access network

ACCESS NETWORK

By

Mr. Muhammad Usman Senior Instructor

Mr. Zahid Hussain Senior Instructor

Mr. Tallat Siddique Senior Instructor

UPSKILL TRAINING PROGRAM

WHAT IS TELECOMMUNICATIONS.
To be able to communicate at long distance through electrical or optical signals.

OR

A long distance communication via integration of information sharing networks all tied together.
TELECOMMUNICATION NET WORK.
A set of nodes and links that provides connections b/w two or more defined points to carry out exchange of information b/w them


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Access Network

LE

END USER

EX

EX

AN is called the last mile of Telecom Network

Access Network


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telecom network is consist of exchange network ,transmission network and access network,access network located the end of telecom network.as an end users oriented network ,access network is connected to the end users directly , access kind of services . so access network is called "the last mile of telecom network".
1.unknown3.unknown4.unknown5.unknown

LE

Central office

user

Limitation of Traditional Access Mode

Connection

Cabinet

Distribution

Box

3~5km

500m~1km

10~300m

Feeder layer

Distribution layer

Drop layer
Small coverage Limited bandwidth Maintenance complexity Reliability cut down Enormous investment
Traditional access mode has become the bottleneck

of modern telecom network!

Copper Cables Based


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6.unknown

How to Overcome the bottleneck

Advantages:

Wide Coverage

Broad Bandwidth

Easy Maintenance

High Reliability

Low Investment

Optical Integrated Services

Access Network

?

!


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TERMINOLOGIES
BANDWIDTH:
Range of frequenceies that any media(copper,optical fiber,Air Interface) that it can transmit from source to destination for communication.

MODEM:(Modulation Demodulation

Conversion of Analog signal to digital signal and vice versa.


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Few Key Concepts

ElectricalSignalCharacteristics

Bandwidth

Speedoftransfer

Networks are to be designed to handle the

customersrequirements

Telecommunication Networks

A telecommunication network provides

telecommunication services to the customers

The Internet

A networks of networks or ISPs

Architecture involves

Home/Office (User) PCusing web, mail etc

User PC Comm. eqpt e.g Modem, Ethernet

card etc

Local Loop carrier, may be POTS provider,

wireless operator, Power line carrier

ISPsetup

ISPbackbone

Online Contentitself

Access Network

Consists the large part of the network

Connects the end-user with the end-points

of the core network

Uses different technologies

Different Access services possible

Media Types

OpenWirePairs

TwistedPair Wires

CoaxialCable

OpticalFiber

Wireless

DSL

Stands for DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE

DSL is a technologies that provide digital data transmission over the wires of a local telephone network.

It transmits data and voice simultaneously without any interruption in voice signals

A DSLAM is the device located at the central office (CO) of the provider and concentrates connections from multiple DSL subscribers.


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BANDWIDTH
The difference between the highest and the lowest frequencies of a composite signal. It also measure the information carrying capacity of a line or a network. the highest frequency that can be transmitted in analog operation. The information carrying capacity of a digital system.

SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO
(SNR)
The ratio of signal to noise , an indication of signal quality in analog system.

TWISTED PAIR

A twisted pair consists of two conductors each surrounded by an insulating material.

Twisted pair cable comes in two forms.

Unshielded twisted pair (UTP).

Shielded twisted pair (STP).

CROSSTALK
The noise on a line caused by signals traveling along another line.Electromagnetic interference from one pair can create a noise over others pairs. For the solution of this problem, the wire pairs are twisted around each other at regular intervals (between 2 and 12 twist per foot).

CROSSTALK
twisting does not always eliminate the impact of noise, but it does significantly reduce it.

DECIBEL (db)
To show that a signal has lost or gained strength, engineers use the concept of (db). The decibel (db) measures the relative strength of a signal at two different

DSL Line Qualification & Testing Parameters
Noise Return loss Single-side Insertion loss Longitudinal balance Bit rate evaluation Crosstalk

EARTHING
For earthing of cable to the earth bar the cabinet, use earth wire equipped with two earth clamps.Pass the included plastic guide under the aluminum screen of the cable.Pass the earth clamp onto the plastic guide and under the aluminum screen.Connect the other end of the earth wire, by connecting the earth clamp, to the earth bar in the cabinet.

