accordion - electrical and computer...
TRANSCRIPT
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Accordion Toward Soft Near-threshold Voltage Computing
Ulya R. Karpuzcu, Ismail Akturk Nam Sung Kim
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Accordion
Near-threshold Voltage Computing (NTC)
!2
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Accordion
Near-threshold Voltage Computing (NTC)•Supply voltage Vdd remains slightly above threshold voltage Vth
!2
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Accordion
Near-threshold Voltage Computing (NTC)•Supply voltage Vdd remains slightly above threshold voltage Vth
!2
VddMIP
S/W
att
VddSTVVddNTVVth
![Page 5: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Accordion
Near-threshold Voltage Computing (NTC)•Supply voltage Vdd remains slightly above threshold voltage Vth•Energy efficiency increases as Vdd reaches Vth
!2
VddMIP
S/W
att
VddSTVVddNTVVth
![Page 6: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Accordion
Near-threshold Voltage Computing (NTC)•Supply voltage Vdd remains slightly above threshold voltage Vth•Energy efficiency increases as Vdd reaches Vth
•2-4x more energy efficient than super-threshold (STV) operation
!2
VddMIP
S/W
att
VddSTVVddNTVVth
2x-4x
![Page 7: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Accordion
Near-threshold Voltage Computing (NTC)•Supply voltage Vdd remains slightly above threshold voltage Vth•Energy efficiency increases as Vdd reaches Vth
•2-4x more energy efficient than super-threshold (STV) operation
!2
VddMIP
S/W
att
VddSTVVddNTVVth
2x-4x
How close to Vdd can Vth get?
![Page 8: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Accordion !3
NTC Basics: How close to Vdd can Vth get?
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Accordion !3
NTC Basics: How close to Vdd can Vth get?
Vdd
log(
f)
VddSTVVddNTVVth
![Page 10: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Accordion !3
NTC Basics: How close to Vdd can Vth get?
5x-10x
Vdd
log(
f)
VddSTVVddNTVVth
![Page 11: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Accordion !3
NTC Basics: How close to Vdd can Vth get?
5x-10x
Vdd
log(
f)
VddSTVVddNTVVth
•Execution time is proportional to work per parallel task x f
![Page 12: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Accordion !3
NTC Basics: How close to Vdd can Vth get?
5x-10x
Vdd
log(
f)
VddSTVVddNTVVth
•Execution time is proportional to work per parallel task x f•No degradation if 5-10x more cores engaged in computation
![Page 13: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Accordion !3
NTC Basics: How close to Vdd can Vth get?Po
wer
Vdd
5x-10x
Vdd
log(
f)
VddSTVVddNTVVth
•Execution time is proportional to work per parallel task x f•No degradation if 5-10x more cores engaged in computation
![Page 14: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Accordion !3
NTC Basics: How close to Vdd can Vth get?Po
wer
Vdd
10x-40x
5x-10x
Vdd
log(
f)
VddSTVVddNTVVth
•Execution time is proportional to work per parallel task x f•No degradation if 5-10x more cores engaged in computation•10-40x power savings per core can accommodate 5-10x more cores
![Page 15: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Accordion !3
NTC Basics: How close to Vdd can Vth get?Po
wer
Vdd
10x-40x
5x-10x
Vdd
log(
f)
VddSTVVddNTVVth
•Execution time is proportional to work per parallel task x f•No degradation if 5-10x more cores engaged in computation•10-40x power savings per core can accommodate 5-10x more cores
Limited by the degree of parallelism in application
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Accordion !4
NTC Basics: How close to Vdd can Vth get?●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
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0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Vdd (V)
Tim
ing
Erro
r Rat
e
0.45 0.50 0.55
0.0
0.4
Vdd (V)
Timing Error Rate
0.2
0.6
0.81.0
0.60
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Accordion !4
NTC Basics: How close to Vdd can Vth get?●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
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0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Vdd (V)
Tim
ing
Erro
r Rat
e
0.45 0.50 0.55
0.0
0.4
Vdd (V)
Timing Error Rate
0.2
0.6
0.81.0
0.60
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Accordion !4
NTC Basics: How close to Vdd can Vth get?●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
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0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Vdd (V)
Tim
ing
Erro
r Rat
e
0.45 0.50 0.55
0.0
0.4
Vdd (V)
Timing Error Rate
0.2
0.6
0.81.0
0.60
Limited by the degree of vulnerability to variation
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Accordion
Accordion Basics
!5
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Accordion
Accordion Basics•How to close the gap between NTC and STC execution times?
!5
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Accordion
Accordion Basics•How to close the gap between NTC and STC execution times?
!5
Execution Time / Problem Size
f⇥ Core Count
![Page 22: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Accordion
Accordion Basics•How to close the gap between NTC and STC execution times?
!5
Problem SizeNTV
fNTV ⇥ Core CountNTV! Problem SizeSTV
fSTV ⇥ Core CountSTV
Execution Time / Problem Size
f⇥ Core Count
![Page 23: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Accordion
Accordion Basics•How to close the gap between NTC and STC execution times?
!5
Problem SizeNTV
fNTV ⇥ Core CountNTV! Problem SizeSTV
fSTV ⇥ Core CountSTV
Execution Time / Problem Size
f⇥ Core Count
fNTV < fSTV
![Page 24: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Accordion
Accordion Basics•How to close the gap between NTC and STC execution times?
!5
Problem SizeNTV
fNTV ⇥ Core CountNTV! Problem SizeSTV
fSTV ⇥ Core CountSTV
Execution Time / Problem Size
f⇥ Core Count
fNTV < fSTV Core CountNTV > Core CountSTV
![Page 25: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Accordion
Accordion Basics•How to close the gap between NTC and STC execution times?
!5
•Designate the problem size as the main knob to adjust
Problem SizeNTV
fNTV ⇥ Core CountNTV! Problem SizeSTV
fSTV ⇥ Core CountSTV
Execution Time / Problem Size
f⇥ Core Count
fNTV < fSTV Core CountNTV > Core CountSTV
![Page 26: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Accordion
Accordion Basics•How to close the gap between NTC and STC execution times?
!5
•Designate the problem size as the main knob to adjust•the degree of parallelism
Problem SizeNTV
fNTV ⇥ Core CountNTV! Problem SizeSTV
fSTV ⇥ Core CountSTV
Execution Time / Problem Size
f⇥ Core Count
fNTV < fSTV Core CountNTV > Core CountSTV
![Page 27: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Accordion
Accordion Basics•How to close the gap between NTC and STC execution times?
