Access to sanitation in countries of East Asia: a snapshot of 2008 status A regional perspective based on new data from the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation

Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Indonesia, Japan, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Viet Nam

Prepared for the 2nd East Asia Ministerial Conference on Sanitation and Hygiene

Manila, Philippines 27-29 January 2010

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0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Urban Rural

Po

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(m

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1990

2008

China, 607

Indonesia, 109

Viet Nam, 22.2

Philippines, 21.6

Cambodia, 10.4

Myanmar, 9.3

Lao PDR, 2.9

Thailand, 2.9

Mongolia, 1.3

Malaysia, 1.2

Timor-Leste, 0.6

Sanitation coverage

Improved

Shared

Open

Defecation

Unimproved

Urban Rural Total

1990 2008 1990 2008 1990 2008

Sanitation coverage trends 1990 – 2008, EASAN countries

The majority of people without

improved sanitation live in rural areas

Urban Rural

Indonesia:

109 million

Sanitation coverage, 2008

Urban/rural disparities in population without

improved sanitation, 1990 and 2008 (millions)

Percentage of the population using

an improved sanitation facility, 2008

Total

China:

607 million

(millions)

798 million people in East Asia do not use an

improved sanitation facility

Population in East Asia without improved sanitation, 2008

Front page: A boy brushes his teeth, while an adult washes his hair, in the remote village of Nogo Sar II in Bantul District in Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia.

100 100 10096 95 94

86 86

8076

67 6764

58

100 100 100

95 96

67

38

79

69

40

18

3632

52

0

20

40

60

80

100

Co

vera

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(%

)

Urban Rural

100

100

100

96

96

81

55

75

76

50

52

53

50

29

1

4

6

8

13

26

38

43

64

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Singapore

Republic of Korea

Japan

Thailand

Malaysia

Myanmar

China

Viet Nam

Philippines

Mongolia

Indonesia

Lao PDR

Timor-Leste

Cambodia

Coverage (%)

Improved Shared Unimproved Open defecation

The sanitation ladder by country

Large urban and rural disparities still exist in

several countries

Urban and rural disparities

Sanitation coverage, 2008 (Ranked by the proportion practising open defecation)

Urban and rural sanitation coverage in East Asia, 2008

Note: 2008 estimates are not available for Brunei Darussalam and Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

27

190

58

77

0

50

100

150

200

Urban Rural

Po

pu

lati

on

(m

illi

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1990

2008Indonesia, 58

China, 50

Cambodia, 9.3

Philippines, 6.8

Viet Nam, 5.0

Lao PDR, 2.3

Timor-Leste, 0.5

Mongolia, 0.3

Myanmar, 0.3

Malaysia, 0.1

Open defecation

Prevalence of open defecation, 2008

Open defecation declined sharply in rural areas

Rural

Indonesia:

58 million

China:

50 million

Urban/rural disparities in population practising

open defecation, 1990 and 2008

Total

Urban

(millions)

134 million people in East Asia still practise open defecation

Population practising open defecation in East Asia, 2008

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1990 2008

Po

pu

lati

on

(m

illi

on

s)

Improved Shared Unimproved Open defecation

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1990 2008

Po

pu

lati

on

(m

illi

on

s)

Improved Shared Unimproved Open defecation

Progress on sanitation

233 million urban dwellers in East Asia use shared sanitation facilities

Urban and rural disparities

Progress towards the MDG sanitation target, 2008

Distribution of urban and rural populations in East Asia using different sanitation options, 1990 - 2008

Urban Rural

On track

Coverage in 2008 was less than 5 per cent below the rate it needed to be for the country to reach the MDG target or coverage was higher than 95%

Progress but insufficient Coverage in 2008 was 5 per cent to 10 per cent below the rate it needed to be for the country to reach the MDG target

Not on track Coverage in 2008 was more than 10 per cent below the rate it needed to be for the country to reach the MDG target, or the 1990 – 2008 trend shows a decreasing coverage

No or insufficient data Data were unavailable or insufficient to estimate trends

Sanitation coverage: Country estimates by type of sanitation practices, 1990, 2000, 2008

Country, area or territory Year

Population

Sanitation Coverage (%)

