according to the iec 60909 - open electrical
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3/28/2016 According to the IEC 60909 Open Electrical
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According to the IEC 60909From Open Electrical
Contents1 Introduction
1.1 Why do the calculation?1.2 When to do the calculation?
2 Calculation Methodology2.1 Step 1: Construct the System Model and Collect Equipment Parameters2.2 Step 2: Calculate Equipment Short Circuit Impedances
2.2.1 Network Feeders2.2.2 Synchronous Generators and Motors2.2.3 Transformers2.2.4 Cables2.2.5 Asynchronous Motors2.2.6 Fault Limiting Reactors2.2.7 Static Converters2.2.8 Other Equipment
2.3 Step 3: Referring Impedances2.4 Step 4: Determine Thévenin Equivalent Circuit at the Fault Location2.5 Step 5: Calculate Balanced ThreePhase Short Circuit Currents
2.5.1 Initial Short Circuit Current2.5.2 Peak Short Circuit Current2.5.3 Symmetrical Breaking Current2.5.4 DC Short Circuit Component
2.6 Step 6: Calculate SinglePhase to Earth Short Circuit Currents3 Worked Example
3.1 Step 1: Construct the System Model and Collect Equipment Parameters3.2 Step 2: Calculate Equipment Short Circuit Impedances3.3 Step 3: Referring Impedances3.4 Step 4: Determine Thévenin Equivalent Circuit at the Fault Location3.5 Step 5: Calculate Balanced ThreePhase Short Circuit Currents
3.5.1 Initial Short Circuit Current3.5.2 Peak Short Circuit Current
4 Computer Software5 What Next?
Introduction
This article looks at the calculation of short circuit currents for bolted threephase and singlephase to earthfaults in a power system. A short circuit in a power system can cause very high currents to flow to the fault
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Figure 1. Lightning arc
location. The magnitude of the short circuit currentdepends on the impedance of system under short circuitconditions. In this calculation, the short circuit current isestimated using the guidelines presented in IEC 60909.
Why do the calculation?
Calculating the prospective short circuit levels in apower system is important for a number of reasons,including:
To specify fault ratings for electricalequipment (e.g. short circuit withstandratings)To help identify potential problems andweaknesses in the system and assist insystem planningTo form the basis for protectioncoordination studies
When to do the calculation?
The calculation can be done after preliminary system design, with the following prerequisite documentsand design tasks completed:
Key single line diagramsMajor electrical equipment sized (e.g. generators, transformers, etc)Electrical load scheduleCable sizing (not absolutely necessary, but would be useful)
Calculation Methodology
This calculation is based on IEC 609090 (2001, c2002) (https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/3886) , "Shortcircuit currents in threephase a.c. systems Part 0: Calculation of currents" and uses the impedance method(as opposed to the perunit method). In this method, it is assumed that all short circuits are of negligibleimpedance (i.e. no arc impedance is allowed for).
There are six general steps in the calculation:
Step 1: Construct the system model and collect the relevant equipment parametersStep 2: Calculate the short circuit impedances for all of the relevant equipmentStep 3: Refer all impedances to the reference voltageStep 4: Determine the Thévenin equivalent circuit at the fault locationStep 5: Calculate balanced threephase short circuit currentsStep 6: Calculate singlephase to earth short circuit currents
Step 1: Construct the System Model and Collect Equipment Parameters
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The first step is to construct a model of the system single line diagram, and then collect the relevantequipment parameters. The model of the single line diagram should show all of the major system buses,generation or network connection, transformers, fault limiters (e.g. reactors), large cable interconnectionsand large rotating loads (e.g. synchronous and asynchronous motors).
The relevant equipment parameters to be collected are as follows:
Network feeders: fault capacity of the network (VA), X/R ratio of the networkSynchronous generators and motors: perunit subtransient reactance, rated generator capacity(VA), rated power factor (pu)Transformers: transformer impedance voltage (%), rated transformer capacity (VA), ratedcurrent (A), total copper loss (W)Cables: length of cable (m), resistance and reactance of cable ( )Asynchronous motors: full load current (A), locked rotor current (A), rated power (W), fullload power factor (pu), starting power factor (pu)Fault limiting reactors: reactor impedance voltage (%), rated current (A)
Step 2: Calculate Equipment Short Circuit Impedances
Using the collected parameters, each of the equipment item impedances can be calculated for later use inthe motor starting calculations.