!5
•Designate the problem size as the main knob to adjust•the degree of parallelism•the degree of vulnerability to variation
Problem SizeNTV
fNTV ⇥ Core CountNTV! Problem SizeSTV
fSTV ⇥ Core CountSTV
Execution Time / Problem Size
f⇥ Core Count
fNTV < fSTV Core CountNTV > Core CountSTV
![Page 28: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Accordion
Problem Size vs. Quality of Computing
!6
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Accordion
Problem Size vs. Quality of Computing
!6
Problem Size
1.1
1.0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
0.9
0.8
Quality
Default
![Page 30: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Accordion
Problem Size vs. Quality of Computing
!7
Problem Size
1.1
1.0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
0.9
0.8
Quality
Drop1/4Default
![Page 31: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Accordion
Problem Size vs. Quality of Computing
!8
Problem Size
1.1
1.0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
0.9
0.8
Quality
Drop1/2Drop1/4Default
![Page 32: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Accordion
Problem Size vs. Quality of Computing
!8
Problem Size
1.1
1.0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
0.9
0.8
Quality
Drop1/2Drop1/4Default
Execution Time
/ Problem Size
f⇥ Core Count
![Page 33: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Accordion
Problem Size vs. Quality of Computing
!8
Problem Size
1.1
1.0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
0.9
0.8
Quality
Drop1/2Drop1/4Default
Execution Time
/ Problem Size
f⇥ Core Count
⬇
![Page 34: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Accordion
Problem Size vs. Quality of Computing
!8
Problem Size
1.1
1.0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
0.9
0.8
Quality
Drop1/2Drop1/4Default
Execution Time
/ Problem Size
f⇥ Core Count
To make up for f degradation:
⬇
![Page 35: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Accordion
Problem Size vs. Quality of Computing
!8
Problem Size
1.1
1.0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
0.9
0.8
Quality
Drop1/2Drop1/4Default
Execution Time
/ Problem Size
f⇥ Core Count
To make up for f degradation:•Compress problem size
⬇
![Page 36: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Accordion
Problem Size vs. Quality of Computing
!8
Problem Size
1.1
1.0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
0.9
0.8
Quality
Drop1/2Drop1/4Default
Execution Time
/ Problem Size
f⇥ Core Count
To make up for f degradation:•Compress problem size•Expand problem size
⬇
![Page 37: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Accordion
Problem Size vs. Quality of Computing
!8
Problem Size
1.1
1.0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
0.9
0.8
Quality
Drop1/2Drop1/4Default
Execution Time
/ Problem Size
f⇥ Core Count
To make up for f degradation:•Compress problem size•Expand problem size
•Core Count should expand
⬇
![Page 38: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Accordion
Variation Induced Errors
!9
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0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Vdd (V)
Tim
ing
Erro
r Rat
e
0.45 0.50 0.55
0.0
0.4
Vdd (V)
Timing Error Rate
0.2
0.6
0.81.0
0.60
![Page 39: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Accordion
Variation Induced Errors
!9
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Vdd (V)
Tim
ing
Erro
r Rat
e
0.45 0.50 0.55
0.0
0.4
Vdd (V)
Timing Error Rate
0.2
0.6
0.81.0
0.60
How to confine errors where they can be tolerated?
![Page 40: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Accordion
Accordion Organization
!10
Cluster
![Page 41: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Accordion
Accordion Organization
!10
Cluster
Cluster Memory
Core + Local Memory
![Page 42: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Accordion
Accordion Design Space
!11
Cluster
![Page 43: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Accordion
Accordion Design Space
!11
CC: Control CoreDC: Data Core
Cluster
![Page 44: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Accordion
Accordion Design Space
!11
Cluster Memory
DCDCDCDC
DCDC CCDC
CC: Control CoreDC: Data Core
Cluster
![Page 45: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Accordion
Accordion Design Space
!11
Cluster Memory
DCDCDCDC
DCDC CCDC
Cluster Memory
CCDC
CCDC
CCDC
CCDC
CCDC
CCDC
CCDC
CCDC
CC: Control CoreDC: Data Core
Cluster
![Page 46: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Accordion
Accordion Design Space
!11
Cluster Memory
DCDCDCDC
DCDC CCDC
Cluster Memory
CCDC
CCDC
CCDC
CCDC
CCDC
CCDC
CCDC
CCDC
Cluster Memory
DCDCDCDC
DCDC CC
CC: Control CoreDC: Data Core
Cluster
![Page 47: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Accordion
Accordion Modes of Operation
!12
Problem SizeNTV
fNTV ⇥ Core CountNTV! Problem SizeSTV
fSTV ⇥ Core CountSTV
![Page 48: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Accordion
Accordion Modes of Operation
!12
Mode Problem Size Core Count f < STV Quality
Problem SizeNTV
fNTV ⇥ Core CountNTV! Problem SizeSTV
fSTV ⇥ Core CountSTV
![Page 49: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Accordion
Accordion Modes of Operation
!12
Mode Problem Size Core Count f < STV Quality
Still
Problem SizeNTV
fNTV ⇥ Core CountNTV! Problem SizeSTV
fSTV ⇥ Core CountSTV
![Page 50: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Accordion
Accordion Modes of Operation
!12
Mode Problem Size Core Count f < STV Quality
Still = STV
Problem SizeNTV
fNTV ⇥ Core CountNTV! Problem SizeSTV
fSTV ⇥ Core CountSTV
![Page 51: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Accordion
Accordion Modes of Operation
!12
Mode Problem Size Core Count f < STV Quality
Still = STV = STV
Problem SizeNTV
fNTV ⇥ Core CountNTV! Problem SizeSTV
fSTV ⇥ Core CountSTV
![Page 52: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Accordion
Accordion Modes of Operation
!12
Mode Problem Size Core Count f < STV Quality
Still = STV = STV ≤ NTV
Safe
Problem SizeNTV
fNTV ⇥ Core CountNTV! Problem SizeSTV
fSTV ⇥ Core CountSTV
![Page 53: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Accordion
Accordion Modes of Operation
!12
Mode Problem Size Core Count f < STV Quality
Still = STV = STV ≤ NTV > NTV
SpeculativeSafe
Problem SizeNTV
fNTV ⇥ Core CountNTV! Problem SizeSTV
fSTV ⇥ Core CountSTV