Computer Accessories
Computer with appropriate configuration.Windows 9x,XP,2000Network Adapter/ LAN Card

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Connectors
Connector typesR J - 11R J - 45

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Cables
Cable types STP & UTP Coaxial Ethernet Optical Fiber

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Modem, Splitter & Rosette
Modem is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information Splitter is a filter that that use to separate the voice and data. Rosette is a connector that use to connect the telephone wire with an output of RJ 11

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Splitter

MODEM

MODEM

SPLITTER


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BROADBAND

Next Generation Telecommunication Technology

It can simultaneously accommodate voice, data & video, and other services (integrated Services)

It contains High Data rates.


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Applications

Video, Voice Mail interactive

Video Phone IP TV

Video on Demand Data

Video Conferencing


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The Need For Broadband

Changing user needs and demands

competition in telecommunication Sector

effective and better utilization of existing

infrastructure

Multimedia Applications, Video Telephony Imaging, low cost video conferencing and Computer-aided design

Note: They all have very high bandwidth requirement.


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DSL

Stands for DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE

DSL is a technologies that provide digital data transmission over the wires of a local telephone network.

It transmits data and voice simultaneously without any interruption in voice signals

DSL connections are deployed in the "last mile" of a local telephone network of the local loop. The connection is setup between a pair of Modems on either side of copper wire extending between the customer premises equipment (CPE) and the DSL access multiplexer (DSLAM).

A DSLAM is the device located at the central office (CO) of the provider and concentrates connections from multiple DSL subscribers.


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DSL Variations


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What is a DSL?

DigitalSubscriberLineisamodern

technology that enables broadband, digital data over twisted copper pairs, opening the most crucial bottleneck in the todays data stream.

The Demand for High Speed Access

PCMarketcontinuesits tremendousgrowth

Theinternetcontinuesits amazing growth

The present information age has increased

thedemandforbandwidth.

ThetrendofTelecommutingisgetting

populardaybyday.

Even being encouraged bycompaniesto ease

traffic andpollution.

Problem # 1 Bandwidth

Residential users are demanding speeds

thattheygetin work environment.

Analog modem connections are limited to

56kbps but typical connection speeds are evenlesser

BasicRate ISDN is limited to 144kbps.

7

made problem worse since some users dontdisconnect.

9

Problem # 3 Switch Congestion

Voice switched were sized to handle voice

calls.

Voicecalls are usually short (say5min.)

Data calls are usually long (may be in

hours)

Flat charge pricing by some ISPs has

Problem # 1: Bandwidth blues

xDSL can reach a speed up to

52 Mbits/sec

Problem # 2: Busy Signals

xDSL MODEM is dedicated to each

subscriber

Problem # 3: Switch Congestion

Data traffic is routed aroundthe voice switch

Voice Switch

10

xDSL Solutions:

Types of DSL

ADSL - Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (Most popular).

ADSL Lite - A lower data rate version of Asymmetric Digital

Subscriber Line.

CDSL - Consumer Digital Subscriber Line.

Either Loop - Ethernet Local Loop by Nortel.

HDSL -High Bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line.

IDSL - ISDN based DSL , Kbps.

RADSL -Rate Adaptive Digital Subscriber Line.

SDSL -Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line.

VDSL -Very High Bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line.

DSLAM

A Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer is

a mechanism at a phone company's central location thatlinksmanycustomer DSL connections toasingle high-speed ATM line.

ADSLAMtakesconnectionsfrommany

customers and aggregates them onto a single, high-capacity connection tothe internet.

DSLAMs are generally flexible and able to

supportmultiple typesofDSL ina single central office and different varieties of protocol and modulation

The DSLAM may provide additional functions,

includingroutingordynamicIPaddress assignment forthe customers

How Does xDSL Modems Work?

xDSL modems take advantage of the spectrum above the telephone audio channel. While operating with somewhat less amplitude dynamic range they increase data rates by greatly increasing the frequency range of the communication signal (from about 10KHz to over 1.0MHz).

To do this they require the installation of special equipment at the central office and customer premise

Problems

Attenuation - The dissipation of the power

of a transmitted signal as it travels over thecopperwire line. In-home wiringalso contributesto attenuation.

Bridged taps Unterminated extensions of

theloop thatcauseadditionallooploss

Crosstalk - The interference between two

wires in the same bundle, caused by the electricalenergycarried byeach.

ADSL

ADSL derives its name from the fact that

the data transfer rates downstream are muchfasterthan theupstream data rates.

The downstream rate is often up to 10

timesfasterthan theupstream rate.

The data rate of ADSL is highlydependent

upon the distance from the Central Office (CO)to theConsumerPremises(CPE).

