acciones de la ue en la normalización europea (es)/ eu actions in the standardisation area...

8/2/2019 Acciones de la UE en la normalización europea (Es)/ EU actions in the standardisation area (Spanish)/ EB-ren parteh…

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/acciones-de-la-ue-en-la-normalizacion-europea-es-eu-actions-in-the-standardisation 1/31

www+pmibka~achy'ova}~+iag

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Evlgmwavj Iakpvlip ak hg~lip lyymyygmkp

F=!MKPV!6>>2!>>5'EI'Cap =

M] liphaky eav pbm ~v ag aphak ae ivlep lk` YGMy hkpbm M}va~mlk yplk`lv`hylphak lv ml ’ Lyymyygmkp

ae pbm hg~cmgmk plphak ae pbm v miag g mk`lphaky ae

pbm ~vmuha}y mulc}lphaky lk` lyymyygmkp ae

a~phaky eav l e}p}vm ehklkihko

Ehklc Vm~avp

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http://www.technopolis/



@hyiclhgmvPmibka~achy Ova}~ bly ilvvhm` a}p pbhy yp}`x ak fmblce ae pbm M}va~mlk Iagghyyhak+ Pbm uhmwy mr~vmyym` lvm pbaym ae pbm

l}pbavy lk` à kap kmimyylvhcx vmecmip pbaym ae pbm Iagghyyhak# av pbm @hvmipavlpm Omkmvlc eav Mkpmv~vhym lk` Hk`}ypvx+ PbmM}va~mlk Iagghyyhak àmy kap o}lvlkpmm pbm lii}vlix ae pbm `lpl lk` hkeavglphak hkic}`m` hk pbhy yp}`x# kav àmy hp liim~pvmy~akyhfhchpx eav lkx }ym gl`m pbmvmae+

LijkawcmòmgmkpyPbm yp}`x pmlg wa}c` chjm pa mr~vmyy hpy pblkjy pa pbm ~mvyaky iaky}cpm` `}vhko pbm ia}vym ae pbm yp}`x wba olum evmmcx ae pbmhv

phgm lk` mr~mvhmkim pa lyyhyp hk pbm wavj+



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Mrmi}phum Y}gglvx

Hkpva`}iphak

Hk 6>>2 pbm M}va~mlk Iagghyyhak# @O Mkpmv~vhym lk` Hk`}ypvx# lyjm` OBJ!Pmibka~achy# pa

ilvvx a}p lk mrpmvklc mulc}lphak ae pbm liphaky ilvvhm` a}p fx KAVGL^GM aumv pbm ~vmim`hkoyhr'xmlv ~mvha`# lk` pbm vmy}cpy ae pblp yp}`x wmvm ~}fchybm` hk Glvib 6>>8+ Pbm mulc}lphak

h`mkphehm` l vlkom ae ~ayyhfcm hg~vaumgmkpy pa pbm wavj ilvvhm` a}p fx KAVGL^GM# wbhib

vmuacum` lva}k` pbm kmm` eav hp pa "h( hg~vaum hpy iacclfavlphaky lk` vm~vmymkplphumkmyy# "hh(

ypvmkopbmk hpy muh`mkim flym lk` pbm eai}y ae hpy hkpmvumkphaky# "hhh( hg~vaum hpy iagg}khilphakliphuhphmy# lk` "hu( ypvmkopbmk pbm gakhpavhko lk` vm~avphko ae hpy liphuhphmy+ L ehklc

vmiaggmk`lphak lyjm` pbm Iagghyyhak pa hkivmlym pbm cmumc ae ehklkihlc y}~~avp ~vauh`m` pa

KAVGL^GM pa lccaw hp pa hg~cmgmkp pbmym hg~vaumgmkpy lk` pa ypvmkopbmk hpy iavm ~vaimyymy+Pbm vmy}cpy ae pbm mulc}lphak# lk` my~mihlccx pbm vmiaggmk`lphaky "wbhib wmvm hkic}`m` hk pbm

y}fym|}mkp iakpvlip}lc lvvlkomgmkpy( wmvm pljmk hkpa liia}kp eav pbm liphaky ilvvhm` a}p fxKAVGL^GM evag 6>>8 akwlv`y+

Pbhy vm~avp ~vmymkpy pbm vmy}cpy ae l eaccaw'}~ mulc}lphak pblp wly ilvvhm` a}p fx Pmibka~achy

Ova}~ evag Ym~pmgfmv 6><> ’ L~vhc 6><<+ Pbm ~vhglvx ~}v~aym ae pbm yp}`x bly fmmk pa lyymyy

pbm mrpmkp pa wbhib KAVGL^GM bl` gl`m ~vaovmyy hk hg~cmgmkphko pbm vmiaggmk`lphaky ae

pbm ~vmuha}y mulc}lphak# lk` pa h`mkphex ypm~y pblp ghobp fm kmimyylvx hk av`mv pa e}vpbmv

ypvmkopbmk KAVGL^GM‘y a~mvlphaky+ Pbm yp}`x bly lcya ~vauh`m` lk lyymyygmkp ae a~phaky eav

pbm e}p}vm ehklkihko ae KAVGL^GM fx pbm Iagghyyhak# lk` ae KAVGL^GM‘y ehklkihlc

uhlfhchpx lk` lfhchpx pa lppvlip ia'ehklkihko+Pbm yp}`x ehk`hkoy lvm flym` ak l `myj'flym` vmuhmw ae pbm liphuhphmy ilvvhm` a}p lk` vm~avpm` ak

fx KAVGL^GM yhkim pbm ~vmuha}y mulc}lphak# eai}yhko ak pbm ovlkpy eav liphaky iaumvhko6>>8!<># lk` ak emm`flij afplhkm` evag aumv 66> vm~vmymkplphumy ae ypljmbac`mvy avolkhylphaky#

hkic}`hko KAVGL^GM‘y yplee lk` mr~mvpy# Iagghyyhak aeehihlcy# pbm yplk`lv`hylphak fa`hmy#YGM vm~vmymkplphumy lp M}va~mlk lk` klphaklc cmumcy lk` l yglcc k}gfmv ae apbmv vmcmulkp lipavy+

^vhkih~lc ehk`hkoy

Pbm vmy}cpy ae pbm yp}`x blum ybawk pblp KAVGL^GM bly gl`m yagm oaa` ~vaovmyy hk

hg~cmgmkphko pbm gldavhpx ae pbm vmiaggmk`lphaky ae pbm ~vmuha}y mulc}lphak# lk` hy kaw

iakyh`mvm` fx glkx ypljmbac`mvy pa fm l vmchlfcm# bmc~e}c# meemiphum lk` meehihmkp avolkhylphak#

lk` pblp hp hy ~mveavghko l ulc}lfcm vacm+ Pbm gldavhpx ae iakpvhf}pavy pa pbhy yp}`x lcya iakyh`mvpbm ymvuhimy ~vauh`m` fx KAVGL^GM pa fm ae bhob vmcmulkim lk` }phchpx pa YGMy+

Glkx ae pbm vmiaggmk`lphaky ae pbm ~vmuha}y mulc}lphak vmclpm` pa pbm kmm` eav KAVGL^GM pawavj hk l gavm iacclfavlphum lk` iakypv}iphum wlx whpb lcc vmcmulkp ypljmbac`mvy# lk` pa hkivmlym

hpy vm~vmymkplphumkmyy+ _m blum iakic}`m` pblp KAVGL^GM bly gl`m yagm ~vaovmyy hk pbhy

vmolv`# lk` blum bhobchobpm` l k}gfmv ae y~mihehi liphaky pblp wmvm `myhokm` pa hg~vaum hpyvmclphakybh~y whpb pbm yplk`lv`hylphak fa`hmy# lk` whpb M]' lk` klphaklc'cmumc lyyaihlphaky

vm~vmymkphko YGMy# ~lvphi}clvcx pbaym pblp `a kap eavg ~lvp ae KAVGL^GM‘y gmgfmvybh~+

Pbm emm`flij y}oomypy pblp pbmym meeavpy blum fmmk wmciagm` lk` blum bmc~m` pa ypvmkopbmk

KAVGL^GM‘y ~ayhphak lk` hpy lfhchpx pa iaa~mvlpm meemiphumcx whpb l clvomv k}gfmv ae lipavy+

KAVGL^GM‘y vmclphakybh~y pa apbmv lipavy lvm ae imkpvlc hg~avplkim fmil}ym# ly l yglccavolkhylphak pblp hy fmhko lyjm` pa ~mveavg l umvx yhokhehilkp vacm# hp kmm`y pa wavj whpb apbmvy hk

av`mv pa fm meemiphum+ Ilccy eav KAVGL^GM pa ypvmkopbmk lk` mrpmk` hpy vmclphakybh~y vmclpm` hkclvom ~lvp pa pbm kmm` eav KAVGL^GM pa hg~vaum hpy muh`mkim flym lk` pbmvmfx mkblkim pbm

eai}y lk` ~apmkix ae hpy hkpmvumkphaky+ Yac}phaky pa h`mkphehm` ~vafcmgy lcya blum pa fm

`mumca~m` lk` `mchumvm` hk iakd}kiphak whpb av pbva}ob apbmv fa`hmy# lk` whpba}p ypvako

~lvpkmvybh~y KAVGL^GM‘y lfhchpx pa gmmp hpy afdmiphumy hk pbhy vmolv` wa}c` fm gavm chghpm`+



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Pbm ~vmuha}y mulc}lphak pbmvmeavm lyjm` KAVGL^GM pa wavj whpb apbmvy pa fmppmv `mehkm pbm

px~my ae y}~~avp lk` hkeavglphak kmm`m` fx YGMy# pa `mpmvghkm wbhib ~lvpy ae pbm YGM

iagg}khpx wmvm gayp hk kmm` ae lyyhyplkim# lk` pa }ym pbhy hkeavglphak pa hg~vaum pbm eai}y ae

hpy hkpmvumkphaky+ Pbm vmy}cpy ae pbm yp}`x blum ybawk pblp KAVGL^GM bly gl`m akcx l yglcc

lga}kp ae ~vaovmyy hk pbmym vmy~mipy+ Pbhy hy hk ~lvp fmil}ym IMK lk` IMKMCMI hkhphlpm` lgldav ~vadmip hk 6>>8 pa vmymlvib YGMy‘ liimyy pa yplk`lv`hylphak lk` pa `mumca~ lk` hg~cmgmkp

l~~va~vhlpm yac}phaky# lk` pbhy pa yagm mrpmkp afuhlpm` pbm kmm` eav KAVGL^GM‘y awk

hkumypholphaky+ _m kapm pblp KAVGL^GM bly ~lvphih~lpm` liphumcx hk pbm IMK'ICI ~vadmip lk`pbhy hy l oaa` mrlg~cm ae pbm gavm liphum lk` ~ayhphum iaa~mvlphak pblp kaw mrhypy fmpwmmk

KAVGL^GM lk` pbm yplk`lv`hylphak fa`hmy+ KAVGL^GM‘y cml`hko vacm hk pbm `mumca~gmkplk` ~vagaphak ae l IMK'ICI O}h`m pa bmc~ yplk`lv`y wvhpmvy pa mky}vm pblp pbmhv a}p~}py lvm

‒YGM evhmk`cx‘ bly lcya fmmk mkavga}ycx bmc~e}c hk pbhy vmolv`+

Ymumvlc vmiaggmk`lphaky evag pbm ~vmuha}y mulc}lphak bhobchobpm` pbm kmm` eav KAVGL^GM pa

hg~vaum hpy iagg}khilphak liphuhphmy lk` wm iakic}`m pblp yagm ~ayhphum ~vaovmyy bly fmmk gl`m

hk l``vmyyhko ymumvlc ae pbaym vmiaggmk`lphaky+ KAVGL^GM kaw ~vauh`my l clvomv fa`x ae

hkeavglphum glpmvhlc plvompm` pa YGMy lk` hp bly vmimkpcx fmo}k pa gavm liphumcx ~vagapm pbmy}~~avp ymvuhimy pblp lvm lulhclfcm evag apbmv avolkhylphaky hk l``hphak pa hpy awk+ Pbmym lvm

hg~avplkp lk` ~ayhphum `mumca~gmkpy+Pbm ~vmuha}y mulc}lphak lcya vmiaggmk`m` pblp KAVGL^GM pljm ypm~y pa ypvmkopbmk pbm

gakhpavhko lk` vm~avphko ae hpy awk liphuhphmy# lk` lolhk wm blum fmmk lfcm pa vm~avp ak yagm~ayhphum ~vaovmyy+ KAVGL^GM bly hg~vaum` pbm mrpmkp pa wbhib hp bly fmmk iaccmiphko

emm`flij evag pbm YGM lyyaihlphaky pblp liimyy hpy ymvuhimy# lk` bly hg~vaum` imvplhk ly~mipy ae

pbm vm~avpy pblp hp ~vauh`my pa pbm Iagghyyhak+

Pbm ehklc vmiaggmk`lphak ae pbm ~vmuha}y mulc}lphak lyjm` pbm Iagghyyhak pa hkivmlym pbm

ehklkihlc y}~~avp hp ~vauh`my pa KAVGL^GM pa lccaw hp pa hg~cmgmkp pbm vmiaggmk`lphaky+ _m

ilk iakehvg pblp l``hphaklc e}k`hko bly fmmk ~vauh`m` pa KAVGL^GM lk` pblp g}ib ae pbhy bly

fmmk }ym` pa }k`mv~hk pbm hg~vaumgmkpy pblp blum fmmk gl`m+

_bhcm a}v aumvlcc iakic}yhaky lvm ~ayhphum# pbhy yp}`x bly h`mkphehm` l k}gfmv ae lvmly wbmvm pbmvmiaggmk`lphaky ae pbm ~vmuha}y mulc}lphak blum kap xmp fmmk e}ccx l``vmyym`+ _m blum lcya

`mumca~m` l vmuhym` }k`mvyplk`hko ae pbm gayp hg~avplkp hg~vaumgmkpy pblp KAVGL^GM kmm`ypa gljm gauhko eavwlv`+

Vmiaggmk`lphaky eav ypvmkopbmkhko KAVGL^GM‘y vacm hk pbm e}p}vm

Pvlky~lvmkix

_m blum iakic}`m` pblp pbmvm vmglhky l yhokhehilkp cmumc ae iake}yhak lfa}p KAVGL^GM‘y vacm

lk` l clij ae pvlky~lvmkix y}vva}k`hko glkx ly~mipy ae hpy a~mvlphaky# lk` pblp pbhy chghpy pbm

mrpmkp pa wbhib KAVGL^GM hy }k`mvypaa` lk` e}ccx liim~pm` fx pbm wh`mv iagg}khpx+ Glkx

ypljmbac`mvy `a kap e}ccx }k`mvyplk` pbm vacm lk` ghyyhak ae KAVGL^GM lk` wblp pbmehklkihko ~vauh`m` fx pbm Iagghyyhak hy hkpmk`m` pa libhmum+ Hk l``hphak# pbmvm hy iakyh̀ mvlfcmiake}yhak y}vva}k`hko KAVGL^GM‘y `}lc vacmy ly "h( l gmgfmvybh~'flym` fa`x# wbhib mrhypy

pa ymvum pbm kmm`y ae hpy gmgfmvy# lk` "hh( ly lk avolkhylphak plyjm` fx pbm Iagghyyhak pay}~~avp pbm kmm`y ae lcc YGMy hk pbm lvml ae M}va~mlk yplk`lv`hylphak# hvvmy~miphum ae

KAVGL^GM‘y eavglc lcchlkimy+ Glkx ypljmbac`mvy lvm }kicmlv ly pa wblp pbhy hg~chmy ly

vmolv`y wbaym kmm`y KAVGL^GM hy lip}lccx ymvuhko# fapb hk ~vhkih~cm lk` hk ~vliphim# lk` wm

fmchmum hp hy hg~avplkp eav pbhy hyy}m pa fm iclvhehm`+ _m blum pbmvmeavm hyy}m` pbm eaccawhko

vmiaggmk`lphaky4… Pbm Iagghyyhak lk` KAVGL^GM yba}c` ~vauh`m l icmlv ~}fchi yplpmgmkp iakimvkhko KAVGL^GM‘y vacm lk`

ghyyhak# ympphko a}p pbm y~mihehi afdmiphumy pblp KAVGL^GM hy ~}vy}hko lk` eav wbhib hp hy vmimhuhko ~}fchiehklkihko



hhh

… Pbm Iagghyyhak paompbmv whpb KAVGL^GM yba}c` ~vauh`m l icmlv ~}fchi yplpmgmkp ly pa wba hp hy pblp

KAVGL^GM hy vm~vmymkphko# lk` wbmpbmv gmgfmvybh~ ae KAVGL^GM àmy av àmy kap cml` pa `heemvmkphlc cmumcyae liimyy pa hpy ymvuhimy lk` hkec}mkim aumv hpy liphuhphmy

Iake}yhak aumv KAVGL^GM‘y vacm lk` wbaym kmm`y hp hy ymvuhko lvm iag~a}k`m` fx pbm elippblp hpy `mihyhak gljhko ~vaimyymy lvm kap pvlky~lvmkp+ Hp hy hg~avplkp pblp KAVGL^GM‘y

vmya}vimy lvm `m~caxm` hk l wlx pblp glrhghymy pbm l``m '̀ulc}m pblp pbmx ilk fvhko lk` pblp pbmxiag~cmgmkp pbm meeavpy ae apbmv lipavy# lk` ly y}ib hp hy hg~avplkp pblp ypljmbac`mvy lvm e}ccx

hkuacum` hk `mihyhaky iakimvkhko pbm klp}vm lk` eai}y ae KAVGL^GM‘y liphuhphmy+ Hp hy lcya

hg~avplkp pblp KAVGL^GM hy ymmk pa fm iaky}cphko ~va~mvcx lk` pblp pbm `mihyhaky hp pljmy lvm

flym` ak hk~}py evag vmcmulkp ypljmbac`mvy# wavjm` a}p pbva}ob yagm eavg ae iakymky}y f}hc`hko

~vaimyy+ Pbm emm`flij iaccmipm` pbva}ob pbhy yp}`x lk` a}v awk lyymyygmkpy blum bhobchobpm`

pbm kmm` eav KAVGL^GM pa a~mvlpm hk l g}ib gavm pvlky~lvmkp lk` ‒muh`mkim'flym`‘ wlx# lk`

wm blum pbmvmeavm ~}p eavwlv` pbm eaccawhko omkmvlc lk` y~mihehi vmiaggmk`lphaky4… KAVGL^GM yba}c` `mumca~ lk` hg~cmgmkp icmlv lk` pvlky~lvmkp ~vaimyymy pa `mgakypvlpm pblp hpy liphuhphmy lk`

`mihyhaky lvm `hvmipcx hkeavgm` fx pbm hkpmvmypy lk` whybmy ae pbm iagg}khphmy hp vm~vmymkpy

… KAVGL^GM yba}c` myplfchyb akm av gavm ‒ypljmbac`mv‘ iagghppmmy pa hkeavg `mihyhaky vmolv`hko pbm flclkim ae hpyliphuhphmy lk` pbm l~~valibmy lk` ~vaim`}vmy hp eaccawy hk ilvvxhko a}p hpy wavj

… KAVGL^GM yba}c` `mumca~ lk` hg~cmgmkp icmlv# iag~vmbmkyhum lk` pvlky~lvmkp ~vaimyymy eav iaky}cplphak#

iakymky}y f}hc`hko lk` ~ayhphak eavglphak pblp hkuacum lcc vmcmulkp ypljmbac`mvy+ Hp yba}c` lcya mky}vm pblp pbm~ayhphaky là~pm` lvm gl`m ~}fchicx lulhclfcm lk` hkic}`m icmlv hkeavglphak ak baw pbaym ~ayhphaky wmvm lvvhum` lplk` wbhib avolkhylphaky iakpvhf}pm` pa pbmhv eavglphak

Eai}y ae KAVGL^GM‘y liphuhphmy

Hk l``hphak pa pbm omkmvlc hg~vaumgmkpy vmiaggmk`m` lfaum# wm blum h`mkphehm` gavm y~mihehilvmly wbmvm pbm flclkim ae KAVGL^GM‘y liphuhphmy yba}c` fm l`d}ypm` av ~clim` ak l gavm

pvlky~lvmkp flyhy+ Pbm ehvyp hyy}m iakimvky pbm mrpmkp pa wbhib KAVGL^GM ~vagapmy kmolphum

vlpbmv pblk ~ayhphum hglomy ae M}va~mlk yplk`lv`hylphak+ Glkx ypljmbac`mvy fmchmum pblp

KAVGL^GM yphcc àmy kap à mka}ob pa ~vagapm pbm ~ayhphum fmkmehpy ae yplk`lv`hylphak pa

YGMy# lk` pblp gayp ae pbm gmyylomy hp ymk`y a}p lvm chjmcx pa `hyia}vlom vlpbmv pblk mkia}vlompbmhv }ym fx YGMy+ Hp hy icmlvcx hg~avplkp eav KAVGL^GM pa bhobchobp hyy}my lk` ~vafcmgy lk`

pa `mumca~ ~vliphilc yac}phaky# f}p pbmym meeavpy kmm` pa fm flclkim` fx l gavm iakimvpm` meeavp pa

mkia}vlom YGMy pa }ym yplk`lv`y lk` fmiagm hkuacum` hk yplk`lv`hylphak lp klphaklc cmumc+ _mblum pbmvmeavm hyy}m` pbm eaccawhko vmiaggmk`lphaky4… KAVGL^GM yba}c` `muapm l ovmlpmv ~va~avphak ae hpy aumvlcc meeavp pa "h( ~vagaphko ~ayhphum gmyylomy lfa}p pbm

f}yhkmyy fmkmehpy ae yplk`lv`y# lk` "hh( mkia}vlohko YGMy lk` pbmhv vm~vmymkplphumy pa ~lvphih~lpm hk pbm

yplk`lv`hylphak ~vaimyy lp klphaklc cmumc+ Pbm a~phglc wlxy lk` gmlky eav àhko pbhy yba}c` fm lovmm` hk iakd}kiphakwhpb pbm MYAy# KYFy lk` lyyaihlphaky vm~vmymkphko YGMy