![Page 54: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Accordion
Accordion Modes of Operation
!12
Mode Problem Size Core Count f < STV Quality
Still = STV = STV ≤ NTV > NTV = STV
SpeculativeSafeSafe
Problem SizeNTV
fNTV ⇥ Core CountNTV! Problem SizeSTV
fSTV ⇥ Core CountSTV
![Page 55: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Accordion
Accordion Modes of Operation
!12
Mode Problem Size Core Count f < STV Quality
Still = STV = STV ≤ NTV > NTV = STV ≤ STV
Speculative
SpeculativeSafeSafe
Problem SizeNTV
fNTV ⇥ Core CountNTV! Problem SizeSTV
fSTV ⇥ Core CountSTV
![Page 56: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Accordion
Accordion Modes of Operation
!12
Mode Problem Size Core Count f < STV Quality
Still = STV = STV ≤ NTV > NTV = STV ≤ STV
Compress
Speculative
SpeculativeSafeSafe
Problem SizeNTV
fNTV ⇥ Core CountNTV! Problem SizeSTV
fSTV ⇥ Core CountSTV
![Page 57: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Accordion
Accordion Modes of Operation
!12
Mode Problem Size Core Count f < STV Quality
Still = STV = STV ≤ NTV > NTV = STV ≤ STV
Compress < STV
Speculative
SpeculativeSafeSafe
Problem SizeNTV
fNTV ⇥ Core CountNTV! Problem SizeSTV
fSTV ⇥ Core CountSTV
![Page 58: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Accordion
Accordion Modes of Operation
!12
Mode Problem Size Core Count f < STV Quality
Still = STV = STV ≤ NTV > NTV = STV ≤ STV
Compress < STV No restriction
Speculative
SpeculativeSafeSafe
Problem SizeNTV
fNTV ⇥ Core CountNTV! Problem SizeSTV
fSTV ⇥ Core CountSTV
![Page 59: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Accordion
Accordion Modes of Operation
!12
Mode Problem Size Core Count f < STV Quality
Still = STV = STV ≤ NTV > NTV = STV ≤ STV
Compress < STV No restriction ≤ NTV
Speculative
SpeculativeSafeSafe
Problem SizeNTV
fNTV ⇥ Core CountNTV! Problem SizeSTV
fSTV ⇥ Core CountSTV
![Page 60: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Accordion
Accordion Modes of Operation
!12
Mode Problem Size Core Count f < STV Quality
Still = STV = STV ≤ NTV > NTV = STV ≤ STV
Compress < STV No restriction ≤ NTV > NTV
Speculative
SpeculativeSafeSafe
Problem SizeNTV
fNTV ⇥ Core CountNTV! Problem SizeSTV
fSTV ⇥ Core CountSTV
![Page 61: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Accordion
Accordion Modes of Operation
!12
Mode Problem Size Core Count f < STV Quality
Still = STV = STV ≤ NTV > NTV = STV ≤ STV
Compress < STV No restriction ≤ NTV > NTV ≤ STV
Speculative
SpeculativeSafeSafe
Problem SizeNTV
fNTV ⇥ Core CountNTV! Problem SizeSTV
fSTV ⇥ Core CountSTV
![Page 62: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Accordion
Accordion Modes of Operation
!12
Mode Problem Size Core Count f < STV Quality
Still = STV = STV ≤ NTV > NTV = STV ≤ STV
Compress < STV No restriction ≤ NTV > NTV ≤ STV ≤ STV
Speculative
SpeculativeSafeSafe
Problem SizeNTV
fNTV ⇥ Core CountNTV! Problem SizeSTV
fSTV ⇥ Core CountSTV
![Page 63: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Accordion
Accordion Modes of Operation
!12
Mode Problem Size Core Count f < STV Quality
Still = STV = STV ≤ NTV > NTV = STV ≤ STV
Compress < STV No restriction ≤ NTV > NTV ≤ STV ≤ STV
Expand
Speculative
SpeculativeSafeSafe
Problem SizeNTV
fNTV ⇥ Core CountNTV! Problem SizeSTV
fSTV ⇥ Core CountSTV
![Page 64: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Accordion
Accordion Modes of Operation
!12
Mode Problem Size Core Count f < STV Quality
Still = STV = STV ≤ NTV > NTV = STV ≤ STV
Compress < STV No restriction ≤ NTV > NTV ≤ STV ≤ STV
Expand > STV
Speculative
SpeculativeSafeSafe
Problem SizeNTV
fNTV ⇥ Core CountNTV! Problem SizeSTV
fSTV ⇥ Core CountSTV
![Page 65: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Accordion
Accordion Modes of Operation
!12
Mode Problem Size Core Count f < STV Quality
Still = STV = STV ≤ NTV > NTV = STV ≤ STV
Compress < STV No restriction ≤ NTV > NTV ≤ STV ≤ STV
Expand > STV > STV
Speculative
SpeculativeSafeSafe
Problem SizeNTV
fNTV ⇥ Core CountNTV! Problem SizeSTV
fSTV ⇥ Core CountSTV
![Page 66: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Accordion
Accordion Modes of Operation
!12
Mode Problem Size Core Count f < STV Quality
Still = STV = STV ≤ NTV > NTV = STV ≤ STV
Compress < STV No restriction ≤ NTV > NTV ≤ STV ≤ STV
Expand > STV > STV ≤ NTV
Speculative
SpeculativeSafeSafe
Problem SizeNTV
fNTV ⇥ Core CountNTV! Problem SizeSTV
fSTV ⇥ Core CountSTV
![Page 67: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Accordion
Accordion Modes of Operation
!12
Mode Problem Size Core Count f < STV Quality
Still = STV = STV ≤ NTV > NTV = STV ≤ STV
Compress < STV No restriction ≤ NTV > NTV ≤ STV ≤ STV
Expand > STV > STV ≤ NTV > NTV
Speculative
SpeculativeSafeSafe
Problem SizeNTV
fNTV ⇥ Core CountNTV! Problem SizeSTV
fSTV ⇥ Core CountSTV
![Page 68: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Accordion
Accordion Modes of Operation
!12
Mode Problem Size Core Count f < STV Quality
Still = STV = STV ≤ NTV > NTV = STV ≤ STV
Compress < STV No restriction ≤ NTV > NTV ≤ STV ≤ STV
Expand > STV > STV ≤ NTV > NTV > STV
Speculative
SpeculativeSafeSafe
Problem SizeNTV
fNTV ⇥ Core CountNTV! Problem SizeSTV
fSTV ⇥ Core CountSTV
![Page 69: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Accordion
Accordion Modes of Operation
!12
Mode Problem Size Core Count f < STV Quality
Still = STV = STV ≤ NTV > NTV = STV ≤ STV
Compress < STV No restriction ≤ NTV > NTV ≤ STV ≤ STV
Expand > STV > STV ≤ NTV > NTV > STV ≤ STV
Speculative
SpeculativeSafeSafe
Problem SizeNTV
fNTV ⇥ Core CountNTV! Problem SizeSTV
fSTV ⇥ Core CountSTV
![Page 70: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Accordion
Accordion Pros and Cons
!13
![Page 71: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Accordion
Accordion Pros and Cons•Accommodates a closer Vdd to Vth without compromising performance
!13
![Page 72: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Accordion
Accordion Pros and Cons•Accommodates a closer Vdd to Vth without compromising performance•Tolerates exacerbated variation as Vdd reaches Vth
!13
![Page 73: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Accordion
Accordion Pros and Cons•Accommodates a closer Vdd to Vth without compromising performance•Tolerates exacerbated variation as Vdd reaches Vth•Highly application-specific:
!13
![Page 74: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Accordion
