academic and non-academic accomplishment: correlated or
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Academic and Non-Academic Accomplishment: Correlated or](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011723/61d2cd6f8ae33e6b2854da9f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
ACTRESEARCHREPORTSACADEMIC AND
NON-ACADEMIC ACCOMPLISHMENT:
CORRELATED OR UNCORRELATED? April, 1965 No. 2
John L. Holland James M. Richards, Jr.
Pu blished by Research and D e v e lo pm e n t D iv is io n * Am e ri ca n Co ll e ge T e s tin g P ro gra m • P. 0 . B o x 1 6 8 , Iowa C i t y , Iowa 5 2 2 4 0
![Page 2: Academic and Non-Academic Accomplishment: Correlated or](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011723/61d2cd6f8ae33e6b2854da9f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Academic and Non-Academic Accomplishment: Correlated or](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011723/61d2cd6f8ae33e6b2854da9f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
S u m m a r y
In a s a m p l e of 7262 c o l l e g e f r e s h m e n a t t e n d i n g 24 c o l l e g e s an d
u n i v e r s i t i e s , th e s t u d e n t s c o r e s f o r s e v e r a l a c a d e m i c a c h i e v e m e n t
t e s t s , t h e s t u d e n t s c o r e s f o r s e v e r a l s c a l e s of e x t r a c u r r i c u l a r a c h i e v e
m e n t , a n d th e s t u d e n t a v e r a g e s c h o o l g r a d e s w e r e i n t e r c o r r e l a t e d . T he
c o r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e s e m e a s u r e s of a c a d e m i c a n d n o n - a c a d e m i c
a c c o m p l i s h m e n t s a r e g e n e r a l l y n e g l i g i b l e ( m e d i a n r =. , 04), The
r e s u l t s c a n be a t t r i b u t e d n e i t h e r to a n a r r o w r a n g e of a c a d e m i c t a l e n t
n o r to n o n - l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p s . T h e r e s u l t s s t r o n g l y s u g g e s t th a t
a c a d e m i c and n o n - a c a d e m i c a c c o m p l i s h m e n t a r e r e l a t i v e l y i n d e p e n d e n t
d i m e n s i o n s of t a l e n t . T h e i m p l i c a t i o n s of th e f i n d i n g s f o r the s e l e c t i o n
of t a l e n t e d p e r s o n s an d th e c o n s e r v a t i o n of t a l e n t w e r e d i s c u s s e d .
![Page 4: Academic and Non-Academic Accomplishment: Correlated or](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011723/61d2cd6f8ae33e6b2854da9f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Academic and Non-Academic Accomplishment: Correlated or](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011723/61d2cd6f8ae33e6b2854da9f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
A c a d e m i c an d N o n - A c a d e m i c A c c o m p l i s h m e n t :
C o r r e l a t e d o r U n c o r r e l a t e d ?
J o h n Li. H o l l a n d a n d J a m e s M. R i c h a r d s , J r .
In the l a s t f ive y e a r s , t h e s t u d y of e f f e c t i v e p e r f o r m a n c e in
s c h o o l s and c o l l e g e s , a n d in e x t r a c u r r i c u l a r a c t i v i t y a n d in v o c a t i o n
h a s p r o d u c e d m a n y f i n d i n g s w h i c h s u g g e s t t h a t a c a d e m i c s u c c e s s , a n d
m e a s u r e s of a c a d e m i c p o t e n t i a l , h a v e l i t t l e r e l a t i o n s h i p to e f f e c t i v e
p e r f o r m a n c e o u t s i d e of th e c l a s s r o o m ( A s t in , 196Z; G e t z e l s and
J a c k s o n , 1962; M a c K in n o n , I960; T o r r a n c e , 1962; P r i c e , T a y l o r ,
R i c h a r d s , an d J a c o b s e n , 1964; H o l l a n d a n d N i c h o l s , 1964; Gough,
H a l l , a n d H a r r i s , 1963; an d T h o r n d i k e a n d H a g e n , 1959). Such s t u d i e s
h a v e g e n e r a t e d c o n s i d e r a b l e c o n t r o v e r s y b o th b e c a u s e t h e i r f in d in g s
a r e c o n t r a r y to p o p u l a r b e l i e f an d b e c a u s e m a n y s u c h s t u d i e s a r e
s u b j e c t to s e v e r a l c o m m o n c r i t i c i s m s . F i r s t , m o s t e a r l i e r s t u d i e s
w e r e b a s e d on a n a r r o w r a n g e of t a l e n t . S e c o n d , s o m e c r i t e r i a of
n o n - a c a d e m i c a c c o m p l i s h m e n t w e r e o f t e n of l i t t l e s o c i a l i m p o r t a n c e - -
t e s t s c o r e s on o r i g i n a l i t y m e a s u r e s , o r s c o r i n g s of p r o j e c t i v e d e v i c e s .
M o s t r e c e n t l y , M c N e m a r (1964) h a s e x c o r i a t e d i n v e s t i g a t o r s f o r t h e i r
f a i l u r e to c o p e s u c c e s s f u l l y w i th t h e s e a n d o t h e r p r o b l e m s .
T he p u r p o s e of the p r e s e n t s t u d y is to r e e x a m i n e th e r e l a t i o n
s h i p s b e t w e e n a c a d e m i c a c h i e v e m e n t an d s e v e r a l k in d s of e f f e c t iv e n o n -
a c a d e m i c p e r f o r m a n c e in a p o p u l a t i o n w i th a b r o a d r a n g e of t a l e n t and
- 1 -
![Page 6: Academic and Non-Academic Accomplishment: Correlated or](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011723/61d2cd6f8ae33e6b2854da9f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
w i th d i v e r s e c r i t e r i a of s o c i a l l y r e l e v a n t p e r f o r m a n c e s .
T h e p la n f o r th e e x a m i n a t i o n of t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s a m o n g v a r i o u s
c r i t e r i a an d m e a s u r e s of a c c o m p l i s h m e n t w a s s i m p l e : E a c h k in d of
a c c o m p l i s h m e n t w a s d e f in e d by a c l u s t e r of s o c i a l l y r e l e v a n t c r i t e r i a
an d t e s t m e a s u r e s a s s u m e d to a s s e s s the c o n s t r u c t in q u e s t i o n . A
l a r g e s a m p l e of c o l l e g e f r e s h m e n w a s o b t a i n e d a n d w e r e a d m i n i s t e r e d
the v a r i o u s a s s e s s m e n t d e v i c e s . A l l v a r i a b l e s r e p r e s e n t i n g th e v a r i o u s
k i n d s of a c c o m p l i s h m e n t s t u d i e d h e r e w e r e t h e n i n t e r c o r r e l a t e d
( p r o d u c t - m o m e n t ) . F i n a l l y , r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s e s w e r e p e r f o r m e d to
l e a r n if o u r r e s u l t s c o u l d be due to c u r v i l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n s o r o t h e r
a b n o r m a l d i s t r i b u t i o n s of t e s t s c o r e s an d c r i t e r i a . T h e fo l l o w i n g
s e c t i o n s d e s c r i b e th e c o l l e g e f r e s h m a n s a m p l e , th e a s s e s s m e n t of the
d i f f e r e n t k i n d s of a c h i e v e m e n t , an d th e i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s a m o n g th e
v a r i a b l e s u s e d to r e p r e s e n t v a r i o u s a c c o m p l i s h m e n t s .
M e th o d
T h e p r e s e n t s t u d y g r e w ou t of the A m e r i c a n C o l l e g e S u r v e y (Abe ,
H o l l a n d , L>utz, and R i c h a r d s , 1965), a p r o j e c t c o n d u c t e d by the
A m e r i c a n C o l l e g e T e s t i n g P r o g r a m in an a t t e m p t to o b t a i n a m o r e
c o m p l e t e a c c o u n t of the t y p i c a l A m e r i c a n c o l l e g e s t u d e n t a n d th e v a r i a
t i o n a m o n g s t u d e n t s f r o m c o l l e g e to c o l l e g e . To a c c o m p l i s h t h i s t a s k ,
a c o m p r e h e n s i v e a s s e s s m e n t w a s a d m i n i s t e r e d to 12 ,432 c o l l e g e f r e s h
m e n in 31 i n s t i t u t i o n s of h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n in t h e m o n t h s of A p r i l o r M a y
in 1964. S t u d e n t s f i l l e d ou t the s u r v e y in E n g l i s h c l a s s e s , c h a p e l , a n d
- 2 -
![Page 7: Academic and Non-Academic Accomplishment: Correlated or](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011723/61d2cd6f8ae33e6b2854da9f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
c o n v o c a t i o n s , o r in d o r m i t o r i e s a n d t h e i r h o m e s . C o l l e g e o f f i c i a l s
w e r e p o l l e d to l e a r n if the a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of the s u r v e y p r o d u c e d a n y
d i f f i c u l t i e s . G e n e r a l l y t h e y r e p o r t e d t h a t no s p e c i a l p r o b l e m s r e s u l t e d
f r o m th e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of t h e s u r v e y . T h e s a m p l e of the p r e s e n t r e s e a r c h
i s r e s t r i c t e d to the g r o u p of t h e s e 12 ,432 f r e s h m e n w ho a l s o to o k the
A m e r i c a n C o l l e g e T e s t b a t t e r y in the a c a d e m i c y e a r 1 9 6 2 -6 3 a s p a r t of
t h e i r a p p l i c a t i o n f o r a d m i s s i o n to c o l l e g e .