Network Feeders
Given the approximate fault level of the network feeder at the connection point (or point of commoncoupling), the impedance, resistance and reactance of the network feeder is calculated as follows:
Where is impedance of the network feeder (Ω)
is resistance of the network feeder (Ω) is reactance of the network feeder (Ω) is the nominal voltage at the connection point (Vac) is the fault level of the network feeder (VA)
is a voltage factor which accounts for the maximum system voltage (1.05 for voltages <1kV,1.1 for voltages >1kV)
is X/R ratio of the network feeder (pu)
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Synchronous Generators and Motors
The subtransient reactance and resistance of a synchronous generator or motor (with voltage regulation)can be estimated by the following:
Where is the subtransient reactance of the generator (Ω)
is the resistance of the generator (Ω) is a voltage correction factor see IEC 609090 Clause 3.6.1 for more details (pu) is the perunit subtransient reactance of the generator (pu)
is the nominal generator voltage (Vac) is the nominal system voltage (Vac) is the rated generator capacity (VA)
is the X/R ratio, typically 20 for 100MVA, 14.29 for 100MVA, and 6.67 for
all generators with nominal voltage 1kV is a voltage factor which accounts for the maximum system voltage (1.05 for voltages <1kV,
1.1 for voltages >1kV) is the power factor of the generator (pu)
For the negative sequence impedance, the quadrature axis subtransient reactance can be applied inthe above equation in place of the direct axis subtransient reactance .
The zerosequence impedances need to be derived from manufacturer data, though the voltage correctionfactor also applies for solid neutral earthing systems (refer to IEC 609090 Clause 3.6.1).
Transformers
The positive sequence impedance, resistance and reactance of twowinding distribution transformers can becalculated as follows:
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Where is the positive sequence impedance of the transformer (Ω)
is the resistance of the transformer (Ω) is the reactance of the transformer (Ω) is the impedance voltage of the transformer (pu) is the rated capacity of the transformer (VA) is the nominal voltage of the transformer at the high or low voltage side (Vac) is the rated current of the transformer at the high or low voltage side (I) is the total copper loss in the transformer windings (W)
For the calculation of impedances for threewinding transformers, refer to IEC 609090 Clause 3.3.2. Fornetwork transformers (those that connect two separate networks at different voltages), an impedancecorrection factor must be applied (see IEC 609090 Clause 3.3.3).
The negative sequence impedance is equal to positive sequence impedance calculated above. The zerosequence impedance needs to be derived from manufacturer data, but also depends on the windingconnections and fault path available for zerosequence current flow (e.g. different neutral earthing systemswill affect zerosequence impedance).
Cables
Cable impedances are usually quoted by manufacturers in terms of Ohms per km. These need to beconverted to Ohms based on the length of the cables:
Where is the resistance of the cable {Ω)
is the reactance of the cable {Ω) is the quoted resistance of the cable {Ω / km) is the quoted reactance of the cable {Ω / km) is the length of the cable {m)
The negative sequence impedance is equal to positive sequence impedance calculated above. The zerosequence impedance needs to be derived from manufacturer data. In the absence of manufacturer data, zerosequence impedances can be derived from positive sequence impedances via a multiplication factor (assuggested by SKM Systems Analysis Inc) for magnetic cables:
Asynchronous Motors
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An asynchronous motor's impedance, resistance and reactance is calculated as follows:
Where is impedance of the motor (Ω)
is resistance of the motor (Ω) is reactance of the motor (Ω)
is ratio of the locked rotor to full load current is the motor locked rotor current (A)
is the motor nominal voltage (Vac) is the motor rated power (W)
is the motor full load power factor (pu) is the motor starting power factor (pu)
The negative sequence impedance is equal to positive sequence impedance calculated above. The zerosequence impedance needs to be derived from manufacturer data.
Fault Limiting Reactors
The impedance of fault limiting reactors is as follows (note that the resistance is neglected):
Where is impedance of the reactor (Ω)
is reactance of the reactor(Ω) is the impedance voltage of the reactor (pu) is the nominal voltage of the reactor (Vac) is the rated current of the reactor (A)
Positive, negative and zero sequence impedances are all equal (assuming geometric symmetry).
Static Converters
Static converters and converterfed drivers (i.e. feeding rotating loads) should be considered for balancedthreephase short circuits. Per IEC 609090 Clause 3.9, static converters contribute to the initial and peakshort circuit currents only, and contribute 3 times the rated current of the converter. An R/X ratio of 0.1should be used for the short circuit impedance.