Accordion Pros and Cons•Accommodates a closer Vdd to Vth without compromising performance•Tolerates exacerbated variation as Vdd reaches Vth•Highly application-specific:
•Inputs to dictate the problem size
!13
![Page 75: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Accordion
Accordion Pros and Cons•Accommodates a closer Vdd to Vth without compromising performance•Tolerates exacerbated variation as Vdd reaches Vth•Highly application-specific:
•Inputs to dictate the problem size•Quality metrics & thresholds
!13
![Page 76: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Accordion
Evaluation Setup
!14
![Page 77: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Accordion
Evaluation Setup•Simple, clustered hardware to exploit within die variation
!14
Cluster
Cluster Memory
DCDCDCDC
DCDC CCDC
![Page 78: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Accordion
Evaluation Setup•Simple, clustered hardware to exploit within die variation
•Each cluster supports a different max f at chip-wide, single Vdd
!14
Cluster
Cluster Memory
DCDCDCDC
DCDC CCDC
![Page 79: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Accordion
Evaluation Setup•Simple, clustered hardware to exploit within die variation
•Each cluster supports a different max f at chip-wide, single Vdd•All clusters assigned to a task cycle at the f of slowest cluster
!14
Cluster
Cluster Memory
DCDCDCDC
DCDC CCDC
![Page 80: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Accordion
Evaluation Setup•Simple, clustered hardware to exploit within die variation
•Each cluster supports a different max f at chip-wide, single Vdd•All clusters assigned to a task cycle at the f of slowest cluster
•Simulated 20mm x 20mm 288 core chip at 11nm
!14
Cluster
Cluster Memory
DCDCDCDC
DCDC CCDC
![Page 81: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Accordion
Evaluation Setup•Simple, clustered hardware to exploit within die variation
•Each cluster supports a different max f at chip-wide, single Vdd•All clusters assigned to a task cycle at the f of slowest cluster
•Simulated 20mm x 20mm 288 core chip at 11nm•36 clusters, 8 cores per cluster
!14
Cluster
Cluster Memory
DCDCDCDC
DCDC CCDC
![Page 82: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Accordion
Evaluation Setup•Simple, clustered hardware to exploit within die variation
•Each cluster supports a different max f at chip-wide, single Vdd•All clusters assigned to a task cycle at the f of slowest cluster
•Simulated 20mm x 20mm 288 core chip at 11nm•36 clusters, 8 cores per cluster•Core: Single issue in-order
!14
Cluster
Cluster Memory
DCDCDCDC
DCDC CCDC
![Page 83: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Accordion
Evaluation Setup•Simple, clustered hardware to exploit within die variation
•Each cluster supports a different max f at chip-wide, single Vdd•All clusters assigned to a task cycle at the f of slowest cluster
•Simulated 20mm x 20mm 288 core chip at 11nm•36 clusters, 8 cores per cluster•Core: Single issue in-order
•VARIUS-NTV to extract per cluster min Vdd and max f
!14
Cluster
Cluster Memory
DCDCDCDC
DCDC CCDC
![Page 84: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Accordion
Evaluation Setup•Simple, clustered hardware to exploit within die variation
•Each cluster supports a different max f at chip-wide, single Vdd•All clusters assigned to a task cycle at the f of slowest cluster
•Simulated 20mm x 20mm 288 core chip at 11nm•36 clusters, 8 cores per cluster•Core: Single issue in-order
•VARIUS-NTV to extract per cluster min Vdd and max f•RMS applications from PARSEC and Rodinia suites
!14
Cluster
Cluster Memory
DCDCDCDC
DCDC CCDC
![Page 85: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Accordion
Iso-execution time front (canneal)
!15
![Page 86: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Accordion
Iso-execution time front (canneal)
!15
●
●●●●
●
NNTV NSTV
(MIP
SW) N
TV(M
IPS
W) S
TV
2 4 6 8 10
1.5
1.75
2
● Safe CompressSpec. CompressSafe ExpandSpec. Expand
canneal
Core Count: NTV/STV
MIPS/Watt: NTV/STV
1.50
2.00
1.75
2 4 6 8 10
Still
![Page 87: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Accordion
Iso-execution time front (canneal)
!15
●
●●●●
●
NNTV NSTV
(MIP
SW) N
TV(M
IPS
W) S
TV
2 4 6 8 10
1.5
1.75
2
● Safe CompressSpec. CompressSafe ExpandSpec. Expand
canneal
Core Count: NTV/STV
MIPS/Watt: NTV/STV
1.50
2.00
1.75
2 4 6 8 10
Still
Execution Time
/ Problem Size
f⇥ Core Count
![Page 88: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Accordion
Iso-execution time front (canneal)
!16
●
●●●●
●
NNTV NSTV
(MIP
SW) N
TV(M
IPS
W) S
TV
2 4 6 8 10
1.5
1.75
2
● Safe CompressSpec. CompressSafe ExpandSpec. Expand
canneal
Core Count: NTV/STV
MIPS/Watt: NTV/STV
1.50
2.00
1.75
2 4 6 8 10
Compress
Still
Execution Time
/ Problem Size
f⇥ Core Count
![Page 89: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Accordion
Iso-execution time front (canneal)
!16
●
●●●●
●
NNTV NSTV
(MIP
SW) N
TV(M
IPS
W) S
TV
2 4 6 8 10
1.5
1.75
2
● Safe CompressSpec. CompressSafe ExpandSpec. Expand
canneal
Core Count: NTV/STV
MIPS/Watt: NTV/STV
1.50
2.00
1.75
2 4 6 8 10
Compress
Still •As core count increases
Execution Time
/ Problem Size
f⇥ Core Count
![Page 90: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Accordion
Iso-execution time front (canneal)
!16
●
●●●●
●
NNTV NSTV
(MIP
SW) N
TV(M
IPS
W) S
TV
2 4 6 8 10
1.5
1.75
2
● Safe CompressSpec. CompressSafe ExpandSpec. Expand
canneal
Core Count: NTV/STV
MIPS/Watt: NTV/STV
1.50
2.00
1.75
2 4 6 8 10
Compress
Still •As core count increases•More likely to engage slower cores
Execution Time
/ Problem Size
f⇥ Core Count
![Page 91: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Accordion
Iso-execution time front (canneal)
!16
●
●●●●
●
NNTV NSTV
(MIP
SW) N
TV(M
IPS
W) S
TV
2 4 6 8 10
1.5
1.75
2
● Safe CompressSpec. CompressSafe ExpandSpec. Expand
canneal
Core Count: NTV/STV
MIPS/Watt: NTV/STV
1.50
2.00
1.75
2 4 6 8 10
Compress
Still •As core count increases•More likely to engage slower cores•f decreases
Execution Time
/ Problem Size
f⇥ Core Count
![Page 92: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Accordion
Iso-execution time front (canneal)
!16
●
●●●●
●
NNTV NSTV
(MIP
SW) N
TV(M
IPS
W) S
TV
2 4 6 8 10
1.5
1.75
2
● Safe CompressSpec. CompressSafe ExpandSpec. Expand
canneal
Core Count: NTV/STV
MIPS/Watt: NTV/STV
1.50