S a m p l e
T h e s a m p l e f o r t h i s s t u d y c o n s i s t e d of 7262 c o l l e g e f r e s h m e n , of
w h o m 3770 w e r e m a l e and 3492 f e m a l e , e n r o l l e d in 24 c o l l e g e s . T h e s e
c o l l e g e s a r e : A r k a n s a s P o l y t e c h n i c C o l l e g e , B a y l o r U n i v e r s i t y , B l a c k
H i l l s T e a c h e r s C o l l e g e ( S . D . ), B l o o m T o w n s h i p C o m m u n i t y C o l l e g e
(111. ), B u r l i n g t o n C o m m u n i t y C o l l e g e ( Iowa) , C a l i f o r n i a S t a t e C o l l e g e
a t H a y w a r d , C a r t h a g e C o l l e g e ( W i s . ) , C o l o r a d o S t a t e C o l l e g e , F a i r m o n t
S t a t e C o l l e g e (W. V a . ), I n d i a n a S ta t e C o l l e g e ( I n d . ) , J a m e s t o w n
C o m m u n i t y C o l l e g e (N. Y. ), K a n s a s S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , L y o n s T o w n s h ip
J u n i o r C o l l e g e (111. ), N ew M e x ic o S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , P l y m o u t h S ta t e
C o l l e g e ( N . H . ) , Snow C o l l e g e (U tah) , S o u t h e a s t e r n S t a t e C o l l e g e ( O k l a . ) ,
S o u t h e r n I l l i n o i s U n i v e r s i t y , U n i v e r s i t y of A l a b a m a , U n i v e r s i t y of
K e n t u c k y , U n i v e r s i t y of N o r t h D a k o ta , U n i v e r s i t y of T e n n e s s e e ,
W i l l i a m C a r e y C o l l e g e ( M i s s . ) , an d W i l l i a m J e w e l l C o l l e g e ( M o . ) .
M e a s u r e s of A c a d e m i c P o t e n t i a l an d P e r f o r m a n c e
In th i s s t u d y the c o n s t r u c t , a c a d e m i c a c c o m p l i s h m e n t , w a s
- 3 -
![Page 8: Academic and Non-Academic Accomplishment: Correlated or](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011723/61d2cd6f8ae33e6b2854da9f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
r e p r e s e n t e d by a t e s t of a c a d e m i c p o t e n t i a l ( the A C T t e s t b a t t e r y ) an d
by a v e r a g e h igh s c h o o l g r a d e . B o th m e a s u r e s w e r e o b t a i n e d in the
r e g u l a r A C T p r o g r a m f o r t e s t i n g h igh s c h o o l s t u d e n t s p l a n n in g to a t t e n d
c o l l e g e . T h e A C T t e s t b a t t e r y y i e ld s the f o l l o w in g s u b t e s t s c o r e s :
E n g l i s h , M a t h e m a t i c s , S o c i a l S t u d i e s , and N a t u r a l S c i e n c e . T h e s e
s c o r e s a r e a v e r a g e d to y i e ld a c o m p o s i t e s c o r e . E a c h s c o r e is c o n
v e r t e d to a c o m m o n s c a l e w i th a m e a n of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 20 a n d a s t a n d
a r d d e v i a t i o n of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5 f o r c o l l e g e b ound h ig h s c h o o l s e n i o r s .
T h e h ig h c o r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n the A C T b a t t e r y an d s i m i l a r
m e a s u r e s d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t the A C T b a t t e r y is a t y p i c a l m e a s u r e of
a c a d e m i c p o t e n t i a l so t h a t we w o u ld not. e x p e c t m a r k e d l y d i f f e r e n t r e s u l t s
in the p r e s e n t s tu d y , if w e h a d u s e d s o m e o t h e r m e a s u r e of a c a d e m i c
p o t e n t i a l s u c h a s the SAT o r the S C A T . F o r e x a m p l e , r e s e a r c h by
E e l l s (1962) in I l l i n o i s c o l l e g e s and u n i v e r s i t i e s i n d i c a t e s a m e d i a n
c o r r e l a t i o n of . 53 b e t w e e n SAT v e r b a l a n d A C T E n g l i s h , of . 70 b e t w e e n
S A T v e r b a l a n d A C T s o c i a l s t u d i e s , and of . 7 8 b e t w e e n S A T q u a n t i t a t i v e
a n d A C T m a t h e m a t i c s . S i m i l a r c o r r e l a t i o n s a r e r e p o r t e d b e t w e e n A C T
s c o r e s and S C A T and C o l l e g e Q u a l i f i c a t i o n T e s t s c o r e s . T h e r e l i a
b i l i t i e s of the A C T t e s t s c o r e s a r e a l s o c o m p a r a b l e to o t h e r t e s t s of
c o l l e g e p o t e n t i a l (A C T T e c h n i c a l R e p o r t , I960) , r a n g i n g f r o m . 83 to
. 88 w i th a m e d i a n of . 85.
As a r e g u l a r p a r t of the A C T p r o c e d u r e , p e r s o n s t a k i n g th e A C T
t e s t a r e a s k e d to r e p o r t th e g r a d e s t h e y h a v e r e c e i v e d in h ig h s c h o o l
- 4 -
![Page 9: Academic and Non-Academic Accomplishment: Correlated or](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011723/61d2cd6f8ae33e6b2854da9f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
c o u r s e s in f o u r a r e a s : E n g l i s h , m a t h e m a t i c s , s o c i a l s t u d i e s , a n d
n a t u r a l s c i e n c e . R e s e a r c h by D a v i d s e n (1963) i n d i c a t e s t h a t in a l a r g e
s a m p l e s u c h s e l f - r e p o r t e d g r a d e s c o r r e s p o n d c l o s e l y to g r a d e s f o r the
s a m e c o u r s e s r e c o r d e d on h ig h s c h o o l t r a n s c r i p t s . A r e a n a l y s i s of
D a v i d s e n ' s d a t a i n d i c a t e d a c o r r e l a t i o n of . 92 b e t w e e n s t u d e n t r e p o r t e d
a n d s c h o o l r e p o r t e d g r a d e s . The m e a s u r e u s e d in t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y is
t h e o v e r a l l a v e r a g e of a l l g r a d e s r e p o r t e d . In a n o t h e r s tu d y by H o y t
(1963) th e p r e d i c t i v e e f f i c i e n c y of a v e r a g e s e l f - r e p o r t e d g r a d e s e q u a l e d
t h a t of th e s t u d e n t ' s h ig h s c h o o l r a n k o b t a i n e d f r o m h i s t r a n s c r i p t .
M e a s u r e s of N o n - A c a d e m i c P e r f o r m a n c e
T h e a s s e s s m e n t d e v i c e u s e d to e s t i m a t e v a r i o u s s t u d e n t c h a r a c
t e r i s t i c s w a s c a l l e d t h e A m e r i c a n C o l l e g e S u r v e y (Abe, H o l l a n d , L u t z ,
a n d R i c h a r d s , 1965), T h e A m e r i c a n C o l l e g e S u r v e y is a b o o k l e t w h i c h
c o n t a i n s a l e t t e r e x p l a i n i n g th e p u r p o s e of the s u r v e y a n d a s e r i e s of
s e c t i o n s p l a n n e d to e l i c i t i n f o r m a t i o n ab o u t a s t u d e n t ' s a c h i e v e m e n t s ,
a s p i r a t i o n s , a t t i t u d e s , i n t e r e s t s , p o t e n t i a l s , v a l u e s , an d b a c k g r o u n d .
S t u d e n t s r e c o r d e d t h e i r 1004 r e s p o n s e s on tw o s p e c i a l a n s w e r s h e e t s .
T h e p r e s e n t s t u d y i s c o n c e r n e d o n ly w i t h s t u d e n t a c h i e v e m e n t .
F o r t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y , the A m e r i c a n C o l l e g e S u r v e y w a s s c o r e d
to y i e ld 18 s c a l e s to a s s e s s a s t u d e n t ’s n o n - a c a d e m i c a c h i e v e m e n t in
h i g h s c h o o l , c o m p e t e n c i e s , o r i g i n a l i t y , a n d " a c q u i e s c e n c e " ( the t e n d e n
c y to s a y y e s in r e s p o n s e to q u e s t i o n n a i r e i t e m s ) . T h e fo l l o w in g s e c t i o n
d e s c r i b e s o u r k n o w le d g e of th e a s s e s s m e n t d e v i c e s u s e d in t h i s p a r t i c u l a r
![Page 10: Academic and Non-Academic Accomplishment: Correlated or](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011723/61d2cd6f8ae33e6b2854da9f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
s t u d y .