Atadistanceof9000ft.,8Mbps

downstream can be achieved while at 18000 ft., only 1.544 Mbps downstream canbeachieved

ADSL

Upstream speeds max out at 640 kbps and

scale down similarly to the downstream speeds.

Designedto coexistwith a regularphoneline,

whichoperatesatfrequenciesupto 4kHz.

In order not to interfere with POTS and to

avoid interferencefromPOTS,ADSLoperates at frequencies above 4 kHz, (Upstream is in therangefrom30kHzto138kHz, downstream ranges from 138kHz, to ~1.1 MHz).

ADSL

Separate frequency bands for voice and

data allow the signals to be individually obtainedusingfilters.

For ADSL these filters are combined into

one central piece of equipment called a

POTSsplitter.

ThePOTSsplittertakesthesignals received from the service provider and separatesthem into twohomenetworks.

One is the regular telephone network that

is installed in most homes and the other network is the homecomputernetwork

Advantages and Disadvantages of ADSL

ADSL is well suited to residential applications. It

uses lines that are already installed virtually everywhere and peacefully coexists with current phoneservice.

ADSL is ideal for most home computing and

small business applications because of the large downstream data capacity (upto 8Mbps).

Analog modem users will also appreciate that

ADSL (like most other flavors of xDSL) is always connected.

Advantages and Disadvantages of ADSL

For large businesses upstream data rates are

often just as important as downstream, which would make ADSLapoorchoice.

ADSL data rates also suffer dramatically as line

length increases. ADSL will extend out to 18,000 ft, but its ideal data rates only operate out to 9,000ft.

VDSL

Data rates of 13, 26, or up to 52 Mbps are

possible with VDSL!

It will be offered in two varieties, one that is

symmetriclike HDSLandanotherthatis asymmetric like ADSL.

UltraHighSpeed dataaccesssuch asStreaming

video possible.

Requires fibre close to subscriber

VDSL -FDM

VDSL NETWORK

ADSL2

ADSL2 is not a single protocol buta familyof

protocols developedovertime.

Family members include:

ADSL2

ADSL2+

BondedADSL2

Basic ADSL2

Approvedin 2002byITU in G.992.3& G.992.4

AlsoknownasADSL2AnnexA

Differencefrom traditional ADSL

Higher rate: 12Mbpsas compared to 8Mbps

Improved initialization techniques

Reduces NEXT and FEXT

Reduced Power

All Digital Mode

ADSL2 Spectrum

Extend the DS

(Downstream) bins to 3.75 MHz Widen the US (Upstream) from 138kHz to 276 kHz

ADSL2-Bonding

Supports ATM Forum's inverse multiplexing

overATM (IMA) standard.

Through IMA, ADSL2 chipsets can bind two or

more copper pairs in an ADSL link to get fiber-likedata rates overexisting copperlines

32Mbpson4bonded pairs



ADSL2 All Digital Mode

All digital mode (no POTS)

About 256 kbps additional up stream data rate

0-26 kHz used for digital transmission not voice

ADSL2 Low Power

L0is ADSL2full power mode

L2 is low power mode at the ATU-C (DSLAM)

while idle will result in better power

L3 is low power mode at the ATU-R (user) and

ATU-C enables the modem to sleep when informationisnotbeingtransmitted(e.g. overnight) ittakes 3seconds to comeoutofL3 (sleep mode)

ADSL2+ upstream remains 1Mbps

ADSL2+

ITU standard G.992.5 in 2003

Doubles the downstream frequency band from

1.1Mhz in basic ADSL2, up to 2.2Mhz in ADSL2+

Increases the downstream data rate on shorter

phone lines, reaching 20Mbps on lines of max length of ~1.5km

as forADSL2

ADSL2+

Can beused to reduce cross talk

use only tones between 1.1Mhz-2.2Mhz, it can

mask all downstream frequencies below 1.1Mhz

Useful when using ADSL2+ in the same binder

Broadband Setup

Pakistans largest Broadband network is PTCL network. It has called PIE- (Pakistan Internet) and it connects every ISP and data network in Pakistan with outside world.

DSLAMS are installed in major cities of Pakistan.