2.00
1.75
2 4 6 8 10
Compress
Still •As core count increases•More likely to engage slower cores•f decreases
•Compress
Execution Time
/ Problem Size
f⇥ Core Count
![Page 93: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Accordion
Iso-execution time front (canneal)
!16
●
●●●●
●
NNTV NSTV
(MIP
SW) N
TV(M
IPS
W) S
TV
2 4 6 8 10
1.5
1.75
2
● Safe CompressSpec. CompressSafe ExpandSpec. Expand
canneal
Core Count: NTV/STV
MIPS/Watt: NTV/STV
1.50
2.00
1.75
2 4 6 8 10
Compress
Still •As core count increases•More likely to engage slower cores•f decreases
•Compress•Higher efficiency at lower core count
Execution Time
/ Problem Size
f⇥ Core Count
![Page 94: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Accordion
Iso-execution time front (canneal)
!16
●
●●●●
●
NNTV NSTV
(MIP
SW) N
TV(M
IPS
W) S
TV
2 4 6 8 10
1.5
1.75
2
● Safe CompressSpec. CompressSafe ExpandSpec. Expand
canneal
Core Count: NTV/STV
MIPS/Watt: NTV/STV
1.50
2.00
1.75
2 4 6 8 10
Compress
Still •As core count increases•More likely to engage slower cores•f decreases
•Compress•Higher efficiency at lower core count
•Higher f, lower power
Execution Time
/ Problem Size
f⇥ Core Count
![Page 95: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Accordion
Iso-execution time front (canneal)
!16
●
●●●●
●
NNTV NSTV
(MIP
SW) N
TV(M
IPS
W) S
TV
2 4 6 8 10
1.5
1.75
2
● Safe CompressSpec. CompressSafe ExpandSpec. Expand
canneal
Core Count: NTV/STV
MIPS/Watt: NTV/STV
1.50
2.00
1.75
2 4 6 8 10
Compress
Still •As core count increases•More likely to engage slower cores•f decreases
•Compress•Higher efficiency at lower core count
•Higher f, lower power•Quality limited
Execution Time
/ Problem Size
f⇥ Core Count
![Page 96: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Accordion
Iso-execution time front (canneal)
!16
●
●●●●
●
NNTV NSTV
(MIP
SW) N
TV(M
IPS
W) S
TV
2 4 6 8 10
1.5
1.75
2
● Safe CompressSpec. CompressSafe ExpandSpec. Expand
canneal
Core Count: NTV/STV
MIPS/Watt: NTV/STV
1.50
2.00
1.75
2 4 6 8 10
Compress
Still •As core count increases•More likely to engage slower cores•f decreases
•Compress•Higher efficiency at lower core count
•Higher f, lower power•Quality limited
Execution Time
/ Problem Size
f⇥ Core Count
![Page 97: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Accordion
Iso-execution time front (canneal)
!17
●
●●●●
●
NNTV NSTV
(MIP
SW) N
TV(M
IPS
W) S
TV
2 4 6 8 10
1.5
1.75
2
● Safe CompressSpec. CompressSafe ExpandSpec. Expand
canneal
Core Count: NTV/STV
MIPS/Watt: NTV/STV
1.50
2.00
1.75
2 4 6 8 10
Compress
Expand
Still
Execution Time
/ Problem Size
f⇥ Core Count
•As core count increases •More likely to engage slower cores •f decreases
![Page 98: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Accordion
Iso-execution time front (canneal)
!17
●
●●●●
●
NNTV NSTV
(MIP
SW) N
TV(M
IPS
W) S
TV
2 4 6 8 10
1.5
1.75
2
● Safe CompressSpec. CompressSafe ExpandSpec. Expand
canneal
Core Count: NTV/STV
MIPS/Watt: NTV/STV
1.50
2.00
1.75
2 4 6 8 10
Compress
Expand
Still
•Expand
Execution Time
/ Problem Size
f⇥ Core Count
•As core count increases •More likely to engage slower cores •f decreases
![Page 99: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Accordion
Iso-execution time front (canneal)
!17
●
●●●●
●
NNTV NSTV
(MIP
SW) N
TV(M
IPS
W) S
TV
2 4 6 8 10
1.5
1.75
2
● Safe CompressSpec. CompressSafe ExpandSpec. Expand
canneal
Core Count: NTV/STV
MIPS/Watt: NTV/STV
1.50
2.00
1.75
2 4 6 8 10
Compress
Expand
Still
•Expand•Higher efficiency at lower core count
Execution Time
/ Problem Size
f⇥ Core Count
•As core count increases •More likely to engage slower cores •f decreases
![Page 100: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Accordion
Iso-execution time front (canneal)
!17
●
●●●●
●
NNTV NSTV
(MIP
SW) N
TV(M
IPS
W) S
TV
2 4 6 8 10
1.5
1.75
2
● Safe CompressSpec. CompressSafe ExpandSpec. Expand
canneal
Core Count: NTV/STV
MIPS/Watt: NTV/STV
1.50
2.00
1.75
2 4 6 8 10
Compress
Expand
Still
•Expand•Higher efficiency at lower core count•A feasible core count may not exist
Execution Time
/ Problem Size
f⇥ Core Count
•As core count increases •More likely to engage slower cores •f decreases
![Page 101: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Accordion
Iso-execution time front (canneal)
!17
●
●●●●
●
NNTV NSTV
(MIP
SW) N
TV(M
IPS
W) S
TV
2 4 6 8 10
1.5
1.75
2
● Safe CompressSpec. CompressSafe ExpandSpec. Expand
canneal
Core Count: NTV/STV
MIPS/Watt: NTV/STV
1.50
2.00
1.75
2 4 6 8 10
Compress
Expand
Still
•Expand•Higher efficiency at lower core count•A feasible core count may not exist•Core count (area), or power limited
Execution Time
/ Problem Size
f⇥ Core Count
•As core count increases •More likely to engage slower cores •f decreases
![Page 102: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Accordion
Iso-execution time front (canneal)
!17
●
●●●●
●
NNTV NSTV
(MIP
SW) N
TV(M
IPS
W) S
TV
2 4 6 8 10
1.5
1.75
2
● Safe CompressSpec. CompressSafe ExpandSpec. Expand
canneal
Core Count: NTV/STV
MIPS/Watt: NTV/STV
1.50
2.00
1.75
2 4 6 8 10
Compress
Expand
Still
•Expand•Higher efficiency at lower core count•A feasible core count may not exist•Core count (area), or power limited
Execution Time
/ Problem Size
f⇥ Core Count
•As core count increases •More likely to engage slower cores •f decreases
![Page 103: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Accordion
Iso-execution time front (canneal)
!18
●
●●●●
●
NNTV NSTV
(MIP
SW) N
TV(M
IPS
W) S
TV
2 4 6 8 10
1.5
1.75
2
● Safe CompressSpec. CompressSafe ExpandSpec. Expand
canneal
Core Count: NTV/STV
MIPS/Watt: NTV/STV
1.50
2.00
1.75
2 4 6 8 10
Compress
Expand
Spec. StillStill
Execution Time
/ Problem Size
f⇥ Core Count
•As core count increases •More likely to engage slower cores •f decreases
![Page 104: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Accordion
Iso-execution time front (canneal)
!18
●
●●●●
●
NNTV NSTV
(MIP
SW) N
TV(M
IPS
W) S
TV
2 4 6 8 10
1.5
1.75
2
● Safe CompressSpec. CompressSafe ExpandSpec. Expand
canneal
Core Count: NTV/STV
MIPS/Watt: NTV/STV
1.50
2.00
1.75
2 4 6 8 10
Compress
Expand
Spec. StillStill
Execution Time
/ Problem Size
f⇥ Core Count
•As core count increases •More likely to engage slower cores •f decreases
•Speculative
![Page 105: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Accordion
Iso-execution time front (canneal)
!18
●
●●●●
●
NNTV NSTV
(MIP
SW) N
TV(M
IPS