… KAVGL^GM yba}c` wavj whpb pbm KYFy pa `mumca~ l ‒gl~‘ ae YGM vm~vmymkplphum fa`hmy lp klphaklc lk` ymipavlccmumcy# lk` pbmk wavj whpb pbaym vm~vmymkplphumy pa h`mkphex yhokhehilkp ol~y hk YGM mkolomgmkp+ KAVGL^GMyba}c` pbmk }ym pbhy hkeavglphak pa plvomp hpy lwlvmkmyy vlhyhko liphuhphmy hk pbm lvmly ae ovmlpmyp h`mkphehm` kmm`

Lkapbmv lvml ae iakimvk bhobchobpm` fx pbm ~vmuha}y mulc}lphak iakimvkm` pbm flclkim ae

KAVGL^GM‘y mr~mvp vm~vmymkplphak hk PIy# wbhib wly pba}obp fx glkx pa clij iabmvmkim+

Pbhy hy l ~ayhphumcx vmolv`m` liphuhpx# f}p hp iaky}gmy pbm gldavhpx ae KAVGL^GM‘y a~mvlphaklc

mr~mk`hp}vm lk` ya hp hy uhplc pblp mr~mvpy lvm ~clim` ak pbm ‒bhobmyp ~vhavhpx‘ iagghppmmy eav

YGMy+ ]keavp}klpmcx pbm vmiaggmk`lphak ae pbm ~vmuha}y mulc}lphak pblp KAVGL^GM ~mveavg

l vaf}yp lklcxyhy ae wbmvm vm~vmymkplphak hy gayp kmm`m` lk` pbmk }ym pblp lklcxyhy pa l`d}yp pbm

flclkim bly kap fmmk l`m|}lpmcx l``vmyym`+ _m blum pbmvmeavm hyy}m` pbm eaccawhko

vmiaggmk`lphak4… KAVGL^GM yba}c` }k`mvpljm l iaky}cplphak mrmvihym pa h`mkphex pbm PIy pblp gayp vm|}hvm l``hphaklc YGM

vm~vmymkplphak lk` yba}c` }ym pbm vmy}cpy pa liphumcx vmiv}hp YGM mr~mvpy hk pbm lvmly ae ovmlpmyp kmm`+ Hk l``hphak#KAVGL^GM yba}c` }k`mvpljm iaky}cplphaky pa ypvmkopbmk hpy awk lyymyygmkp ae pbm ~mveavglkim ae mrhyphko mr~mvpy

Vmclphakybh~y



hu

_bhcm KAVGL^GM bly gl`m oaa` ~vaovmyy hk ypvmkopbmkhko hpy vmclphakybh~y hk l k}gfmv ae

hg~avplkp vmy~mipy# imvplhk ly~mipy ae hpy fmbluha}v iakphk}m pa chghp hpy lfhchpx pa iaa~mvlpm ly

liphumcx lk` ~va`}iphumcx ly hp ia}c` whpb fapb pbm yplk`lv`hylphak fa`hmy lk` apbmv M]'cmumc

lyyaihlphaky vm~vmymkphko YGMy+ Hk ~lvphi}clv KAVGL^GM àmy kap lcwlxy ohum pbmym

avolkhylphaky pbm vmiaokhphak pbmx `mymvum ly vmolv`y pbmhv vacm hk y}~~avphko YGMy+ Hk l``hphak#KAVGL^GM hy yagmphgmy ymmk pa blum }kvmlchyphi mr~miplphaky lk` gljm `mglk`y pblp lvm

yhg~cx kap ~vliphilc av vmlchyphi+ Hp hy a}v uhmw pblp l gavm ga`mvlpm lk` iakypv}iphum l~~valib

ak pbm ~lvp ae KAVGL^GM whcc ypvmkopbmk vlpbmv pblk chghp hpy hkec}mkim+ _m blum pbmvmeavmhyy}m` pbm eaccawhko vmiaggmk`lphaky4… KAVGL^GM yba}c` là~p l gavm ga`mvlpm lk` iakypv}iphum l~~valib hk hpy `mlchkoy whpb pbm yplk`lv`hylphak

fa`hmy# lk` yba}c` `muapm l ovmlpmv ~va~avphak ae hpy vmya}vimy pa pbm ia'`mumca~gmkp lk` ia'hg~cmgmkplphak ae ~vliphilc yac}phaky pblp whcc fmkmehp YGMy

… KAVGL^GM yba}c` vmà}fcm hpy meeavpy pa eavom icaymv lk` ypvakomv iaa~mvlphak whpb apbmv M]'cmumc hk`}ypvxlyyaihlphaky# lk` ohum ovmlpmv vmiaokhphak pa pbmhv hg~avplkp vacm hk vm~vmymkphko YGM hkpmvmypy whpbhk pbm M}va~mlkyplk`lv`hylphak yxypmg

Iagg}khilphaky

KAVGL^GM bly ypvmkopbmkm` hpy iagg}khilphak liphuhphmy hk l k}gfmv ae hg~avplkp vmy~mipy#

lk` pbmym blum fmmk bhobchobpm` hk a}v vm~avp+ Bawmumv# ohumk KAVGL^GM‘y imkpvlc vacm hkmkia}vlohko lk` mklfchko YGMy pa gljm fmppmv }ym ae yplk`lv`y lk` ~lvphih~lpm gavm liphumcx hk

yplk`lv`y `mumca~gmkp# hp hy uhplc pblp hpy iagg}khilphak liphuhphmy lvm ly ypvako lk` wmcc

avolkhym` ly ~ayyhfcm# lk` pblp hpy gmyylomy lvm ~vagapm` meemiphumcx+ ^vafcmgy whpb hpy iakplipy

`lplflym blum gmlkp pblp glkx ae hpy gmyylomy lvm kap vmlibhko pbmhv plvomp ova}~y# lk` l k}gfmv

ae hg~avplkp hg~vaumgmkpy pa KAVGL^GM‘y wmfyhpm l~~mlv wlvvlkpm`+ Hp hy lcya pbm ilym pblp

KAVGL^GM hy elhchko pa yblvm yagm ae pbm a}p~}py ae hpy wavj whpb pbhv` ~lvphmy# chghphko pbm

mrpmkp pa wbhib pbmx ilk gljm fmkmehp ae pbm hkeavglphak KAVGL^GM bly lp hpy `hy~aylc+ _m

blum pbmvmeavm hyy}m` l k}gfmv ae vmiaggmk`lphaky hk pbhy lvml ly eaccawy4… KAVGL^GM yba}c` pljm ypm~y pa f}hc` l yglccmv f}p gavm iag~cmpm iakplipy `lplflym iakplhkhko akcx klgm`

hk`huh`}lcy whpb wbhib hp bly l vmclphakybh~ lk` whpb wbhib hp iagg}khilpmy+ Ypm~y yba}c` fm pljmk pa mky}vm pblp hpy`lplflym iakplhky lcc ae pbm ehmc`y kmm`m` pa glklom hpy vmclphakybh~y meemiphumcx lk` pblp pbm hkeavglphak iakplhkm` hkmlib vmiav` hy iag~cmpm lk` hy }~`lpm` ak l vmo}clv flyhy

… KAVGL^GM yba}c` "h( `mehkm pbm px~my ae hkeavglphak pblp hp ilk gljm lulhclfcm# "hh( hkeavg lcc ae hpy iakplipy lfa}p

pbmym# "hh( myplfchyb wbhib iagg}khilphaky mlib iakplip whybmy pa vmimhum lk` hk wblp clko}lom# lk` "hu( ~vauh`m pbhyhkeavglphak hk chkm whpb pbaym vm|}mypy+ Hp yba}c` lcya pljm ypm~y pa `mumca~ lk` ̀ hypvhf}pm hkeavglphak pblp hyavolkhym` lcako gavm ymipav'y~mihehi chkmy

… KAVGL^GM yba}c` hg~vaum hpy wmfyhpm pbva}ob pbm ~vauhyhak ae l ymlvib elihchpx lk` yba}c` mky}vm pblp lcc ymiphakylvm jm~p vmo}clvcx }~ pa `lpm

… KAVGL^GM yba}c` f}hc` ak hpy hkhphlc meeavpy pa gavm liphumcx ~vagapm pbm y}~~avp ymvuhimy pblp pbm MYAy# KYFy

lk` YGM vm~vmymkplphumy "hkic}`hko hpymce( ilk ~vauh`m pa YGMy+ Hk ~lvphi}clv# KAVGL^GM yba}c` ivmlpm l`m`hilpm` ymiphak ak hpy wmfyhpm pblp ~vauh`my icmlv hkeavglphak pa YGMy lfa}p pbm y}~~avp ymvuhimy pblp lvm lulhclfcmlp M}va~mlk lk` klphaklc cmumcy

… KAVGL^GM yba}c` mky}vm pblp hpy wavj pa pvlij kmw ~achix `mumca~gmkpy leemiphko YGMy lp pbm M]'cmumc "~achihmy#

cmohyclphak# yplk`lv`hylphak( lvm ~va~mvcx ài}gmkpm` lk` iagg}khilpm` pa apbmv ~lvphmy ya pblp pbmx paa ilk fmkmehpevag lk` vmlip pa pbhy hkeavglphak

Glklomgmkp# gakhpavhko lk` vm~avphko

KAVGL^GM bly ypvmkopbmkm` yagm ly~mipy ae hpy glklomgmkp# gakhpavhko lk` vm~avphko# f}p

wm blum h`mkphehm` l k}gfmv ae wmljkmyymy pblp hkbhfhp hpy lfhchpx pa glklom hpy liphuhphmy ly

meemiphumcx lk` meehihmkpcx ly ~ayyhfcm+ _m lcya fmchmum hp wa}c` fm }yme}c eav KAVGL^GM pa

hkivmlym pbm mrpmkp pa wbhib hp gakhpavy pbm vmcmulkim lk` }phchpx ae hpy ymvuhimy# f}hc`hko ak yagm

oaa` ~vaovmyy pblp hp bly lcvml`x gl`m+ Ehklccx# wm ymm l umvx icmlv kmm` eav KAVGL^GM pahg~vaum pbm iclvhpx lk` iag~cmpmkmyy ae hpy vm~avpy pa pbm Iagghyyhak# wbhib yba}c` hk p}vk



u

mr~m`hpm pbm ~lxgmkpy pblp KAVGL^GM vmchmy }~ak+ _m blum pbmvmeavm hyy}m` pbm eaccawhko

vmiaggmk`lphaky4… KAVGL^GM yba}c` gljm e}vpbmv meeavpy pa ypvmkopbmk hpy glklomgmkp ~vaimyymy hk av`mv pa mklfcm hp pa `m~cax hpy

vmya}vimy gavm meemiphumcx lk` meehihmkpcx

… KAVGL^GM yba}c` hk e}p}vm iaccmip va}phkm "h+m+ lkk}lc( emm`flij evag lcc ae hpy iakyphp}mkpy pa lyymyy pbmhvylphyeliphak whpb pbm y}~~avp ymvuhimy lk` hkeavglphak pblp hp ~vauh`my

… KAVGL^GM yba}c` hg~vaum pbm iclvhpx lk` iag~cmpmkmyy ae hpy vm~avphko pa pbm Iagghyyhak# l``vmyyhko pbmulvha}y hyy}my h`mkphehm` hk pbhy vm~avp

E}p}vm ehklkihko

Pbhy yp}`x bly vmuhmwm` pbm a~phaky lulhclfcm pa pbm Iagghyyhak ly vmolv`y pbm e}p}vm ehklkihko

ae KAVGL^GM+ Flym` ak a}v lklcxyhy# wm blum iakic}`m` pblp lk a~mvlphko ovlkp wa}c` fm l

gavm l~~va~vhlpm lvvlkomgmkp pblk pbm i}vvmkp yxypmg ae ovlkpy eav liphaky+ Pbm clppmv lvm

hkpmk`m` pa fm }ym` eav ‒akm'aee liphaky‘ wbhcm a~mvlphko ovlkpy lvm }ym` pa ~vauh̀ m ehklkihlc

y}~~avp pawlv`y pbm mrhypmkim lk` e}kiphakhko ae l fa`x ~}vy}hko afdmiphumy pblp eavg ~lvp ae l

M] ~achix+ Ohumk KAVGL^GM‘y vacm lk` pbm akoahko klp}vm ae hpy liphuhphmy lk a~mvlphko ovlkp

hy pbm gavm y}hplfcm ehklkihko gmiblkhyg+L ywhpib pa lk a~mvlphko ovlkp `amy kap hg~cx lkx cayy ae glklomgmkp iakpvac ak pbm ~lvp ae pbmIagghyyhak aumv pbm liphuhphmy pblp hp ia'ehklkimy+ Pbm Iagghyyhak yba}c` akcx ia'ehklkim

pbaym ~lvpy ae KAVGL^GM‘y a~mvlphaky pblp iakpvhf}pm pa iagg}khpx ~achix afdmiphumy# lk` hp hy

l~~va~vhlpm# ohumk pbm chjmcx cmumc ae pbm ia'ehklkihko# pblp pbm Iagghyyhak yba}c` vmplhk l bhob

cmumc ae yiv}phkx aumv baw pbm gakmx hy fmhko }ym` lk` wblp hy fmhko libhmum` ly l vmy}cp+ _m

blum pbmvmeavm hyy}m` pbm eaccawhko vmiaggmk`lphak4… Hk e}p}vm pbm iagg}khpx ehklkihko ae KAVGL^GM yba}c` fm gl`m pbva}ob lk a~mvlphko ovlkp vlpbmv pblk pbva}ob

ovlkpy eav liphaky+ Eaccawhko pbhy iblkom# pbm Iagghyyhak yba}c` mky}vm pblp hp glhkplhky l bhob cmumc ae y}~mvuhyhakaumv pbm liphuhphmy vmimhuhko ia'ehklkihko

Pbm yp}`x bly lcya caajm` lp KAVGL^GM‘y f}yhkmyy ga`mc# hpy ehklkihlc uhlfhchpx lk` hpy lfhchpx

pa omkmvlpm hpy awk yblvm ae pbm ehklkihko kmm`m` pa ilvvx a}p hpy liphuhphmy+ A}v lklcxymy blumhk`hilpm` pblp KAVGL^GM‘y f}yhkmyy ga`mc hy kap vaf}yp# lk` pblp hp bly akcx umvx chghpm`

a~phaky eav lppvliphko vmumk}my evag apbmv ya}vimy pblp ilk fm }ym` pa ia'ehklkim pbm liphuhphmy+ Hp

hy pbmvmeavm chjmcx pblp KAVGL^GM whcc iakphk}m pa vmcx bmluhcx ak iagg}khpx ehklkihko eav

pbm eavmymmlfcm e}p}vm+ Bawmumv# }k`mv pbm pmvgy ae lk a~mvlphko ovlkp KAVGL^GM g}ypovl`}lccx vm`}im hpy vmchlkim ak Iagghyyhak ehklkihko# lk` ya pbmvm hy l kmm` eav KAVGL^GM

pa `a lcc hp ilk pa omkmvlpm hkivmlym` cmumcy ae ia'ehklkihko# xmlv'ak'xmlv+ _m blum pbmvmeavmhyy}m` pbm eaccawhko vmiaggmk`lphak4… KAVGL^GM yba}c` `mumca~ iakivmpm f}p vmlchyphi ~clky pa glrhghym hpy awk vmumk}my# hk av`mv pa mky}vm hp ilk

iakpvhf}pm hpy yblvm ae pbm iaypy ae pbm liphuhphmy+ KAVGL^GM‘y fmkmehihlvhmy yba}c` fm gl`m gavm lwlvm ae pbmehklkihko lvvlkomgmkpy }k`mv wbhib hp a~mvlpmy lk` pbm kmm` eav pbmg pa iakpvhf}pm pawlv`y hpy iaypy

Fmil}ym KAVGL^GM bly chghpm` yia~m pa omkmvlpm ~vhulpm vmumk}my hpy uhlfhchpx vmchmy akiakphk}m` ehklkihlc y}~~avp evag pbm Iagghyyhak+ Yagm iaggmkplpavy fmchmum pblp pbhy }kelhvcx

‒~vapmipy‘ KAVGL^GM evag glvjmp eavimy# lk` wbhcm pblp glx fm pv}m pa yagm mrpmkp# pbm

Iagghyyhak whcc akcx iakphk}m pa e}k` KAVGL^GM‘y liphuhphmy he hp bly lyy}vlkim pblp pbaym

liphuhphmy lvm kmimyylvx# }yme}c# meehihmkp lk` meemiphum+ Hp hy pbmvmeavm umvx hg~avplkp pblp

KAVGL^GM bly pbm iakeh`mkim lk` y}~~avp ae pbm wh`mv iagg}khpx lk` hp hy wbx pbm ~vmuha}y

mulc}lphak ’ lk` pbhy akm ’ bly eai}ym` hpy vmiaggmk`lphaky ya bmluhcx ak pbm kmm` eavKAVGL^GM pa f}hc` ypvako iacclfavlphum vmclphakybh~y# ypvmkopbmk hpy muh`mkim flym lk` pbm

eai}y ae hpy liphaky# iagg}khilpm meemiphumcx# lk` }cphglpmcx ~vauh`m pbm fmyp ~ayyhfcm ymvuhim pa

pbm YGM iagg}khphmy pblp hp ~ayyhfcx ilk+ Akcx pbva}ob pbmym va}pmy ilk hp ymi}vm pbm e}cc

iakeh`mkim ae pbm iagg}khpx lk` hk p}vk ymi}vm hpy awk e}p}vm+ _m whyb KAVGL^GM wmcc hk

hpy mk`mlua}vy lk` ba~m pblp pbhy vm~avp whcc fm ymmk ly iakypv}iphum lk` }yme}c hk pblp vmolv`+



uh



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<+ Iakic}yhaky lk ̀vmiaggmk`lphaky

<+< Hkpva`}iphak

Pbhy ymiphak ~vmymkpy a}v ~vhkih~lc iakic}yhaky lk` vmiaggmk`lphaky# flym` ak pbm hkeavglphakymp a}p hk pbm fa`x ae pbhy vm~avp+ _bhcm wm blum eai}ym` ak wblp wm iakyh`mv pa fm pbm gayp

hg~avplkp hyy}my# pbm vml`mv yba}c` kapm pblp Ymiphak Mvvav, Vmemvmkim ya}vim kap ea}k`+ iakplhky l yhokhehilkp fa`x ae gavm `mplhcm` hkeavglphak pblp wm fmchmum ilk lk` yba}c` fm }ym`

fx pbm Iagghyyhak lk` KAVGL^GM pa e}vpbmv a~phghym pbm meemiphumkmyy lk` meehihmkix ae pbm

hkpmvumkphak yibmgm+

<+6 Hg~cmgmkplphak ae pbm vmiaggmk`lphaky ae pbm ~vmuha}y mulc}lphak

<+6+< Aumvlcc iakic}yhak

Pbm glhk |}myphaky l``vmyym` fx pbhy yp}`x iakimvk pbm mrpmkp pa wbhib KAVGL^GM blyhg~cmgmkpm` pbm vmiaggmk`lphaky ae pbm ~vmuha}y mulc}lphak# lk` pbm mrpmkp pa wbhib pbm

liphuhphmy ilvvhm` a}p pa l``vmyy pbm vmiaggmk`lphaky blum fmmk meemiphum+ ]cphglpmcx wm blum

ya}obp pa `mpmvghkm wbmpbmv pbm lvmly eav hg~vaumgmkp h`mkphehm` hk pbm ~vmuha}y mulc}lphak blum

fmmk l``vmyym` lk` wbmpbmv l``hphaklc liphaky lvm kmm` hk av`mv pa e}vpbmv mkblkim

KAVGL^GM‘y meemiphumkmyy+

Ymiphak Mvvav, Vmemvmkim ya}vim kap ea}k`+ ae pbhy vm~avp ~vmymkpm` a}v lklcxyhy ae pbm

liphuhphmy pblp KAVGL^GM ilvvhm` a}p hk 6>>8!<># lk` Ymiphak Mvvav, Vmemvmkim ya}vim kap

ea}k`+ ~vmymkpm` a}v lyymyygmkp ae pbm mrpmkp pa wbhib KAVGL^GM bly# pbva}ob pbmym liphaky#hg~cmgmkpm` pbm vmiaggmk`lphaky ae pbm ~vmuha}y mulc}lphak wbhib# `}m pa pbmhv hkpmovlphak hk

pbm Evlgmwavj ^lvpkmvybh~ Lovmmgmkp yhokm` hk Glvib 6>>8# wmvm fhk`hko+ Hp yba}c` fm

vmgmgfmvm` pblp pbm ~vmuha}y mulc}lphak vm~avpm` hpy ehk`hkoy l~~varhglpmcx pwa xmlvy loa# lk`

pblp pbhy hy l vmclphumcx ybavp phgm evlgm hk wbhib pa glklom wblp hy l yhokhehilkp fa`x ae iblkomy+

_m yba}c` pbmvmeavm kap mr~mip KAVGL^GM pa blum fmmk lfcm pa `a mumvxpbhko# f}p hp hy

hg~avplkp pa iakyh`mv wbmpbmv hp bly fmo}k pa gljm ~vaovmyy lk` hy gauhko hk pbm vhobp `hvmiphaky+