OFAN (optical fiber network) with ONU (Optical Network Units) from where the customer will be connected through Copper lines (like your phone lines)


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Broadband Pakistan

Packages

Connectivity

Launched on June 11, 07 with Free Modem & Free Installation


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Line Qualification Criteria
Test ParametersRecommended ValuesCommentsAttenuation (Downstream/Upstream)Less than 45 dB< 30 dB is excellent30-40 dB is very good40-45 dB Little or no connectivity issues45-60 dB Connectivity issues progressively become worse> 60 dB will experience no synch or intermittent synch problemsSignal to Noise RatioGreater than 9dB 20 dB is excellentAttainable Downstream Line Rate256k/128k512k/128k1Mb/256kGreater than 384kGreater than 720kGreater than 1.2MLine qualified for a higher rate to leave room for variances in condition.Attainable Upstream Line Rate256k/128k512k/128k1Mb/256kGreater than 256kGreater than 256kGreater than 384MLine qualified for a higher rate to leave room for variances in condition.

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The line conditions decide whether the Broadband service can be deployed successfully. Before deploying the Broadband service, you need to know the networking topology, test the line electrical attributes, and finally decide whether the line conditions are suitable for service deployment.


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Line Conditioning Parameters

Line Attenuation

SNR

Crosstalk

Insulation Resistance(>5Mohm)


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Page *

DSLAM

The DSLAM aggregates the digital data streams coming from a number of subscribers onto a single high-capacity uplink

DSLAMs typically support multiple DSL transmission types, as well as different protocol and modulation technologies within the same DSL type.

New generation of DSLAMs has appeared that used Ethernet uplinks for DSL traffic aggregation.


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DSL MODEM

DSL Modem, a broadband access device

that enables high-speed data transmissions

over the existing copper telephone wires (local loops)

By using DSL technologies

DSL Technology is the most cost effective option due to its ability to utilize millions of telephone lines installed worldwide for multi-megabit data access without extensive and expensive infrastructure upgrades.

DSL network operators are using bandwidth, performance and reliability of their networks as well as value added services such as VoIP, IPTV, VoD and online games


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After completion of this training the participants would be able to know:

What is Protocol

Defining Network & protocols

What is Internet

Internet Protocol

TCP/IP protocols & its layers

IP Address, logical address & physical address

IP, Internet Protocol

A common language or set of communication
rules for devices to exchange information/data etc
To interconnect two or more devices / computers so that they can talk to each other or they can download data or video from any Location /network/device certain protocols are required Similarly, in order to transfer easily and safely/correctly some transmission rules /protocols are also required
PROTOCOLS

any two computers/devices want to share information When a network want to exchange data with other network having more than two computers/devices A large no. of devices/computers or Networks can be connected among each other to exchange huge amount of information/data For all above situations some PROTOCOLS are must to communicate and transfer information
When Protocols are needed?

The Internet or Network of networks refers to a worldwide set of interconnected networks We need to communicate when we connect different physical networks located at different places Communication services are provided by software and the user applications and it provides a common interface for these applications Such a set of interconnected networks is also called an inter-network or an Internet
The Internet or Network of networks

The Internet Protocol is the set of communications protocols for exchanging data These include TCP-transmission Control Protocol and IP-Internet Protocol IP-deals with the real exchange of information among networks and TCP-deals with the transmission of these Information Thus forming TCP/IP protocols in all for all networks to communicate No matter what type of hardware, operating system or application program is running.
The Internet Protocol

Numerical identification (logical address) that is assigned to devices for communication. Stored as binary numbers, they are usually displayed in human-readable notations such as 192.168.100.1
< network number

Used two versions: IPV4(32-bit) and IPV6(128-bit) IP address consist of pair of numbers: Network number, Host number or simply net ID and host ID Similarly there is source IP address and destination IP address The destination or receiving host IP address (logical) is translated/mapped to physical address Physical address is also machine address IP Addresses
To be continued

Different Address Classes or simply groups are used for different networks depending upon: Size of network ( number of hosts) These Classes are: Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D, Class E Small-to-medium sized Networks use Class B, since such kind of networks are usually designed.
To be continued

Due to network growth, it becomes difficult to manage any changes in the network like: adding new hosts creating new network distance between networks is changed To avoid additional request for IPs, splitting an IP is used, it is called Subneting The host ID is splited further into anew network and new host number, the new network is called Subnetwork or subnet It becomes then:
< network number

The IP addresses can be:
Private OR Public
A private IP address cannot be used on the public Internet, private IP address used within a single organization, reserved for private networks A public IP address is the address that can be assigned to any user trying connecting to Internet from any place, reserved for Internet.
IP Addresses

DSLAM
A Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer is a mechanism at a phone company's central location that links many customer DSL connections to a single high-speed ATM line.A DSLAM takes connections from many customers and aggregates them onto a single, high-capacity connection to the internet.DSLAMs are generally flexible and able to support multiple types of DSL in a single central office and different varieties of protocol and modulationThe DSLAM may provide additional functions, including routing or dynamic IP address assignment for the customers