E x t r a c u r r i c u l a r A c h i e v e m e n t R e c o r d . A c h e c k l i s t of e x t r a c u r r i c u
l a r a c c o m p l i s h m e n t f o r th e h ig h s c h o o l y e a r s w a s u s e d (H o l l a n d and
N i c h o l s , 1964) to o b t a i n s c o r e s in the fo l l o w in g a r e a s : a r t , m u s i c ,
l i t e r a t u r e , d r a m a t i c a r t s , l e a d e r s h i p , and s c i e n c e . I t e m s r a n g e d f r o m
c o m m o n an d l e s s i m p o r t a n t a c c o m p l i s h m e n t s to r a r e a n d m o r e i m p o r
t a n t a c c o m p l i s h m e n t s . F o r e x a m p l e , s c i e n c e i t e m s i n c l u d e d a c c o m p l i s h
m e n t s s u c h a s : did an i n d e p e n d e n t , s c i e n t i f i c e x p e r i m e n t ; w o n a p r i z e
o r a w a r d of a n y k in d f o r s c i e n t i f i c w o r k o r s tu d y ; h a d s c i e n t i f i c p a p e r
p u b l i s h e d in a s c i e n t i f i c j o u r n a l ; p l a c e d f i r s t , s e c o n d , o r t h i r d in a
n a t i o n a l s c i e n c e c o n t e s t ; i n v e n t e d a p a t e n t a b l e d e v i c e ; e t c . L e a d e r s h i p
i t e m s i n c lu d e d : a p p o i n t e d to a s t u d e n t o f f i c e , o r g a n i z e d own b u s i n e s s
o r s e r v i c e , r e c e i v e d a J u n i o r A c h i e v e m e n t a w a r d , e l e c t e d p r e s i d e n t
of c l a s s , e t c . T h e i t e m s in the r e m a i n i n g s c a l e s c o n s i s t e d of s i m i l a r
i t e m c o n t e n t p l a n n e d to a s s e s s a g r e a t r a n g e of a c h i e v e m e n t . T h e s c o r e
on e a c h s c a l e is s i m p l y th e n u m b e r of a c c o m p l i s h m e n t s c h e c k e d .
S t u d e n t s w i t h h ig h s c o r e s on one o r m o r e of t h e s e s i m p l e s c a l e s h a v e
a t t a i n e d a h ig h l e v e l of a c c o m p l i s h m e n t w h i c h r e q u i r e s c o m p l e x s k i l l s ,
l o n g t e r m p e r s i s t e n c e o r o r i g i n a l i t y , an d w h i c h g e n e r a l l y r e c e i v e d
p u b l i c r e c o g n i t i o n s o t h a t in p r i n c i p l e s u c h a c c o m p l i s h m e n t s c a n be
v e r i f i e d .
T h e r e l i a b i l i t i e s ( K - R 21) f o r i n d i v i d u a l s c a l e s of a c c o m p l i s h m e n t
r a n g e f r o m . 48 to . 7 5 f o r m e n an d f r o m . 58 to . 86 f o r w o m e n f o r
- 6 -
![Page 11: Academic and Non-Academic Accomplishment: Correlated or](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011723/61d2cd6f8ae33e6b2854da9f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
N a t i o n a l M e r i t F i n a l i s t s . In the A m e r i c a n C o l l e g e S u r v e y s a m p l e , the
r e l i a b i l i t i e s ( K - R 20) r a n g e d f r o m . 72 to . 8 4 f o r m e n a n d f r o m . 65 to
. 8 1 f o r w o m e n .
R a n g e of C o m p e t e n c i e s . S t u d e n t s c h e c k e d t h o s e a c t i v i t i e s f r o m a
l i s t of 143 w h i c h " y o u c a n do w e l l o r c o m p e t e n t l y . " T h e a s s u m p t i o n
u n d e r l y i n g t h e s e s c a l e s i s t h a t a l a r g e n u m b e r of c o m p e t e n c i e s is c o n d u
c iv e to a c h i e v e m e n t g e n e r a l l y and t h a t c o m p e t e n c i e s in a p a r t i c u l a r f i e ld
a r e c o n d u c i v e to a c h i e v e m e n t in th e s a m e f i e l d . T y p i c a l i t e m s f r o m
t h i s l i s t i n c lu d e d : I h a v e a w o r k i n g k n o w le d g e of R o b e r t s 1 R u l e s of
O r d e r , I c a n d a n c e , I a m a good cook , I c a n m a k e j e w e l r y , I c a n r e a d
b l u e p r i n t s , I c a n r e a d G r e e k , I c a n o p e r a t e a t r a c t o r , I c a n u s e l o g a
r i t h m t a b l e s , e t c . The n u m b e r of a c t i v i t i e s c h e c k e d e q u a l s a s t u d e n t ' s
r a n g e of c o m p e t e n c i e s o r t o t a l n u m b e r of c o m p e t e n c i e s . In the p r e s e n t
s tu d y , s c o r e s w e r e a l s o d e r i v e d f o r e a c h s t u d e n t in the fo l low ing a r e a s
of c o m p e t e n c y : s c i e n t i f i c , t e c h n i c a l , g o v e r n m e n t a l , b u s i n e s s a n d
c l e r i c a l , s o c i a l and e d u c a t i o n a l , a r t s , l e a d e r s h i p , and f o r e i g n l a n g u a g e .
I t e m s w e r e a s s i g n e d to s c a l e s by po o l in g th e i n d e p e n d e n t d e c i s i o n s of
t h r e e j u d g e s . T h e t o t a l c o m p e t e n c i e s s c o r e i n c l u d e s b o th the s c a l e s
l i s t e d e a r l i e r an d s o m e a t h l e t i c an d h o m e m a k i n g c o m p e t e n c i e s , and a
f e w u n c l a s s i f i a b l e c o m p e t e n c i e s . S tu d e n t s w e r e t h e n s c o r e d f o r e a c h
k in d of c o m p e t e n c y . T he r e l i a b i l i t y ( K - R 20) f o r the t o t a l n u m b e r of s e l f -
r e p o r t e d c o m p e t e n c i e s w a s . 9 4 an d . 9 3 f o r m a l e and f e m a l e c o l l e g e
f r e s h m e n . F o r the d i f f e r e n t k in d s of c o m p e t e n c y , r e l i a b i l i t i e s r a n g e d
![Page 12: Academic and Non-Academic Accomplishment: Correlated or](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011723/61d2cd6f8ae33e6b2854da9f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
f r o m . 35 to . 87 f o r m e n w i th a m e d i a n of . 7 4 , a n d f r o m . 11 to . 85 f o r
w o m e n w i th a m e d i a n of . 7 1 . T h e low r e l i a b i l i t i e s f o r s o m e s c a l e s
a p p e a r to r e s u l t f r o m th e s m a l l n u m b e r of i t e m s in t h o s e s c a l e s .
I n t e r p e r s o n a l C o m p e t e n c y S c a l e . T h i s t w e n t y - i t e m , a p r i o r i
s c a l e w a s m o d e l e d a f t e r th e w o r k of F o o t e a n d C o t t r e l l (19 55), who d e
f i n e d i n t e r p e r s o n a l c o m p e t e n c e a s " a c q u i r e d a b i l i t y f o r e f f e c t i v e i n t e r
a c t i o n , " an d who o u t l i n e d a p r o g r a m of r e s e a r c h to s t u d y t h i s c o n c e p t .
S c a l e i t e m s s i m p l y p o l l th e s u b j e c t f o r t h o s e f a c t o r s w h i c h F o o t e a n d
C o t t r e l l b e l i e v e to be c o n d u c i v e to, o r t y p i c a l of i n t e r p e r s o n a l c o m p e t e n -
c y - - g 0° d h e a l t h , s o c i a l e x p e r i e n c e a n d c o m p e t e n c i e s , p o s i t i v e s e l f -
r e g a r d . The r e l i a b i l i t y ( K - R 20) of t h e I n t e r p e r s o n a l C o r p p e t e n c y S c a l e
f o r g r o u p s of 6289 m a l e an d 6143 f e m a l e c o l l e g e f r e s h m e n w a s . 69 a n d
. 6 7 r e s p e c t i v e l y .
P r e c o n s c i o u s A c t i v i t y S c a l e ( O r i g i n a l i t y ) . T h i s s c a l e is a n a p r i o r i
s c a l e d e v e l o p e d to m e a s u r e K u b i e ' s (1958) n o t io n of p r e c o n s c i o u s a c t i v i t y
a s a p r o c e s s in c r e a t i v e p e r f o r m a n c e ( N ic h o l s an d H o l l a n d , 1963). T h e
P r e c o n s c i o u s A c t i v i t y S c a l e i s a 3 8 - i t e m t r u e - f a l s e s c a l e w i t h r e l i a b i l i
t i e s ( K - R 20) of . 72 an d . 68 f o r m a l e an d f e m a l e c o l l e g e f r e s h m e n . T h e
p r e d i c t i v e v a l i d i t e s of t h i s s c a l e a n d i t s c o n c u r r e n t r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i th
o r i g i n a l i t y and i n t e r e s t m e a s u r e s i m p l y t h a t th e P r e c o n s c i o u s A c t i v i t y
S c a l e s h o u l d be i n t e r p r e t e d a s a n o r i g i n a l i t y m e a s u r e , e s p e c i a l l y in t h e
f i e l d s of a r t , l i t e r a t u r e , and m u s i c ( N ic h o l s a n d H o l la n d , 1963).
A c q u i e s c e n c e . T h i s s c o r e w a s b a s e d on a n e n t i r e l y s e p a r a t e
- 8 -
![Page 13: Academic and Non-Academic Accomplishment: Correlated or](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011723/61d2cd6f8ae33e6b2854da9f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
s e c t i o n of the A m e r i c a n C o l l e g e S u r v e y w h ic h c o n s i s t e d of the V o c a t i o n a l
P r e f e r e n c e I n v e n t o r y , a p e r s o n a l i t y and i n t e r e s t i n v e n t o r y w h i c h is
c o m p o s e d o n ly of o c c u p a t i o n a l t i t l e s (H o l lan d , 1958). To t a k e th e i n v e n
t o r y , a s t u d e n t m a r k s " Y e s " on the a n s w e r s h e e t f o r t h o s e o c c u p a t i o n s
he l i k e s a n d " N o " f o r t h o s e o c c u p a t i o n s he d i s l i k e s . T h e r e a r e 160
o c c u p a t i o n s i n c l u d e d in t h i s i n v e n t o r y , an d the m e a s u r e of a c q u i e s c e n c e
u s e d in t h i s s t u d y w a s the n u m b e r of " Y e s " a n s w e r s on i t e m s 3 1 -1 6 0 .