Hp hy ak pbhy flyhy pblp a}v glhk iakic}yhaky blum fmmk `mumca~m`+

A}v aumvlcc iakic}yhak# flym` ak pbm hkeavglphak lp a}v `hy~aylc# hy pblp KAVGL^GM bly

gl`m yagm oaa` ~vaovmyy hk l``vmyyhko pbm gldavhpx ae pbm vmiaggmk`lphaky ae pbm

~vmuha}y mulc}lphak+ Fmcaw wm ~vauh̀ m gavm `mplhcm` iakic}yhaky# bhobchobphko pbm oaa`~vaovmyy pblp bly fmmk gl`m lk` h`mkphexhko lvmly wbmvm e}vpbmv liphak hy vm|}hvm`+ Y~mihehi

vmiaggmk`lphaky lvm hkic}`m` ly lk` wbmvm l~~va~vhlpm+

<+6+6 Vmiaggmk`lphaky vmclphko pa KAVGL^GM‘y iacclfavlphum vmclphakybh~y

L yhokhehilkp k}gfmv ae pbm vmiaggmk`lphaky ae pbm ~vmuha}y mulc}lphak vmclpm` pa pbm kmm` eavKAVGL^GM pa hg~vaum hpy iacclfavlphum vmclphakybh~y whpb pbm apbmv hg~avplkp lipavy hk pbm

yxypmg# kaplfcx pbm MYAy# KYFy lk` apbmv avolkhylphaky vm~vmymkphko YGMy lp M}va~mlk lk`

klphaklc cmumcy+ KAVGL^GM hy l yglcc avolkhylphak iblvom` whpb l umvx yhokhehilkp glk`lpm

lk` wm pbmvmeavm iakyh`mvm` hp hg~avplkp eav KAVGL^GM pa fm lfcm pa wavj iaa~mvlphumcx whpb

apbmv avolkhylphaky# fapb pa fmppmv }k`mvyplk` wbmvm lk` baw pa eai}y hpy liphuhphmy lk` pa liimyy

pbm mrpmvklc vmya}vimy vm|}hvm` pa hg~cmgmkp meemiphum yac}phaky+ Pbm kmm` eav hg~vaum`

iacclfavlphak wly# bawmumv# ychobpcx `heemvmkp hk mlib ilym+



6

Hk pbm ilym ae pbm MYAy< lk` pbm KYFy hp wly hg~avplkp eav KAVGL^GM pa }k`mvyplk` mrhyphko

y}~~avp gmly}vmy fmhko ~vauh`m` pa YGMy fx pbm yplk`lv`hylphak fa`hmy# lk` pa fmppmv }k`mvyplk`

pbm klp}vm lk` mrpmkp ae YGM mkolomgmkp hk yplk`lv`hylphak lp klphaklc cmumcy+ Hp wly lcya

kmimyylvx eav KAVGL^GM pa wavj whpb pbm yplk`lv`hylphak fa`hmy pa lovmm ~ayyhfcm l``hphaklc

gmly}vmy pblp wa}c` fmkmehp YGMy# lk` pa wavj paompbmv ak pbm hg~cmgmkplphak ae pbaymyac}phaky+ Bawmumv# hp wly l~~lvmkp lp pbm phgm ae pbm ~vmuha}y yp}`x pblp vmclphakybh~y fmpwmmk

KAVGL^GM lk` pbm yplk`lv`hylphak fa`hmy wmvm }k`mv yagm ypvlhk# eav l k}gfmv ae vmlyaky+

Ehvyp# pbm yplk`lv`hylphak fa`hmy emcp pblp KAVGL^GM wly lcgayp mric}yhumcx `muapm` pa pbmh`mkphehilphak lk` liphum ~vagaphak ae pbm ~vafcmgy lk` flvvhmvy elim` fx YGMy# lk` pblp ly l

vmy}cp hp iakumxm` l clvomcx ‒kmolphum‘ hglom ae pbm M}va~mlk yplk`lv`hylphak yxypmg+ Pbhy wlyiakyh`mvm` pa fm ia}kpmv'~va`}iphum# ly akm ae KAVGL^GM‘y ~vhglvx vacmy hy pa mkia}vlom

YGMy pa }ym yplk`lv`y lk` fmiagm hkuacum` hk yplk`lv`hylphak+ Lp pbm ylgm phgm hp wly emcp pblp

KAVGL^GM wly `ahko chppcm pa `mumca~ yac}phaky# lk` pblp hp yhg~cx `mglk`m` pblp pbm

yplk`lv`hylphak fa`hmy vmgm`x pbm yhp}lphak+ Yagm ae pbm iblkomy pblp KAVGL^GM ilccm` eav

wmvm iakyh`mvm` pa fm }kkmimyylvx# hg~vliphilc# }kleeav`lfcm# av ia}kpmv pa pbm klphaklc

`mcmolphak ~vhkih~cm ak wbhib pbm IMK lk` IMKMCMI yxypmgy lvm flym`+Hk pbm ilym ae apbmv lyyaihlphaky vm~vmymkphko YGMy# icaym iaa~mvlphak wly lolhk iakyh`mvm`

kmimyylvx hk av`mv eav KAVGL^GM pa ~va~mvcx }k`mvyplk` pbm klp}vm lk` mrpmkp ae YGMmkolomgmkp whpb yplk`lv`hylphak lk` pbmvmeavm baw fmyp pa avhmkp hpy awk liphuhphmy+

Iaggmkplpavy fmchmum` pblp KAVGL^GM yba}c` wavj gavm liphumcx pa }k`mvyplk` pbm yhp}lphaklp klphaklc cmumcy lk` hk `heemvmkp ymipavy# ly hp wly wh`mcx liim~pm` pblp YGM kmm`y lk` mrhyphko

cmumcy ae mkolomgmkp ulvx iakyh`mvlfcx+ KAVGL^GM wly iakyh`mvm` pa blum wmlj chkjy lp

klphaklc cmumc# wbhib wly ~mvbl~y kap y}v~vhyhko ohumk hpy awk yilcm# f}p hp wly kakmpbmcmyy emcp

pblp gavm ia}c` fm `akm# ~lvphi}clvcx he hp wavjm` hk iakimvp whpb pbm KYFy+ Lp pbm M}va~mlk

cmumc# wbhcm KAVGL^GM bl` ypvako vmclphakybh~y pa hpy awk gmgfmv lyyaihlphaky# hp wly icmlv

pblp vmclphakybh~y whpb apbmv M]'cmumc vm~vmymkplphum fa`hmy wmvm chghpm` lk` pblp KAVGL^GM

`h` kap blum pbm e}cc iakeh`mkim ae pbaym avolkhylphaky+ Pbhy cmep yhokhehilkp ‒ol~y‘ hk

KAVGL^GM‘y ymipavlc iaumvlom lk` }k`mvghkm` hpy iclhgy pa }k`mvyplk` ~va~mvcx lk`vm~vmymkp e}ccx YGM kmm`y ly l wbacm+

Aumvlcc wm iakic}`m pblp KAVGL^GM bly gl`m oaa` ~vaovmyy hk ypvmkopbmkhko hpyiacclfavlphum vmclphakybh~y whpb apbmv ypljmbac`mv avolkhylphaky+ Hp bly hg~cmgmkpm` l k}gfmv ae

`m`hilpm` liphaky pa ypvmkopbmk hpy vmclphakybh~y whpb KYFy lk` whpb apbmv YGM vm~vmymkplphumy lp

fapb M}va~mlk lk` klphaklc cmumcy+ Flym` ak pbm emm`flij afplhkm` hp hy lcya icmlv pblp

KAVGL^GM bly fmmk gljhko ypm~y pa wavj hk l gavm iaa~mvlphum lk` iakypv}iphum glkkmv

whpb pbmym apbmv fa`hmy+ Hk ~lvphi}clv pbm eaccawhko ly~mipy ae KAVGL^GM‘y wavj aumv pbm ~lyp

pwa xmlvy yba}c` fm bhobchobpm`4

… KAVGL^GM‘y ~valiphum meeavpy pa gmmp whpb Klphaklc Yplk`lv`y Fa`hmy hk av`mv pa mkblkimiaa~mvlphak+ Pbmym uhyhpy wmvm wmcc vmimhum` f}p pbm KYFy pblp wmvm kap iaumvm` fx pbm

liphak emcp pblp KAVGL^GM yba}c` blum vmlibm` a}p pa pbmg lcya+ Bawmumv# pbhy yhp}lphakl~~mlvy pa blum fmmk vmgm`hm` hk vmimkp gakpby lk` wm blum `hyimvkm` l gavm ~ayhphum

‒lpgay~bmvm‘ fmpwmmk KAVGL^GM lk` pbm KYFy ly l vmy}cp+ A}v |}myphakklhvm y}vumxea}k` pblp 2>- ae vmy~ak`mkpy fmchmum pblp KAVGL^GM bly hg~vaum` hpy iacclfavlphak whpb

KYFy pa l gm`h}g'bhob mrpmkp

… KAVGL^GM‘y imkpvlc vacm hk IMK!FP _O 6>2# wbhib `mumca~m` l o}h`m pa bmc~ yplk`lv`y

wvhpmvy `mumca~ yplk`lv`y gavm lpp}km` pa pbm kmm`y ae YGMy+ KAVGL^GM bly fmmk

< Pbmym iaggmkpy vmclpm ~vhglvhcx pa IMK lk` IMKMCMI+



9

wh`mcx l~~cl}`m` eav hpy imkpvlc vacm hk pbhy hkhphlphum lk` hp ymvumy ly l oaa` mrlg~cm ae

KAVGL^GM‘y hkivmlyhko whcchkokmyy pa wavj iakypv}iphumcx whpb pbm yplk`lv`hylphak fa`hmy

ak pbm `mumca~gmkp ae yac}phaky

… KAVGL^GM‘y ~lvphih~lphak hk pbm IMK'ICI liimyy ~vadmip wbhib bly vmymlvibm` pbm

flvvhmvy elihko YGMy lk` `mumca~m` l paacjhp ae yac}phaky+ KAVGL^GM hy ~lvphih~lphko hkpbm _O aumvymmhko pbm hg~cmgmkplphak ae pbhy ~vadmip lk` hy cml`hko ak pbm hg~cmgmkplphak ae

yagm ae pbm h`mkphehm` yac}phaky+ Lolhk pbhy yplk`y ly l ~ayhphum mrlg~cm ae KAVGL^GM‘y

hg~vaum` iaa~mvlphak whpb pbm MYAy lk` KYFy

… Iakphk}lphak ae KAVGL^GM‘y omkmvlccx ~ayhphum iacclfavlphak whpb MPYH# wbhib bly fmmk

e}vpbmv ypvmkopbmkm` pbva}ob pbm wavj ae pwa KAVGL^GM mr~mvpy mlib ae wbhib hy gljhko

lk mrpvmgmcx ~ayhphum iakpvhf}phak pa }k`mvyplk`hko ae YGM hyy}my lk` pa `hyi}yyhaky ae

~ayyhfcm yac}phaky

… KAVGL^GM‘y ~valiphum meeavpy pa gmmp whpb apbmv M]'cmumc vm~vmymkplphumy lk` mkblkim pbm

iaa~mvlphak+ _bhcm l k}gfmv ae elhvcx yhokhehilkp flvvhmvy pa e}cc iaa~mvlphak vmglhk# pbm

gmmphkoy wmvm omkmvlccx wmcc vmimhum` lk` hp bly fmmk hg~avplkp eav KAVGL^GM pa fmohkpa vmlib a}p pa pbmym avolkhylphaky+ A}v |}myphakklhvm y}vumx ea}k` pblp ?8- ae vmy~ak`mkpy

fmchmum` pblp KAVGL^GM bly hg~vaum` hpy iacclfavlphak whpb apbmv vm~vmymkplphumy ae

YGMy pa l gm`h}g'bhob mrpmkp

_bhcm ~vaovmyy aumvlcc bly fmmk oaa`# l k}gfmv ae hyy}my blum fmmk h`mkphehm` pblp blum chghpm`

KAVGL^GM‘y lfhchpx pa gljm ly g}ib ~vaovmyy ly wm ghobp blum ba~m`+ Pbm hyy}my lvm

y}gglvhym` fmcaw# lk` lvm liiag~lkhm` fx y~mihehi vmiaggmk`lphaky pblp wm fmchmum whcc bmc~

pa ypvmkopbmk kap akcx vmclphaky f}p lcya pbm aumvlcc meemiphumkmyy ae KAVGL^GM‘y iakpvhf}phak+

KAVGL^GM‘y iacclfavlphaky whpb yplk`lv`hylphak fa`hmy lk` hk ~lvphi}clv IMK lk` hpygmgfmvy

Pbm ehvyp gldav hyy}m iakimvky pbm mrpmkp pa wbhib KAVGL^GM ~vagapmy kmolphum vlpbmv pblk~ayhphum gmyylomy lfa}p M}va~mlk yplk`lv`hylphak+ Pbhy wly bhobchobpm` hk pbm ~vmuha}y yp}`x#

lk` vmy}cpm` hk l y~mihehi vmiaggmk`lphak pblp KAVGL^GM à gavm pa bmc~ pa ~vagapm pbm }ym

ae yplk`lv`y fx YGMy# l vm|}hvmgmkp pblp wly y}fym|}mkpcx mkpmvm` hkpa pbm Evlgmwavj

^lvpkmvybh~ Lovmmgmkp yhokm` hk Glvib 6>>86+ Lk lijkawcmòm` flvvhmv pblp YGMy elim vmclpmy

pa pbmhv caw cmumc ae lwlvmkmyy ae yplk`lv`y lk` pbm f}yhkmyy fmkmehpy pblp pbmx ilk fvhko+ Pbm

yplk`lv`hylphak fa`hmy lcc whyb pa ymm lk hkivmlym hk pbm k}gfmv ae YGMy gljhko }ym ae yplk`lv`y

lk` ymm hp ly l imkpvlc ~lvp ae KAVGL^GM‘y ghyyhak pa bmc~ pbmg pa liphumcx ~vagapm pbm

~ayhphum fmkmehpy ae M}va~mlk yplk`lv`y+ Evag pbmhv ~mvy~miphum# kap mka}ob bly iblkom` hk pbhyvmolv`# lk` wbhcm KAVGL^GM bly hg~vaum` pbm mrpmkp pa wbhib hp wavjy whpb pbm

yplk`lv`hylphak fa`hmy pa l``vmyy h`mkphehm` ~vafcmgy# KAVGL^GM yphcc `muapmy pbm ulyp

gldavhpx ae hpy mkmvohmy pa bhobchobphko ~vafcmgy# whpb pbm vmy}cp pblp hpy ~avpvlxlc ae M}va~mlkyplk`lv`hylphak iakphk}my pa fm myymkphlccx kmolphum+ Pbmx emmc l gavm ~ayhphum ymp ae gmyylomy

yba}c` fm ~vagapm` fx KAVGL^GM# lk` pblp hp yba}c` `muapm gavm ae hpy vmya}vimy pa mky}vhko

pblp YGM iagg}khphmy lvm lwlvm ae pbm a~~avp}khphmy pblp ilk fm olhkm` fx }yhko yplk`lv`y+ Pbhy

àmy kap chghp KAVGL^GM‘y lfhchpx pa h`mkphex lk` bmc~ pa vmyacum flvvhmvy lk` ~vafcmgy# f}p

hkemvy hkypml` l gavm flclkim` l~~valib+

6 Pbm Evlgmwavj ^lvpkmvybh~ Lovmmgmkp icmlvcx yph~}clpmy pblp pbm lhg hy –pa ~vagapm pbm ~lvphih~lphak ae YGMy lk` ivlep mkpmv~vhymy lk` pbmhv

hkpmvmypy hk pbm M}va~mlk yplk`lv`hylphak ~vaimyy# ly wmcc ly pa hg~vaum YGM lk` ivlep mkpmv~vhymy‘ hkeavglphak ak# lk` }ym ae M}va~mlk

yplk`lv`y lk` pa ybaw pbmg pbm fmkmehpy ae }yhko yplk`lv`y‗+



0

Pbm yplk`lv`hylphak fa`hmy wmvm kap pbm akcx ypljmbac`mvy pa vlhym pbhy hyy}m+ L yglcc f}p

yhokhehilkp k}gfmv ae iaggmkplpavy evag apbmv ova}~y# hkic}`hko YGM lyyaihlphaky# wa}c` chjm

pa ymm KAVGL^GM àhko gavm pa ~vagapm pbm }ym ae yplk`lv`y fx YGMy+ _m lovmm whpb pbhy

~va~ayhphak eav l k}gfmv ae vmlyaky+ Ehvyp# yplk`lv`y lvm kap ‒hg~aym`‘ ak YGMy ’ pbmx lvm l

uac}kplvx paac pblp ilk fm }ym` pa bmc~ f}yhkmyymy gmmp cmohyclphum vm|}hvmgmkpy av pa apbmvwhymhg~vaum lk` lyy}vm pbm ~mveavglkim lk` iag~lphfhchpx ae pbmhv ~va`}ipy lk` ymvuhimy+ YGMy à

kap blum pa }ym yplk`lv`y# f}p pbm f}yhkmyy fmkmehpy ae àhko ya lvm icmlv# lk` lcpmvklphum va}pmy pa

iag~chlkim whpb cmohyclphak lvm wh`mcx lijkawcmòm` pa fm gavm iaypcx lk` akmva}y+ Ymiak`#pbm vlphaklcm eav ~}fchicx ehklkihko lk avolkhylphak y}ib ly KAVGL^GM hy pblp YGMy à kap

}ym yplk`lv`y ly g}ib ly hy yaihlccx `myhvlfcm# ~lvpcx `}m pa flvvhmvy pa liimyy f}p lcya ~lvpcx pacaw lwlvmkmyy ae pbm fmkmehpy+ L eai}y akcx ak pbm ~vafcmgy lk` flvvhmvy lk` lk liphum

~vagaphak ae pbmym hk pbm lfymkim ae lkx ymvha}y ~vagaphak ae pbm fmkmehpy hy ia}kpmv'~va`}iphum

pa pbm aumvlcc ghyyhak+

_m fmchmum pblp ~lvp ae pbm ~vafcmg bmvm chmy whpb l clij ae iclvhpx aumv KAVGL^GM‘y ghyyhak+

Lp ulvha}y ~ahkpy hk pbhy vm~avp wm blum bhobchobpm` ~vafcmgy vmclphko pa pbm elip pblp apbmv

ypljmbac`mvy lvm }kicmlv ly pa KAVGL^GM‘y vacm lk` vmy~akyhfhchphmy# hpy afdmiphumy# lk` hpywavjhko ~vaim`}vmy+ _m lovmm pblp pbhy hy kap y}eehihmkpcx icmlv lk` wm pbmvmeavm gljm pbm

eaccawhko vmiaggmk`lphaky4

<+ Pbm Iagghyyhak lk` KAVGL^GM yba}c` ~vauh`m l icmlv ~}fchi yplpmgmkp iakimvkhko

KAVGL^GM‘y vacm lk` ghyyhak# ympphko a}p pbm y~mihehi afdmiphumy pblp KAVGL^GM

hy ~}vy}hko lk` eav wbhib hp hy vmimhuhko ~}fchi ehklkihko

6+ KAVGL^GM yba}c` `muapm l ovmlpmv ~va~avphak ae hpy aumvlcc meeavp pa "h( ~vagaphko

~ayhphum gmyylomy lfa}p pbm f}yhkmyy fmkmehpy ae yplk`lv`y# lk` "hh( mkia}vlohko YGMy

lk` pbmhv vm~vmymkplphumy pa ~lvphih~lpm hk pbm yplk`lv`hylphak ~vaimyy lp klphaklc cmumc+

Pbm a~phglc wlxy lk` gmlky eav àhko pbhy yba}c` fm lovmm` hk iakd}kiphak whpb pbm

MYAy# KYFy lk` YGM lyyaihlphaky

Pbm ymiak` gldav flvvhmv pa hg~vaum` iacclfavlphak lk` iaa~mvlphak fmpwmmk KAVGL^GM lk`pbm yplk`lv`hylphak fa`hmy# av gavm y~mihehilccx IMK lk` IMKMCMI# iakimvky KAVGL^GM‘y

yagmwblp ghrm` uhmwy ak pbm klphaklc `mcmolphak ~vhkih~cm+ Ak pbm akm blk` KAVGL^GM

ymmgy pa liim~p pblp pbm klphaklc `mcmolphak ~vhkih~cm hy lk meemiphum gmlky pbva}ob wbhib YGMy

ilk ~lvphih~lpm hk M}va~mlk yplk`lv`y `mumca~gmkp lp vmclphumcx caw iayp# cailccx lk` hk pbmhv

klphaklc clko}lom+ _bhcm pbm yplk`lv`hylphak fa`hmy lovmm pblp bhobmv ~lvphih~lphak fx YGMy lp

klphaklc cmumc hy `myhvlfcm lk` kmimyylvx hk yagm lvmly "lk` wa}c` wmciagm KAVGL^GM‘y

y}~~avp hk bmc~hko pbhy pa bl~~mk(# KAVGL^GM ymmgy aepmk pa iblccmkom pbm klphaklc

`mcmolphak ~vhkih~cm "m+o+ fx lyjhko eav l KAVGL^GM uapm pblp ia}c` fm }ym` pa iblccmkom pbmiakymky}y lvvhum` lp hk PIy( lk` `hy~clxy l clij ae }k`mvyplk`hko hk vmclphak pa hp "m+o+ fx elhchko

pa }k`mvyplk` pblp IMK lk` IMKMCMI PIy lvm iag~vhym` ae klphaklc `mcmolphaky pblp vm~vmymkpl klphaklc ~ayhphak vlpbmv pblk fx vm~vmymkplphumy ae y~mihehi px~my ae avolkhylphak(+

KAVGL^GM‘y liphaky pa ~clim YGM mr~mvpy hk IMK!ICI PIy pa yagm mrpmkp lcvml`x oamy

lolhkyp pbm klphaklc `mcmolphak ~vhkih~cm# f}p hp bly fmmk liim~pm` fx pbm pwa MYAy lk` bly fmmk

ybawk pa fvhko yagm hg~avplkp fmkmehpy+ Hp yba}c`# bawmumv# fm uhmwm` ly l ybavp'pmvg ~lcchlphum

gmly}vm wbhcm pbm vmlc f}yhkmyy ae mky}vhko ypvakomv ~lvphih~lphak fx YGMy hk klphaklc ghvvav

iagghppmmy hy l``vmyym`+

Pbm pbhv` gldav flvvhmv pa hg~vaum` iacclfavlphak lk` iaa~mvlphak whpb pbm yplk`lv`hylphak fa`hmy

iakimvky wblp yagm ymm ly KAVGL^GM‘y iakphk}m` pmk`mkix pa aumvyplpm pbm klp}vm lk` mrpmkpae ~vafcmgy leemiphko YGMy lk` pa `mglk` pblp liphak hy pljmk whpba}p ~}pphko eavwlv`

iakypv}iphum av ~vliphilfcm ~va~aylcy ly pa baw pbhy ghobp fm àkm+ _bhcm yhokhehilkp ~vaovmyy

bly fmmk gl`m fx KAVGL^GM hk pbm mrpmkp pa wbhib hp hy wavjhko ~ayhphumcx whpb pbm



=

yplk`lv`hylphak fa`hmy hk yagm lvmly# hp }k`mvghkmy pbhy fx iakphk}hko pa lip hk wblp hy ymmk pa fm

lk loovmyyhum lk` }kvmlyaklfcm glkkmv hk imvplhk eavl lk` hk vmclphak pa y~mihehi hyy}my+