The DSLAM aggregates the digital data streams coming from a number of subscribers onto a single high-capacity uplinkDSLAMs typically support multiple DSL transmission types, as well as different protocol and modulation technologies within the same DSL type.New generation of DSLAMs has appeared that used Ethernet uplinks for DSL traffic aggregation. These devices have become known as Ethernet DSLAMs or IP-DSLAMIP-DSLAMs function as Layer-2 switches that backhaul subscriber traffic to BRASsBy architecture centralized or driven by central processing unit typically embedded in the uplink module and distributed where some or all traffic processing is done on the line cards

ADSL2+ Jump Line in MDF Room

IP network

External line
Red dashed means before jumping the lineBlue real line is the new Jumping Line cables
MA5600

Data signal

NE

backplane

ADSL2+

SCU

PSTN

Line

PSTN

ADSL2+ Modem

Splitter

TCP/IP OVERVIEW
TCP/IP was developed by DARPA (Defense American Research Progressive Agency) Provide communication b/w DOD (Dept of Defense) Network (ARPANET) based on TCP/IP Later ARPANET known as Internet Known as Internet Reference Model
Host

Internet

TCP/IP

Host

TCP/IP OVERVIEW

Define a set of rules to communicate over e network

TCP/IP provides end-to-end connectivity specifying how data should be formatted, addressed, shipped, routed and delivered to the right destination

Later TCP/IP used by a distributor of UNIX

TCP/IP played an important Role

Work well for both LAN and WAN

To communicate across any arrangement of interconnected network.

TCP/IP OVERVIEW

TCP/IP information is moved as a series of datagram

At the receiving end datagram are reassembled into complete message.

Host

Internet

TCP/IP

Host

TCP/IP Protocol Stack

Application

Transport

Internet

Link Layer

OSI Reference Model

TCP/IP Conceptual Layers

Application

Network Interface & Hardware

4

3

2

1

TCP/UDP

IP

ICMP

ARP/RARP

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

Application (Process-to-Process) Layer
This is scope within which applications create user data and communication this data to the other process or application on another or same host.Data coded according to application layer protocols are encapsulated into one or more transport layer protocols, which in turn use lower layer protocol to affect actual data transfer.Application layer protocols are most often associated with client-server application and the commoner servers have specific ports assigned to them by IANA.

Application Layer Overview

Application

Transport

Internet

Network Interface

File Transfer

- TFTP

- FTP

- NFS

E-Mail

- SMTP

Remote Login

- Telnet

- rlogin

Network Management

- SNMP

Name Management

- DNS

File Transfer (FTP, TFTP, NFS)

File Transfer Protocols (FTP) performs basic interactive file transfers between hosts.

Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) is a simplified version of FTP.

Network File System (NFS) was developed by Sun Microsystems and is a widely used in remote file access across a network.

E-Mail (SMTP)

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) support the exchange of e-mail.

It can also be used to transfer files, but its use is usually limited to moderate size file containing ASCII.

Remote Login (Telnet, rlogin)

Telnet is a remote login protocol that you can use to execute terminal session with remote hosts.

Remote login (rlogin) is similar to Telnet, that is offered in most UNIX implementation.

Network Management (SNMP)

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is used to gather management information from network devices.

It also manages statistics, performance, configurations, collection, and security of network devices.

Name Management (DNS)

Name management is provided by Domain Name Service (DNS).

It maps IP addresses to the names assigned to network devices.

Transport Layer Overview

Transport layers responsibility include end-to-end message transfer capabilities independent of underlying network, along with error control, fragmentation and flow control.

We can think Transport layer as a transport mechanism e.g a vehicle whose responsibility is to make sure that its contents (goods/passengers) reach its destination safely and soundly, when a higher or lower layer is responsible for safe delivery.


It allows you to segmentation and reassembled.

It is a logical connection b/w endpoints of inter-network.

It provides a reliability with sequence number (ISNs) and acknowledgement (ACKs).


Transport Layer provides two protocols (TCP, UDP)

Transmission Control

Protocol (TCP)

User Datagram

Protocol (UDP)

Application

Transport

Internet

Network Interface

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a connection-oriented protocols that addresses numerous reliability issues to provide a byte stream.

Reliable protocol b/w endpoint of inter-network.

TCP provides segmentation and reassembled.