W) S
TV
2 4 6 8 10
1.5
1.75
2
● Safe CompressSpec. CompressSafe ExpandSpec. Expand
canneal
Core Count: NTV/STV
MIPS/Watt: NTV/STV
1.50
2.00
1.75
2 4 6 8 10
Compress
Expand
Spec. StillStill
Execution Time
/ Problem Size
f⇥ Core Count
•As core count increases •More likely to engage slower cores •f decreases
•Speculative•Higher f facilitates lower core count
![Page 106: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Accordion
Iso-execution time front (canneal)
!18
●
●●●●
●
NNTV NSTV
(MIP
SW) N
TV(M
IPS
W) S
TV
2 4 6 8 10
1.5
1.75
2
● Safe CompressSpec. CompressSafe ExpandSpec. Expand
canneal
Core Count: NTV/STV
MIPS/Watt: NTV/STV
1.50
2.00
1.75
2 4 6 8 10
Compress
Expand
Spec. StillStill
Execution Time
/ Problem Size
f⇥ Core Count
•As core count increases •More likely to engage slower cores •f decreases
•Speculative•Higher f facilitates lower core count•Lower core count ➞ lower power
![Page 107: Accordion - Electrical and Computer Engineeringpeople.ece.umn.edu/~ukarpuzc/Karpuzcu_files/accordionTalk.pdf · Accordion Accordion Basics •How to close the gap between NTC and](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052121/5b691f977f8b9af77c8d7f1d/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Accordion
Iso-execution time front (canneal)
!18
●
●●●●
●
NNTV NSTV
(MIP
SW) N
TV(M
IPS
W) S
TV
2 4 6 8 10
1.5
1.75
2
● Safe CompressSpec. CompressSafe ExpandSpec. Expand
canneal
Core Count: NTV/STV
MIPS/Watt: NTV/STV
1.50
2.00
1.75
2 4 6 8 10
Compress
Expand
Spec. StillStill
Execution Time
/ Problem Size
f⇥ Core Count
•As core count increases •More likely to engage slower cores •f decreases
•Speculative•Higher f facilitates lower core count•Lower core count ➞ lower power
•Energy efficiency increases
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Accordion
Iso-execution time front (canneal)
!18
●
●●●●
●
NNTV NSTV
(MIP
SW) N
TV(M
IPS
W) S
TV
2 4 6 8 10
1.5
1.75
2
● Safe CompressSpec. CompressSafe ExpandSpec. Expand
canneal
Core Count: NTV/STV
MIPS/Watt: NTV/STV
1.50
2.00
1.75
2 4 6 8 10
Compress
Expand
Spec. StillStill
Execution Time
/ Problem Size
f⇥ Core Count
•As core count increases •More likely to engage slower cores •f decreases
•Speculative•Higher f facilitates lower core count•Lower core count ➞ lower power
•Energy efficiency increases
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Accordion
Iso-execution time front (canneal)
!19
●
●●●●
●
NNTV NSTV
(MIP
SW) N
TV(M
IPS
W) S
TV
2 4 6 8 10
1.5
1.75
2
● Safe CompressSpec. CompressSafe ExpandSpec. Expand
canneal
Core Count: NTV/STV
MIPS/Watt: NTV/STV
1.50
2.00
1.75
2 4 6 8 10
Compress
Expand
Spec. Compress
Spec. StillStill
Execution Time
/ Problem Size
f⇥ Core Count
•As core count increases •More likely to engage slower cores •f decreases
•Speculative •Higher f facilitates lower core count •Lower core count ➞ lower power
•Energy efficiency increases
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Accordion
Iso-execution time front (canneal)
!20
●
●●●●
●
NNTV NSTV
(MIP
SW) N
TV(M
IPS
W) S
TV
2 4 6 8 10
1.5
1.75
2
● Safe CompressSpec. CompressSafe ExpandSpec. Expand
canneal
Core Count: NTV/STV
MIPS/Watt: NTV/STV
1.50
2.00
1.75
2 4 6 8 10
Compress
Expand
Spec. Compress
Spec. Expand
Spec. StillStill
Execution Time
/ Problem Size
f⇥ Core Count
•As core count increases •More likely to engage slower cores •f decreases
•Speculative •Higher f facilitates lower core count •Lower core count ➞ lower power
•Energy efficiency increases
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Accordion
Conclusion
!21
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Accordion
Conclusion•Devises problem size as the main knob to overcome NTC barriers
!21
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Accordion
Conclusion•Devises problem size as the main knob to overcome NTC barriers
•Problem size dictates
!21
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Accordion
Conclusion•Devises problem size as the main knob to overcome NTC barriers
•Problem size dictates •the number of cores engaged in computation
!21
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Accordion
Conclusion•Devises problem size as the main knob to overcome NTC barriers
•Problem size dictates •the number of cores engaged in computation•variation induced output quality degradation
!21
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Accordion
Conclusion•Devises problem size as the main knob to overcome NTC barriers
•Problem size dictates •the number of cores engaged in computation•variation induced output quality degradation
•Decouples data & control to confine errors where they can be tolerated
!21
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Accordion
Conclusion•Devises problem size as the main knob to overcome NTC barriers
•Problem size dictates •the number of cores engaged in computation•variation induced output quality degradation
•Decouples data & control to confine errors where they can be tolerated•Can achieve STV execution time
!21
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Accordion
Conclusion•Devises problem size as the main knob to overcome NTC barriers
•Problem size dictates •the number of cores engaged in computation•variation induced output quality degradation
•Decouples data & control to confine errors where they can be tolerated•Can achieve STV execution time
•while operating 1.61-1.87x more energy-efficiently
!21
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Accordion Toward Soft Near-threshold Voltage Computing
Ulya R. Karpuzcu, Ismail Akturk Nam Sung Kim
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Accordion
Evaluation Set-up
!23
Benchmark Application domain Quality metric Accordion input Dependence on Accordion inputProblem Size Quality
canneal (PARSEC) Optimization Relative routing cost Swaps per temperature step linear linearNumber of temperature steps linear linear
ferret (PARSEC) Similarity search Based on number of common images Size factor complex complexbodytrack (PARSEC) Computer vision SSD based Number of annealing layers complex complexx264 (PARSEC) Multimedia SSIM based Quantizer complex linearhotspot (Rodinia) Physics simulation SSD based Number of iterations linear linearsrad (Rodinia) Image processing PSNR based Number of iterations linear linear
Table 3: RMS benchmarks deployed from PARSEC [3] and Rodinia [6] suites.