Iakimvky blum lcya fmmk mr~vmyym` pblp KAVGL^GM bly lk lcpaompbmv }kvmlchyphi ymp ae

mr~miplphaky lfa}p wblp ilk fm àkm pa vmyacum h̀ mkphehm` ~vafcmgy+ Pbm yplk`lv`hylphak fa`hmy

blum chghpm` vmya}vimy lk` lvm lcvml`x `muaphko yhokhehilkp phgm lk` mkmvox pa hg~cmgmkphko pbm=2 vmiaggmk`lphaky lvhyhko evag pbmhv awk yp}`x pa h`mkphex lk` l``vmyy flvvhmvy pa liimyy

leemiphko YGMy+ Ymumvlc iaggmkplpavy lyjm` wbx hp wly pblp KAVGL^GM hpymce bly kmumv

ilvvhm` a}p av iagghyyhakm` y}ib l yp}`x# ohumk hpy vacm# lk` wbx hp hy pblp kaw pbhy ~vadmip hy hkpvlhk KAVGL^GM iakphk}my pa ~lhkp l ~vmàghklkpcx kmolphum ~hip}vm ae M}va~mlk

yplk`lv`hylphak‘y pvmlpgmkp ae YGMy+ ]cphglpmcx pbm yplk`lv`hylphak fa`hmy emmc pblpKAVGL^GM yphcc ybm`y ‒gavm bmlp pblk chobp‘ ak pbm yhp}lphak# lk` pblp hp wa}c` fm gavm

hkec}mkphlc he hp là~pm` l gavm ga`mvlpm lk` iakypv}iphum l~~valib+ Vmclphaky wa}c̀ lcya fm

hg~vaum` he KAVGL^GM ia}c` à gavm pa lijkawcmòm pbm ~vaovmyy pblp pbm yplk`lv`hylphak

fa`hmy blum fmmk gljhko+

_m fmchmum pblp KAVGL^GM ilk akcx fm pv}cx meemiphum he hp wavjy hk iakimvp whpb apbmv

ypljmbac`mvy# yagm ae pbm gayp hg~avplkp ae wbhib lvm pbm yplk`lv`hylphak fa`hmy pbmgymcumy+Pbm ~vmuha}y mulc}lphak vmiaggmk`m` pblp KAVGL^GM –là~p l gavm ~ayhphum lk`

iakypv}iphum l~~valib pawlv`y pbm M}va~mlk yplk`lv`hylphak yxypmg lk` hpy glhk lipavy‗ lk`wbhcm hp bly gl`m yagm oaa` ~vaovmyy pa `lpm wm wa}c` chjm kaw pa vmleehvg pbm hg~avplkim ae

KAVGL^GM iakphk}hko pa gljm e}vpbmv meeavpy hk pbhy `hvmiphak+ KAVGL^GM‘y ehvyp gldavvacm wly pa bhobchobp lk` olhk liim~plkim ae pbm kmm`y ae YGMy lk` pa ~mvy}l`m pbm

yplk`lv`hylphak fa`hmy pa pljm ymvha}ycx pbm kmm` pa hg~vaum YGM liimyy pa yplk`lv`hylphak lk` pa

l``vmyy h`mkphehm` flvvhmvy+ Bmvm wm ilk ylx KAVGL^GM bly fmmk y}iimyye}c lk` pblp pbm

‒flppcm‘ bly fmmk wak+ Pa whk pbm wlv kaw vm|}hvmy pbm `mumca~gmkp lk` hg~cmgmkplphak ae

~vliphilc yac}phaky pblp vmlccx fmkmehp YGMy# lk` KAVGL^GM kmm`y pa wavj whpb vlpbmv pblk

lolhkyp pbm yplk`lv`hylphak fa`hmy pa libhmum pbhy+

9+ KAVGL^GM yba}c` là~p l gavm ga`mvlpm lk` iakypv}iphum l~~valib hk hpy `mlchkoy

whpb pbm yplk`lv`hylphak fa`hmy# lk` yba}c` `muapm l ovmlpmv ~va~avphak ae hpy vmya}vimy

pa pbm ia'`mumca~gmkp lk` ia'hg~cmgmkplphak ae ~vliphilc yac}phaky pblp whcc fmkmehp

YGMy

KAVGL^GM‘y iacclfavlphaky whpb apbmv M]'cmumc lyyaihlphaky vm~vmymkphko YGMy

Pbm glhk flvvhmvy pa hg~vaum` iacclfavlphak whpb apbmv M]'cmumc lyyaihlphaky vm~vmymkphko YGM

lvm vlpbmv gavm iag~cmr lk` glx fm gavm `heehi}cp pa aumviagm+ Kmumvpbmcmyy pbmx à kmm` pa fm

l``vmyym` he KAVGL^GM‘y imkpvlc vacm hy pa fm lyy}vm` hk pbm e}p}vm+

Pbm glhk hyy}m ly wm ymm hp hy pblp pbmvm lvm glkx vm~vmymkplphumy ae YGMy lp M]'cmumc lk` wbhcm

KAVGL^GM# pbva}ob hpy lcchlkim whpb ]ML^GM bly l umvx clvom lk` yhokhehilkp gmgfmvybh~

flym# hp hy fx ka gmlky pbm ibaymk vm~vmymkplphum ae lcc YGMy whpb lk hkpmvmyp hk yplk`lv`hylphak+KAVGL^GM vmchmy bmluhcx ak Iagghyyhak ehklkihko lk` hy blk`m` wblp hy iakyh`mvm` pa fm lbhob cmumc ae ‒~achphilc‘ hkec}mkim# wbhib ilk fm ymmk pa ~clim KAVGL^GM lk` hpy gmgfmvy lp

lk }kelhv lùlkplom aumv apbmv fa`hmy pblp lcya vm~vmymkp YGMy f}p wbhib à kap eavg ~lvp ae

KAVGL^GM‘y gmgfmvybh~+ KAVGL^GM bly àkm chppcm hk pbm ~lyp pa vmlyy}vm apbmv

vm~vmymkplphum fa`hmy pblp hpy ehklkihko lk` hkec}mkim hy fmhko }ym` pa lùlkim pbm kmm`y ae pbmhv

gmgfmvy ly wmcc ly hpy awk lk` bly fmmk lii}ym` ae liphumcx hokavhko av `hyghyyhko pbm uhmwy ae

apbmv vm~vmymkplphumy fmil}ym pbmx lcya vm~vmymkp clvom iag~lkhmy+ Pbm lyyaihlphaky iakimvkm`

à kap# bawmumv# fmchmum pblp pbmx lip lolhkyp pbm hkpmvmypy ae pbmhv YGM gmgfmvy lk` ymm ka

vmlyak wbx KAVGL^GM yba}c` y}oomyp pblp pbmx wa}c`+ _bhcm KAVGL^GM bly gl`m icmlv

meeavpy pa wavj gavm iaa~mvlphumcx whpb pbm gldav M]'cmumc hk`}ypvx lyyaihlphaky aumv pbm ~lyp



5

pwa xmlvy# vmclphakybh~y iakphk}m pa fm `heehi}cp hk yagm ilymy lk` flvvhmvy pa icaymv iaa~mvlphak

vmglhk+

Pbm yhp}lphak hy loovlulpm` fx pbm elip pblp KAVGL^GM yphcc àmy kap blum pvlky~lvmkp

~vaimyymy eav eavghko pbm YGM ‒~ayhphaky‘ pblp hpy vm~vmymkpy+ Pbm apbmv M]'cmumc lyyaihlphaky

iaky}cp pbmhv awk gmgfmvy hk vmclphak pa yplk`lv`hylphak ~achix glppmvy lk` pmk` pa ehk` pblp YGMkmm`y lvm iag~cmr# ulvhm` lk` aepmk }klchokm`# gljhko hp blv` pa vmlib l icmlv iakymky}y+

KAVGL^GM ak pbm apbmv blk` `hy~clxy lk }k}y}lc plcmkp eav vmlibhko umvx ypvako lk` umvx

ypvlhobpeavwlv` "h+m+ yhg~chyphi( iakic}yhaky ly pa wblp YGMy wlkp# lk` xmp yhko}clvcx elhcy pamr~clhk baw pbaym ~ayhphaky wmvm lvvhum` lp lk` wbhib YGM lyyaihlphaky iakpvhf}pm` pa pbmhv

eavglphak+ Pbhy bly cm` pa l yhp}lphak wbmvm apbmv lipavy blum ymvha}y à}fpy aumv pbm vaf}ypkmyyae KAVGL^GM‘y iaky}cplphum ~vaimyymy lk` pbm mrpmkp pa wbhib hp hy gljhko meeavpy pa lvvhum lp

l iakyh`mvm` lk` ‒ya~bhyphilpm`‘ vmy~akym+ Apbmv lipavy whpbhk pbm yxypmg blum vlhym` yhghclv

iakimvky lk` hp hy wh`mcx ymmk pa fm akm ae KAVGL^GM‘y gldav wmljkmyymy# ilyphko à}fp aumv

hpy iclhgy pa fm pbm ~vhkih~lc ‒uahim‘ ae YGMy hk vmclphak pa yplk`lv`hylphak+

Hyy}my vmclphko pa KAVGL^GM‘y muh`mkim flym lvm `mlcp whpb hk pbm kmrp ymiphak# lk` pbm

vmiaggmk`lphaky gl`m pbmvm# he hg~cmgmkpm`# whcc imvplhkcx iakpvhf}pm pa hg~vaum` vmclphakyfmpwmmk KAVGL^GM lk` apbmv M]'cmumc lyyaihlphaky pblp vm~vmymkp YGMy+ Pbmvm vmglhky#

bawmumv# l kmm` eav KAVGL^GM pa ohum ovmlpmv vmiaokhphak pa pbm apbmv vm~vmymkplphum fa`hmy#lijkawcmòhko hk ~lvphi}clv pblp pbmx vlpbmv pblk KAVGL^GM yba}c` pljm pbm cml` vacm hk

vmclphak pa hyy}my y~mihehi pa pbm ymipavy av ~lvpy ae pbm ymipavy pblp pbmx vm~vmymkp+ KAVGL^GMlcya kmm`y pa à gavm pa bmc~ pbmym apbmv lyyaihlphaky# lk` yba}c` iakimvk hpymce cmyy whpb pbm elip

pblp pbmx lcya vm~vmymkp clvom ehvgy+ Ly yplpm` lfaum# hp hy kap hk pbmym avolkhylphaky‘ hkpmvmypy pa

à lkxpbhko pblp wa}c` fm `lglohko pa pbmhv YGM gmgfmvy# kav hy hp l}paglphilccx pbm ilym pblp

clvom lk` yglcc iag~lkhmy‘ hkpmvmypy lvm ghylchokm`+ _blp hy hg~avplkp hy pblp pbm e}k`hko pblp

pbm Iagghyyhak ~vauh`my lk` pbm yplp}y pblp KAVGL^GM bly fmmk leeav`m` hy }ym` pa ymvum pbm

fmkmehpy ae lcc vm~vmymkplphumy ae YGMy "ly yph~}clpm` hk pbm E^L( lk` kap d}yp KAVGL^GM‘y

awk gmgfmv lyyaihlphaky+ KAVGL^GM pbmvmeavm bly l `}px pa ohum pbmym apbmv lyyaihlphaky

vmiaokhphak# vmy~mip# lk` m|}lc liimyy pa hpy ymvuhimy+ Hp wa}c` lcya ymvum KAVGL^GM pa fmgavm ga`myp hk hpy `mlchkoy whpb pbmym apbmv lyyaihlphaky# lk` pa là~p gavm ae l ymvuhim lpphp}`m+

Lolhk# hp hy hg~avplkp eav KAVGL^GM pa vmlchym pblp pbm fmyp wlx pa lyy}vm hpy e}p}vm hy pamky}vm pblp hp bly pbm y}~~avp ae lcc vmcmulkp ypljmbac`mvy lk` hy ymmk pa ~vauh`m l oaa` ymvuhim pa

lcc vm~vmymkplphumy ae YGMy+ _m pbmvmeavm gljm pbm eaccawhko vmiaggmk`lphak4

0+ KAVGL^GM yba}c` vmà}fcm hpy meeavpy pa eavom icaymv lk` ypvakomv iaa~mvlphak whpb

apbmv M]'cmumc YGM vm~vmymkplphumy# lk` ohum ovmlpmv vmiaokhphak pa pbmhv hg~avplkp

vacm hk vm~vmymkphko YGM hkpmvmypy whpbhk pbm M}va~mlk yplk`lv`hylphak yxypmg

Pbm hyy}m ae wba hp hy pblp KAVGL^GM vm~vmymkpy hy lk hg~avplkp hyy}m hk fapb ~vliphilc lk`

~achphilc pmvgy# lk` lp ulvha}y ~ahkpy hk pbhy vm~avp wm blum bhobchobpm` emm`flij pblp y}oomypy pbmi}vvmkp yhp}lphak hy iake}ym` lk` hy `lglohko pa fapb KAVGL^GM lk` pbm Iagghyyhak+ Hp hy

hg~avplkp pblp KAVGL^GM hy ymmk pa vm~vmymkp lcc YGM hkpmvmypy hk lk m|}hplfcm elybhak# lk`

yagm iaggmkplpavy blum |}myphakm` wbmpbmv hp hy bmc~e}c eav KAVGL^GM pa fm l gmgfmvybh~'

flym` avolkhylphak lp lcc+ Pbmvm lvm imvplhkcx lvo}gmkpy pa y}oomyp pblp he KAVGL^GM

e}kiphakm` gavm ly l ymivmplvhlp whpb ka ~lvphi}clv lcchlkimy lk` ymvuhko m|}lccx pbm kmm`y ae lcc

fa`hmy pblp vm~vmymkp YGMy# glkx ae pbm iblccmkomy pa hpy ~ayhphak wa}c` fm `hghkhybm`+ Y}ib l

gaum wa}c` icmlvcx blum yagm fmkmehpy f}p hp ia}c` lcya ivmlpm apbmv ~vafcmgy# kap cmlyp hk pmvgy

ae baw KAVGL^GM wa}c` ymi}vm hpy yblvm ae ia'ehklkihko hk pbm lfymkim ae gmgfmvybh~ emmy+Bawmumv# hp hy yagmpbhko pblp wm fmchmum wa}c` fm l gavm y}hplfcm lvvlkomgmkp lk` hy lk a~phak

pa iakyh`mv hk pbm cakomv pmvg+



?

Hk pbm gmlkphgm# wm fmchmum pblp pbm yhp}lphak yba}c` fm iclvhehm` ly pa wba hp hy pblp

KAVGL^GM vm~vmymkpy+ Lp ~vmymkp KAVGL^GM yplpmy ak hpy wmfyhpm pblp hp ymvumy pbm kmm`y

ae hpy gmgfmvy lk` pblp hp pljmy hpy `mihyhaky akcx lepmv iaky}cphko lk` ymi}vhko pbm lovmmgmkp ae

pbm gldavhpx ae pbmg+ Y}ib yplpmgmkpy ilk fm pljmk pa gmlk pblp KAVGL^GM àmy kap ymvum

pbm kmm`y ae kak'gmgfmvy lk` pblp hp àmy kap hkuacum kak'gmgfmvy hk hpy `mihyhak'gljhko~vaimyymy+ Ly pbm ~vhkih~lc e}k`mv ae KAVGL^GM lk` hpy liphuhphmy wm iakyh`mv hp hy eav pbm

Iagghyyhak pa iclvhex pbhy yhp}lphak# yagmpbhko pblp yba}c` afuha}ycx fm àkm hk iakd}kiphak

whpb KAVGL^GM hpymce+ Pbm ehvyp |}myphak hy wbaym hkpmvmypy KAVGL^GM vm~vmymkpy "h+m+wba lvm hpy iakyphp}mkpy( lk` pbm ymiak` hy wblp ~vaimyymy lk` ~vaim`}vmy àmy KAVGL^GM

blum hk ~clim pa mky}vm pblp pbm kmm`y lk` hkpmvmypy ae hpy iakyphp}mkpy lvm `hvmipcx hkeavghko hpyliphuhphmy lk` hpy ~ayhphaky+ Lp ~vmymkp pbm lkywmvy pa fapb |}myphaky lvm }kicmlv lk` wm fmchmum

pblp pbhy yhp}lphak yba}c` fm vmgm`hm` ly l glppmv ae }vomkix+ _m pbmvmeavm gljm pbm eaccawhko

vmiaggmk`lphaky4

=+ Pbm Iagghyyhak paompbmv whpb KAVGL^GM yba}c` ~vauh`m l icmlv ~}fchi yplpmgmkp

ly pa wba hp hy pblp KAVGL^GM hy vm~vmymkphko# lk` wbmpbmv gmgfmvybh~ ae

KAVGL^GM àmy av àmy kap cml` pa `heemvmkphlc cmumcy ae liimyy pa hpy ymvuhimy lk`hkec}mkim aumv hpy liphuhphmy

5+ KAVGL^GM yba}c` `mumca~ lk` hg~cmgmkp icmlv lk` pvlky~lvmkp ~vaimyymy pa

`mgakypvlpm pblp hpy liphuhphmy lk` `mihyhaky lvm `hvmipcx hkeavgm` fx pbm hkpmvmypy lk`

whybmy ae hpy iakyphp}mkpy

KAVGL^GM‘y iacclfavlphaky whpb klphaklc'cmumc lyyaihlphaky vm~vmymkphko YGMy

KAVGL^GM bly gl`m akcx umvx chghpm` ~vaovmyy hk ypvmkopbmkhko hpy iacclfavlphum

vmclphakybh~y whpb YGM vm~vmymkplphum fa`hmy lp klphaklc cmumc yhkim pbm ~vmuha}y mulc}lphak#

`my~hpm pbm hg~cmgmkplphak ae y~mihehi liphaky pa mklfcm hp pa à pbhy+ Pbhy hy kap lk mlyx plyj pa

libhmum# ohumk pbm `hyplkimy hkuacum`# clko}lom flvvhmvy lk` pbm elip pblp KAVGL^GM hy

lppmg~phko pa vmlib avolkhylphaky pblp glx blum chppcm jkawcmòm ae M}va~mlk yplk`lv`hylphak avglx emmc pblp pbmhv M}va~mlk vm~vmymkplphumy yba}c` blk`cm M}va~mlk glppmvy+ Bawmumv# hp

vmglhky hg~avplkp eav KAVGL^GM pa olhk lk hg~vaum` }k`mvyplk`hko ae pbm yhp}lphak lpklphaklc cmumcy he hp hy pa fvhko eavwlv` yac}phaky eav hkivmlyhko YGMy‘ }ym ae yplk`lv`y lk`

~lvphih~lphak hk pbm yplk`lv`y `mumca~gmkp ~vaimyy+

KAVGL^GM# pbva}ob hpy hkuacumgmkp hk pbm YGMYP 6 ~vadmip# yba}c` fm lfcm pa fmppmv

}k`mvyplk` lk` hg~vaum hpy iakkmiphaky lp pbm klphaklc cmumc# f}p wm fmchmum pblp meeavpy pa

hkivmlym hpy iakkmiphaky lk` ‒a}pvmlib‘ yba}c` eavg ~lvp ae hpy akoahko# iavm liphuhphmy+ _m lcya

fmchmum pblp pbmym iakkmiphaky ilk fm fmyp libhmum` pbva}ob liphum iacclfavlphak whpb pbm Klphaklc

Yplk`lv`y Fa`hmy# wba hk glkx vmy~mipy lvm hk pbm fmyp ~ayhphak pa `mpmvghkm wbhib ~lvpy ae pbm

vmcmulkp YGM iagg}khphmy lvm av lvm kap gljhko }ym ae yplk`lv`y lk` mkolohko liphumcx hk pbm

yplk`lv`y `mumca~gmkp ~vaimyy+ _m fmchmum pblp KAVGL^GM yba}c` `mumca~ l ‒gl~‘ ae YGMvm~vmymkplphumy lp klphaklc lk` ymipavlc cmumc lk` pbmk wavj whpb pbaym vm~vmymkplphumy "lk` pbmKYFy( pa `mpmvghkm i}vvmkp cmumcy ae lwlvmkmyy lk` }ym ae yplk`lv`y lk` i}vvmkp cmumcy ae

mkolomgmkp hk yplk`lv`hylphak+ KAVGL^GM yba}c` pbmk }ym hpy vmya}vimy pa vmlib a}p pa pbm

y~mihehi ymipavy hk pbm y~mihehi ia}kpvhmy pblp lvm l`d}òm` pa fm cmyy hkuacum` lk`!av cmyy wmcc

hkeavgm`+ Y}ib lk liphuhpx# he ilvvhm` a}p meemiphumcx# wa}c` l``vmyy l vlkom ae h`mkphehm` kmm`y ’

hp wa}c` hg~vaum iacclfavlphak whpb pbm KYFy lk` klphaklc'cmumc YGM vm~vmymkplphumy# hp wa}c`

hg~vaum KAVGL^GM‘y }k`mvyplk`hko ae wbmvm fmyp pa eai}y hpy lwlvmkmyy vlhyhko liphuhphmy#

lk` hp wa}c` l``vmyy `hvmipcx pbm afdmiphum ae bmc~hko gavm YGMy pa gljm }ym ae yplk`lv`y lk` pa

fmiagm gavm hkuacum` hk pbm yplk`lv`hylphak ~vaimyy+ Eav pbmym vmlyaky wm fmchmum pblp

KAVGL^GM yba}c` vmà}fcm hpy meeavpy hk pbhy `hvmiphak lk` gljm pbm eaccawhko

vmiaggmk`lphak4



2

?+ KAVGL^GM yba}c` wavj whpb pbm KYFy pa `mumca~ l ‒gl~‘ ae YGM vm~vmymkplphum

fa`hmy lp klphaklc lk` ymipavlc cmumcy# lk` pbmk wavj whpb pbaym vm~vmymkplphumy pa

h`mkphex yhokhehilkp ol~y hk YGM mkolomgmkp+ KAVGL^GM yba}c` pbmk }ym pbhy

hkeavglphak pa plvomp hpy lwlvmkmyy vlhyhko liphuhphmy hk pbm lvmly ae ovmlpmyp h`mkphehm`

kmm`

<+6+9 Vmiaggmk`lphaky vmclphko pa KAVGL^GM‘y muh`mkim flym lk` pbm eai}y ae hpy

hkpmvumkphaky

Pbm ~vmuha}y mulc}lphak eai}ym` bmluhcx ak pbm kmm` eav KAVGL^GM pa hg~vaum hpy

iacclfavlphum vmclphakybh~y ~lvpcx fmil}ym pbmym vmclphakybh~y wa}c` mklfcm hp pa fmppmv }k`mvyplk`