T h e r e l i a b i l i t y ( K - R 20) of t h i s s c o r e is . 9 7 f o r b o th the m a l e s and the
f e m a l e s in th e A m e r i c a n C o l l e g e S u r v e y s a m p l e .
R e s u l t s
A s a f i r s t s t e p , a c o m p a r i s o n w a s m a d e b e t w e e n t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n s
of t e s t s c o r e s in o u r s a m p l e w i th the c o r r e s p o n d i n g d i s t r i b u t i o n s in a
n a t i o n a l n o r m g r o u p . ̂ Of th e n a t i o n a l n o r m s r o u t i n e l y c o m p u t e d f o r the
A C T t e s t s , th e m o s t p e r t i n e n t to t h i s s t u d y a r e t h o s e f o r c o l l e g e bound
h ig h s c h o o l s e n i o r s . A c c o r d i n g l y , th e p e r c e n t i l e d i s t r i b u t i o n s f o r the
t o t a l s a m p l e (b o th s e x e s ) f o r t h i s s t u d y on the f o u r A C T s u b t e s t s w e r e
c o m p u t e d a n d c o m p a r e d w i th the 1 9 6 2 -6 3 n o r m g r o u p p e r c e n t i l e d i s t r i
b u t i o n s . The r e s u l t s in T a b l e 1 r e v e a l t h a t on e a c h A C T s u b t e s t the
s a m p l e i n c l u d e s f e w e r p e r s o n s w i t h low s c o r e s t h a n d o e s th e n a t i o n a l
n o r m g r o u p . T h i s d i f f e r e n c e p r o b a b l y o c c u r r e d b e c a u s e the n o r m g r o u p
^All c o m p u t a t i o n s f o r t h i s p r o j e c t w e r e c a r r i e d ou t on c o m p u t e r s . T h e a u t h o r s w i s h to t h a n k C. M i c h a e l B e e t n e r of the s ta f f of the M e a s u r e m e n t R e s e a r c h C e n t e r , U n i v e r s i t y of Iow a f o r h i s s k i l l f u l a s s i s t a n c e in the p r o c e s s i n g of the d a t a .
![Page 14: Academic and Non-Academic Accomplishment: Correlated or](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011723/61d2cd6f8ae33e6b2854da9f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
- 10 -
T a b l e 1
C o m p a r i s o n of A C T S c o r e P e r c e n t i l e D i s t r i b u t i o n s f o r S a m p l e
an d f o r N a t i o n a l N o r m G r o u p of C o l l e g e B o u n d H ig h S c h o o l S e n i o r s
A C TS c o r e
E n g l i s h M a t h e m a t i c s S o c i a l S c i e n c e N a t u r a l S c i e n c e
S a m p l e%ile
N a t ' l% ile
S a m p l e%ile
N a t ’l%ile
S a m p l e%ile
N a t ' l%ile
S a m p l e%ile
N a t ' l%ile
32 97 97 99 99 99 9931 96 96 97 97 98 9830 93 94 95 95 96 9629 99 99 90 91 92 92 92 9228 97 97 87 88 89 89 87 8827 94 95 83 85 85 86 82 8326 90 91 78 81 79 81 76 7825 85 86 72 76 72 74 69 7224 78 79 68 72 66 69 63 6723 69 71 62 67 60 64 55 6022 61 64 55 62 54 57 48 5421 52 57 50 57 47 52 43 4920 42 48 43 51 40 46 38 4419 33 40 37 45 34 40 32 3918 25 32 31 39 29 34 26 3217 19 25 25 33 22 28 20 2616 14 20 20 27 17 22 16 2215 10 15 16 23 12 18 12 1814 8 11 12 18 9 13 9 1413 6 9 9 15 6 10 7 1112 4 7 7 12 4 7 5 811 3 5 5 9 3 6 3 610 2 4 4 6 2 4 2 5
9 2 3 3 4 1 2 2 38 1 2 2 3 1 1 27 2 1 2 16 1 1
N o te . - - S a m p l e N = 7262 .
c o n s i s t e d of p o t e n t i a l l y c o l l e g e b o u n d h ig h s c h o o l s e n i o r s w h i l e o u r
s a m p l e c o n s i s t e d of c o l l e g e f r e s h m e n w ho h a d a l r e a d y s u r v i v e d m o r e
![Page 15: Academic and Non-Academic Accomplishment: Correlated or](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011723/61d2cd6f8ae33e6b2854da9f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
t h a n one h a l f of the f r e s h m a n y e a r . The d i f f e r e n c e s in the d i s t r i b u t i o n
of t e s t s c o r e s b e t w e e n the s a m p l e and th e n o r m g r o u p s a r e s t a t i s t i c a l l y
s i g n i f i c a n t , p a r t i c u l a r l y if t e s t s of d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n m e a n s a r e u s e d ,
b u t th e s a m p l e is s t i l l a r e a s o n a b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n of th e n a t i o n a l c o l l e g e
f r e s h m a n p o p u la t i o n , s i n c e i t d o e s no t d e p a r t m a r k e d l y f r o m the n a t i o n a l
s c o r e d i s t r i b u t i o n s . E q u a l l y i m p o r t a n t , a fu l l r a n g e of t a l e n t is r e p r e
s e n t e d in th e s a m p l e so t h a t o u r r e s u l t s c a n n o t be a t t r i b u t e d to a n a r r o w
r a n g e of t a l e n t .
C o r r e l a t i o n s w e r e c o m p u t e d s e p a r a t e l y f o r e a c h s e x b e t w e e n the
m e a s u r e s of a c a d e m i c p o t e n t i a l a n d p e r f o r m a n c e ( f o u r A C T s c o r e s p lu s
h ig h s c h o o l g r a d e s ) , t h e s e v e n t e e n c r i t e r i a ( s i x s c a l e s m e a s u r i n g e x t r a
c u r r i c u l a r a c h i e v e m e n t , n i n e c o m p e t e n c i e s s c a l e s , the I n t e r p e r s o n a l
C o m p e t e n c y S c a l e , an d t h e P r e c o n s c i o u s A c t i v i t y S c a l e ) , an d a m e a s u r e
of a c q u i e s c e n c e . T h e s e c o r r e l a t i o n s t o g e t h e r w i th the p r e d i c t o r i n t e r -
c o r r e l a t i o n s , a r e s h o w n in T a b l e 2. T h e m o s t n o t a b l e f in d in g in T a b l e
2 i s the low m a g n i t u d e of the c o r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n a c a d e m i c p o t e n t i a l
o r p e r f o r m a n c e , a n d a r t i s t i c , s c i e n t i f i c , an d s o c i a l a c c o m p l i s h m e n t .
T h e h i g h e s t c o r r e l a t i o n i s o n ly . 2 3 , the m e d i a n c o r r e l a t i o n i s . 04, an d
26% of the c o r r e l a t i o n s a r e n e g a t i v e . On th e o t h e r h a n d , b o th th e i n t e r
c o r r e l a t i o n s of th e A C T t e s t s a n d the c o r r e l a t i o n s of the A C T t e s t s
w i t h h ig h s c h o o l g r a d e s a r e q u i t e c o n s i s t e n t w i th the f in d in g s of o t h e r
i n v e s t i g a t o r s ( E e l l s , 1962) a n d w i th th e n o r m a t i v e d a t a p r e s e n t e d in
t h e A C T T e c h n i c a l R e p o r t ( I 9 6 0 ) . T h e r e f o r e , i t a p p e a r s t h a t the
- 1 1 -
![Page 16: Academic and Non-Academic Accomplishment: Correlated or](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011723/61d2cd6f8ae33e6b2854da9f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
I n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s an d C o r r e l a t i o n s w i th A r t i s t i c , S c i e n t i f i c , an d S o c i a l A c c o m p l i s h m e n t
T a b l e 2
of A C T S c o r e s an d H igh S c h o o l G r a d e s
V a r i a b l e s A C TE n g .
M a l e s (N = 3770)
A C T A C T A C T M a th . S o c . S t . N . S c i .
H . S .A v e r a g e
A C TE n g .
F e m a l e s (N =
A C T A C T M a th . S o c . S t .
3492)
A C TN . S c i .
