
=$150/month
Depreciationexpense (per
period)= Cost of the asset
Estimated useful life
Depreciation Is Only an Estimate
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Overnight Auto Service would make the following adjusting entry.
Overnight Auto Service would make the following adjusting entry.
GENERAL JOURNAL
Date Account Titles and ExplanationPRDebit Credit
Feb 28 Depreciation Expense: Building 150
Accumulated Depreciation: Building 150
To record one month's depreciation.
Contra-asset Contra-asset
Depreciation Is Only an Estimate
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Overnight depreciates its $12,000 of tools and equipment over 60 months. Calculate monthly
depreciation and make the journal entry.
GENERAL JOURNAL
Date Account Titles and ExplanationPRDebit Credit
Feb 28 Depreciation Expense: Tools and Equipment 200
Accumulated Depreciation: Tools and Equipment 200
To record one month's depreciation.
$12,00060 months = $200 per month$12,00060 months = $200 per month
Depreciation Is Only an Estimate
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Building 36,000$ Less: Accum. depr. 1,650 34,350 Tool and Equipment 18,000$ Less: Accum. depr. 2,200 15,800
We will assume that Overnight did not record any depreciation expense in January because it operated for only a small part of the month.
We will assume that Overnight did not record any depreciation expense in January because it operated for only a small part of the month.
Depreciation Is Only an Estimate
Cost - Accumulated Depreciation = Book Value
December 31, 2015 Balance Sheet Presentation
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Prior Periods Current Period Future Periods
TransactionCollect cash in
advance of earning revenue
(creates a liability).
TransactionCollect cash in
advance of earning revenue
(creates a liability).
End of Current Period
Adjusting Entry Recognizes portion earned as revenue, and Reduces balance of liability account.
Adjusting Entry Recognizes portion earned as revenue, and Reduces balance of liability account.
Converting Liabilities to Revenue
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Dec. 1 Feb. 28
$3,000 Rental Contract Coverage for 3 Months
$1,000 Monthly Rental Revenue
On December 1, Overnight received $3,000 in advance for a three-month rental contract.
On December 1, Overnight received $3,000 in advance for a three-month rental contract.
Converting Liabilities to Revenue
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GENERAL JOURNAL
Date Account Titles and ExplanationPR Debit Credit
Dec 1 Cash 3,000
Unearned Rent Revenue 3,000
Collected $3,000 in advance for rent.
Initially, revenues that benefit more than one accounting period are recorded as liabilities. Initially, revenues that benefit more than one accounting period are recorded as liabilities.
Converting Liabilities to Revenue
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Over time, the revenue is recognized as it is earned.
Over time, the revenue is recognized as it is earned.
GENERAL JOURNAL
Date Account Titles and ExplanationPR Debit Credit
Monthly Adjusting Entry for Rent Revenue
Dec 31 Unearned Rent Revenue 1,000
Rental Revenue 1,000
Adjusting entry to record rental revenue for December.
Converting Liabilities to Revenue
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Rental Revenue12/31 1,000
Unearned Rental Revenue
12/31 1,000 12/1 3,000 Bal. 2,000
Income StatementRevenue earned this
period.
Income StatementRevenue earned this
period.
Balance SheetLiability for future
periods.
Balance SheetLiability for future
periods.
Converting Liabilities to Revenue
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Prior Periods Current Period Future Periods
TransactionPay cash in
settlement of liability.
TransactionPay cash in
settlement of liability.
End of Current Period
Adjusting Entry Recognizes expense
incurred, and Records liability for future payment.
Adjusting Entry Recognizes expense
incurred, and Records liability for future payment.
Accruing Unpaid Expenses
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Monday,Dec. 30
Friday, Jan. 3$1,950 Wages
Expense
On Dec. 31, Overnight owes wages of $1,950. Payday is Friday, Jan. 3.
On Dec. 31, Overnight owes wages of $1,950. Payday is Friday, Jan. 3.
Tuesday,Dec. 31
Accruing Unpaid Expenses
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GENERAL JOURNAL
Date Account Titles and ExplanationPR Debit Credit
Dec 31 Wages Expense 1,950
Wages Payable 1,950
Adjusting entry to accrue wages owed to employees.
Initially, an expense and a liability are recorded.
Initially, an expense and a liability are recorded.
Accruing Unpaid Expenses
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Wages Expense12/31 1,950
Wages Payable12/31 1,950
Income StatementCost incurred this period to generate
revenue.