"h( pbm mrpmkp pa wbhib YGM iagg}khphmy hk `heemvmkp ymipavy lk` hk `heemvmkp ia}kpvhmy wmvm av

wmvm kap gljhko }ym ae yplk`lv`y lk̀ mkolohko hk pbm yplk`lv`hylphak ~vaimyy# "hh( pbm y~mihehi

~vafcmgy lk` hyy}my pblp YGMy elim hk vmclphak pa yplk`lv`hylphak whpbhk pbm `heemvmkp ymipavy# "hhh(

pbm mrpmkp pa wbhib apbmv lipavy# hkic}`hko pbm yplk`lv`hylphak fa`hmy pbmgymcumy# wmvm lcvml`x

~vauh`hko y}~~avp ymvuhimy pa YGM iagg}khphmy# lk` "hu( pbm px~my ae hkeavglphak gayp vm|}hvm`fx YGMy+ Ymumvlc vmiaggmk`lphaky pbmvmeavm yplpm` pblp ypvmkopbmkm` iacclfavlphum vmclphakybh~y

yba}c` fm }ym` pa hg~vaum KAVGL^GM‘y }k`mvyplk`hko ae pbm yhp}lphak lk` pbmvmfx hg~vaumpbm eai}y ae hpy awk liphuhphmy lk` hkpmvumkphaky+ Pbhy wa}c` mky}vm pblp pbm ~}fchi ehklkihko wly

iakimkpvlpm` ak pbm lvmly ae ovmlpmyp kmm`# lk` pblp KAVGL^GM‘y liphuhphmy iag~cmgmkpm`

vlpbmv pblk `}~chilpm` mrhyphko y}~~avp ~vauhyhak lk` ~vauh`m glrhg}g ‒l``m` ulc}m‘+ Pbm

~vmuha}y mulc}lphak lcya vmiaggmk`m` pblp KAVGL^GM `a gavm pa vmiaokhym lk` ~vagapm pbm

oaa` wavj pblp apbmv avolkhylphaky wmvm `ahko hk y}~~avphko YGMy# lk` yba}c` }ym pblp

hkeavglphak pa mky}vm pblp hpy awk liphuhphmy f}hc` ak lk` iag~cmgmkp mrhyphko y}~~avp+

Flym` ak pbm vmy}cpy ae pbhy yp}`x wm ilk ylx pblp KAVGL^GM bly gl`m akcx chghpm` ~vaovmyy

hk ypvmkopbmkhko hpy muh`mkim flym lk` hk hg~vauhko pbm eai}y ae hpy hkpmvumkphaky+ ^lvp ae pbm

vmlyak eav pbhy hy pblp IMK lk` IMKMCMI blum ilvvhm` a}p pbmhv awk yp}`x ak ‒YGM liimyy paM}va~mlk yplk`lv`hylphak‘ wbhib vmymlvibm` pbm ~vafcmgy lk` flvvhmvy pblp YGMy elim lk`h`mkphehm` =2 gmly}vmy pblp ia}c` fm pljmk pa mklfcm YGMy pa libhmum ovmlpmv fmkmehp evag

yplk`lv`y lk` evag hkuacumgmkp hk yplk`lv`hylphak+ Pbmym vmiaggmk`lphaky lvm kaw hk pbm

~vaimyy ae fmhko hg~cmgmkpm`+ Pbm yp}`x lcya kaplfcx h`mkphehm` l vlkom ae oaa` ~vliphimy pblp

wmvm lcvml`x hk ~clim av }k`mv `mumca~gmkp pa hg~vaum YGM liimyy pa yplk`lv`y lk` pbm

yplk`lv`hylphak ~vaimyy+ Pbm IMK!IMKMCMI yp}`x pbmvmeavm hk clvom gmly}vm afuhlpm` pbm kmm`

eav KAVGL^GM pa ilvvx a}p hpy awk hkumypholphaky# lp cmlyp pa pbm mrpmkp vmiaggmk`m` fx pbm

~vmuha}y mulc}lphak# lk` wm lvm ~cmlym` pa fm lfcm pa vm~avp pblp KAVGL^GM bly fmmk liphumcx

iacclfavlphko whpb IMK!ICI ak pbhy hkhphlphum+ Ly lcvml`x gmkphakm`# KAVGL^GM hy

~lvphih~lphko ak pbm wavjhko ova}~ pblp hy aumvymmhko pbm hg~cmgmkplphak ae pbm

vmiaggmk`lphaky# lk` hy pljhko l cml`hko vacm hk pbm hg~cmgmkplphak ae ea}v ae pbmg+ Pbhy hy loaa` mrlg~cm ae KAVGL^GM‘y ~vaovmyy hk wavjhko gavm iaa~mvlphumcx lk` iakypv}iphumcx

whpb pbm yplk`lv`hylphak fa`hmy+ Bawmumv# wm yphcc ymm l kmm` eav KAVGL^GM pa hg~vaum hpy

awk }k`mvyplk`hko ae YGM hkuacumgmkp lk` hyy}my! ~vafcmgy lp pbm klphaklc lk` ymipavlc cmumcy

lk` wa}c` pbmvmeavm vmleehvg pbm hg~avplkim ae Vmiaggmk`lphak ?+ lfaum+

Pbm ~vmuha}y mulc}lphak h`mkphehm` pwa vlpbmv gavm y~mihehi lvmly wbmvm KAVGL^GM wly

iblccmkom` hk vmclphak pa pbm ypvmkopb ae hpy muh`mkim flym lk` bmkim ak pbm cmohphglix ae hpy

liphaky+ Pbmym vmclpm` pa4

… KAVGL^GM‘y ~vaimyymy eav iaky}cplphak# iakymky}y f}hc`hko lk` ~ayhphak eavglphak# wbhibwmvm kap pvlky~lvmkp av wmcc }k`mvypaa` fx apbmv lipavy lk` pmk`m` pa vmy}cp hk wblp pbmx

~mvimhum` pa fm vlpbmv omkmvlc av aumv'yhg~chyphi ~ayhphaky+ Pbhy cm` pa y}y~hihaky pblp



8

KAVGL^GM wly mhpbmv yhg~cx flyhko hpy ~ayhphaky ak pbm uhmwy ae l blkè}c ae hpy icaymyp

gmgfmv avolkhylphaky av# wavym yphcc# }yhko hpy awk yplee pa `mih̀ m wblp pbm ‒YGM ~ayhphak‘

yba}c` fm+ Pbhy wly l il}ym ae ymvha}y iakimvk lk` wm vmiaggmk`m` pblp KAVGL^GM

–hg~cmgmkp icmlv# iag~vmbmkyhum lk` pvlky~lvmkp iaky}cplphum ~vaimyymy hkuacuhko lcc

vmcmulkp lipavy‗# pblp hp –mky}vm pblp lkx ~ayhphaky là~pm` lvm gl`m ~}fchicx lulhclfcm lk` hkic}`m icmlv hkeavglphak baw pbaym ~ayhphaky wmvm lvvhum` lp lk` wbhib avolkhylphaky

iakpvhf}pm` pa pbm eavglphak ae pbaym ~ayhphaky‗

… KAVGL^GM‘y liphuhphmy pa ~clim YGM mr~mvpy hk PIy+ Bmvm pbm flclkim ae mr~mvpvm~vmymkplphak wly ilccm` hkpa |}myphak fx glkx lipavy# whpb lii}ylphaky pblp PIy ae bhob

hg~avplkim pa YGMy bl` ka mr~mvp hk ~clim wbhcm apbmvy pblp wmvm ae hkpmvmyp pa akcx l umvx

klvvaw ymiphak ae pbm YGM iagg}khpx `h` blum mr~mvp vm~vmymkplphak+ Pbm aumvlcc`hypvhf}phak wly ymmk fx glkx pa eaccaw paa icaymcx pbm hkpmvmypy ae KAVGL^GM‘y awk

gmgfmv avolkhylphaky lk` `h` kap y}eehihmkpcx vmecmip pbm lvmly ae ovmlpmyp kmm` ly uhmwm`

evag pbm ~mvy~miphum ae YGM iagg}khphmy aumvlcc+ _m pbmvmeavm vmiaggmk`m` pblp

KAVGL^GM – ~mveavg l yxypmglphi lk` iag~vmbmkyhum vmuhmw ae pbm vmcmulkim ae lcc MYA

PIy pa YGMy# lk` l gavm vaf}yp lklcxyhy ae wbmvm whpbhk pbm yxypmg l``hphaklc

vm~vmymkplphak hy kmm`m` +‗ _m wmkp ak pa yplpm pblp –pbm vmy}cpy ae pbhy mrmvihym yba}c` fm

gl`m omkmvlccx lulhclfcm uhl KAVGL^GM‘y wmfyhpm‗

Akim lolhk wm blum pa ylx pblp KAVGL^GM bly gl`m akcx umvx chghpm` ~vaovmyy hk l``vmyyhko

pbmym pwa y~mihehi vmiaggmk`lphaky+

Ly vmolv`y KAVGL^GM‘y iaky}cplphum ~vaimyymy lk` hpy ~ayhphak eavglphak# wm lolhk

mkia}kpmvm` l vlkom ae iakimvky ak pbm ~lvp ae glkx `heemvmkp ypljmbac`mv avolkhylphaky lfa}p l

clij ae pvlky~lvmkix lk` lolhk wmvm pac` pblp KAVGL^GM‘y ~ayhphaky yagmphgmy clij

ivm`hfhchpx+ KAVGL^GM bly elhcm` pa l``vmyy pbm vmiaggmk`lphak ae pbm ~vmuha}y mulc}lphak

lk` ~vauh`my ka `mplhcm` hkeavglphak pa mr~clhk pa pbm wh`mv iagg}khpx baw hp iaky}cpy# wba hp

iaky}cpy# av baw hp vmlibmy l iakymky}y+ _bhcm hp àmy ~}fchyb hpy ~ayhphaky# hp hkic}`my kahkeavglphak iakimvkhko baw glkx av wbhib avolkhylphaky iakpvhf}pm` pa pbmg# lk` hp bly lcya

fmmk lii}ym` ae elhchko pa ~vauh`m y}ib hkeavglphak wbmk y~mihehilccx lyjm` pa à ya hk hk`huh`}lc

ilymy+ Pa yagm mrpmkp |}myphaky lfa}p KAVGL^GM‘y ~ayhphaky wa}c` fm cmyy chjmcx pa fm

vlhym` he pbmx wmvm wmcc ea}k`m`# ya~bhyphilpm`# lk` hk chkm whpb pbm ~ayhphaky ~}p eavwlv` fx

apbmv vm~vmymkplphumy ae YGMy+ Bawmumv# pbhy hy aepmk kap pbm ilym# lk` pbmvm lvm y}y~hihaky pblp

KAVGL^GM àmy kap vmlccx iaky}cp ~va~mvcx f}p hkypml` }ymy hpy awk yplee pa eavg l ~ayhphak#

wbhib hy pbmk ihvi}clpm` pa hpy gmgfmvy eav iaggmkp# lk` hy pbmk là~pm` hk pbm lfymkim ae lkx

emm`flij av afdmiphaky+Pbm elhc}vm ae KAVGL^GM pa l``vmyy pbhy vmiaggmk`lphak hy vmovmpplfcm lk` àmy hpy

ivm`hfhchpx yhokhehilkp blvg+ Hp hy kap mr~mipm` pblp b}k`vm`y ae avolkhylphaky wa}c` ~vauh`m

hk~}py pa lkx ohumk ~ayhphak f}p hp hy mr~mipm` pblp pbm ~ayhphaky wa}c` fm flym` yagmbaw hk pbmuhmwy ae YGM vm~vmymkplphumy wba blum lk }k`mvyplk`hko ae pbm hyy}my iakimvkm`# lk` pblp

meeavpy wa}c` fm gl`m pa f}hc̀ l iakymky}y lgako pbm ulvha}y uhmwy ~vmymkpm`+ KAVGL^GM‘y

hklfhchpx pa `mgakypvlpm pblp pbhy hy pbm ilym iakphk}my pa `hghkhyb hpy yplk`hko hk pbm mxmy ae pbm

wh`mv iagg}khpx lk` wm pbmvmeavm gljm pbm eaccawhko vmiaggmk`lphak4

2+ KAVGL^GM yba}c` `mumca~ lk` hg~cmgmkp icmlv# iag~vmbmkyhum lk` pvlky~lvmkp

~vaimyymy eav iaky}cplphak# iakymky}y f}hc`hko lk` ~ayhphak eavglphak pblp hkuacum lcc

vmcmulkp ypljmbac`mvy+ Hp yba}c` lcya mky}vm pblp pbm ~ayhphaky là~pm` lvm gl`m

~}fchicx lulhclfcm lk` hkic}`m icmlv hkeavglphak ak baw pbaym ~ayhphaky wmvm lvvhum` lp

lk` wbhib avolkhylphaky iakpvhf}pm` pa pbmhv eavglphak



<>

Ly vmolv`y pbm flclkim ae KAVGL^GM mr~mvp vm~vmymkplphak hk PIy# wm blum kapm` pblp pbm

vmiaggmk`lphak ae pbm ~vmuha}y mulc}lphak bly akcx fmmk ~lvpcx l``vmyym`+ KAVGL^GM bly

hg~cmgmkpm` l k}gfmv ae mrmvihymy aumv ymumvlc xmlvy pa lyymyy pbm YGM vmcmulkim ae y}iimyyhum

‒flpibmy‘ ae MYA PIy lk` pa `mpmvghkm wbmpbmv l``hphaklc YGM vm~vmymkplphak hy kmm`m`+

Bawmumv# ly xmp ka iag~vmbmkyhum aumvuhmw bly fmmk ~vmymkpm` lk` chppcm bly fmmk àkm pa }ympbm lklcxymy pa a~phghym pbm flclkim ae mr~mvp vm~vmymkplphak+ KAVGL^GM‘y meeavpy pa iak`}ip

pbm lklcxymy blum fmmk ~lvpcx iakea}k`m` fx l clij ae lulhclfcm hkeavglphak ak pbm mrpmkp ae

mrhyphko YGM vm~vmymkplphak hk pbm klphaklc ghvvav iagghppmmy ae pbm PIy wbmvm KAVGL^GM‘ymr~mvpy lvm lcvml`x ~clim`+ Bawmumv# pbm aumvlcc gmpbaàcaox pblp bly fmmk l~~chm` hy hk a}v

uhmw ymvha}ycx eclwm` lk` mumk he pbm vmy}cpy ia}c` fm vmchm` }~ak KAVGL^GM bly kap }ym` hpylklcxyhy pa l`d}yp hk lkx yhokhehilkp wlx pbm aumvlcc ~avpeacha ae PIy hk wbhib hp bly mr~mvpy

~clim`+ Fx wlx ae mrlg~cm# `my~hpm kaw bluhko mr~mvpy hk l~~varhglpmcx => PIy# akcx ea}v ae

pbm 6= PIy pblp KAVGL^GM bly yplpm` lvm ae pbm bhobmyp vmcmulkim pa YGMy blum ya elv fmmk

iaumvm`+

Hp hy kap icmlv wbmpbmv KAVGL^GM yba}c` iakic}`m hpy lklcxyhy lk` pbmk }ym pbm vmy}cpy gavm

liphumcx pa l`d}yp pbm flclkim ae mr~mvp vm~vmymkplphak# av wbmpbmv hp yba}c` lflkàk hpy lklcxyhylk` }k`mvpljm l kmw lyymyygmkp+ Ak flclkim wm wa}c̀ elua}v pbm clppmv ia}vym ae liphak# lk`

wa}c` y}oomyp pblp KAVGL^GM }k`mvpljm l yhg~cm iaky}cplphum mrmvihym `hvmipm` pa lcc ae pbmgldav M}va~mlk'cmumc ymipavlc lyyaihlphaky lk` lcc ae pbm KYFy+ Pbhy yba}c` lyj pbmg pa chyp# hk

~vhavhpx# pbm PIy pblp lvm ae gayp yhokhehilkim pa YGMy lk` pblp gayp vm|}hvm l``hphaklc YGMvm~vmymkplphak# lk` pbmk pblp hkeavglphak yba}c` fm }ym` pa lyymgfcm l ~vhavhphym` chyp ae PIy# fx

ymipav+ Pbm vmy}cpy yba}c` fm gl`m lulhclfcm eav iaggmkp lk` pbm iaggmkpy vmimhum` yba}c` fm

}ym` pa e}vpbmv l`d}yp lk` vmehkm pbm chypy+ Fx iak`}iphko hpy lklcxyhy hk pbhy wlx "vlpbmv pblk

fmbhk` icaym` àavy( KAVGL^GM yba}c` fm lfcm pa lvvhum lp l ymp ae ~vhavhpx PIy pblp wa}c`

blum yagm ivm`hfhchpx hk pbm mxmy ae pbm iagg}khpx# lk` KAVGL^GM ia}c` pbmk p}vk hpy

lppmkphak pa vmiv}hphko mr~mvpy eav pbm bhobmyp ~vhavhpx PIy+ Pbhy wly# lepmv lcc# pbm avhohklc

~}v~aym ae pbm mrmvihym+

Pbhy cmlumy pbm gavm `heehi}cp |}myphak ae baw pa `mlc whpb pbm PIy pblp blum mrhyphko YGM mr~mvpvm~vmymkplphak f}p wbhib blum kap fmmk bhobchobpm` ly ~vhavhpx lvmly+ Aumvlcc# pbm vmy}cpy ae pbhy

yp}`x blum ybawk pblp hk gayp ilymy pbm wavj ae pbm mr~mvpy hy wmcc vmolv`m` lk` hy emcp pa fmbluhko yagm cmumc ae ~ayhphum hg~lip ak pbm `mumca~gmkp ae pbm yplk`lv`y+ Eav pbhy vmlyak wm à

kap ymm lk }vomkp kmm` eav KAVGL^GM pa fmohk pa vmgaum mr~mvpy evag pbm PIy pblp lvm kap

d}òm` ly bhob ~vhavhpx+ Bawmumv# wm fmchmum pblp KAVGL^GM hy hk l oaa` ~ayhphak pa

`mpmvghkm wbhib ae hpy mr~mvpy lvm bluhko l yhokhehilkp lk` ~ayhphum hg~lip lk` wbhib lvm bluhko

cawmv cmumcy ae hg~lip# lk` e}vpbmv iaky}cplphaky "ae YGM lyyaihlphaky lk` PI ~lvphih~lkpy(

yba}c` fm }ym` pa vmehkm pbhy }k`mvyplk`hko+ KAVGL^GM ilk pbmk gljm ymkyhfcm d}òmgmkpy

lfa}p wbmpbmv pa pljm iavvmiphum liphaky# hkic}`hko pbm vmkmwlc ae iakpvlipy av kap# lk` pbmvmfxovl`}lccx hg~vaum pbm flclkim ae mr~mvp vm~vmymkplphak hk pbm PIy+ _m pbmvmeavm gljm pbmeaccawhko vmiaggmk`lphak4

8+ KAVGL^GM yba}c` }k`mvpljm l iaky}cplphak mrmvihym pa h`mkphex pbm PIy pblp gayp

vm|}hvm l``hphaklc YGM vm~vmymkplphak lk` yba}c` }ym pbm vmy}cpy pa liphumcx vmiv}hp

YGM mr~mvpy hk pbm lvmly ae ovmlpmyp kmm`+ Hk l``hphak# KAVGL^GM yba}c` }k`mvpljm

iaky}cplphaky pa ypvmkopbmk hpy awk lyymyygmkp ae pbm ~mveavglkim ae mrhyphko mr~mvpy

Akm ehklc iakic}yhak pblp wm blum `vlwk hk vmclphak pa KAVGL^GM‘y muh`mkim flym lk` pbm

plvomphko ae hpy liphuhphmy hy pblp KAVGL^GM l~~mlvy pa a~mvlpm whpba}p l ‒ypljmbac̀ mv‘iagghppmm pblp ilk `hvmip pbm liphuhphmy pblp KAVGL^GM ilvvhmy a}p whpb Iagghyyhak ia'

ehklkihko+ KAVGL^GM àmy blum hpy awk Falv` iag~vaghyhko vm~vmymkplphumy ae hpy gmgfmv

lyyaihlphaky# f}p pbmvm lvm ka ypv}ip}vmy pblp hkic}`m kak'gmgfmv vm~vmymkplphumy+ _m fmchmum pblp



<<

pbhy elipav iakpvhf}pmy pa pbm clij ae pvlky~lvmkix y}vva}k`hko wbaym hkpmvmypy KAVGL^GM

vm~vmymkpy lk` iakpvhf}pmy pa l imvplhk lga}kp ae `hyylphyeliphak ak pbm ~lvp ae avolkhylphaky pblp

vm~vmymkp YGMy f}p à kap whyb pa fmiagm gmgfmvy ae KAVGL^GM+ _m fmchmum pblp hp wa}c`

fm l~~va~vhlpm eav KAVGL^GM pa myplfchyb akm av gavm ypljmbac`mv iagghppmmy lk` }ym pbmym

pa hkeavg pbm vlkom lk` eai}y ae KAVGL^GM‘y awk liphuhphmy# lk` ylkiphak pbm l~~valibmy lk`~vaim`}vmy hp eaccawy+ Pbhy yba}c` bmc~ pa hg~vaum hpy ‒muh`mkim flym‘ ly pa pbm iavvmipkmyy lk`

cmohphglix ae hpy liphuhphmy# l~~valibmy# `mihyhaky# mpi+ lk` wa}c` hg~vaum fapb pbm pvlky~lvmkix

y}vva}k`hko wblp hp hy àhko lk` pbm mrpmkp pa wbhib hp bly pbm fcmyyhko lk` ‒f}x'hk‘ ae lcc ae hpyjmx iakyphp}mkpy+ Hp wa}c` lcya bmc~ pa `mgakypvlpm pblp hpy wavj hy kap `hvmipm` yacmcx pawlv`y

pbm kmm`y ae hpy awk gmgfmvy f}p bly fmmk wavjm` a}p fx iagghppmmy iag~vhyhko lcc vmcmulkpypljmbac`mvy+ _m pbmvmeavm gljm pbm eaccawhko vmiaggmk`lphak4