Virtual circuit service is provided between end-user applications.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) responsible for

Data arrives in order

Data has minimal errors

Duplicate data is discarded

Lost/discarded packets are resent

Include traffic congestion control

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

UDP like TCP is an end to end Protocol

User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is connectionless and unreliable.

There is no guarantee that data will arrive at all, or in the right order.

UDP is faster protocol than TCP.

Comparison b/w TCP and UDP
TCP and UDP are used to carry an assortment of higher level application. The appropriate transporty protocol is chosen based on the higher-layer protocol applications e.g FTP expect a reliable connection.

TCP Segment Format

Source Portnumber of the calling port

Destination Portnumber of the called port

Sequence numbernumber used to ensure correct sequencing of the arriving data

# Bits

6

16

32

4

16

6

32

Source

Port

Dest.

Port

Sequence

Number

Acknowledgement

Number

HLEN

Reserved

Code

Bits

16

Window

16

Check-

sum

16

Urgent

0 or 32

Option

Data...

TCP Segment Format

Acknowledgment numbernext expected TCP octet

HLENnumber of 32-bit words in the header

Reservedset to zero

Code Bitscontrol functions (such as setup and termination of a session)

Windownumber of octets that the sender is willing to accept.

6

4

6

32

Acknowledgement

Number

HLEN

Reserved

Code

Bits

16

Window

16

Check-

sum

16

Urgent

0 or 32

Option

Data...

TCP Segment Format

Checksumcalculated checksum of the header

Urgent Pointerpoints to the end of the urgent data

Optionsone currently defined: maximum TCP segment size

Data field can be varied size.

16

Check-

sum

16

Urgent

0 or 32

Option

Data...

Port Numbers

TCP

Port
Numbers

F
T
P

Transport
Layer

T
E
L
N
E
T

D
N
S

S
N
M
P

T
F
T
P

S
M
T
P

UDP

Application
Layer

21

23

25

53

69

161

Port Numbers/Socket No

Keep track of conversation of data.

Controlled by IANA.

Port No have certain assigned ranges.

< 1024 are assigned to well known ports.

>= 1024 are dynamically assigned by host application.

Destination can select correct application using port number.

TCP Port Numbers

Source

Port

Dest.

Port

Host A

Dest. port = 23.
Send packet to my

Telnet
application.

1028

23

SP

DP

Host Z

Telnet Z

TCP Handshake/Open Connection

Send SYN

(seq=100 ctl=SYN)

SYN received

Host A

Host B
Hosts A initiates the connection by sending a packet with in an ISN with a value of 100 and a SYN bit indicating a connection request. It sends the SYN to check that host B is ready to establish a TCP connection.
1


Both ends of the connection are synchronized with this sequence.

By exchanging beginning sequence numbers, any lost data may be recovered.


Send SYN

(seq=100 ctl=SYN)

SYN received

Send SYN

(seq=300 ack=101 ctl=syn,ack)

Host A

Host B

SYN received
When host B receive the SYN segment, it records As ISN as a value of 100. When host B is ready to start the TCP session, it sends an ACK segment host A's SYN. This ACK has a value of 101, which indicates that host B has received segment 100 and expects segments 101 next.Host B sends a SYN congaing its own ISN (300) to host A.
1

2





Send SYN

(seq=100 ctl=SYN)

SYN received

Send SYN

(seq=300 ack=101 ctl=syn,ack)

Established

(seq=101 ack=301 ctl=ack

Data)

Host A

Host B

SYN received
Host A acknowledges host B's SYN with an ACK. This ACK has the value of 301, indicating host A has received segment 300 and expects segment 301 next.Data transfer can now begin.
1

2

3




Internet (Internetworking) Layer
The internal layer has the task of exchanging datagram across the network boundaries. It is therefore also referred to as layer that establishes internetworking. It defines and establish the Internet. The primary protocol in this scope is the Inter Protocol (IP). Its function in routing is to transport datagram to the next IP router that has the connectivity to a network closer to the final data destination.
To be continued...

The network layer protocol performs IP layer packets forwarding and routing, forwarding packets from their source to their destinations, based on their destination IP addresses. The IP protocol runs all the nodes on the TCP/IP network, including the hosts and the forwarding equipment of IP packets on the network. The IP protocols supports connectionless transmission , which can neither avoid loss of packets nor ensure the sequence that the packets arrive. This makes the packets forwarding equipment not need to save any status about data streams, which greatly enhance the efficiency of packets forwarding.
To be continued...