H. S.Ave r a g
A C T M a t h e m a t i c s 56 54A C T S o c i a l S t u d i e s 59 47 60 50A C T N a t u r a l S c i e n c e 57 59 64 55 58 63H ig h S c h o o l A v e r a g e 39 44 34 34 38 42 38 36
S c i e n c e A c h i e v e m e n t 11 14 12 18 15 07 ■ 1 1 09 1 3 10L e a d e r s h i p A c h i e v e m e n t 10 06 07 03 21 09 09 08 06 20D r a m a t i c A r t s A c h i e v e m e n t 05 -0 3 03 00 08 05 00 07 04 10A r t i s t i c A c h i e v e m e n t -01 -09 -02 -03 -05 -01 -03 -01 00 -05L i t e r a r y A c h i e v e m e n t 14 02 13 07 10 18 09 16 11 16M u s i c a l A c h i e v e m e n t 08 00 03 03 02 05 . 04 00 03 06
S c i e n t i f i c C o m p e t e n c y 07 11 05 17 13 08 19 11 20 13T e c h n i c a l C o m p e t e n c y -10 04 -12 06 -06 -0 5 08 -05 04 01Govt. & S o c ia l S t u d i e s C o m p . 05 - 0 5 15 04 04 09 03 20 09 11B u s i n e s s & C l e r i c a l C o m p . 00 -01 03 01 00 02 02 02 00 02S o c i a l & E d u c ' l C o m p . -02 - 1 0 -06 -1 0 -0 5 -02 -0 4 -0 3 - 0 6 -01A r t s C o m p e t e n c y 09 -0 6 03 01 00 08 -01 05 02 01L e a d e r s h i p C o m p e t e n c y 08 01 07 02 09 09 08 11 05 16F o r e i g n L a n g u a g e C o m p . 17 06 11 05 04 23 13 17 10 07T o t a l C o m p e t e n c i e s 00 -0 5 -0 4 00 -0 3 02 04 02 03 02
I n t e r p e r s o n a l C o m p e t e n c y -02 -07 -03 -07 - 0 4 01 -02 -02 -02 -0 3P r e c o n s c i o u s A c t i v i t y 14 01 14 13 -0 3 13 -01 16 13 -05A c q u i e s c e n c e -0 3 -0 4 - 02 -03 -0 3 04 06 09 07 04
![Page 17: Academic and Non-Academic Accomplishment: Correlated or](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011723/61d2cd6f8ae33e6b2854da9f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
l o w c o r r e l a t i o n s in T a b l e 2 c a n n o t be a t t r i b u t e d to i d i o s y n c r a s i e s of t h e
s a m p l e o r to a n a r r o w r a n g e of a c a d e m i c p o t e n t i a l . T he m a j o r i t y of the
c o r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n a c a d e m i c p o t e n t i a l and a r t i s t i c , s c i e n t i f i c , a n d
s o c i a l a c c o m p l i s h m e n t a r e s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t , bu t w i th N ' s a s
l a r g e a s t h o s e u s e d in t h i s s t u d y a c o r r e l a t i o n a c c o u n t i n g f o r l e s s t h a n
one p e r c e n t of th e v a r i a n c e is s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t . T h e r e f o r e , in
i n t e r p r e t i n g the r e s u l t s p r e s e n t e d in T a b l e 2 th e a b s o l u t e m a g n i t u d e of
a c o r r e l a t i o n is m o r e p e r t i n e n t t h a n is i t s s t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e .
T h e c o r r e l a t i o n s a m o n g t h e m e a s u r e s of a r t i s t i c , s c i e n t i f i c , and
s o c i a l a c c o m p l i s h m e n t , t o g e t h e r w i th the A c q u i e s c e n c e S c a l e , a r e
s h o w n in T a b l e 3. In T a b l e 3 a l l c o r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n the s p e c i a l c o m
p e t e n c y s c a l e s a n d T o t a l C o m p e t e n c i e s a r e u n c o r r e c t e d p a r t - w h o l e
c o r r e l a t i o n s . I n t e r p e r s o n a l C o m p e t e n c y , of c o u r s e , is a s e p a r a t e
t r u e - f a l s e m e a s u r e w h i c h did n o t e n t e r in to the c o m p u t a t i o n of T o t a l
C o m p e t e n c i e s .
T h e i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s s h o w n in T a b l e 3 i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e r e is s o m e
g e n e r a l i t y to a r t i s t i c , s c i e n t i f i c , and s o c i a l a c c o m p l i s h m e n t s . W hi le
t h e r e a r e m o d e r a t e c o r r e l a t i o n s w i th A c q u i e s c e n c e , l i t t l e of the c o
v a r i a t i o n a m o n g the d i f f e r e n t m e a s u r e s of s o c i a l l y r e l e v a n t p e r f o r m a n c e
a n d l i t t l e of th e t r u e s c o r e v a r i a n c e in th e i n d i v id u a l c r i t e r i a c a n be
a c c o u n t e d f o r s o l e l y by a t e n d e n c y to s a y " Y e s ” on q u e s t i o n n a i r e i t e m s .
In g e n e r a l , th e p a t t e r n of i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s p r e s e n t e d in T a b l e 3 s u p p o r t s
t h e c o n s t r u c t v a l i d i t y of th e v a r i o u s s c a l e s .
- 1 3 -
![Page 18: Academic and Non-Academic Accomplishment: Correlated or](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011723/61d2cd6f8ae33e6b2854da9f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
I n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s of A r t i s t i c , S c i e n t i f i c , an d S o c i a l A c c o m p l i s h m e n t s
T a b l e 3
V a r i a b l e 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1 . S c i e n c e A c h i e v e m e n t _ 31 37 39 42 34 34 21 12 19 14 29 21 27 32 08 18 112. L e a d e r s h i p A c h i e v e m e n t 26 50 23 38 27 25 19 22 28 41 37 52 17 45 33 05 203. D r a m a t i c A r t s A c h i e v e m e n t 34 46 36 50 43 18 10 18 23 32 50 40 19 40 22 16 174. A r t i s t i c A c h i e v e m e n t 32 18 30 43 35 14 09 15 13 17 40 19 21 30 10 23 135. L i t e r a r y A c h i e v e m e n t 31 40 45 27 33 19 04 22 20 25 42 36 27 33 16 26 146. M u s i c a l A c h i e v e m e n t 29 28 36 22 22 07 08 06 15 19 51 18 17 09 16 31 11
7. S c i e n t i f i c C o m p e t e n c y 29 20 14 18 19 10 — 42 35 32 36 39 36 23 63 26 14 178. T e c h n i c a l C o m p e t e n c y 22 29 26 22 19 19 38 09 31 24 24 24 03 59 22 -03 179. Gov t . & S o c i a l S t u d i e s C o m p . 12 20 18 13 26 04 33 15 27 34 37 37 21 43 24 16 18
10. B u s i n e s s & C l e r i c a l C o m p . 11 27 17 07 18 13 20 28 19 39 39 43 20 56 28 00 191 1 . S o c i a l h E d u c a t i o n a l C o m p . 10 40 31 12 23 16 26 22 25 27 58 68 24 76 54 12 2812. A r t s C o m p e t e n c y 22 40 52 35 40 41 38 36 35 29 55 56 35 79 36 33 2913. L e a d e r s h i p C o m p e t e n c y 17 55 39 13 40 17 28 28 30 34 62 51 22 72 45 11 2914. F o r e i g n L a n g u a g e C o m p . 12 17 13 10 21 03 20 10 21 11 18 28 18 35 16 16 1415. T o t a l C o m p e t e n c i e s 25 48 45 29 37 28 56 62 40 45 71 82 70 30 50 20 33
16. I n t e r p e r s o n a l C o m p e t e n c y 11 34 28 11 19 12 23 24 19 24 54 44 44 17 53 03 22
17. P r e c o n s c i o u s A c t i v i t y ( O r i g i n a l i t y ) 10 06 19 22 24 07 12 04 17 - 0 3 19 32 06 16 18 08 11
18. A c q u i e s c e n c e 10 18 18 13 18 05 21 21 18 15 21 29 23 12 31 20 2 6
N o te . - - C o r r e l a t i o n s f o r m a l e s (N=3770) a r e p r e s e n t e d a b o v e the d i a g o n a l a n d f o r w o m e n (N=3492) b e l o w the d i a g o n a l .
![Page 19: Academic and Non-Academic Accomplishment: Correlated or](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011723/61d2cd6f8ae33e6b2854da9f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
S o m e i n v e s t i g a t o r s of the r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n a c a d e m i c p o t e n t i a l
a n d s o c i a l l y r e l e v a n t p e r f o r m a n c e h a v e i m p l i e d c u r v i l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n s
{M acK in n o n , I960) . T o e x a m i n e th i s p o s s i b i l i t y , E t a c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r
e a c h s e x w e r e c o m p u t e d b e t w e e n th e A C T E n g l i s h s c o r e a n d th e s ix
c r i t e r i a of e x t r a c u r r i c u l a r a c h i e v e m e n t , w i th the r e s u l t s sh o w n in T a b l e
4 . T h e s e r e s u l t s show t h a t in a f e w c a s e s t h e r e i s a r e l i a b l e d i f f e r e n c e
b e t w e e n the c u r v i l i n e a r c o r r e l a t i o n a n d the c o r r e s p o n d i n g l i n e a r c o r
r e l a t i o n , bu t a c o m p a r i s o n of T a b l e 4 w i t h T a b l e 2 i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e r e
i s l i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e in t h e a b s o l u t e m a g n i t u d e of th e tw o c o r r e l a t i o n s .
T h e s e r e s u l t s s u g g e s t t h a t t h e d e v i a t i o n s f r o m l i n e a r i t y a r e n e g l i g i b l e
a n d c a n be i g n o r e d in v ie w of t h e a d v a n t a g e s of a l i n e a r c o n c e p t u a l i z a t i o n
a n d t r e a t m e n t . An i n s p e c t i o n of th e p lo t s of a l l o t h e r r e g r e s s i o n s
b e t w e e n th e m e a s u r e s of a c a d e m i c p e r f o r m a n c e a n d p o t e n t i a l , an d the
m e a s u r e s of e x t r a c u r r i c u l a r a c h i e v e m e n t s u p p o r t e d t h i s c o n c l u s i o n .