<>+ KAVGL^GM yba}c` myplfchyb akm av gavm ‒ypljmbac`mv‘ iagghppmmy pa hkeavg

`mihyhaky vmolv`hko pbm flclkim ae hpy liphuhphmy lk` pbm l~~valibmy lk` ~vaim`}vmy hp

eaccawy hk ilvvxhko a}p hpy wavj

<+6+0 Vmiaggmk`lphaky vmclphko pa KAVGL^GM‘y iagg}khilphak liphuhphmy

Pbm ~vmuha}y mulc}lphak h`mkphehm` l k}gfmv ae wlxy hk wbhib KAVGL^GM‘y iagg}khilphak

liphuhphmy ia}c` fm ypvmkopbmkm`# lk` gl`m l k}gfmv ae vmiaggmk`lphaky hk pbhy vmolv`+ Pbm ehvyp

ae pbmym ' pblp KAVGL^GM yba}c̀ à gavm pa ~vagapm YGMy‘ }ym ae M}va~mlk yplk`lv`y ' bly

lcvml`x fmmk `hyi}yym` lfaum lk` wm blum hyy}m` l e}vpbmv vmiaggmk`lphak hk vmclphak pa pblp+Apbmv vmiaggmk`lphaky ae pbm ~vmuha}y mulc}lphak leehvgm` pbm kmm` eav KAVGL^GM pa4

… Yblvm oaa` ~vliphim hk pbm ~vauhyhak ae vmcmulkp hkeavglphak pa YGMy

… @a gavm pa ~vagapm pbm YGM y}~~avp gmly}vmy pblp lvm lulhclfcm evag apbmv lipavy

… Mky}vm pblp hpy wavj pa pvlij kmw `mumca~gmkpy leemiphko YGMy lp pbm M]'cmumc "~achihmy#

cmohyclphak# yplk`lv`y( lvm ~va~mvcx ài}gmkpm` lk` iagg}khilpm` pa apbmv ~lvphmy# lk`… Mky}vm pblp lcc hkpmvmypm` ~lvphmy vmimhum vmo}clv hkeavglphak ak hpy wavj# hk pmvgy ae hpy

liphuhphmy# ~vaimyymy# ~ayhphaky lk` libhmum` vmy}cpy

Iakimvkhko pbm ehvyp f}ccmp ~ahkp# flym` ak pbm vmy}cpy ae pbm yp}`x wm ilk iakic}`m pblp yagmoaa` ~vaovmyy bly fmmk gl`m+ _bhcm KAVGL^GM bly kap xmp àkm g}ib pa ~vagapm ‒oaa`

~vliphim‘ hk hkeavglphak ~vauhyhak hp bly fmo}k pa pljm ypm~y pa fmppmv }k`mvyplk` pbm vmcmulkim

lk` }phchpx ae pbm hkeavglphak hk ~vauh`my# lk` bly pljmk yagm ypm~y pa hg~vaum pbmym+ Vmclphko pa

pbhy# a}v y}vumxy ea}k` pblp =?- ae vmy~ak`mkpy emcp pblp KAVGL^GM bl` hg~vaum` hpy

~vauhyhak ae vmcmulkp hkeavglphak pa pbmhv avolkhylphak pa yagm mrpmkp yhkim pbm ~vmuha}y

mulc}lphak+ A}v y}vumxy lcya vmumlcm` pblp vmih~hmkpy ae KAVGL^GM‘y `hvmip iagg}khilphaky

"kmwycmppmvy# ihvi}clvy# iaky}cplphak ~l~mvy# mpi+( hk pbm ulyp gldavhpx ae ilymy ehk` pbhy

hkeavglphak vmcmulkp lk` }yme}c+ KAVGL^GM bly lcya vm|}mypm` emm`flij evag }ymvy ae hpywmfyhpm hk av`mv pa `mpmvghkm baw hp ilk ~vauh̀ m gavm }yme}c lk` vmcmulkp hkeavglphak+ Hk

l``hphak KAVGL^GM bly }k`mvpljmk y~mihehi liphuhphmy pa ~va`}im lk` `hypvhf}pm hkeavglphumcmlecmpy lk` faajcmpy hk vmclphak pa yplk`lv`hylphak lk` imvphehilphak ! IM glvjhko# lk` bly

}~`lpm` hpy wmfyhpm ya ly pa ~vauh`m l clvomv fa`x ae hkeavglphum glpmvhlc pblk hp `h` lp pbm ~ahkp

ae pbm ~vmuha}y mulc}lphak+

_bhcm KAVGL^GM bly lùlkim` hk pmvgy ae hpy awk hkeavglphak ~vauhyhak# pbm yp}`x bly

h`mkphehm` yagm lvmly wbmvm gavm ilk fm àkm+ Ehvyp# wm fmchmum pblp KAVGL^GM kmm`y pa

glklom g}ib gavm phobpcx hpy `lplflym ae iakplipy lk` mky}vm pblp hp hy icmlv ly pa wblp jhk`y ae

hkeavglphak mlib iakplip yba}c` vmimhum+ Aumv blce ae pbm YGM lyyaihlphaky plvompm` fx a}v

y}vumx yplpm` pblp pbmx à kap vmimhum lkx vmo}clv hkeavglphak evag KAVGL^GM# lk` pbmym



<6

wmvm lcc klgm` iakplipy y}~~chm` fx KAVGL^GM hpymce+ KAVGL^GM bly icmlvcx bl`

~vafcmgy whpb hpy `lplflym lk` wbhcm hp bly fmmk pljhko ypm~y pa hg~vaum pbhy hk vmimkp phgmy# wm

fmchmum pblp pbm `lplflym yphcc iakplhky elv paa glkx hkiag~cmpm# a}p ae `lpm lk` hkiavvmip vmiav`y#

lk` àmy kap iakplhk pbm vhobp jhk`y ae ehmc`y pa mklfcm KAVGL^GM pa glklom hpy

iagg}khilphak liphuhphmy ~va~mvcx+ Hpy imkpvlc `lplflym iakplhky ymumvlc pba}ylk` vmiav`y f}p pbmulyp gldavhpx ae pbm iakplipy lvm kap ymkp lkx hkeavglphak lk` KAVGL^GM l~~mlvy pa blum akcx

chghpm` iakpvac aumv wbhib hkeavglphak hp yba}c` fm ymk`hko pa pbm iakplipy pblp hp àmy hkpmvlip

whpb+ _m fmchmum pblp hp wa}c` fm ~vmemvlfcm eav KAVGL^GM pa blum <>> wmcc ea}k`m`#iag~cmpm lk` }~ pa `lpm vmiav`y ae klgm` iakplipy whpb wbhib hp lip}lccx hkpmvlipy pblk <#>>> a}p

ae `lpm hvvmcmulkp iakplipy whpb wbhib hp vlvmcx he mumv iagg}khilpmy+ KAVGL^GM yba}c` akcxchyp iakplipy pblp hp lip}lccx bly l vmclphakybh~ whpb# lk` hpy `lplflym yba}c̀ iakplhk ehmc`y `mplhchko

pbm klp}vm ae pbm vmclphakybh~# pbm hkeavglphak mlib iakplip yba}c` fm ~vauh`m` whpb "lk` y}~~cx#

wbmvm vmcmulkp(# pbm clko}lom hk wbhib hp yba}c` fm y}~~chm`# mpi+ Hp yba}c` lcya iakplhk ehmc`y pa

hk`hilpm wbmk pbm vmiav` wly ivmlpm` #wbmk hp wly clyp }~`lpm`# lk` ya ak+ Mlib vmiav` yba}c` fm

ly iag~cmpm ly ~ayyhfcm+ Y}ib hg~vaumgmkpy lvm uhplc pa pbm lfhchpx ae KAVGL^GM pa glklom

hpy vmclphakybh~y lk` iagg}khilphaky meemiphumcx lk` meehihmkpcx# lk` wm pbmvmeavm gljm pbmeaccawhko vmiaggmk`lphak4

<<+ KAVGL^GM yba}c` pljm ypm~y pa f}hc` l yglccmv f}p gavm iag~cmpm iakplipy `lplflym

iakplhkhko akcx klgm` hk`huh`}lcy whpb wbhib hp bly l vmclphakybh~ lk` whpb wbhib hp

iagg}khilpmy+ Ypm~y yba}c` fm pljmk pa mky}vm pblp hpy `lplflym iakplhky lcc ae pbm

ehmc`y kmm`m` pa glklom hpy vmclphakybh~y meemiphumcx lk` pblp pbm hkeavglphak iakplhkm`

hk mlib vmiav` hy iag~cmpm lk` hy }~`lpm` ak l vmo}clv flyhy

Hk l``hphak pa hg~vauhko pbm |}lchpx ae hpy `lplflym KAVGL^GM kmm`y pa myplfchyb g}ib gavm

icmlvcx wblp eavgy ae hkeavglphak hp yba}c` fm ymk`hko pa mlib iakplip+ He hp hy pa ~vauh`m l bhob

|}lchpx ymvuhim KAVGL^GM bly pa fm umvx icmlv lfa}p pbm px~my ae hkeavglphak hp ilk ~vauh`m#

lk` yba}c` jkaw wbhib px~my ae hkeavglphak mlib iakplip whybmy pa vmimhum lk` hk wbhibclko}lom+ Emm`flij lcya y}oomypy pblp glkx ypljmbac`mvy wa}c` chjm hkeavglphak pblp hy gavmymipav'y~mihehi lk` plvompm` pa pbmhv hk`huh`}lc kmm`y+ _m pbmvmeavm gljm pbm eaccawhko

vmiaggmk`lphak4

<6+ KAVGL^GM yba}c` "h( `mehkm pbm px~my ae hkeavglphak pblp hp ilk gljm lulhclfcm# lk`

hk wbhib clko}lomy# "hh( hkeavg lcc ae hpy iakplipy lfa}p pbmym# "hh( myplfchyb wbhib

iagg}khilphaky mlib iakplip whybmy pa vmimhum lk` hk wblp clko}lom# lk` "hu( ~vauh`m

pbhy hkeavglphak hk chkm whpb pbaym vm|}mypy+ Hp yba}c` lcya pljm ypm~y pa `mumca~ lk`

`hypvhf}pm hkeavglphak pblp hy avolkhym` lcako gavm ymipav'y~mihehi chkmy

Ehklccx# wbhcm wm blum kapm` hg~avplkp hg~vaumgmkpy pa pbm vlkom ae hkeavglphak lulhclfcm ak

KAVGL^GM‘y wmfyhpm# wm blum lcya kapm` pblp imvplhk px~my ae hkeavglphak "m+o+ ak pbm

fmkmehpy ae yplk`lv`y( lvm mhpbmv kap lulhclfcm av umvx `heehi}cp pa ehk`+ _m blum lcya kapm` pblpwbhcm glkx ymiphaky lvm jm~p vmo}clvcx }~`lpm` hp hy icmlv pblp apbmv ymiphaky blum kap fmmk

}~`lpm` eav glkx gakpby lk` hk yagm ilymy xmlvy+ Pa ohum yagm mrlg~cmy# hpy gayp vmimkp ~vmyy

hkeavglphak hy evag 6>>8# hpy gayp vmimkp lkk}lc vm~avp hy evag 6>>2# lk` hpy gayp vmimkp

hkeavglphak ak hpy ehklkihko vmclpmy pa pbm 6>>2!8 xmlv+ Lk`# wbhcm pbm wmfyhpm iakplhky l wmlcpb

ae }yme}c hkeavglphak pbmvm hy ka ymlvib e}kiphak lulhclfcm# gmlkhko pblp hp ilk pljmy }ymvy l clvom

lga}kp ae phgm pa lyimvplhk wbmpbmv y~mihehi hkeavglphak av ài}gmkpy lvm lulhclfcm lk` wbmvm pa

cailpm pbmg+ _m blum lcya kapm` pblp imvplhk jmx ài}gmkpy# y}ib ly pbm <0'~lom hkeavglphumfaajcmp pblp KAVGL^GM `mumca~m` lvm kap lulhclfcm evag pbm ‒^}fchilphaky‘ lvml ae hpy

wmfyhpm# lcpba}ob hp hy ~ayyhfcm pa ehk` pbhy faajcmp mcymwbmvm+ _m fmchmum pblp KAVGL^GM

kmm`y pa eai}y gavm meeavp ak pbmym glppmvy# lk` gljm pbm eaccawhko vmiaggmk`lphak4



<9

<9+ KAVGL^GM yba}c` hg~vaum hpy wmfyhpm pbva}ob pbm ~vauhyhak ae l ymlvib elihchpx lk`

yba}c` mky}vm pblp lcc ymiphaky lvm jm~p vmo}clvcx }~ pa `lpm

Iakimvkhko pbm vmiaggmk`lphak pblp KAVGL^GM yblvm pbm ‒oaa` ~vliphim‘ ybawk fx apbmv

lipavy hk ~vauh`hko y}~~avp gmly}vmy pa YGMy# a}v lklcxymy blum cm` }y pa iakic}`m pblp

KAVGL^GM bly gl`m l yglcc f}p hg~avplkp lga}kp ae ~vaovmyy+ Eav mrlg~cm# gmyylomy ymkppa YGM lyyaihlphaky ly ~lvp ae KAVGL^GM‘y vmimkp liphuhphmy pa ~vagapm O}h`m <? "wbhib

bmc~y yplk`lv`y wvhpmvy pa `vlep YGM evhmk`cx yplk`lv`y( blum hkic}`m` iakplip hkeavglphak ak pbmvmih~hmkpy‘ KYF lk` blum chypm` yagm ae pbm jmx ymvuhimy pblp pbm KYF aeemvy pa YGMy# y}ib ly

vm`}im` ~vhimy eav yplk`lv`y av hkeavglphak `lxy pa bmc~ YGMy‘ pa fmiagm hkuacum`+ Pbm

gmyylomy ymkp fx KAVGL^GM lcya `hvmip vmih~hmkpy pa pbm IMK'IMKMCMI YGM âvplc lk`

hk`hilpm pblp pbhy ~vauh`my l``hphaklc hkeavglphak ak KYF y}~~avp eav YGMy+ Pbhy hy lk hg~avplkp

ehvyp ypm~ hk KAVGL^GM iagg}khilphko gavm ~ayhphum gmyylomy pa pbm a}pyh`m wavc` lfa}p pbm

ymvuhimy pblp apbmv lipavy ~vauh`m pa YGMy+ Bluhko ylh̀ pbhy# pbmvm hy chppcm hkeavglphak ak

KAVGL^GM‘y awk wmfyhpm pa hkeavg YGMy lfa}p pbm lulhclfhchpx ae pbmym y}~~avp ymvuhimy#

lk` hk elip hp hy kap ~lvphi}clvcx mlyx pa `mpmvghkm evag pbm wmfyhpm wblp y}~~avp KAVGL^GM

hpymce ilk aeemv+ _m pbmvmeavm emmc pblp gavm ilk fm àkm hk pbhy vmolv`# lk` wa}c` vmleehvg pbm

kmm` eav KAVGL^GM pa mky}vm pblp YGMy lvm gl`m lwlvm ae lk` lvm bmc~m` pa liimyy lcc eavgyae y}~~avp# hvvmy~miphum ae wba hp hy pblp ~vauh`my pbmg+ He KAVGL^GM ilk fm ymmk pa à gavm

pa liphumcx lijkawcmòm lk` ~vagapm pbm ymvuhimy ae apbmv avolkhylphaky# hp whcc ypvmkopbmk hpy

awk ~ayhphak hk pbmhv mxmy vlpbmv pblk }k`mvghkm hp# lk` whcc ~vauh`m l fmppmv ymvuhim pa YGMy+

_m pbmvmeavm gljm pbm eaccawhko vmiaggmk`lphak4

<0+ KAVGL^GM yba}c` f}hc` ak hpy hkhphlc meeavpy pa gavm liphumcx ~vagapm pbm y}~~avp

ymvuhimy pblp pbm MYAy# KYFy lk` YGM vm~vmymkplphumy "hkic}`hko hpymce( ilk ~vauh`m pa

YGMy+ Hk ~lvphi}clv# KAVGL^GM yba}c` ivmlpm l ̀ m`hilpm` ymiphak ak hpy wmfyhpm pblp

~vauh`my icmlv hkeavglphak pa YGMy lfa}p pbm y}~~avp ymvuhimy pblp lvm lulhclfcm lp

M}va~mlk lk` klphaklc cmumcyIakimvkhko pbm vmiaggmk`lphak ae pbm ~vmuha}y mulc}lphak pblp KAVGL^GM yblvm hkeavglphak

hk vmclphak pa hpy wavj pa pvlij kmw `mumca~gmkpy leemiphko YGMy lp pbm M]'cmumc# a}v lklcxymy

blum vmumlcm` pblp hp bly gl`m yagm ~vaovmyy# f}p pblp hp yphcc àmy kap va}phkmcx ài}gmkp lk`

ihvi}clpm hkeavglphak ak pbm ulvha}y ~achix'cmumc gmmphkoy pblp hp lppmk`y+ Pbm emm`flij wm blum

vmimhum` hk`hilpmy pblp pbhy wa}c` fm l wmciagm l``hphak pa pbm hkeavglphak pblp KAVGL^GM

lcvml`x ihvi}clpmy# lp cmlyp evag pbm ~mvy~miphum ae yagm ypljmbac`mvy# lk` ohumk pblp hp vmimhumy

~}fchi ehklkihko pa lppmk` ~achix gmmphkoy ak fmblce ae YGMy hp ymmgy akcx l~~va~vhlpm pblp

KAVGL^GM yba}c̀ ài}gmkp lk` ihvi}clpm hkeavglphak lfa}p pbaym gmmphkoy+ KAVGL^GM‘ye}p}vm `m~mk`y ak hpy lfhchpx pa ~vauh`m l }yme}c ymvuhim whpb ly g}ib l``m`'ulc}m ly ~ayyhfcm lk`

wm fmchmum pbhy hy akm wlx pblp hp ia}c` mky}vm pblp apbmv vm~vmymkplphumy ae YGMy ilk olhk gavm

fmkmehp evag hpy liphuhphmy pa lyymyy kmw ~achix `mumca~gmkpy+ _m pbmvmeavm gljm "lolhk( pbmeaccawhko vmiaggmk`lphak4

<=+ KAVGL^GM yba}c` mky}vm pblp hpy wavj pa pvlij kmw ~achix `mumca~gmkpy leemiphko

YGMy lp pbm M]'cmumc "~achihmy# cmohyclphak# yplk`lv`hylphak( lvm ~va~mvcx ài}gmkpm`

lk` iagg}khilpm` pa apbmv ~lvphmy ya pblp pbmx paa ilk fmkmehp evag lk` vmlip pa pbhy

hkeavglphak

Pbm ~vmuha}y mulc}lphak h`mkphehm` pblp glkx lipavy bl` l vmclphumcx caw cmumc ae lwlvmkmyy ae

KAVGL^GM hk pmvgy ae pbm liphuhphmy hp ilvvhmy a}p# pbm ~vaimyymy hp mg~caxy# pbm ~ayhphaky hp

`mumca~y lk` pbm vmy}cpy hp bly libhmum`+ _m pbmvmeavm vmiaggmk`m` pblp KAVGL^GM mky}vm

pblp lcc hkpmvmypm` ~lvphmy vmimhum vmo}clv hkeavglphak ak pbmym y}fdmipy+

Pbm |}myphakklhvm y}vumxy iak`}ipm` ly ~lvp ae pbhy yp}`x blum ybawk pblp 59- emmc pblp

KAVGL^GM bly hg~vaum` hpy iagg}khilphak ae hkeavglphak lfa}p hpy liphuhphmy lk`



<0

libhmumgmkpy pa mhpbmv l gm`h}g av clvom mrpmkp# lk` pbhy `mgakypvlpmy pblp oaa` ~vaovmyy bly

fmmk gl`m hk l``vmyyhko pbm vmiaggmk`lphak+ Bawmumv# pbm y}vumxy lcya vmumlcm` pblp 0=- ae

vmy~ak`mkpy iakyh̀ mv pbmgymcumy pa fm mhpbmv ‒kap umvx‘ av ‒kap lp lcc‘ wmcc hkeavgm` lfa}p pbm

ymvuhimy pblp KAVGL^GM ~vauh`my pa lk` ak fmblce ae pbm YGM iagg}khpx+ Pbhy y}oomypy pblp

KAVGL^GM yphcc bly yagm wlx pa oa hk pmvgy ae hkeavghko apbmvy lfa}p hpy wavj# ~lvphi}clvcxyhkim wm akcx ya}obp emm`flij evag klgm` iakplipy whpb wbhib KAVGL^GM lk` hpy mr~mvpy

hkpmvlip+ _m lcya ea}k` pblp akcx lva}k` blce ae pbm YGM lyyaihlphaky pblp ~vauh`m` emm`flij

vmimhum iaky}cplphak ~l~mvy evag KAVGL^GM# lk` ly wm blum lcvml`x yplpm` glkxiaggmkplpavy blum "iavvmipcx( ~ahkpm` a}p pblp KAVGL^GM‘y ~vaimyymy eav iaky}cplphak lk`

~ayhphak eavglphak iakphk}m pa fm umvx }kicmlv+ Hk chobp ae pbmym elipavy wm vmleehvg pbmhg~avplkim ae Vmiaggmk`lphaky 2 lk` <6 lfaum+

<+6+= Vmiaggmk`lphaky vmclphko pa pbm gakhpavhko lk` vm~avphko ae KAVGL^GM‘y liphuhphmy

Pbm ~vmuha}y mulc}lphak gl`m pwa y~mihehi vmiaggmk`lphaky hk vmclphak pa KAVGL^GM‘y

gakhpavhko lk` vm~avphko liphuhphmy+ Pbm ehvyp lyjm` KAVGL^GM pa ypvmkopbmk pbm vmo}clvgakhpavhko ae hpy liphuhphmy fx hkivmlyhko pbm mrpmkp pa wbhib hp va}phkmcx iaccmipy lk` lklcxymy

emm`flij evag }ymvy# hk av`mv pa f}hc` lk hg~vaum` }k`mvyplk`hko ae pbm vmcmulkim lk` }phchpx ae

hpy ymvuhimy+ Pbm ymiak` vmiaggmk`lphak lyjm` pbm Iagghyyhak lk` KAVGL^GM pa mky}vm

pblp hk e}p}vm pbm iakpvlip ài}gmkpy lk` liphuhpx vm~avpy ~vauh`m` l gavm iabmvmkp lk` iag~cmpm

liia}kp ae pbm plyjy ilvvhm` a}p# pbm vmya}vimy lccailpm` pa mlib# pbm a}p~}py pblp blum fmmk