Urban Rural Total

Total (,000) Urban (%) Imp

roved

Sh

are

d

Un

imp

rov

ed

Op

en

de

fecati

on

Imp

rov

ed

Sh

are

d

Un

imp

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ed

Op

en

de

fecati

on

Imp

roved

Sh

are

d

Un

imp

rov

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Op

en

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fecati

on

Brunei Darussalam

1990 257 65.8 - - - - - - - - - - - -

2000 333 71.1 - - - - - - - - - - - -

2008 392 74.8 - - - - - - - - - - - -

Cambodia

1990 9 690 12.6 38 5 9 48 5 1 5 89 9 2 5 84

2000 12 760 16.9 50 7 6 37 10 2 6 82 17 3 6 74

2008 14 562 21.5 67 9 2 22 18 4 3 75 29 5 2 64

China

1990 1 142 090 27.4 48 25 24 3 38 6 47 9 41 11 41 7

2000 1 266 954 35.8 55 28 12 5 46 7 41 6 49 15 30 6

2008 1 337 411 43.1 58 30 6 6 52 8 38 2 55 17 24 4

Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

1990 20 143 58.4 - - - - - - - - - - - -

2000 22 859 60.2 58 - 42 - 60 - 40 - 59 - 41 -

2008 23 819 62.6 - - - - - - - - - - - -

Indonesia

1990 177 385 30.6 58 8 16 18 22 7 23 48 33 7 21 39

2000 205 280 42.0 63 8 12 17 30 9 19 42 44 9 16 31

2008 227 345 51.6 67 9 8 16 36 11 17 36 52 10 12 26

Japan

1990 123 191 63.1 100 - 0 0 100 - 0 0 100 - 0 0

2000 126 706 65.2 100 - 0 0 100 - 0 0 100 - 0 0

2008 127 293 66.4 100 - 0 0 100 - 0 0 100 - 0 0

Lao People’s Democratic Republic

1995* 4 809 17.4 56 3 10 31 10 1 8 81 18 1 9 72

2000 5 403 22.0 62 4 8 26 16 1 8 75 26 2 8 64

2008 6 205 30.9 86 5 3 6 38 2 8 52 53 3 6 38

Malaysia

1990 18 103 49.8 88 4 7 1 81 3 7 9 84 3 8 5

2000 23 274 62.0 94 4 1 1 90 4 2 4 92 4 2 2

2008 27 014 70.5 96 4 0 0 95 4 0 1 96 4 0 0

Mongolia

1995* 2 270 56.8 67 32 1 0 25 19 17 39 49 26 8 17

2000 2 389 56.6 66 32 2 0 26 20 18 36 49 27 8 16

2008 2 641 57.1 64 31 2 3 32 24 18 26 50 28 9 13

Myanmar

1995* 43 864 26.1 77 9 12 2 39 5 29 27 49 6 25 20

2000 46 610 28.0 81 10 8 1 59 8 19 14 65 9 16 10

2008 49 563 32.6 86 10 4 0 79 11 9 1 81 11 7 1

Philippines

1990 62 427 48.8 70 14 8 8 46 9 22 23 58 11 15 16

2000 77 689 58.5 76 15 3 6 59 12 11 18 69 14 6 11

2008 90 348 65.0 80 16 0 4 69 14 3 14 76 15 1 8

Republic of Korea

1990 42 983 73.8 100 - 0 0 100 - 0 0 100 - 0 0

2000 46 429 79.6 100 - 0 0 100 - 0 0 100 - 0 0

2008 48 152 81.5 100 - 0 0 100 - 0 0 100 - 0 0

Singapore

1990 3 016 100 99 - 1 - 99 - 1 - 99 - 1 -

2000 4 018 100 100 - 0 0 100 - 0 0 100 - 0 0

2008 4 615 100 100 - 0 0 100 - 0 0 100 - 0 0

Thailand

1990 56 673 29.4 93 5 0 2 74 3 0 23 80 4 0 16

2000 62 347 31.1 94 5 0 1 92 4 0 4 93 4 0 3

2008 67 386 33.2 95 5 0 0 96 4 0 0 96 4 0 0

Timor-Leste

1990 740 20.8 - - - - - - - - - - - -

2000 815 24.3 55 4 20 21 25 1 22 52 32 2 22 44

2008 1 098 27.3 76 5 0 19 40 2 6 52 50 3 4 43

Viet Nam

1990 66 247 20.3 61 3 10 26 29 2 23 46 35 2 21 42

2000 78 663 24.3 79 4 7 10 50 3 22 25 57 3 19 21

2008 87 096 27.8 94 5 1 0 67 4 21 8 75 4 15 6

EASAN countries 1990 1 770 214 32.4 63 20 12 5 40 6 38 16 48 10 30 12

2000 1 982 530 40.0 67 22 5 6 49 7 32 12 56 13 22 9

2008 2 114 943 46.6 69 24 1 6 56 8 29 7 62 15 17 6

Sanitation Coverage

* 1995 estimates are given for Lao PDR, Mongolia and Myanmar, as there are no 1990 estimates Note: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on the maps in this document do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations or its specialized agencies