Academic English

GROUP 1

Annotated bibliography

An annotated bibliography provides a brief account of the available

research on a given topic. It is a list of research sources that includes

concise descriptions and evaluations of each source. The annotation

usually contains a brief summary of content and a short analysis or

evaluation. Depending on your assignment you may be asked to

reflect, summarise, critique, evaluate or analyse the source. An annotated

bibliography may be a component of a larger assignment or it may be a

stand-alone assignment. While an annotation can be as brief as one

sentence, the standard annotated bibliography consists of a citation

followed by a short paragraph.

Bibliography

Bibliography (from Greek βιβλιογραφία bibliographia, literally "book writing"), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology(from Greek -λογία, -logia). Carter and Barker (2010) describe bibliography as a twofold scholarly discipline—the organized listing of books (enumerative bibliography) and the systematic description of books as physical objects (descriptive bibliography).

Reference

In scholarship, a reference may be a citation of a text that has been used in the creation of a piece of work such as an essay, report, or oration. Its primary purpose is to allow people who read such work to examine the author's sources, either for validity or to learn more about the subject. Such items are often listed at the end of an article or book in a section marked "Bibliography" or "References". A bibliographical section often contains works not cited by the author, but used as background reading or listed as potentially useful to the reader. A reference section contains all of the works and only those works cited by the author(s) in the main text.

MLA Style Manual(MLA)

It is an academic style guide widely used in the United States, Canada, and

other countries, providing guidelines for writing and documentation of rese

arch in the humanities, especially in English studies; the study of other mod

ern languages and literatures, including comparative literature; literary criti

cism; media studies; cultural studies; and related disciplines (but not discipl

ines like history, philosophy, and theology, which follow The Chicago Man

ual of Style).

Focus on Humanities

APA style(APA)

APA style is a format for academic documents such as journal articl

es and books. It is codified in the style guide of the American Psych

ological Association (APA), titled the Publication Manual of the Am

erican Psychological Association. The APA states that the guidelines

were developed to assist reading comprehension in the social and be

havioral sciences, for clarity of communication.

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APA style is widely used, either entirely or with modifications, by hundreds of other scientific journals (including medical and other public health journals), in many textbooks, and in academia (for papers written in classes). Along with AMA style and CSE style, it is one of the major style regimes for such work. Many publications have small local style guides that cascade over AMA, APA, or CSE style in a way analogous to how inline styles in HTML cascade over CSS styles (for example, "follow APA style unless otherwise specified herein" or "for issues not addressed herein, follow APA style")

Focus on Natural sciences

The Chicago Manual of Style

The Chicago Manual of Style, abbreviated in writing as CMS or CMOS ， or by some writers as Chicago, is a style guide for American English published since 1906 by the University of Chicago Press. Its sixteen editions have prescribed writing and citation styles widely used in publishing. It is "one of the most widely used and respected style guides in the United States."said David Spencer, CMOS deals with aspects of editorial practice, from American English grammar and use to document preparation.