Income StatementCost incurred this period to generate
revenue.
Balance SheetLiability to be paid in a future period.
Balance SheetLiability to be paid in a future period.
Accruing Unpaid Expenses
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Monday,Dec. 30
Friday, Jan. 3
$2,397 Weekly Wages
Let’s look at the entry for Jan. 3.Let’s look at the entry for Jan. 3.
Tuesday,Dec. 31
$447 Wages Expense
$1,950 Wages Expense
Accruing Unpaid Expenses
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The liability is extinguished when the debt is paid.
The liability is extinguished when the debt is paid.
GENERAL JOURNAL
Date Account Titles and ExplanationPR Debit Credit
Jan 3 Wages Expense (for Jan.) 447
Wages Payable (accrued in Dec.) 1,950
Cash 2,397
Weekly payroll for Dec. 30 - Jan. 3.
Accruing Unpaid Expenses
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Prior Periods Current Period Future Periods
TransactionCollect cash in settlement of
receivable.
TransactionCollect cash in settlement of
receivable.
End of Current Period
Adjusting Entry Recognizes revenue earned but not yet recorded, and Records receivable.
Adjusting Entry Recognizes revenue earned but not yet recorded, and Records receivable.
Accruing Uncollected Revenue
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Dec. 15 Jan. 15
$750 Repair Service
Revenue
On Dec. 31, Airport Shuttle owes Overnight half of it maintenance agreement. The one-
month fee of $1,500 is to be paid is to be paid on the 15th day of January.
On Dec. 31, Airport Shuttle owes Overnight half of it maintenance agreement. The one-
month fee of $1,500 is to be paid is to be paid on the 15th day of January.
Dec. 31
Accruing Uncollected Revenue
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GENERAL JOURNAL
Date Account Titles and ExplanationPR Debit Credit
Dec 31 Accounts Receivable 750
Repair Service Revenue 750
Adjusting entry to record accrued service revenue.
Initially, the revenue is recognized and a receivable is created.
Initially, the revenue is recognized and a receivable is created.
Accruing Uncollected Revenue
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Repair Service Revenue12/31 750
Accounts Receivable12/31 750
Income StatementRevenue earned
this period.
Income StatementRevenue earned
this period.
Balance SheetReceivable to be
collected in a future period.
Balance SheetReceivable to be
collected in a future period.
Accruing Uncollected Revenue
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Dec. 15 Jan. 15
$1,500 Monthly Interest
$750 Service Revenue
Let’s look at the entry for January 15. Let’s look at the entry for January 15.
Dec. 31
$750 Service Revenue
Accruing Uncollected Revenue
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The receivable is collected in a future period.The receivable is collected in a future period.
GENERAL JOURNAL
Date Account Titles and ExplanationPR Debit Credit
Jan 15 Cash 1,500
Repair Service Revenue (for Jan.) 750
Accounts Receivable (accrued Dec. 31) 750
To record cash collected for monthly maintenance fee.
Accruing Uncollected Revenue
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As a corporation earns taxable income, it incurs income taxes expense, and also a liability to
governmental tax authorities.
As a corporation earns taxable income, it incurs income taxes expense, and also a liability to
governmental tax authorities.
GENERAL JOURNAL
Date Account Titles and ExplanationPR Debit Credit
Dec. 31 Income Taxes Expense 4,020
Income Taxes Payable 4,020
Adjusting entry to record income taxes accrued in December.
Accruing Income Taxes Expense: The Final Adjusting Entry
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Costs are matched with revenue in two ways:
Costs are matched with revenue in two ways:
Direct association of costs with specific revenue
transactions.
Direct association of costs with specific revenue
transactions.
Systematic allocation of costs over the “useful life” of the
expenditure.
Systematic allocation of costs over the “useful life” of the
expenditure.
Adjusting Entries and Accounting Principles
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An item is “material” if knowledge of the item might reasonably influence the decisions of users
of financial statements.
An item is “material” if knowledge of the item might reasonably influence the decisions of users
of financial statements.
Supplies
Light bulbs
Many companies immediately charge
the cost of immaterial items to
expense.
The Concept of Materiality
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Effects of the Adjusting Entries
Adjustment Revenue ExpensesNet
Income Assets LiabilitiesOwners' Equity
Type IConverting Assets to Expenses No effect Increase Decrease Decrease No effect DecreaseType IIConverting Liabilities to Revenue Increase No effect Increase No effect Decrease IncreaseType IIIAccruing Unpaid Expenses No effect Increase Decrease No effect Increase DecreaseType IVAccruing Uncollected Revenue Increase No effect Increase Increase No effect Increase
Income Statement Balance Sheet
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After these adjustments are posted to the ledger, Overnight’s ledger accounts will be up-to-date (except for the balance in the Retained Earnings account).