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Other Equipment
Line capacitances, parallel admittances and nonrotating loads are generally neglected as per IEC 609090Clause 3.10. Effects from series capacitors can also be neglected if voltagelimiting devices are connectedin parallel.
Step 3: Referring Impedances
Where there are multiple voltage levels, the equipment impedances calculated earlier need to be convertedto a reference voltage (typically the voltage at the fault location) in order for them to be used in a singleequivalent circuit.
The winding ratio of a transformer can be calculated as follows:
Where is the transformer winding ratio
is the transformer nominal secondary voltage at the principal tap (Vac) is the transformer nominal primary voltage (Vac) is the specified tap setting (%)
Using the winding ratio, impedances (as well as resistances and reactances) can be referred to the primary(HV) side of the transformer by the following relation:
Where is the impedance referred to the primary (HV) side (Ω)
is the impedance at the secondary (LV) side (Ω) is the transformer winding ratio (pu)
Conversely, by rearranging the equation above, impedances can be referred to the LV side:
Step 4: Determine Thévenin Equivalent Circuit at the Fault Location
The system model must first be simplified into an equivalent circuit as seen from the fault location,showing a voltage source and a set of complex impedances representing the power system equipment andload impedances (connected in series or parallel).
The next step is to simplify the circuit into a Thévenin equivalent circuit(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9venin%27s_theorem) , which is a circuit containing only avoltage source ( ) and an equivalent short circuit impedance ( ).
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Figure 2. Thévenin equivalent circuit
This can be done using the standard formulae for series andparallel impedances, keeping in mind that the rules ofcomplex arithmetic must be used throughout.
If unbalanced short circuits (e.g. single phase to earth fault)will be analysed, then a separate Thévenin equivalent circuitshould be constructed for each of the positive, negative andzero sequence networks (i.e. finding ( , and
).
Step 5: Calculate Balanced ThreePhase ShortCircuit Currents
The positive sequence impedance calculated in Step 4represents the equivalent source impedance seen by a balanced threephase short circuit at the faultlocation. Using this impedance, the following currents at different stages of the short circuit cycle can becomputed:
Initial Short Circuit Current
The initial symmetrical short circuit current is calculated from IEC 609090 Equation 29, as follows:
Where is the initial symmetrical short circuit current (A)
is the voltage factor that accounts for the maximum system voltage (1.05 for voltages <1kV,1.1 for voltages >1kV)
is the nominal system voltage at the fault location (V) is the equivalent positive sequence short circuit impedance (Ω)
Peak Short Circuit Current
IEC 609090 Section 4.3 offers three methods for calculating peak short circuit currents, but for the sake ofsimplicity, we will only focus on the X/R ratio at the fault location method. Using the real (R) and reactive(X) components of the equivalent positive sequence impedance , we can calculate the X/R ratio at thefault location, i.e.
The peak short circuit current is then calculated as follows:
(for nonmeshed networks)
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or
(for meshed networks see clause 4.3.12b)
Where is the peak short circuit current (A)
is the initial symmetrical short circuit current (A)
is a constant factor,
Symmetrical Breaking Current
The symmetrical breaking current is the short circuit current at the point of circuit breaker opening (usuallysomewhere between 20ms to 300ms). This is the current that the circuit breaker must be rated to interruptand is typically used for breaker sizing. IEC 609090 Equation 74 suggests that the symmetrical breakingcurrent for meshed networks can be conservatively estimated as follows:
Where is the symmetrical breaking current (A)
is the initial symmetrical short circuit current (A)
For close to generator faults, the symmetrical breaking current will be higher. More detailed calculationscan be made for increased accuracy in IEC 60909, but this is left to the reader to explore.
DC Short Circuit Component
The dc component of a short circuit can be calculated according to IEC 609090 Equation 64:
Where is the dc component of the short circuit current (A)
is the initial symmetrical short circuit current (A) is the nominal system frequency (Hz) is the time (s)
is the X/R ratio see more below
The X/R ratio is calculated as follows:
Where and are the reactance and resistance, respectively, of the equivalent source impedance atthe fault location (Ω)
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is a factor to account for the equivalent frequency of the fault. Per IEC 609090 Section 4.4,
the following factors should be used based on the product of frequency and time ( ):
<1 0.27
<2.5 0.15
<5 0.092
<12.5 0.055
Step 6: Calculate SinglePhase to Earth Short Circuit Currents
For balanced short circuit calculations, the positivesequence impedance is the only relevant impedance.However, for unbalanced short circuits (e.g. single phase to earth fault), symmetrical components come intoplay.