dependent. The application dependence mainly comes fromhow relative error is calculated.canneal relies on simulated annealing to minimize the chip
routing cost. At each temperature step, swaps_per_temptimes, each thread attempts to swap two randomly pickedblocks on chip. Both, the total number of temperaturesteps, and the number of swaps per temperature step(swaps_per_temp) represent Accordion inputs. In the fol-lowing, we use the latter without loss of generality. Relativerouting cost captures quality.ferret conducts content-base similarity search in an im-
age database. To extract similarity, images are partitioned andprocessed in regions. The number of regions dictates work perthread, and depends on the minimum region size calculated bynumber of pixels⇥size_factor (Accordion input). Apre-set number (n) of similar images found, on a per querybasis, constitutes the output. relative error (per query)becomes 1-[common image count]/n, where common im-age count is the number of output images common with thebaseline outcome. The configurations we experiment withinvolve multiple queries.bodytrack relies on an annealed particle filter to track
human movement through a scene. Number of annealing lay-ers (Accordion input) affects both, filtering accuracy, and theproblem size. The output is a vector of tracked configurations.Distortion calculation relies on SSD (sum of squared distance).x264 implements the H.264 standard for video encoding.
QP, the quantizer to control the degree of compression onencoding is the Accordion input. A smaller QP leads to lesscompression, hence a higher accuracy. Distortion calculationis based on SSIM (structural similarity index), a metric shownto match human perception of changes in accuracy better thanPSNR (peak signal to noise ratio).hotspot is a thermal simulator to iteratively solve heat
transfer differential equations for a given floorplan. The num-ber of iterations represents the Accordion input. The outputis the temperature at each point of a grid super-imposed onthe floorplan. Distortion calculation relies on SSD, sum ofsquared difference of temperatures across grid cells.srad implements an algorithm to effectively remove corre-
lated noise from imaging applications, based on an iterativePDE (partial differential equation) solver. We designate thenumber of iterations as the Accordion input. Distortion calcu-lation is based on PSNR.
Table 3 also tabulates, for each benchmark, how sensitive
problem size and Q are to changes in Accordion inputs. Weidentify two broad types of dependencies: Linear, and com-plex to capture mainly super-linear behavior. Different combi-nations apply across different benchmarks, however, exceptx264, problem size and Q tend to assume the same type ofdependency on the designated Accordion input, on a a perbenchmark basis. The type of the dependencies determinehow well different benchmarks respond to Accordion opera-tion.
6. EvaluationTo understand the basics of Accordion operation, we start withhow variation-induced timing error rates evolve as a functionof operating f. We next analyze how the quality of computingchanges with the problem size. We conclude this section witha detailed characterization of the operating points under Safeand Speculative modes of Accordion.
6.1. Impact of Parametric Variation
To quantify the variation-induced slowdown and the resultingtiming error rates across the cores of the hypothetical NTVchip, we first need to determine the near-threshold operatingVdd, VddNTV. To this end, we deploy VARIUS-NTV to extractthe minimum Vdd, VddMIN, each cluster can support to remainfunctional at NTV. If we let the system operate below suchVddMIN, memory blocks may not be able to hold or changestate. Figure 5a shows the distribution of per-cluster VddMINfor one representative chip (out of the 100 we experimentwith): Per-cluster VddMIN is defined as the maximum VddMINacross all memory blocks within a cluster. The data is shownas a histogram. Per-cluster VddMIN values vary in a significant0.46-0.58V range. We designate the maximum per clusterVddMIN as the chip-wide VddNTV.
We assign tasks to cores at the granularity of clusters. Eachcluster constitutes an f domain. The slowest core within eachcluster determines the operating f of the cluster. Figure 5bdepicts variation-induced timing error rate per cycle, Perr,when operating at VddNTV, as a function of f. For each cluster,the figure demonstrates the error rate curve of the slowest(i.e. most error prone) core within the cluster, rendering 36curves for 36 clusters. The y axis is on log-scale. Perr valuesrapidly increase to reach 1, as f increases beyond 0.5GHz.Even at acceptably low Perr of [1e-16,1e-12], the majorityof the cores cannot operate at the NTV fNOM of 1GHz – thesustainable f were there no variation. Perr in the range of
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Accordion
Evaluation Set-up
!24
prevent error propagation from DCs, CCs never rely on dataproduced by DCs for control. CCs communicate with DCsover a dedicated memory location, both, to find out whetherslave DCs are done with computation, and to collect DC re-sults. DCs can only read, but not modify the data produced bymaster CCs.Data Core (DC) Semantics: To facilitate effective coordi-nation with Control Cores, Data Cores feature fast reset andrestart hardware. A DC has access to a private read-write mem-ory where the DC can write (either organized as a scratch-pador to communicate with other cores), in addition to a read-onlymemory where shared data managed by master CCs reside. Toavoid error propagation, DCs cannot write to the private spaceof CCs or of other DCs. Instead, a dedicated memory locationserves intra-DC communication.