T a b l e 4
- 1 5 -
C u r v i l i n e a r C o r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n th e A C T E n g l i s h T e s t
a n d t h e A c h i e v e m e n t S c a l e s
V a r i a b l e
M a l e s (N = 3770)
C o r r e l a t i o n
E
T e s t of H y p o t h e s i s
t h a t E = 0
F
T e s t of H y p o t h e s i st h a t E - r = 0
F
S c i e n c e A c h i e v e m e n t . 12 5 . 1 9 * * . 9 3L e a d e r s h i p A c h i e v e m e n t . 11 4 . 2 7 * * 1. 13D r a m a t i c A r t s A c h i e v e m e n t . 07 1 . 5 2 .7 6A r t i s t i c A c h i e v e m e n t . 04 .6 1 . 6 4L i t e r a r y A c h i e v e m e n t . 16 8 . 6 3 * * 2. 15*M u s i c a l A c h i e v e m e n t . 11 3 . 7 8 * * 1 . 8 4 *
d f = l 1 /3 7 5 8 df= 1 0 /3 7 58
![Page 20: Academic and Non-Academic Accomplishment: Correlated or](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011723/61d2cd6f8ae33e6b2854da9f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
- 1 6 -
T a b l e 4 ( c o n t . )
F e m a l e s (N = 3492)V a r i a b l e C o r r e l a t i o n T e s t of T e s t of
H y p o t h e s i s H y p o t h e s i st h a t E = 0 t h a t E - r = 0
E F F
S c i e n c e A c h i e v e m e n t . 09 2 . 5 0 * # . 9 4L e a d e r s h i p A c h i e v e m e n t . 10 3 . 0 7 * * . 58D r a m a t i c A r t s A c h i e v e m e n t . 06 1. 08 . 24A r t i s t i c A c h i e v e m e n t . 05 . 7 0 . 7 3L i t e r a r y A c h i e v e m e n t . 19 1 1 .6 7 * * 1. 53M u s i c a l A c h i e v e m e n t . 08 1. 87* 1. 04
df= 11 / 3480 df= 10 / 3480
* p < . 05 ** p < . 01
N o te . - - In c o m p u t i n g t h e s e c o r r e l a t i o n s , th e A C T E n g l i s h d i s t r i b u t i o n s w e r e d iv i d e d in to tw e lv e c a t e g o r i e s .
A s a f in a l s t e p , the 77 in d i v id u a l i t e m s in th e e x t r a c u r r i c u l a r
a c h i e v e m e n t s c a l e s w e r e c o r r e l a t e d ( b i s e r i a l s ) w i th the f o u r A C T
s c o r e s and the a v e r a g e h igh s c h o o l g r a d e . T h i s a n a l y s i s w a s i m p o r t a n t
to p e r f o r m f o r s e v e r a l r e a s o n s : s i n c e th e s c a l e s of n o n - a c a d e m i c a c c o m
p l i s h m e n t c o n t a i n m a n y lo w l e v e l a c c o m p l i s h m e n t s , t h e y m a y a s s e s s
q u a n t i t y r a t h e r t h a n q u a l i t y of a c c o m p l i s h m e n t . D e s p i t e s e v e r a l i t e m
a n a l y s e s in th e p a s t , t h e n o n - a c a d e m i c s c a l e s m a y a l s o n o t be i n t e r n a l l y
c o n s i s t e n t so t h e y w i l l no t c o r r e l a t e h ig h ly w i th an y m e a s u r e .
T h e d i s t r i b u t i o n s of c o r r e l a t i o n s in T a b l e 5 show t h a t i t e m - A C T s c o r e
a n d i t e m - a v e r a g e g r a d e c o r r e l a t i o n s a r e a s n e g l i g i b l e a s a r e the c o r r e l a t i o n s
of the t o t a l a c c o m p l i s h m e n t s c a l e s w i th m e a s u r e s of a c a d e m i c p o t e n t i a l .
![Page 21: Academic and Non-Academic Accomplishment: Correlated or](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011723/61d2cd6f8ae33e6b2854da9f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
- 1 7 -
T a b l e 5
F r e q u e n c y D i s t r i b u t i o n of B i s e r i a l C o r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n
77 N o n - A c a d e m i c A c h i e v e m e n t s a n d M e a s u r e s of A c a d e m i c P o t e n t i a l
B i s e r i a l r ' s
M e n W o m e n
4 A C T S c o r e s
M e a n HS G r a d e
4 A C T S c o r e s
M e a n HS G r a d e
36 13432 130 128 1 126 124 1 222 3 3 1 120 2 2 518 9 3 12 216 9 3 9 114 13 4 9 212 15 1 12 410 19 5 26 508 22 3 24 806 21 5 31 804 28 6 39 502 36 3 28 500 29 4 23 5
-01 20 4 21 6-03 32 8 19 7- 0 5 22 7 22 3-07 8 4 17 2-09 8 4 10 2-11 8 3 1 2-1 3 3 2 1-1 5 1 1
M e d i a n r ( . 0 3 ) ( . 0 3 ) ( . 0 5 ) ( . 0 6 )
N 308 77 308 77
T h e m e d i a n c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n th e a c h i e v e m e n t s c a l e s a n d a c a d e m i c
p o t e n t i a l in T a b l e 4 is a b o u t . 04, an d in T a b l e 5 the m e d i a n c o r r e l a t i o n
![Page 22: Academic and Non-Academic Accomplishment: Correlated or](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011723/61d2cd6f8ae33e6b2854da9f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
b e t w e e n the a c h i e v e m e n t i t e m s a n d a c a d e m i c p o t e n t i a l i s a l s o a b o u t . 04.
-j.F u r t h e r , 8 9 . 6 p e r c e n t of the c o r r e l a t i o n s in T a b l e 5 f a l l b e t w e e n — . 15.
T h e s e r e s u l t s m a k e c l e a r t h a t th e low c o r r e l a t i o n s c a n n o t be a t t r i b u t e d
to s c a l e s w h i c h a r e no t i n t e r n a l l y c o n s i s t e n t o r to a n e m p h a s i s on q u a n t i t y
r a t h e r t h a n q u a l i t y .
D i s c u s s ion
In c o n t r a s t w i th m o s t e a r l i e r s t u d i e s of th e r e l a t i o n s h i p s of a c a
d e m i c p o t e n t i a l an d p e r f o r m a n c e to s o c i a l l y r e l e v a n t p e r f o r m a n c e , the
p r e s e n t s t u d y h a s s e v e r a l i m p o r t a n t s t r e n g t h s : a l a r g e s a m p l e , a w id e
r a n g e of t a l e n t , m u l t i p l e p r e d i c t o r s , an d m u l t i p l e s o c i a l l y - r e l e v a n t
c r i t e r i a of a c c o m p l i s h m e n t . B o th th e p r e d i c t o r s an d t h e c r i t e r i a h a v e
m o d e r a t e to h igh r e l i a b i l i t y . T h e e v i d e n c e a l s o d o e s n o t i n d i c a t e t h a t
th e a b s e n c e of r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n m e a s u r e s of a c a d e m i c an d n o n -
a c a d e m i c a c h i e v e m e n t is due to s t r o n g c u r v i l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p s w h i c h
h a v e gone u n n o t i c e d .
A lo n g w i t h i t s s t r e n g t h s , the p r e s e n t s t u d y h a s s e v e r a l p l a u s i b l e
w e a k n e s s e s . F i r s t , t h e c r i t e r i a of s o c i a l l y r e l e v a n t a c c o m p l i s h m e n t
r e s t on s e l f - r e p o r t s by th e s t u d e n t s . In the c a s e of th e E x t r a c u r r i c u l a r
A c h i e v e m e n t R e c o r d , th e c r i t e r i a in v o l v e a s t u d e n t ' s r e t r o s p e c t i v e
r e p o r t of w h a t he d id in h ig h s c h o o l . It is p o s s i b l e t h e n t h a t s o m e s t u d e n t s
g a v e d i s t o r t e d r e p o r t s of t h e i r a c h i e v e m e n t s o r s i m p l y f o r g o t s o m e
a c h i e v e m e n t s . On th e o t h e r hand , s i n c e s t u d e n t s w e r e p o l l e d b y an
a g e n c y o u t s i d e of t h e i r c o l l e g e t h e r e w a s no r a t i o n a l go a l to be a c h i e v e d
- 1 8 -
![Page 23: Academic and Non-Academic Accomplishment: Correlated or](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011723/61d2cd6f8ae33e6b2854da9f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
by d i s t o r t i o n . S i m i l a r l y , s i n c e s t u d e n t s w e r e s e c o n d s e m e s t e r f r e s h
m e n , a d m i s s i o n to c o l l e g e , o r th e a w a r d of s c h o l a r s h i p w e r e no l o n g e r
c o n s i d e r a t i o n s w h i c h m i g h t l e a d to d i s t o r t i o n . In t h i s c o n n e c t i o n , the
d a t a f o r D a v i d s e n ' s (1963) s tu d y of a c o m p a r a b l e p o p u la t i o n i n d i c a t e a
c o r r e l a t i o n of . 92 b e t w e e n s e l f - r e p o r t e d an d s c h o o l r e p o r t e d g r a d e s ,
e v e n w h e n a d m i s s i o n to c o l l e g e is a c o n s i d e r a t i o n .
S in c e th e m e a s u r e s u s e d do r e l y h e a v i l y on s e l f - r e p o r t q u e s t i o n
n a i r e s , one m i g h t a s s u m e t h a t th e n e g l i g i b l e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n
a c a d e m i c and n o n - a c a d e m i c a c h i e v e m e n t o c c u r r e d b e c a u s e s t u d e n t s
r e s p o n d e d a t r a n d o m o r by m a r k i n g t h e i r a n s w e r s h e e t a l m o s t e n t i r e l y
" Y e s " o r m a i n l y " N o . " T h e u s e of a n i n d e p e n d e n t a c q u i e s c e n c e s c a l e
c o n s i s t i n g of 130 o c c u p a t i o n a l t i t l e s i n d i c a t e s , h o w e v e r , t h a t v e r y l i t t l e
of th e r e l a t i o n s h i p a m o n g th e v a r i a b l e s is due to s i m p l e a c q u i e s c e n c e .