IP (Internet Protocol): Provides the transport layer with network service. ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): Reports error and other cases that deserve attention. ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): Translates IP addresses into physical addresses. RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol): Translates physical addresses into IP network addresses.

Link (Network Interface & Hardware) Layer
This layer covers the physical media layer network technology. It supports nearly every data link topology, e.g. Ethernet, Token Ring, Frame relay, ATM. It also defines the Information frame formats for various physical media connections. The Link Layer is used to move packets between the Internet Layer interfaces of two different hosts on the same link. these will performs data link functions such as adding a packets header to prepare it for transmission, then actually transmit the frame over a physical medium.
To be continued...

The TCP/IP model includes specifications of translating the network addressing methods used in the Internet Protocol to data link addressing such as MAC (Media Access Control) The Link Layer can also be the layer where packets are intercepted to be sent over a virtual private network or other network tunnel.

The World is Integrating

Triple play
Marketing Plan
For PTCL


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What the customer wants
71% of consumers would prefer a single bill for all of their communication services37% said they would switch to a telco for TV services71% of consumers want cable TV as part of their bundle

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Why offer Triple play?
Increases per customer revenueKeeps the customer loyalTV services are stickyResulting in overall revenue growthEnables service offering growthInternet on TV, Gaming, Video on demand etc.40% of premium TV customers take VoDPlaces the provider as the gateway to all the Concentric Diversification of communication business into convergence.

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Market Summary
Estimated number of TV homes-8 millionEstimated number of existing CATV customer- Karachi 929,000 Lahore 479,000 Islamabad 142,000.All these customers are more or less with traditional cable operators.

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Product Features
Cable TV and Multimedia bi-directional service.Cable TV Channel 95 High speed internet.VPN

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Optional services
IP telephonyVideo conferencingInteractive video gamesHard disc sharingVOD (video on demand)Pay per view

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EXAMPLES TO IPTV

Following are example of IPTV

Video on Demand.

Broadcast Television.

Competitive TV services over managed IP networks with two way connection.

EXAMPLES TO IPTV

IPTV is distinctly different from Internet Video that simply allows users to watch videos, like movie previews and web-cams.

Following are not IPTV

Video streaming over internet

Watching TV on your PC (Personal Computer)

Unproven Business models for media and TV services

NEW SERVICES EMERGING

12410

12410

Rawalpindi, Satellite Town

Islamabad, IBA-1 Exchange

BRAS

BRAS

SDH

DSLAM

3.After authentication ,AAA return different IP Pool to BRAS

4.BRAS assign IP address from IP pool

1.Distinguish different application by Domain name

2.PPPoE stream

BTV and VOD

WEB

NETWORK CONFIGURATION OF IPTV IN PAKISTAN

Legend:

GCigabit Ethernet Link

STM4 POS Link

E3 Link

Fast Ethernet Link

STM1 POS Link

Dark Fiber

Gigabit FIBER Link

STB

CPE/HGW

PC

pots

AAA

Equipment Needed for Implementing TV/IP Solution

Headend Equipments/Technology

IPTV Headend infrastructure is very similar to Digital TV Headend. It composed of MPEG Encoder, Streamer, CAS Headend, VoD (Video on Demand) Server, EMS, EPG Server and so on.

TV Headend provides MPEG2 or MPEG4 Live TV contents to STB. IPTV Headend receives, decode and decrypts video, audio and data content from a variety of sources, such as satellites, terrestrial, studio and storage media and convert it through compression techniques into IP multicast encapsulated MPEG streams.

Encoder, the core part of Headend, implements real-time encoding and transcoding of MPEG2 and MPEG4 through the hardware or software component based on business model.


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Streaming Server

Optibases MGW 5100 streaming platform resides at the head-end. MGW 5100 transmits the streams to the switch or router which transfers them over the backbone to the central/remote offices, and from there to the end user location.

An additional MGW 5100 server can reside at the central office where it receives local live feeds for transmission to targeted areas.

Video Server

Video servers fulfill several purposes at head-ends. For store and forward transmissions, they store digitally encoded content and stream it through level III devices via operators networking infrastructure.

They receive newly encoded digital content that is uploaded from the MGW 5100 server.

They also enable time-shifted TV applications. For this purpose, MGW 5100 encodes all channels on a daily basis uploading them to the video server. Viewers at home can then watch any program at a time convenient to them.


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Level III Device

Switch or router that supports multicast transmission. The router or switch resides at the head-end, interfacing with the network. Another router or switch receives data at the central office and transmits either to DSLAMS located there, or into end-user Ethernet based network .