4.2. Accordion Design Space
Figure 3 demonstrates an Accordion chip, clustered to enhancescalability. A few cores with per-core private memories and ashared cluster memory constitute each cluster. Various optionsexist to differentiate control cores from data cores.Homogeneous Clusters (Figure 3a, b): Each cluster accom-modates a set of identical cores. There is no difference in thedesign of CCs and DCs. The first option, as shown in Fig-ure 3a, differentiates CCs from DCs spatio-temporally: CCscorrespond to the fastest, most reliable cores in the variation-afflicted Accordion chip. This option is simpler from the hard-ware perspective, yet the semantics from Section 4.1 should allbe programmed. Still, the organization is very flexible in thatthe number of CCs can be configured, although the exampleorganization from Figure 3a depicts one CC per cluster. Sincevariation governs the f of CCs, the range of CC frequenciesmay differ across chips. The second option, as captured inFigure 3b, on the other hand, features temporal differentiationof CCs from DCs. Instead of explicitly assigning cores tooperate as CCs or DCs, each core is time-multiplexed betweenCC and DC functionality. This option provides a better useof hardware resources, yet complicates the design due to thesupport required for different memory protection domains.Heterogeneous Clusters (Figure 3c): CCs and DCs per clus-ter represent different types of cores by design. In this caseDCs and CCs specialize; the semantics from Section 4.1 canbe directly implemented in hardware. However, the number ofCCs may easily become a bottleneck. Depending on the appli-cation, a higher or a lower CC to DC ratio may be favorable.The organization from Figure 3c assumes one CC per cluster.CCs are expected to consume more area than DCs due to thecontrol-intensive specialization and the demand for enhancedreliability.
5. Evaluation Setup
5.1. Technology and Architecture
To quantify the impact of Accordion operation, we deploy ahypothetical NTV chip of 288 cores organized in 36 clusters
System ParametersTechnology node: 11nm PMAX= 100W# cores: 288 TMIN= 80oC# clusters: 36 (8 cores/cluster) Chip area ⇡ 20mm x 20mm
Variation ParametersCorrelation range: f = 0.1 Sample size: 100 chipsTotal (s/µ)Vth = 15% Total (s/µ)Leff = 7.5%
Technology ParametersVddNOM= 0.55V fNOM= 1.0GHzVthNOM= 0.33V fnetwork= 0.8GHz
Architectural ParametersCore-private mem: 64KB WT, Cluster mem: 2MB WB,
4-way, 2ns access, 64B line 16-way, 10ns access, 64B lineNetwork: bus inside cluster Avg. mem round-trip access time
and 2D-torus across clusters (without contention): ⇡80ns
Table 2: Technology and architecture parameters.
at 11nm. This chip mimics the Accordion organization fromFigure 3a (Section 4.2). Each cluster has 8 cores and a sharedper-cluster memory block. Each core is a single-issue enginewhere memory accesses can be overlapped with computation.A bus inside a cluster and a 2D-torus across clusters constitutethe network.
The nominal values of Vdd and f are 0.55V and 1.0GHz(which approximately correspond to 1V and 3.3GHz for STC).Table 2 covers the technology and architecture parameters.Technology parameters are derived from ITRS [1] and fine-tuned considering industry projections for 11nm. To evaluateperformance we use ESESC [19] with the power analysisrelying on McPAT [22] scaled to 11nm. The power budget isfixed to 100W.
We experiment with VARIUS-NTV [20] to extract VddMIN,the minimum near-threshold Vdd each memory block can sup-port. To have blocks stay functional at NTV, any designatednear-threshold operating Vdd should remain higher than suchVddMIN. We further use VARIUS-NTV to determine safe op-erating frequencies, and to estimate timing error rates as afunction of the operating frequency at the designated near-threshold Vdd.
5.2. Benchmarks
We experiment with select benchmarks from PARSEC [3] andRodinia [6] suites to cover emerging application domains. Ta-ble 3 captures benchmark characteristics. For each benchmark,we identify at least one application input parameter (Accor-dion input) governing both, the problem size and the accuracy.We rely on application-specific accuracy metrics to measurequality of computing. Applications usually generate multiplenumeric values as output, most of the time in vector or matrixformat. Accordingly, the quality metric should capture the de-viation in each numeric output value to derive the cumulativedeviation from the baseline execution. To this end, we rely onthe distortion metric introduced by Misailovic et al. [26]:Distortion is defined as the average, across all output values,of relative error per output value. The relative qualityof an execution outcome thus becomes 1-distortion. Dis-tortion is a generic metric, yet its calculation is application
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Accordion
Impact of Parametric Variation
!25
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
1e−1
61e−1
21e−0
81e−0
41e
+00
f(GHz)
Tim
ing
erro
r rat
ef(GHz)
0.5 1.0 1.50
1e-12
1e-16
1e-8
1e-4
1Ti
min
g er
ror r
ate
VddMIN (V)
Num
ber o
f Clu
ster
s
0.46 0.50 0.54 0.58
05
1015 15
VddMIN(V)
Num
ber o
f Clu
ster
s
0.50 0.54 0.58
105
0
0.46
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Accordion
Problem Size vs. Quality
!26
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●
Problem Size
Qua
lity
0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.5
hotspot
● DefaultDrop 1/4Drop 1/2
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Accordion
Problem Size vs. Quality
!27
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Problem Size
Qua
lity
0.5 1 1.5 2
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.3
x264
● DefaultDrop 1/4Drop 1/2
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Accordion
Problem Size vs. Quality of Computing
!28
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●● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
Problem Size
Qua
lity
0.5 1 1.5 2
0.8
0.9
11.
1
canneal
● DefaultDrop 1/4Drop 1/2
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Accordion
Iso-execution time fronts
!29
●
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●
NNTV NSTV
(MIP
SW) N
TV(M
IPS
W) S
TV
2 4 6 8 10
1.5
1.75
2
● Safe CompressSpec. CompressSafe ExpandSpec. Expand
canneal
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Accordion !30
●
●●●●
●
NNTV NSTV
(MIP
SW) N
TV(M
IPS
W) S
TV
2 4 6 8 10
1.5
1.75
2
● Safe CompressSpec. CompressSafe ExpandSpec. Expand
canneal
●
●●
●●
●
NNTV NSTVPower
NTV
Power
STV
2 4 6 8 10
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
canneal
Iso-execution time fronts
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Accordion !31
●
●●●●
●
NNTV NSTV
(MIP
SW) N
TV(M
IPS
W) S
TV
2 4 6 8 10
1.5
1.75
2
● Safe CompressSpec. CompressSafe ExpandSpec. Expand
canneal
●
●
●
●
●
●
NNTV NSTVProb. Size N
TVProb. Size S
TV
2 4 6 8 10
0.5
11.5
canneal
Iso-execution time fronts
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Accordion
Evaluation
!32
●
●●●●
●
NNTV NSTV
(MIP
SW) N
TV(M
IPS
W) S
TV
2 4 6 8 10
1.5
1.75
2
● Safe CompressSpec. CompressSafe ExpandSpec. Expand
canneal
●●●
●●
●
NNTV NSTVQNTV
QST
V
2 4 6 8 10
0.8
0.9
11.1
canneal