T h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s a m o n g v a r i a b l e s sh o w n in T a b l e s 2 a n d 3 a r e a l s o
i n t e r n a l l y m e a n i n g f u l , an d h a v e b o th c o n v e r g e n t a n d d i s c r i m i n a n t v a l i d i t y .
F o r e x a m p l e , in th e m a l e s a m p l e I n t e r p e r s o n a l C o m p e t e n c y c o r r e l a t e s
. 54 w i t h S o c i a l an d E d u c a t i o n a l C o m p e t e n c y a n d . 33 w i th L e a d e r s h i p
A c h i e v e m e n t , bu t o n ly . 08 w i th S c i e n c e A c h i e v e m e n t . If th e r e a d e r
t r a c e s e a c h v a r i a b l e t h r o u g h T a b l e s 2 a n d 3 in t h i s f a s h i o n , he c a n s e e
t h a t th e s t u d e n t s f o r th e m o s t p a r t m u s t h a v e b e e n m a k i n g r a t i o n a l
d i s c r i m i n a t i o n s a m o n g i t e m s a n d a p p r o p r i a t e r e s p o n s e s in o r d e r to
p r o d u c e t h e s e m e a n i n g f u l p a t t e r n s of c o r r e l a t i o n s .
F i n a l l y , th e r e s u l t s of t h i s s t u d y p e r t a i n m a i n l y to w h a t s t u d e n t s
- 1 9 -
![Page 24: Academic and Non-Academic Accomplishment: Correlated or](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011723/61d2cd6f8ae33e6b2854da9f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
do in h ig h s c h o o l , an d a r e n o t d i r e c t l y c o n c e r n e d w i th p r e d i c t i n g p e r
f o r m a n c e in c o l l e g e . R e c e n t l y , H o l l a n d a n d N i c h o l s (1964) u s i n g t h e s a m e
r e c o r d s of n o n - a c a d e m i c p e r f o r m a n c e u s e d in th e p r e s e n t s tu d y , fo u n d
in a s a m p ie of e x t r e m e l y b r i g h t s t u d e n t s t h a t s u c h r e c o r d s a r e th e b e s t
p r e d i c t o r s of n o n - a c a d e m i c p e r f o r m a n c e in th e f r e s h m a n y e a r of c o l l e g e .
E q u a l l y i m p o r t a n t , t h e p r e d i c t i v e v a l i d i t i e s f o r s u c h r e c o r d s a v e r a g e d
. 38, w h i l e the S c h o l a s t i c A p t i t u d e T e s t , f o r e x a m p l e , did no t c o n t r i b u t e
s i g n i f i c a n t l y to an y m u l t i p l e c o r r e l a t i o n in t h a t s t u d y .
T h e p r e s e n t s t u d y l e n d s s t r o n g s u p p o r t to e a r l i e r s t u d i e s w h ic h o b
t a i n e d s i m i l a r r e s u l t s bu t g e n e r a l l y u s e d a n a r r o w r a n g e of t a l e n t . F o r
e x a m p l e , the s t u d i e s by T h o r n d i k e and H a g e n (1959) , G e t z e l s a n d J a c k s o n
(1962) , M a c K i n n o n ( I 9 6 0 ) , R i c h a r d s , T a y l o r , a n d P r i c e (1962) , T o r r a n c e
(1962) , Gough, H a l l , a n d H a r r i s (1963), H o l l a n d a n d N i c h o l s (1964) , an d
A s t i n (1962) , a l l s u g g e s t t h a t t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n m e a s u r e s of
a p t i t u d e o r a c a d e m i c p o t e n t i a l an d v a r i o u s m e a s u r e s of r e a l l i f e a c h i e v e
m e n t o r o r i g i n a l i t y a r e t y p i c a l l y s m a l l . O u r s t u d y s t r o n g l y i m p l i e s t h a t
t h e s e e a r l i e r f i n d i n g s h o ld f o r b r o a d r a n g e s of t a l e n t , a n d t h a t a t t e m p t s
b y c r i t i c s to a t t r i b u t e a l l t h e s e e a r l i e r f i n d i n g s to m e t h o d o l o g i c a l a n d
s t a t i s t i c a l d e f e c t s - - r e s t r i c t i o n of r a n g e an d u n r e l i a b i l i t y of p r e d i c t o r s o r
c r i t e r i a - - a r e no l o n g e r p l a u s i b l e . T a k e n t o g e t h e r , t h e s e s t u d i e s of
a c a d e m i c a n d n o n - a c a d e m i c p o t e n t i a l a n d a c h i e v e m e n t m a k e i t c l e a r t h a t
a c a d e m i c p o t e n t i a l an d a c h i e v e m e n t h a v e l i t t l e r e l a t i o n s h i p to o t h e r k i n d s
of n o n - a c a d e m i c p o t e n t i a l an d s o c i a l l y i m p o r t a n t p e r f o r m a n c e . T h e r e f o r e ,
- 2 0 -
![Page 25: Academic and Non-Academic Accomplishment: Correlated or](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011723/61d2cd6f8ae33e6b2854da9f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
th e b u r d e n of p r o o f w o u ld s e e m to r e s t on t h o s e w ho f e e l t h a t th e f i n d i n g s
of a l l of t h e s e s t u d i e s a r e due to e r r o r s of v a r i o u s s o r t s an d t h a t r e a l l y
t h e r e is a s u b s t a n t i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n a c a d e m i c and n o n - a c a d e m i c
a c c o m p l i s h m e n t s .
T h e i m p l i c a t i o n s of th e p r e s e n t s t u d y an d i t s f o r e r u n n e r s a r e
p e r v a s i v e a n d i m p o r t a n t f o r th e s e l e c t i o n a n d t r a i n i n g of s t u d e n t s a n d
e m p l o y e e s , a n d f o r the p r o c e s s of e d u c a t i o n . S in c e a c a d e m i c p o t e n t i a l
a p p e a r s to be o n ly one of s e v e r a l r e l a t i v e l y i n d e p e n d e n t d i m e n s i o n s of
t a l e n t , i t s h o u l d be u s e d w i th d i s c r i m i n a t i o n r a t h e r t h a n a s a p a n a c e a .
We s h o u ld c o n t i n u e to d e v e l o p o t h e r i n d e p e n d e n t m e a s u r e s of a c h i e v e
m e n t an d o r i g i n a l i t y . F u r t h e r , we s h o u l d c o n s i d e r s u c h m e a s u r e s as
i m p o r t a n t in thei-r ow n r i g h t an d no t a s w e a k s u p p l e m e n t a r y m e a s u r e s
to r e m e d y the s l i g h t d e f e c t s of c o n v e n t i o n a l a p t i t u d e an d a c h i e v e m e n t
t e s t s . A t the s a m e t i m e , we s h o u l d no t m a k e the s a m e m i s t a k e t h a t the
p u r v e y o r s of a p t i t u d e a n d i n t e l l i g e n c e have m a d e in the p a s t ; t h a t i s , to
r e l y on o n ly one k in d of m e a s u r e an d to e x c l u d e o t h e r s .
M e a s u r e s of a c a d e m i c p o t e n t i a l a r e th e c h i e f m e t h o d s u s e d to
d e t e r m i n e a d m i s s i o n of s t u d e n t s to c o l l e g e . T h u s , a m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t
i m p l i c a t i o n of th e p r e s e n t f i n d i n g s is t h a t t h e e m p h a s i s in c o l l e g e s and
u n i v e r s i t i e s on a c a d e m i c p o t e n t i a l , s i n c e s u c h p o t e n t i a l is a r e l a t i v e l y
i n d e p e n d e n t d i m e n s i o n of t a l e n t , h a s l e d to n e g l e c t of o t h e r e q u a l l y
i m p o r t a n t t a l e n t s . If a c a d e m i c t a l e n t h a d a s u b s t a n t i a l r e l a t i o n w i th
v o c a t i o n a l a n d o t h e r n o n - c l a s s r o o m a c h i e v e m e n t , t h e n t h i s i n t e n s e ,
- 2 1 -
![Page 26: Academic and Non-Academic Accomplishment: Correlated or](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011723/61d2cd6f8ae33e6b2854da9f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
p e r v a s i v e c o n c e r n w i t h a c a d e m i c p o t e n t i a l w o u ld be l e s s d i s t u r b i n g .
U n f o r t u n a t e l y , c o l l e g e g r a d e s a r e g e n e r a l l y p o o r p r e d i c t o r s of r e a l l i f e
s u c c e s s ( P r i c e e t a l . , 1964; T a y l o r , S m i t h , a n d G h i s e l i n , 1963; R i c h a r d s ,
T a y l o r , an d P r i c e , 1962) an d a r e a t b e s t o n ly i n e f f i c i e n t p r e d i c t o r s
( T a y l o r , 1963). P u t a n o t h e r w ay , t h e s e f in d in g s i m p l y a n e e d to e x a m i n e
g r a d i n g p r a c t i c e s , s i n c e a c o l l e g e e d u c a t i o n s h o u l d be l a r g e l y a p r e p a
r a t i o n f o r l i f e , b o th in th e c o m m u n i t y an d in a v o c a t i o n . U n d e r c u r r e n t
g r a d i n g p r a c t i c e s a c o l l e g e e d u c a t i o n is m a i n l y p r e p a r a t i o n f o r m o r e
e d u c a t i o n in g r a d u a t e s c h o o l .