~va`}im` lk` pbm a}piagmy pblp blum fmmk libhmum`+

Flym` ak pbm lulhclfcm muh`mkim wm ilk iakic}`m pblp KAVGL^GM bly gl`m oaa` ~vaovmyy hk

l``vmyyhko pbmym pwa vmiaggmk`lphaky+ Ly vmolv`y pbm vmo}clv gakhpavhko ae hpy liphuhphmy wm ilk~ahkp pa pbm eaccawhko `mumca~gmkpy4

… Pbm iaccmiphak lk` lklcxyhy ae emm`flij evag ~lvphih~lkpy hk ymghklvy pblp hp ia'avolkhym`# hk

av`mv pa `mpmvghkm pbm vmcmulkim lk` }phchpx ae pbm ymyyhaky evag pbm ~mvy~miphum ae pbm YGMlyyaihlphaky pblp lppmk`m`

… Y~mihehi mk|}hvhmy `hvmipm` pa M]'cmumc YGM vm~vmymkplphumy pa `mpmvghkm pbmhv cmumc ae

ylphyeliphak whpb pbm iaa~mvlphak lk` whpb pbm hkeavglphak pbmx afplhk evag KAVGL^GM

… L y}vumx ae vmih~hmkpy ae hpy iagg}khilphak liphuhphmy lk` }ymvy ae hpy wmfyhpm pa `mpmvghkmpbm vmcmulkim lk` }phchpx ae pbm hkeavglphak lk` pa h`mkphex lvmly eav hg~vaumgmkp

Pbmym mrlg~cmy `mgakypvlpm pblp KAVGL^GM hy kaw àhko gavm pa }k`mvyplk` pbm vmcmulkim

lk` }phchpx ae yagm ly~mipy ae hpy liphuhphmy+ _m fmchmum pblp pbhy oaa` ~vaovmyy ilk fm f}hcp ak fx

mrpmk`hko pbm vlkom ae ~ahkpy lp wbhib hp ymmjy emm`flij evag ypljmbac`mv avolkhylphaky+ Akm

afuha}y mrlg~cm wa}c` fm pa hyy}m lkk}lc vm|}mypy pa pbm iakplipy hk hpy `lplflym hk av`mv pa "h(

}~`lpm pbmhv vmiav`y lk` "hh( lyymyy pbmhv cmumc ae ylphyeliphak whpb pbm klp}vm lk` mrpmkp ae hkpmvliphak whpb KAVGL^GM lk` whpb pbm ymvuhimy lk` hkeavglphak hp ~vauh`my+ _m pbmvmeavm

gljm pbm eaccawhko vmiaggmk`lphak4

<5+ KAVGL^GM yba}c` hk e}p}vm iaccmip va}phkm "h+m+ lkk}lc( emm`flij evag lcc ae hpy

iakyphp}mkpy pa lyymyy pbmhv ylphyeliphak whpb pbm y}~~avp ymvuhimy lk` hkeavglphak pblp hp

~vauh`my

Iakimvkhko pbm ~vmuha}y vmiaggmk`lphak pblp KAVGL^GM# paompbmv whpb pbm Iagghyyhak#

ypvmkopbmk pbm vm~avphko ae pbm liphuhphmy# yagm oaa` ~vaovmyy bly lcya fmmk gl`m+ Hk ~lvphi}clv

pbm iakpvlipy lk` lyyaihlpm` liphuhpx vm~avpy lvm g}ib gavm iabmvmkpcx ypv}ip}vm` lva}k` l

`mehkm` ymp ae liphaky lk` y}f'liphaky lk` hpy hy kaw g}ib icmlvmv ly pa baw g}ib vmya}vim blyfmmk lccailpm` lk` mr~mk`m` ak mlib liphuhpx+ _mljkmyymy hk vm~avphko gmlkp pblp pbm ~vmuha}y

mulc}lphak ypv}oocm` pa }k`mvyplk` mrlipcx wblp KAVGL^GM bl` fmmk àhko lk` baw g}ib



<=

phgm lk` gakmx mlib liphuhpx bl` iaky}gm`# lk` a}v ~mvy~miphum ak pbmym glppmvy bly fmmk g}ib

hg~vaum` pbhy phgm lva}k`+

_bhcm pbm liphuhphmy lk` vmclpm` mr~mk`hp}vm blum fmmk gavm iabmvmkpcx ypv}ip}vm` lk` gavm

icmlvcx `myivhfm` aumv pbm ~lyp ia}~cm ae xmlvy# wm blum yphcc h`mkphehm` l clvom k}gfmv ae yglcc

f}p hg~avplkp wlxy hk wbhib KAVGL^GM ilk hg~vaum hpy vm~avpy pa pbm Iagghyyhak+KAVGL^GM ~vauh`my l cap ae hkeavglphak lfa}p hpy wavj f}p g}ib ae pbhy iake}ymy vlpbmv pblk

iclvhehmy pbm yhp}lphak# lk` pbmvm hy lg~cm a~~avp}khpx eav KAVGL^GM pa ~vauh`m icmlvmv

liia}kpy ae wblp hpy afdmiphum wmvm# wblp bly fmmk àkm pa libhmum pbmym "h+m+ liphuhphmy(# lk` bawg}ib ~vaovmyy bly fmmk gl`m "h+m+ libhmumgmkpy(# hk mlib ae pbm lvmly wbmvm hp a~mvlpmy+ Hk mlib

ilym KAVGL^GM yba}c` ~vauh`m icmlvmv lyymyygmkpy ae pbm yhp}lphak lp pbm yplvp ae mlib liphaklk` pbm yhp}lphak lp pbm mk`# wbhib yba}c` e}vpbmv mkblkim pbm Iagghyyhak‘y lfhchpx pa }k`mvyplk`

lk` l~~vlhym ~mveavglkim+ _m lcya fmchmum hp wa}c` fm bmc~e}c he hk lvmly wbmvm ~vaovmyy bly

fmmk fmcaw mr~miplphaky# KAVGL^GM ~vauh`my l icmlv yplpmgmkp ly pa wbx hp fmchmumy pbhy bly

bl~~mkm` lk` wblp hp ~clky pa à pa l``vmyy pbm yhp}lphak+ KAVGL^GM yba}c` lcya mky}vm pblp hp

~vauh`my pbm Iagghyyhak whpb lcc ae pbm lovmm` a}p~}py lk` `mchumvlfcmy+ _m pbmvmeavm gljm pbm

eaccawhko vmiaggmk`lphak4<?+ KAVGL^GM yba}c` hg~vaum pbm iclvhpx lk` iag~cmpmkmyy ae hpy vm~avphko pa pbm

Iagghyyhak# l``vmyyhko pbm ulvha}y hyy}my h`mkphehm` hk pbhy vm~avp

<+6+5 Vmiaggmk`lphaky vmclphko pa pbm ehklkihko ae KAVGL^GM‘y liphuhphmy

Pbm ~vmuha}y mulc}lphak kapm` pblp hp bl` h`mkphehm` l clvom k}gfmv ae lvmly eav hg~vaumgmkp# lk`

pblp KAVGL^GM wa}c` kmm` phgm lk` vmya}vimy pa ypvmkopbmk hpy a~mvlphaky+ _m pbmvmeavmvmiaggmk`m` pblp pbm Iagghyyhak hkivmlym pbm uac}gm ae ehklkihko hp ~vauh`m` pa

KAVGL^GM "ly hp lcvml`x bl` ~clky pa à( lk` pblp KAVGL^GM yba}c` mky}vm pblp yagm ae

pbm l``hphaklc vmya}vimy wmvm }ym` pa a~mk hpy liphuhphmy pa l fval`mv vlkom ae lipavy lk` pa

`mumca~ pbm kmimyylvx yxypmgy pa lccaw hp pa a~mvlpm ak l gavm ~vaemyyhaklc lk` pvlky~lvmkp flyhyhk e}p}vm+

Pbm vmy}cpy ae pbhy yp}`x blum hk`hilpm` pblp pbm Iagghyyhak bly hk`mm` hkivmlym` hpy ehklkihko

lk` pblp KAVGL^GM bly }ym` yagm ae pbhy l``hphaklc vmya}vim pa fmohk pa iacclfavlpm gavm

liphumcx whpb l fval`mv vlkom ae lipavy+ Ymumvlc ae pbm y}f'liphaky }k`mvpljmk fx KAVGL^GMhk pbm ~lyp pwa xmlvy blum mr~chihpcx ya}obp pa mrpmk` hpy vmlib lk` lccaw hp pa ymvum pbm kmm`y ae l

clvomv ~aac ae YGM vm~vmymkplphumy# lk` hp bly icmlvcx gl`m meeavpy pa wavj hk l gavm iaa~mvlphumwlx whpb apbmv vm~vmymkplphum lyyaihlphaky lk` whpb pbm yplk`lv`hylphak fa`hmy+ _m ilk pbmvmeavm

iakic}`m pblp yagm oaa` ~vaovmyy bly fmmk gl`m hk vmclphak pa pbhy vmiaggmk`lphak+ Bawmumv#

pbm yp}`x bly lcya h`mkphehm` pblp pbmvm hy vaag eav e}vpbmv hg~vaumgmkp# lk` hk ~lvphi}clv wm blum

ymmk chppcm muh`mkim pa y}oomyp pblp KAVGL^GM bly àkm g}ib pa `mumca~ hpy ‒yxypmgy‘ pa lccaw

hp pa lip ak l gavm ~vaemyyhaklc lk` pvlky~lvmkp flyhy+ Hk glkx vmy~mipy hp bly hg~vaum` hpy~vaemyyhaklchyg f}p hp hy kap icmlv pblp pbhy bly bl~~mkm` hk l yxypmglphi wlx lk` hy hk lkx wlx

mky}vm` pbva}ob hpy glklomgmkp yxypmgy+ Hp hy lcya pbm ilym pblp g}ib ae wblp hp àmy lk` baw hp

oamy lfa}p hp hy kap e}ccx pvlky~lvmkp pa apbmv ypljmbac`mvy# lk` pblp e}vpbmv hg~vaumgmkpy lvmkmm`m`+ Hk ~lvphi}clv wm fmchmum pblp hpy ~vaimyymy eav iaky}cplphak# iakymky}y f}hc`hko lk`

~ayhphak eavglphak lvm kap pvlky~lvmkp# lk` wm blum lcvml`x vmyplpm` hk vmiaggmk`lphak 2 lfaumpbm kmm` eav KAVGL^GM pa l``vmyy pbhy hyy}m ly l glppmv ae }vomkix+

Hk l``hphak# wm ilk ylx pblp wbhcm wm fmchmum pblp pbmvm hy muh`mkim pa y}oomyp pblp KAVGL^GM

bly a~mkm` hpy liphuhphmy pa l wh`mv vlkom ae lipavy# hp hy kap umvx icmlv baw glkx lipavy wmvm

liimyyhko hpy ymvuhimy lp pbm ~ahkp ae pbm ~vmuha}y mulc}lphak lk` baw glkx lvm àhko ya pa`lx+

Pbmvmeavm# wbhcm yagm oaa` ~vaovmyy bly fmmk gl`m hp hy umvx `heehi}cp pa d}òm pbm mrpmkp ae

~vaovmyy fmil}ym KAVGL^GM yphcc clijy pbm kmimyylvx hkpmvklc glklomgmkp yxypmgy pa



<5

glhkplhk l icmlv ~hip}vm ae pbm klp}vm lk` mrpmkp ae hpy hkpmvliphak whpb apbmv vm~vmymkplphumy ae

YGMy lk` pbm hg~lipy pblp hpy liphuhphmy lvm omkmvlphko+ Pbhy wly ~lvp ae pbm vmlyak eav

vmiaggmk`lphaky << lk` <5 lfaum# pbm hg~avplkim ae wbhib wm vmleehvg+

A}v aumvlcc d}òmgmkp hy pblp KAVGL^GM kmm`y kaw pa `m`hilpm gavm vmya}vimy pa

ypvmkopbmkhko hpy iavm glklomgmkp ~vaimyymy lk` ~}pphko hk ~clim yxypmgy pblp whcc ~mvghp hp paglklom hpy liphuhphmy gavm meemiphumcx lk` meehihmkpcx+ _m blum kapm` pblp KAVGL^GM‘y

hk`huh`}lc yplee gmgfmvy wavj livayy gayp av hk yagm ilymy lcc ae hpy liphuhphmy# lk` wm fmchmum

pblp pbhy hy ivmlphko `heehi}cphmy whpb phgm lk` hkeavglphak glklomgmkp# lk` hk yagm ilymy gmlkypblp hpy yplee lvm y~vml` paa pbhkcx pa ~mveavg lcc ae pbmhv vacmy meemiphumcx+ ]cphglpmcx wm fmchmum

pblp KAVGL^GM‘y wavj wa}c` fm ypvmkopbmkm` he hp paaj ak emwmv liphaky f}p ~mveavgm` mlibliphak gavm meemiphumcx lk` whpb l yglcc# `m`hilpm` pmlg+ Ly y}ib# wm ̀ a kap fmchmum pblp hp hy

kmimyylvx pa ohum gavm e}k`hko pa KAVGL^GM lp pbm ~vmymkp phgm+ Hkypml` hp yba}c` ymmj pa

wavj hk l gavm meehihmkp lk` meemiphum wlx# eai}yhko hpy phgm lk` mkmvox ak pbaym liphuhphmy pblp

l`` gayp ulc}m pa hpy iakyphp}mkpy# lk` lflkàkhko av i}vplhchko liphuhphmy pblp lvm cmyy

meemiphum!meehihmkp hk pbhy vmolv`+ _m pbmvmeavm gljm pbm eaccawhko vmiaggmk`lphak4

<2+ KAVGL^GM yba}c` gljm e}vpbmv meeavpy pa ypvmkopbmk hpy glklomgmkp ~vaimyymy hkav`mv pa mklfcm hp pa `m~cax hpy vmya}vimy gavm meemiphumcx lk` meehihmkpcx

<+9 Ypljmbac`mvy‘ ~mvim~phaky ae KAVGL^GM

Ohumk KAVGL^GM‘y vacm lk` pbm elip pblp hp vmchmy ya bmluhcx ak ~}fchi ehklkihko# hp hyhg~avplkp pblp hp bly pbm iakeh`mkim lk` y}~~avp ae hpy ypljmbac`mvy# wbhib lvm ~vhkih~lccx YGMy

lk` pbmhv vm~vmymkplphumy# f}p lcya pbm Iagghyyhak lk` pbm yplk`lv`hylphak fa`hmy+ Pbhy yp}`x bly

pbmvmeavm ya}obp pa }k`mvyplk` baw pbm wh`mv iagg}khpx ~mvimhumy KAVGL^GM# lk` wm ilk

yplpm pblp pbm vmy}cpy lvm fval`cx ~ayhphum lk` pblp pbm gldavhpx ae ypljmbac`mv avolkhylphaky

mr~vmyyhko lk a~hkhak iakyh`mv pblp KAVGL^GM hy4

… ^mveavghko l ulc}lfcm vacm ' ?5- ae ypljmbac`mvy lovmm`# wbhcm akcx 0- `hylovmm`

… L vmchlfcm avolkhylphak ’ ?9- ae ypljmbac`mvy lovmm`# wbhcm akcx 0- `hylovmm`

… L bmc~e}c avolkhylphak ’ ?9- ae ypljmbac`mvy lovmm`# wbhcm akcx 2- `hylovmm`

… Lk meemiphum avolkhylphak ’ 5=- ae ypljmbac`mvy lovmm`# wbhcm akcx 8- `hylovmm`

… Lk meehihmkp avolkhylphak ’ =5- ae ypljmbac`mvy lovmm`# wbhcm akcx ?- `hylovmm`

Aumvlcc pbmk# hp hy icmlv pblp pbm gldavhpx ae pbm ypljmbac`mvy iaky}cpm` `}vhko pbhy yp}`x blum l

~ayhphum a~hkhak ae KAVGL^GM+ _m blum kapm`# bawmumv# pblp l yhokhehilkp ~va~avphak ae vmy~ak`mkpy emcp }klfcm pa mr~vmyy lk a~hkhak av olum l km}pvlc vmy~akym# yhokhexhko pblp glkx

ypljmbac`mvy lvm kap y}eehihmkpcx wmcc hkeavgm` pa mr~vmyy lk a~hkhak av fmchmum pblp

KAVGL^GM‘y ~mveavglkim hy ‒ghrm`‘+ Kap y}v~vhyhkocx pbm gayp ~ayhphum emm`flij wlyafplhkm` evag KAVGL^GM‘y awk mr~mvpy lk` gmgfmv avolkhylphaky# wbhib wmvm hk lcgayp lcc

ilymy lfcm pa mr~vmyy lk a~hkhak pblp wly clvomcx ~ayhphum+ Pbm yplk`lv`hylphak fa`hmy wmvm gayp

‒km}pvlc‘ hk pbmhv emm`flij# whpb pbm gldavhpx mhpbmv kap lfcm pa lkywmv av hk`hilphko pblp

KAVGL^GM wly yagmphgmy vmchlfcm# bmc~e}c# meemiphum# meehihmkp lk` yagmphgmy kap+ Apbmv

ypljmbac`mvy wmvm lcya iblvlipmvhym` fx l bhob hklfhchpx pa lkywmv lk` lcya olum l clvom k}gfmv

ae km}pvlc av ghrm` vmy~akymy+

Flym` ak pbm muh`mkim ~vmymkpm` lfaum wm ilk iakic}`m pblp KAVGL^GM hy lp ~vmymkp lomkmvlccx wmcc'vmolv`m` avolkhylphak+ Hp hy kaplfcm# bawmumv# pblp vmy~ak`mkpy wmvm cmlyp wmcc

hkeavgm` ly pa wbmpbmv KAVGL^GM hy meemiphum lk` meehihmkp+ Pljhko lcc vmy~ak`mkpy hkpa

liia}kp cmyy pblk blce wmvm lfcm pa ~ayhphumcx leehvg pblp pbmx iakyh̀ mv KAVGL^GM pa fm

meemiphum "05-( av meehihmkp "98-(# lk` hp hy icmlv pbmvmeavm pblp gavm ilk fm àkm pa vlhym pbm



<?

mrpmkp pa wbhib avolkhylphaky a}pyh`m ae hpy awk ihvicm ae mr~mvpy lk` gmgfmv lyyaihlphaky lvm

lfcm pa aeemv lk leehvglphum a~hkhak+ _m fmchmum pblp pbm vmiaggmk`lphaky wm blum gl`m whcc

bmc~ hp pa à pbhy+

<+0 Baw yba}c` KAVGL^GM fm ehklkim` hk e}p}vm1

Pbhy yp}`x bly hkumypholpm` pbm a~phaky lulhclfcm pa pbm Iagghyyhak eav pbm e}p}vm ehklkihko ae

KAVGL^GM# lk` bly h`mkphehm` pblp hpy a~phaky lvm myymkphlccx chghpm` pa pwa px~my ae ovlkp4

… Pbm ehvyp# ovlkpy eav liphaky# lvm `myhokm` pa y}~~avp ‒ak'aee‘ liphaky pblp y}~~avp iagg}khpx

~achix afdmiphumy+ Pbmx lvm pbm gayp wh`mcx }ym` gmiblkhyg pbva}ob wbhib Iagghyyhak

`m~lvpgmkpy lccailpm ehklkihko pa apbmv avolkhylphaky pa bmc~ y}~~avp pbm hg~cmgmkplphak ae

pbmhv ~achihmy+ Hp hy lcya pbm gmpba` pblp @O MKPV }ymy lp ~vmymkp pa ia'ehklkim pbm liphuhphmy

ilvvhm` a}p fx KAVGL^GM

… Pbm ymiak`# a~mvlphko ovlkpy# lvm `myhokm` pa ehklkim pbm a~mvlphko mr~mk`hp}vm ae l fa`x

~}vy}hko lk lhg ae omkmvlc M}va~mlk hkpmvmyp av lk afdmiphum pblp eavgy ~lvp ae M}va~mlk

]khak ~achix+ Pbhy hy pbm eavg ae ovlkp i}vvmkpcx }ym` fx @O MKPV pa ia'ehklkim IMK#IMKMCMI lk` MPYH lk` fx apbmv @Oy pa y}~~avp pbm liphuhphmy ae LKMI "vm~vmymkphko

iaky}gmv hkpmvmypy hk yplk`lv`hylphak( lk` MIAY "vm~vmymkphko mkuhvakgmkplc hkpmvmypy hk

yplk`lv`hylphak(

A}v lyymyygmkpy ae pbm liphuhphmy fmhko ilvvhm` a}p fx KAVGL^GM lk` ae pbm `heemvmkimy

fmpwmmk pbm pwa px~my ae ovlkp cml` }y pa iakic}`m pblp lk a~mvlphko ovlkp wa}c` fm l gavmy}hplfcm ehklkihko gmiblkhyg pblk ovlkpy eav liphaky+ Pbhy hy fmil}ym pbm liphuhphmy pblp pbm

Iagghyyhak ia'ehklkimy iakyphp}pm KAVGL^GM‘y iavm av ‒`lx'pa'`lx‘ f}yhkmyy vlpbmv pblk l

ymp ae ‒akm'aee‘ liphaky pblp# akim iag~cmpm`# whcc ka cakomv vmimhum iagg}khpx ehklkihko+ Pbm

ypml`x ecaw ae kmw yplk`lv`y lk` pbm ovl`}lc mr~lkyhak ae lvmly hk wbhib yplk`lv`y lvm

`mumca~m` lk` }ym` hg~chmy l kmm` pa glhkplhk lk akoahko wlpib ak pbm mrpmkp pa wbhib pbmym

ghobp hg~lip ak YGMy# pa iakphk}m pa mky}vm pblp YGMy lvm wmcc hkeavgm` lk` ilk liphumcxmkolom whpb pbm yplk`lv`hylphak ~vaimyy# lk` pa mky}vm pblp YGMy lvm lfcm pa l~~cx pbm yplk`lv`y

lp l vmlyaklfcm iayp+ Lk a~mvlphko ovlkp hy pbm gayp y}hplfcm ehklkihko gmiblkhyg hk pbmym

ihvi}gyplkimy fmil}ym pbm liphuhphmy lvm chjmcx pa fm kmm`m` elv hkpa pbm e}p}vm lk` vm~vmymkp pbm