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Financial Statements
Publicly owned companies – those with shares listed on a stock exchange – have obligations to release annual and
quarterly information to their stockholders and to the public.
The annual report includes comparative financial statements and other information relating to the company’s financial
position, business operations, and future prospects.
The financial statements contained in the annual report must be audited by a firm of certified public accountants (CPAs).
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The financial statements for Overnight Auto Service for 2015.
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Net income also appears on the Statement of Retained Earnings.Net income also appears on the Statement of Retained Earnings.
The Income Statement
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The Statement of Retained Earnings
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The Balance Sheet
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Relationships among the Financial Statements
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Notes to the Financial Statements
Examples of Items Disclosed Lawsuits pending Scheduled plant closings Governmental investigations Significant events occurring after the balance sheet date Specific customers that account for a large portion of revenue Unusual transactions and related party transactions
Examples of Items Disclosed Lawsuits pending Scheduled plant closings Governmental investigations Significant events occurring after the balance sheet date Specific customers that account for a large portion of revenue Unusual transactions and related party transactions
Drafting the Notes that Accompany Financial Statements
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Closing the Temporary Accounts
Close Revenue accounts to Income Summary.
Close Expense accounts to Income Summary.
Close Income Summary account to Retained Earnings.
Close Dividends to Retained Earnings.
The closing process gets the temporary
accounts ready for the next accounting
period.
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Closing the Temporary Accounts
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GENERAL JOURNAL
Date Account Titles and ExplanationPRDebit Credit
Dec 31 Repair Service Revenue 172,000
Rent Revenue EarnedRevenue Earned 3,000
Income Summary 175,000
To close the revenue accounts.
Since both revenue accounts have credit balances, the closing entry requires a debit to
the Revenue accounts.
Since both revenue accounts have credit balances, the closing entry requires a debit to
the Revenue accounts.
Closing Entries for Revenue Accounts
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Closing Entries for Revenue Accounts
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Closing Entries for Expense Accounts
Net Income
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Since Income Summary has a $39,942 credit balance, the closing entry requires a debit to
Income Summary.
Since Income Summary has a $39,942 credit balance, the closing entry requires a debit to
Income Summary.
GENERAL JOURNAL
Date Account Titles and ExplanationPRDebit Credit
Dec 31 Income Summary 39,942
Retained Earnings 39,942
To close Income Summary.
Closing the Income Summary Account
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Retained Earnings39,942
39,942
Income Summary135,058 175,000 39,942
-
The balance in Income Summary is now zero.
Closing the Income Summary Account
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Since the Dividends account has a debit balance, the closing entry requires a credit to the Dividends
account.
Since the Dividends account has a debit balance, the closing entry requires a credit to the Dividends
account.
GENERAL JOURNAL
Date Account Titles and ExplanationPRDebit Credit
Dec 31 Retained Earnings 14,000
Dividends 14,000
To close the Dividends account.
Closing the Dividends Account
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Closing the Dividends Account
Retained Earnings14,000 39,942
25,942
Dividends14,000 14,000
-
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After-Closing Trial Balance
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Evaluating Profitability
Evaluating Profitability
Evaluating Liquidity
Evaluating Liquidity
Evaluating the Business
Net Income Percentage
Net IncomeTotal Revenue
=
Return on Equity
Net IncomeAvg. Stockholders’
Equity
= CurrentRatio
Current AssetsCurrent Liabilities
=
Working Capital
Current Assets – Current Liabilities
=
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Monthly
Quarterly
Jan. 1 Dec. 31
Annually
Many companies prepare financial statements at various points throughout
the year.
Many companies prepare financial statements at various points throughout
the year.
Interim Financial
Statements
Preparing Financial Statements Covering Different Periods of Time
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Ethics, Fraud, and Corporate Governance
A company should disclose any facts that an intelligent person would consider necessary for the statements to
be interpreted properly.
Public companies are required to file annual reports with the Securities and Exchange
Commission (SEC). The SEC requires that companies include a section labeled
“Management Discussion and Analysis” (MD&A) because the financial statements and related notes may be inadequate for assessing the quantity and sustainability of a company’s
earnings.
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The End