S o m e of the p r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n s of o u r f i n d i n g s s e e m c l e a r . If
a s p o n s o r is i n t e r e s t e d o n ly in f in d in g s t u d e n t s w ho w i l l do w e l l in th e
c l a s s r o o m in c o l l e g e , t h e n h ig h s c h o o l g r a d e s a n d t e s t s of a c a d e m i c
p o t e n t i a l a r e the b e s t t e c h n i q u e s a v a i l a b l e . O n th e o t h e r h a n d , if a s p o n
s o r w i s h e s to f ind c o l l e g e s t u d e n t s w ho w i l l do o u t s t a n d i n g t h i n g s o u t s i d e
th e c l a s s r o o m an d in l a t e r l i f e , t h e n he s h o u l d c o n t in u e to m a k e a n e f f o r t
to s e c u r e a b e t t e r r e c o r d of the s t u d e n t ' s c o m p e t e n c i e s an d a c h i e v e m e n t s
in h igh s c h o o l . O u r r e s u l t s s u p p o r t s o m e of th e i t e m s u s e d f o r t h i s p u r p o s e
in t y p i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n b l a n k s f o r a d m i s s i o n to c o l l e g e , s c h o l a r s h i p s , an d
f e l l o w s h i p s , bu t t h e y a l s o s u g g e s t the p o t e n t i a l u s e f u l n e s s of a m o r e
a c t i v e e f f o r t to s e c u r e a m o r e r e l i a b l e a n d v a l i d r e c o r d of e a c h s t u d e n t ’s
p a s t a c h i e v e m e n t a n d i n v o l v e m e n t .
F i n a l l y , n a t i o n a l s u r v e y s c o n c e r n e d w i t h th e c o n s e r v a t i o n of t a l e n t ,
s i n c e t h e y u s e t e s t s of a c a d e m i c p o t e n t i a l a l m o s t e x c l u s i v e l y , p r o b a b l y
- 2 2 -
![Page 27: Academic and Non-Academic Accomplishment: Correlated or](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011723/61d2cd6f8ae33e6b2854da9f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
p r e s e n t a g r o s s l y i n a c c u r a t e p i c t u r e of the l o s s of t a l e n t f o r " r e a l l i f e " - -
t h a t i s , n o n - c l a s s r o o m - - a c c o m p l i s h m e n t . S u c h s u r v e y s s h o u l d i n c o r
p o r a t e m e a s u r e s of o t h e r i m p o r t a n t d i m e n s i o n s of p o t e n t i a l to r e m e d y the
d i s t o r t i o n s in p a s t a s s e s s m e n t s of t a l e n t l o s s .
- 2 3 -
![Page 28: Academic and Non-Academic Accomplishment: Correlated or](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011723/61d2cd6f8ae33e6b2854da9f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
R e f e r e n c e s
A b e , C. , H o l l a n d , J . L . , L u t z , S a n d r a W. , &. R i c h a r d s , J . M. , J r .
A d e s c r i p t i o n of A m e r i c a n c o l l e g e f r e s h m e n . Io w a C i ty :
A m e r i c a n C o l l e g e T e s t i n g P r o g r a m , 196!?.
A C T T e c h n i c a l R e p o r t . Iow a C i ty : A m e r i c a n C o l l e g e T e s t i n g P r o g r a m ,
1960.
A s t i n , A . W. A no te on the r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n c r e a t i v e a n d a c a d e m i c
a c h i e v e m e n t . E v a n s t o n , 111. : N a t i o n a l M e r i t S c h o l a r s h i p C o r p . ,
1962 .
D a v i d s e n , O. M. R e l i a b i l i t y of s e l f - r e p o r t e d h ig h s c h o o l g r a d e s . U n p u b
l i s h e d r e s e a r c h r e p o r t , A m e r i c a n C o l l e g e T e s t i n g P r o g r a m , 1963.
E e l l s , K. How w i l l the A C T t e s t s s e r v e I l l i n o i s n e e d s ? - - a r e s e a r c h
r e p o r t . C o m m i t t e e on F r e s h m e n T e s t i n g , 111. J o i n t C o u n c i l on
H i g h e r E d u c a t i o n , 1962.
F o o t e , N. N. , C o t t r e l l , L . S. I d e n t i t y an d i n t e r p e r s o n a l c o m p e t e n c i e s .
C h ic a g o : U n i v e r . of C h i c a g o P r e s s , 1955.
G e t z e l s , J . W . , h J a c k s o n , P . W. C r e a t i v i t y a n d i n t e l l i g e n c e : e x p l o r a
t i o n s w i th g i f t e d s t u d e n t s . New Y o rk : W i le y , 1962.
Gough, H. G. , H a l l , R . E . , & H a r r i s , W. B. A d m i s s i o n s p r o c e d u r e s
a s f o r e c a s t e r s of p e r f o r m a n c e in m e d i c a l e d u c a t i o n . J . m e d .
E d u c . , 1963, 38, 9 8 3 - 9 9 8 .
H o l l a n d , J . L . A p e r s o n a l i t y i n v e n t o r y e m p l o y i n g o c c u p a t i o n a l t i t l e s .
- 2 4 -
![Page 29: Academic and Non-Academic Accomplishment: Correlated or](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011723/61d2cd6f8ae33e6b2854da9f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
a PPl» P s y c h o l . , 1958, 42, 3 3 6 - 3 4 2 .
H o l l a n d , J . L . , & N i c h o l s , R . C. P r e d i c t i o n of a c a d e m i c a n d e x t r a
c u r r i c u l a r a c h i e v e m e n t in c o l l e g e . J . e d u c . P s y c h o l . , 1964,
55, 5 5 - 6 5 .
H oy t , D. P . T h r e e y e a r s of r e s e a r c h in th e A m e r i c a n C o l l e g e T e s t i n g
P r o g r a m . P a p e r r e a d a t Io w a P s y c h o l . A s s o c . , D e s M o i n e s , 1963.
K u b ie , L . S. N e u r o t i c d i s t o r t i o n of th e c r e a t i v e p r o c e s s . L a w r e n c e ,
K a n s a s : U n i v e r . of K a n s a s P r e s s , 1958.
M a c K in n o n , D. W. W h a t do we m e a n by t a l e n t a n d how do we t e s t f o r
i t ? In T h e s e a r c h f o r t a l e n t . N ew Y o rk : C o l l e g e E n t r a n c e
E x a m i n a t i o n B o a r d , I 9 6 0 .
M c N e m a r , Q. L o s t : o u r i n t e l l i g e n c e ? W h y ? A m e r . P s y c h o l o g i s t ,
1964, 19, 8 7 1 - 8 8 2 .
N i c h o l s , R . C. , & H o l la n d , J . L . P r e d i c t i o n of th e f i r s t y e a r c o l l e g e
p e r f o r m a n c e of h ig h a p t i t u d e s t u d e n t s . P s y c h o l . M o n o g r . , 1963,
77, No. 7 (W ho le N o . 570).
P r i c e , P . B . , T a y l o r , C . W . , R i c h a r d s , J . M. , J r . , &: J a c o b s e n ,
T . L . M e a s u r e m e n t of p h y s i c i a n p e r f o r m a n c e . J . m e d . E d u c . ,
1964, 39, 2 0 3 - 2 1 1 .
R i c h a r d s , J . M. , J r . , T a y l o r , C . W. , & P r i c e , P . B. T h e p r e d i c t i o n
of m e d i c a l i n t e r n p e r f o r m a n c e . J . a p p l . P s y c h o l . , 1962, 46,
1 4 2 - 1 4 6 .
T a y l o r , C. W . , S m i t h , W. R . , h G h i s e l i n , B . T he c r e a t i v e a n d o t h e r
- 2 5 -
![Page 30: Academic and Non-Academic Accomplishment: Correlated or](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011723/61d2cd6f8ae33e6b2854da9f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
c o n t r i b u t i o n s of one s a m p l e of r e s e a r c h s c i e n t i s t s . In C. W.
T a y l o r an d F . B a r r o n ( E d s . ), S c i e n t i f i c c r e a t i v i t y : i t s r e c o g n i t i o n
a n d d e v e l o p m e n t . N ew Y o rk : W i ley , 1963.
T a y l o r , D. W. V a r i a b l e s r e l a t e d to c r e a t i v i t y a n d p r o d u c t i v i t y a m o n g
m e n in tw o r e s e a r c h l a b o r a t o r i e s . In C . W. T a y l o r an d F . B a r r o n
( E d s . ), S c i e n t i f i c c r e a t i v i t y : i t s r e c o g n i t i o n a n d d e v e l o p m e n t .
N e w Y o rk : W i le y , 1963.
T h o r n d i k e , R . L . , & H a g e n , E l i z a b e t h . 1 0 , 0 0 0 c a r e e r s . N e w Y ork :
W i le y , 1959.
T o r r a n c e , E . P . G u id in g c r e a t i v e t a l e n t . E n g l e w o o d C l i f f s , N. J . :
P r e n t i c e - H a l l , 1962.
- 2 6 -
![Page 31: Academic and Non-Academic Accomplishment: Correlated or](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011723/61d2cd6f8ae33e6b2854da9f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
_____ ___________________
![Page 32: Academic and Non-Academic Accomplishment: Correlated or](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022011723/61d2cd6f8ae33e6b2854da9f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)