‒iavm‘ f}yhkmyy ae pbm mkphpx vmimhuhko pbm ehklkihko+Akm iv}ihlc `heemvmkim fmpwmmk ovlkpy eav liphaky lk` a~mvlphko ovlkpy iakimvky pbm v}cm ae

`movmyyhuhpx# wbhib l~~chmy pa pbm clppmv f}p kap pbm eavgmv+ ^}p yhg~cx# pbhy vm|}hvmgmkp yplpmy

pblp he lk a~mvlphko ovlkp hy pa fm vmkmwm` lkk}lccx pbmk hp yba}c` fm ovl`}lccx vm`}im`# kap

kmimyylvhcx hk pmvgy ae pbm ehklkihlc ulc}m ae pbm ovlkp f}p hk pmvgy ae pbm ~va~avphak ae pbm

vmih~hmkp‘y a~mvlphko f}òmp pblp hy ehklkim` fx pbm Iagghyyhak+ Ovlkpy eav liphaky lvm ‒akm'

aeey‘ lk` ya pbmvm hy ka mr~miplphak pblp pbmx whcc fm iakphk}m` lk` pbmvmeavm ka mr~miplphak pblp

pbm Iagghyyhak‘y cmumc ae ia'ehklkihko whcc vm`}im aumv phgm+ Bawmumv# lk a~mvlphko ovlkp hy

kap l ‒akm'aee‘ f}p l gavm mk`}vhko ehklkihlc lvvlkomgmkp# lk` pbm `movmyyhuhpx v}cm vm|}hvmy pblp

vmih~hmkp avolkhylphaky ovl`}lccx vm`}im pbmhv cmumc ae ehklkihlc `m~mk`mkim ak pbm Iagghyyhak+

Pbhy hy hkpmk`m` pa mky}vm pblp pbm a~mvlphko ovlkp àmy kap hkivmlym pbm fmkmehihlvx‘y ehklkihlc`m~mk`mkim ak pbm Iagghyyhak av ymvum pa glhkplhk ‒lvphehihlccx‘ avolkhylphaky pblp wa}c`

apbmvwhym vm`}im pbmhv liphuhphmy av `hyl~~mlv mkphvmcx whpba}p y}fyplkphlc lk` vm~mlpm`

Iagg}khpx hkpmvumkphak+ Bawmumv# hp hy ~ayyhfcm eav pbm `movmyyhuhpx v}cm pa fm wlhum` hk imvplhk

y~mihehi ihvi}gyplkimy lk` pbmvm lvm ka ypvhip v}cmy iakimvkhko pbm y~mm` lp wbhib pbm ehklkihlc

`m~mk`mkim yba}c` `mivmlym av pbm mrpmkp pa wbhib hp yba}c` bl~~mk+ Evag KAVGL^GM‘y

~mvy~miphum pbhy hg~chmy pblp pbmvm wa}c` fm l kmm` eav hp pa hkivmlym hpy hkiagm evag ya}vimy apbmv



<2

pblk pbm Iagghyyhak# f}p pbm mrpmkp pa wbhib pbhy whcc kmm` pa bl~~mk lk` aumv wblp phgmyilcm

vmglhky a~mk+

A}v `hyi}yyhaky whpb pbm Iagghyyhak blum hk`hilpm` pblp a~mvlphko ovlkpy lvm ychobpcx `heemvmkp

pblk ovlkpy eav liphaky hk pmvgy ae pbm eavglc v}cmy ly pa baw pbmx lvm glklom` lk` ak pbm

vm|}hvmgmkpy eav l}`hpy# mpi+ Bawmumv# pbmvm hy ka vmlyak wbx pbm Iagghyyhak wa}c` kap fm lfcmpa mrmvihym pbm ylgm `movmm ae glklomgmkp iakpvac lk` gakhpavhko ae pbm wavj }k`mv lk

a~mvlphko ovlkp ly hp ilk mrmvihym hk vmclphak pa ovlkpy eav liphaky+ LKMI lk` MIAY# fapb ae

wbhib vmimhum pbmhv ehklkihko pbva}ob a~mvlphko ovlkpy# lvm vm|}hvm` pa iag~cx whpb elhvcxypvhkomkp iakpvlip}lc lk` vm~avphko ~vaim`}vmy# lk` kmhpbmv pbm lga}kp ae e}k`hko pbmx vmimhum

kav pbm liphuhphmy pblp pbmx lvm lfcm pa ilvvx a}p lvm hk lkx wlx o}lvlkpmm`+ He lkx avolkhylphakvmimhuhko lk a~mvlphko ovlkp ibaaymy pa l`d}yp hpy liphuhphmy hk `hvmiphaky pblp pbm Iagghyyhak

d}òmy kap pa fm hk chkm whpb hpy ~achix pbmk pbm Iagghyyhak hy evmm pa ka cakomv ia'ehklkim pbaym

mcmgmkpy+ Ly y}ib# pbmvm lvm ka afuha}y av yhokhehilkp kmolphum hg~lipy lyyaihlpm` whpb l ywhpib

pa lk a~mvlphko ovlkp# ly uhmwm` evag pbm ~mvy~miphum ae pbm `movmm ae iakpvac pblp pbm

Iagghyyhak ilk mrmvihym+

Pljhko lcc ae pbm hyy}my lk` elipavy hkpa liia}kp wm wa}c` gljm pbm eaccawhko vmiaggmk`lphak4<8+ Hk e}p}vm pbm iagg}khpx ehklkihko ae KAVGL^GM yba}c` fm gl`m pbva}ob lk

a~mvlphko ovlkp vlpbmv pblk pbva}ob ovlkpy eav liphaky+ Eaccawhko pbhy iblkom# pbm

Iagghyyhak yba}c` mky}vm pblp hp glhkplhky l bhob cmumc ae y}~mvuhyhak aumv pbm

liphuhphmy vmimhuhko ia'ehklkihko

<+= Baw vaf}yp hy KAVGL^GM‘y f}yhkmyy ga`mc

Pbm ehklc mcmgmkp ae pbhy yp}`x bly l``vmyym` |}myphaky y}vva}k`hko KAVGL^GM‘y f}yhkmyy

ga`mc lk` hk ~lvphi}clv hpy lfhchpx pa mky}vm hpy yblvm ae ia'ehklkihko lk`# }cphglpmcx# hpy ehklkihlc

uhlfhchpx+ Pbm vmy}cpy blum ybawk pblp KAVGL^GM hy umvx bhobcx ̀ m~mk`mkp ak pbm ehklkihlc

y}~~avp ~vauh`m` fx pbm Iagghyyhak# lk` pblp whpba}p hp pbmvm hy chppcm ~vay~mip ae KAVGL^GMy}vuhuhko flym` ak pbm umvx chghpm` hkiagm hp hy lfcm pa ymi}vm pbva}ob gmgfmvybh~ emmy+ Hk pbhy

vmy~mip hp bly l vlpbmv ~vmilvha}y f}yhkmyy ga`mc+ Bawmumv# KAVGL^GM wly ivmlpm` ly lkavolkhylphak `m`hilpm` mric}yhumcx pa pbm y}~~avp ae YGMy‘ hkpmvmypy hk pbm lvml ae M}va~mlk

yplk`lv`hylphak# livayy lcc ymipavy# lk` hp wly mr~mipm` pblp hpy ~vhglvx ya}vim ae hkiagm wa}c` fmehklkihko evag pbm Iagghyyhak# lp cmlyp hk pbm ybavp pmvg+ Pbmvm lvm chghpm` k}gfmvy ae YGM

vm~vmymkplphum fa`hmy lp M}va~mlk cmumc lk` wbhcm yagm ae pbmym ~vauh`m l yglcc lga}kp ae ia'

ehklkihko pa y}~~avp KAVGL^GM‘y liphuhphmy# pbhy lga}kpy pa cmyy pblk =- ae hpy i}vvmkp

a~mvlphko iaypy+ Ly y}ib# pbm ehklkihlc y}~~avp ~vauh`m` fx pbm Iagghyyhak iakphk}my pa fmuhplc

eav KAVGL^GM pa gmmp hpy awk afdmiphumy+

KAVGL^GM‘y chghpm` lfhchpx pa omkmvlpm hpy awk vmya}vimy hy hk yagm vmy~mipy hkmuhplfcm+

KAVGL^GM wly ymp }~ pa l``vmyy l wh`mcx liim~pm` ‒glvjmp elhc}vm‘ wbmvmhk YGMy à kapgljm e}cc }ym ae yplk`lv`y `}m pa caw cmumcy ae lwlvmkmyy lk` l clij ae b}glk lk` ehklkihlcvmya}vimy# lk` lvm kap y}eehihmkpcx vm~vmymkpm` hk lcc lvmly ae pbm yplk`lv`hylphak ~vaimyy+ Pbhy

cml`y pa l yhp}lphak wbmvm pbm `mumca~m` yplk`lv`y glx kap vmecmip pbm kmm`y ae YGM }ymvy# wbhibhk p}vk cml`y pa cawmv }ym fx YGMy+ ]cphglpmcx# pbhy yhp}lphak hy fmchmum` pa lùmvymcx leemip fapb

pbm iag~mphphumkmyy ae M}va~mlk YGMy lk` pbmhv lfhchpx pa iag~cx whpb cmohyclphum vm|}hvmgmkpy

pa lk mrpmkp pblp hy yaihlccx `myhvlfcm+ Bawmumv# fmil}ym YGMy clij pbm b}glk lk` ehklkihlc

vmya}vimy pa mkolom hk yplk`lv`hylphak# lk` glx kap mumk fm lwlvm ae yplk`lv`y lk` pbm fmkmehpy

pblp pbmx fvhko# ~}fchi ehklkihko bly pa fm }ym` pa l̀ `vmyy pbm ~vafcmg+ Hk apbmv wav`y#

Iagghyyhak e}k`hko hy }ym` pa l``vmyy lk h`mkphehm` glvjmp elhc}vm+

Akim pbm ~}fchi ehklkihko hy hk ~clim# KAVGL^GM‘y lfhchpx pa pbmk lppvlip ~vhulpm ehklkihko hy

hk yagm vmy~mipy wmljmkm`+ Hk ilymy wbmvm YGM iagg}khphmy vmiaokhym pbm ulc}m ae yplk`lv`y#



<8

}ym yplk`lv`y lk` lvm liphumcx mkolom` hk pbm yplk`lv`hylphak ~vaimyy# mhpbmv hk`huh`}lccx av

pbva}ob pbmhv vm~vmymkplphum lyyaihlphaky# pbmvm hy chppcm kmm` eav KAVGL^GM pa hkpmvumkm lk`

chppcm vmlyak eav YGMy pa ~lx eav hpy ymvuhimy+ Bawmumv# hk lvmly wbmvm YGM iagg}khphmy à kap

vmiaokhym pbm ulc}m ae yplk`lv`y# à kap gljm e}cc }ym ae pbmg# lk` lvm kap mkolom` hk pbm

yplk`lv`hylphak ~vaimyy# pbmvm hy l kmm` eav KAVGL^GM f}p ka vmlchyphi wlx hk wbhib pbm YGMiagg}khphmy hkuacum` ia}c̀ fm mr~mipm` pa ~lx pawlv`y hpy iaypy+ Ly y}ib# KAVGL^GM

iakphk}my pa fm `m~mk`mkp ak Iagghyyhak ehklkihko lk` hp hy blv` pa hglohkm baw hp ia}c` mlyhcx

myil~m evag pbhy yhp}lphak+Pbm yhp}lphak hy iakea}k`m` fx lkapbmv elipav+ Pbm Iagghyyhak ehklkihko vm|}hvmy pblp

KAVGL^GM `mchumv hpy ymvuhimy ak lk m|}hplfcm flyhy pa lcc M}va~mlk YGMy lk` pbmhvvm~vmymkplphumy# vlpbmv pblk d}yp pa hpy awk gmgfmvy+ Fmil}ym ae pbhy KAVGL^GM ilkkap aeemv

hpy gmgfmvy lkx jhk` ae ‒l``hphaklc‘ ymvuhimy av y}~~avp hk mriblkom eav pbm gmgfmvybh~ emmy

fmil}ym he hp `h` pbaym vmumk}my wa}c` fm iakkmipm` pa pbm l``hphaklc ymvuhimy vlpbmv pblk pa pbm

ymvuhimy ~vauh̀ m` pbva}ob pbm Iagghyyhak‘y ehklkihko+ ]k`mv pbhy yimklvha pbm emmy wa}c`

fmiagm ‒hkmchohfcm‘ eav pbm ~}v~aymy ae ia'ehklkihko+ Ya lp ~vmymkp KAVGL^GM‘y i}vvmkp

gmgfmvy lvm hk meemip ~lxhko l iakpvhf}phak pa y}~~avp l ymp ae ymvuhimy pblp pbmx wa}c̀hk`huh`}lccx fm lfcm pa liimyy eav evmm he pbmx wmvm kap gmgfmvy+ Lk` lkx avolkhylphak whybhko

pa fmiagm l gmgfmv ae KAVGL^GM bly pa fm pac` pblp pbmvm lvm ka icmlv fmkmehpy pa dahkhko#pbm emm hy yhg~cx l ‒ohep‘ pa mky}vm pblp KAVGL^GM ilk iakphk}m pa liimyy ehklkihlc y}~~avp

evag pbm Iagghyyhak+Pbhy hy icmlvcx kap l ypvako ‒f}yhkmyy ga`mc‘ lk` hp hy kap icmlv pblp KAVGL^GM ilk à g}ib pa

iblkom pbm yhp}lphak+ Hp ia}c` lk` yba}c` gljm meeavpy pa gavm a~mkcx yplpm pblp pbhy hy pbm

yhp}lphak# lk` gljm l~~mlcy pa lcc ae pbm fmkmehihlvhmy ae hpy ymvuhimy pa gljm yagm eavg ae

iakpvhf}phak# wbmpbmv pblp fm pbva}ob gmgfmvybh~ emmy av pbva}ob apbmv eavgy ae àklphaky+

Bawmumv# YGM vm~vmymkplphum fa`hmy hk omkmvlc blum chghpm` vmya}vimy lk` pbmvm lvm l chghpm`

k}gfmv ae M]'cmumc lyyaihlphaky pblp ia}c` lip}lccx fm mr~mipm` pa iakpvhf}pm+ Klphaklc'cmumc

lyyaihlphaky lvm }kchjmcx pa iakpvhf}pm ly pbmx lcvml`x ~lx emmy pa apbmv lyyaihlphaky pa vm~vmymkp

pbmhv hkpmvmypy lp pbm M]'cmumc+ KAVGL^GM ia}c` ae ia}vym ymmj pa iblvom eav yagm ae hpyymvuhimy# y}ib ly pvlhkhko av hkeavglphak ~vauhyhak# f}p pbmym lvm i}vvmkpcx lulhclfcm eav evmm lk`

ly wm blum mr~clhkm`# pbm ymiphaky ae pbm iagg}khpx gayp hk kmm` ae y}~~avp lvm ~vaflfcx cmlypwhcchko av lfcm pa ~lx eav pbmg+ Apbmv iakpvlipm` ymvuhimy# hkic}`hko ~vadmipy kap iakkmipm` pa pbm

ia'ehklkim` liphuhphmy# ia}c` lcya fm }k`mvpljmk fx KAVGL^GM lk` hp hy ~ayyhfcm pblp pbmym

ia}c` omkmvlpm yagm yglcc cmumc ae ‒~vaehp‘ pblp KAVGL^GM ia}c` }ym pa bmc~ pa ia'ehklkim hpy

iavm liphuhphmy# f}p lolhk hp hy hk a}v uhmw }kchjmcx pblp y}fyplkphlc cmumcy ae hkiagm ia}c` fm

ymi}vm` pbva}ob pbhy va}pm+

Akm e}vpbmv a~phak pblp wm fmchmum gmvhpy iakyh`mvlphak# bawmumv# vmclpmy pa pbm iakim~p ae

‒iakpvhf}phaky hk jhk`‘ lk` pbm ~ayyhfhchpx pblp pbmym ia}c̀ fm }ym` whpbhk pbm ia'ehklkihkolvvlkomgmkpy yba}c` pbm Evlgmwavj ^lvpkmvybh~ Lovmmgmkp lccaw hp+ Hk 6>>8!<> KAVGL^GMbl` ea}v YGM mr~mvpy wba }k`mvpaaj pbmhv liphuhphmy whpba}p iblvohko pbm ₣8#>>> emm pblp

KAVGL^GM ~vauh`my pa hpy apbmv mr~mvpy+ Pa a}v ghk` pbhy gmlky pblp pbmym mr~mvpy ilk fmiakyh`mvm` pa blum gl`m l iakpvhf}phak hk jhk` ae l~~varhglpmcx ₣95#>>> pa pbm aumvlcc iaypy ae

pbm liphak+ Pbhy hy gavm pblk à}fcm pbm yilcm ae pbm gmgfmvybh~ emmy omkmvlpm` fx

KAVGL^GM hk 6>>8# lk` xmp hp hy kap ia}kpm` ly ~lvp ae pbm aumvlcc iaypy ae pbm liphak+ _m lvm

lwlvm pblp hk pbm ilym ae ovlkpy eav V%@ ~vadmipy hp hy iaggak~clim eav pbm Iagghyyhak pa

liim~p pblp ~lvp ae pbm ia'ehklkihko vm|}hvm` whcc iagm hk pbm eavg ae vmymlvibmvy‘ phgm vlpbmv

pblk hk ilyb# lk` wm ymm ka vmlyak wbx pbm ylgm caohi ilkkap fm l~~chm` pa pbm wavj ae pbmym

mr~mvpy+ He lk mr~mvp wavjy ak pbm liphak }k~lh` pbmk bm av ybm gljmy l iakpvhf}phak hk jhk` pa

pbm aumvlcc iaypy ae pbm liphak# lk` hp àmy kap ymmg }kvmlyaklfcm eav pbhy pa fm iakyh`mvm` lk`



6>

ia}kpm` ly ~lvp ae pbm ia'ehklkihko omkmvlpm` fx KAVGL^GM+ Pbhy a~phak wa}c` kap fm

l~~chilfcm hk pbm ilym ae a~mvlphko ovlkpy# f}p wm fmchmum pblp fapb KAVGL^GM lk` pbm

Iagghyyhak yba}c` mr~cavm hp e}vpbmv+

Aumvlcc# pbmk# wbhcm e}vpbmv meeavpy ilk lk` g}yp fm gl`m fx KAVGL^GM pa hkivmlym hpy

vmumk}m ypvmlgy wm `a kap fmchmum pblp hp hy emlyhfcm eav KAVGL^GM pa lppvlip yhokhehilkpuac}gmy ae l``hphaklc e}k`hko# lp cmlyp kap hk pbm ybavp'gm`h}g pmvg+ Bawmumv# KAVGL^GM

`amy kmm` pa hkivmlym hpy meeavpy hk pbhy vmolv`# lk` wm gljm pbm eaccawhko vmiaggmk`lphak4

6>+ KAVGL^GM yba}c` `mumca~ iakivmpm f}p vmlchyphi ~clky pa glrhghym hpy awk vmumk}my#

hk av`mv pa mky}vm hp ilk iakpvhf}pm hpy yblvm ae pbm iaypy ae pbm liphuhphmy+

KAVGL^GM‘y fmkmehihlvhmy yba}c` fm gl`m gavm lwlvm ae pbm ehklkihko

lvvlkomgmkpy }k`mv wbhib hp a~mvlpmy lk` pbm kmm` eav pbmg pa iakpvhf}pm pawlv`y hpy

iaypy

Ly l ehklc ~ahkp# wm blum kapm` pblp yagm iaggmkplpavy fmchmum pblp KAVGL^GM hy ‒~vapmipm`‘

evag glvjmp eavimy fmil}ym hp hy e}k`m` lcgayp mric}yhumcx fx pbm Iagghyyhak+ _bhcm pblp glx

fm pv}m pa yagm mrpmkp# pbm Iagghyyhak whcc akcx iakphk}m pa e}k` KAVGL^GM‘y liphuhphmy he

pbm wh`mv iagg}khpx "h( iakehvgy pblp pbmx lvm kmimyylvx lk` }yme}c# lk` "hh( iakpvhf}pmy pawlv`y

pbm iaypy ae pbm liphuhphmy+ He pbm gldavhpx ae mlib ae pbm ypljmbac`mv ova}~y hk pbm M}va~mlkyplk`lv`hylphak lvml lvo}m` ypvakocx pblp pbmvm hy ka kmm` eav KAVGL^GM‘y ymvuhimy lk` ka

ulc}m pa pbmg# lk` he kakm ae pbm fmkmehihlvhmy lvm ~vm~lvm` pa iakpvhf}pm pawlv`y pbm iaypy# hp hy

kap ~ayyhfcm eav pbm Iagghyyhak pa iakphk}m pa ehklkim KAVGL^GM+ Hp hy pbmvmeavm umvx

hg~avplkp pblp KAVGL^GM bly pbm iakeh`mkim lk` y}~~avp ae pbm wh`mv iagg}khpx lk` hp hy

wbx pbm ~vmuha}y mulc}lphak ’ lk` pbhy akm ’ bly eai}ym` hpy vmiaggmk`lphaky ya bmluhcx ak pbm

kmm` eav KAVGL^GM pa f}hc` ypvako iacclfavlphum vmclphakybh~y# ypvmkopbmk hpy muh`mkim flym

lk` pbm eai}y ae hpy liphaky# iagg}khilpm meemiphumcx# lk` }cphglpmcx ~vauh`m pbm fmyp ~ayyhfcm

ymvuhim pa pbm YGM iagg}khphmy pblp hp mrhypy pa ymvum+ Akcx pbva}ob pbmym va}pmy ilk hp ymi}vm

pbmhv e}cc iakeh`mkim lk` hk p}vk ymi}vm hpy awk e}p}vm+ _m whyb pbm avolkhylphak wmcc hk hpymk`mlua}vy lk` ba~m pblp pbhy vm~avp whcc fm ymmk ly iakypv}iphum lk` }yme}c hk pblp vmolv`+



Pmibka~achy Cp`9 ^luhchak F}hc`hkoy

Fvhobpak FK< <MM

]JP *00 <6?9 6>096>

E *00 <6?9 ?0?688

acciones de la ue en la normalización europea (es)/ eu actions in the standardisation area...

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