DSLAM

The DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer) resides at the central office, connecting xDSL subscribers to the backbone and subsequently to the head-end.

When distributing TV over IP, the DSLAM should support multicast transmission. If it doesnt, the switch or router at the central office has to replicate each channel for each request.

This can cause congestion at the DSLAM input level. If the DSLAM supports multicast, it receives one stream for each channel and replicates the stream for each end point.


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CPE (Customer Premises Equipment)

The equipment located at the end-point that receives the TV/IP stream. Usually the term CPE refers to the DSL modem. The DSL Modem receives the stream from the DSLAM or level III device and transfers it directly to the PC for display on the desktop or to the IP STB.

IP Set-Top-Box

The IP STB receives the IP stream, and decodes the stream for display on the TV. Typically, the IP STB receives the stream from the CPE. Some STBs can receive the IP stream directly from the DSLAM, and serve as CPE as well.


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CPE SOLUTION

DSLAM

IP network

ISP

DHCP Server(1,2,

)

NGN

Video

CPE

ISP/ASP

TV

STB

HG510

PHONE

PC(FE/USB)

Home network

internet

Multicast

Router

GE

PPPoE

IAD DHCP

PPPoE

NSP

BRAS

Router

Notepad(WLAN)

End-point Configuration

The TV/IP stream is fed into the CPE (Customer Premises Equipment), in most cases a modem. The modem transfers the MPEG-2 or MPEG-4 stream to an IP/STB which decodes the stream for display on a TV set. MPEG-4 streams can also be displayed on PCs using the Microsoft Media Player. If there is sufficient bandwidth between the central office and the end-point, two channels can be streamed to two IP STBs.

Modems

Modems are also a critical piece of the last mile. Each modem must interoperate with the DSLAM to ensure maximum performance over the copper plant. It is highly recommended that providers purchase a modem that is certified by the DSLAM manufacturer not only for Internet data access, but also for the passage of video. Modems should have multiple Ethernet ports to facilitate multiple STBs or PCs within the home. A switch in this device is preferable to a hub; the switch insulates video traffic within the home from other traffic generated on the network and in the home.


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Middleware

Middleware refers to the software that integrates the various parts of the IP over TV solution.

Currently, Optibase maintains strategic partnerships with iMagicTV and Myrio, two of the leading streaming middleware providers.

Middleware is installed along the streaming media chain, starting at the Head-end and reaching into consumers homes in the form of software running on IP set-top-boxes.

Middleware takes care of the following:

Media Asset Management

The software that enables rich media service providers to manage content, distribution and data rights control. Media asset management includes channel management and scheduling. Media asset management solutions also let operators customize programming line-ups and update viewing rates. At the end-point, media asset management solutions let consumers create customized viewing profiles, track viewing habits and account information and implement parental controls.

Billing

The entire business model of rich media and digital TV services rests on advanced billing capabilities. Billing solutions need to be able to track individual usage based on the delivery of customized interactive content. Billing solutions integrate with other middleware solutions.

Programming

The management software controls the customized programming that is targeted at a specific user or group of users. Usually the program guide is downloaded and updated on a regular basis.

IPTV Standards

IPTV solutions are based on a combination of standard and proprietary technologies. There is no existing standard which cover all IPTV needs but there are multiple standards which could fulfill certain requirement of IPTV. MPEG : MPEG standards can be used for Content Encoding, Streaming and delivering. MPEG-21. DSL-Form : For remote management protocol TR-069 and for Qos TR-098 can be used. CEA (Consumer Electronic Association) and DLNA (Digital Living Networks Alliance): defines some standards for home equipments. And DVB standards are used for delivering the contents.

There are other standardization bodies which are doing efforts for IPTV like, The IPTV Interoperability Forum/ Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (IIF/ATIS). ITU-T IPTV Focus Group formed Apr 13th, 2006 to coordinate the IPTV global standardization efforts. Strong push from Korea with Telecommunications Technology Association (TTA), China with Communication Standards Association (CCSA), and Japan with Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB).

Security and Conditional Access

Security is a critical part of the streaming solution when it comes to conditional access (ensuring that content is viewed by the audience it was intended for only) and protection against piracy. Conditional access solutions use algorithms to encrypt and scramble content. Content is encrypted at the head-end and decoded by smart cards installed in set-top-boxes at end-points.


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THANK YOU

Global Broadband Video Subscriber

Market Development

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5

10

15

20032004200520062007

Subs (M)

Broadband Video

Subscribers

access network

Documents