The initial short circuit current for a single phase to earth fault is as per IEC 609090 Equation 52:
Where is the initial single phase to earth short circuit current (A)
is the voltage factor that accounts for the maximum system voltage (1.05 for voltages <1kV,1.1 for voltages >1kV)
is the nominal voltage at the fault location (Vac) is the equivalent positive sequence short circuit impedance (Ω) is the equivalent negative sequence short circuit impedance (Ω) is the equivalent zero sequence short circuit impedance (Ω)
Worked Example
In this example, short circuit currents will be calculated for a balanced threephase fault at the main 11kVbus of a simple radial system. Note that the single phase to earth fault currents will not be calculated in thisexample.
Step 1: Construct the System Model and Collect Equipment Parameters
The system to be modelled is a simple radial network with two voltage levels (11kV and 415V), andsupplied by a single generator. The system model is shown in the figure to the right. The equipment andcable parameters were collected as follows:
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Figure 3. System model for short circuit example
Equipment Parameters
Generator G1
= 24,150 kVA = 11,000 V = 0.255 pu = 0.85 pu
Generator CableC1
Length = 30mSize = 2 parallel circuitsof 3 x 1C x 500 mm2
(R = 0.0506 Ω\km, X = 0.0997Ω\km)
Motor M1
= 500 kW = 11,000 V = 200.7 A
= 6.5 pu = 0.85 pu = 0.30 pu
Motor Cable C2
Length = 150mSize = 3C+E 35 mm2
(R = 0.668 Ω\km, X = 0.115 Ω\km)
Transformer TX1
= 2,500 kVA = 11,000 V = 415 V
= 0.0625 pu = 19,000 W = 0%
Transformer CableC3
Length = 100mSize = 3C+E 95 mm2
(R = 0.247 Ω\km, X = 0.0993Ω\km)
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Motor M2
= 90 kW = 415 V = 1,217.3 A
= 7 pu = 0.8 pu = 0.30 pu
Motor M3
= 150 kW = 415 V = 1,595.8 A
= 6.5 pu = 0.85 pu = 0.30 pu
Step 2: Calculate Equipment Short Circuit Impedances
Using the patameters above and the equations outlined earlier in the methodology, the followingimpedances were calculated:
Equipment Resistance (Ω) Reactance (Ω)
Generator G1 0.08672 1.2390
Generator Cable C1 0.000759 0.001496
11kV Motor M1 9.4938 30.1885
Motor Cable C2 0.1002 0.01725
Transformer TX1 (Primary Side) 0.36784 3.0026
Transformer Cable C3 0.0247 0.00993
415V Motor M2 0.0656 0.2086
415V Motor M3 0.0450 0.1432
Step 3: Referring Impedances
We will model a fault on the main 11kV bus, so all impedances must be referred to 11kV. The two lowvoltage motors need to be referred to this reference voltage. Knowing that the transformer is set at principaltap, we can calculate the winding ratio and apply it to refer the 415V motors to the 11kV side:
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The 415V motor impedances referred to the 11kV side is therefore:
Equipment Resistance (Ω) Reactance (Ω)
415V Motor M2 46.0952 146.5735
415V Motor M3 31.6462 100.6284
Step 4: Determine Thévenin Equivalent Circuit at the Fault Location
Using standard network reduction techniques, the equivalent Thévenin circuit at the fault location (main11kV bus) can be derived. The equivalent source impedance is:
Step 5: Calculate Balanced ThreePhase Short Circuit Currents
Initial Short Circuit Current
The symmetrical initial short circuit current is:
kA
Peak Short Circuit Current
The constant factor at the fault location is:
Therefore as it is a simple radial system (nonmeshed), the symmetrical peak short circuit current is:
kA
Computer Software
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Short circuit calculations are a standard component of power systems analysis software (e.g. ETAP, PTW,DIgSILENT, etc) and the calculations are far easier to perform with software than by hand. Howevermanual calculations could be done as a form of verification to confirm that the software results arereasonable.
What Next?
The results from the short circuit calculations can be used to specify the fault ratings on electricalequipment (e.g. switchgear, protective devices, etc) and also for protection coordination studies.
Short Circuit Calculation
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