acacia - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. p.d.f.'s/acacia-tree... · 2019-10-28 · the...
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Acacia
Acacia
Acacia greggii
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Mimosoideae
Tribe: Acacieae
Genus: AcaciaMiller
Species
About 1,300; see List of Acacia species
Acacia (pronounced /əˈkeɪʃə/)is a genus ofshrubs and trees belonging to the subfamilyMimosoideae of the family Fabaceae, first de-scribed in Africa by the Swedish botanistCarolus Linnaeus in 1773. The plants tend tobe thorny and pod-bearing. The name derivesfrom ακις (akis) which is Greek for a sharppoint, due to the thorns in the type-speciesAcacia nilotica ("Nile Acacia") from Egypt. [1]
Acacias are also known as thorntrees orwattles, including the yellow-fever acaciaand umbrella acacias.
There are roughly 1300 species of Acaciaworldwide, about 960 of them native to Aus-tralia, with the remainder spread around the
tropical to warm-temperate regions of bothhemispheres, including Europe, Africa, south-ern Asia, and the Americas.
Classification
Acacia berlandieri
Acacia pycnantha
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The genus Acacia is apparently not mono-phyletic. This discovery has led to the break-ing up of Acacia into five new genera as dis-cussed in list of Acacia species.In commonparlance the term "acacia" is occasionallymisapplied to species of the genus Robinia,which also belongs in the pea family. Robiniapseudoacacia, an American species locallyknown as Black locust, is sometimes called"false acacia" in cultivation in the UnitedKingdom.
Geography
Acacia smallii
The southernmost species in the genus areAcacia dealbata (Silver Wattle), Acacia longi-folia (Coast Wattle or Sydney Golden Wattle),Acacia mearnsii (Black Wattle), and Acaciamelanoxylon (Blackwood), reaching 43°30’ Sin Tasmania, Australia, while Acacia caven(Espinillo Negro) reaches nearly as far southin northeastern Chubut Province of Argen-tina. Australian species are usually calledwattles, while African and American speciestend to be known as acacias.
Acacia albida, Acacia tortilis and Acacia ir-aqensis can be found growing wild in theSinai desert and the Jordan valley. It is foundin the savanna vegetation of the tropical con-tinental climate.
DescriptionThe leaves of acacias are compound pinnatein general. In some species, however, moreespecially in the Australian and Pacific is-lands species, the leaflets are suppressed,
Acacia retinodes
Acacia dealbata
and the leaf-stalks (petioles) become vertic-ally flattened, and serve the purpose ofleaves. These are known as phyllodes. Thevertical orientation of the phyllodes protectsthem from intense sunlight, as with theiredges towards the sky and earth they do notintercept light so fully as horizontally placedleaves. A few species (such as Acacia glauc-optera) lack leaves or phyllodes altogether,but possess instead cladodes, modified leaf-like photosynthetic stems functioning asleaves.
The small flowers have five very smallpetals, almost hidden by the long stamens,and are arranged in dense globular or cyl-indrical clusters; they are yellow or cream-colored in most species, whitish in some,even purple (Acacia purpureapetala) or red(Acacia leprosa Scarlet Blaze). Acacia flowerscan be distinguished from those of a large re-lated genus, Albizia, by their stamens whichare not joined at the base. Also, unlike indi-vidual Mimosa flowers, those of Acacia havemore than 10 stamens.[2].
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The plants often bear spines, especiallythose species growing in arid regions. Thesesometimes represent branches which havebecome short, hard and pungent, or some-times leaf-stipules. Acacia armata is theKangaroo-thorn of Australia and Acacia erio-loba is the Camelthorn of Africa.
Symbiosis
Acacia collinsii Thorns
In the Central American Acacia sphaeroceph-ala, Acacia cornigera, and Acacia collinsii(collectively known as the bullthorn acacias),the large thorn-like stipules are hollow andafford shelter for ants, which feed on a secre-tion of sap on the leaf-stalk and small, lipid-rich food-bodies at the tips of the leafletscalled Beltian bodies; in return they add pro-tection to the plant against herbivores.[3]Some species of ants will also fight off com-peting plants around the acacia, cutting offthe offending plant’s leaves with their jawsand ultimately killing it, while other ant spe-cies will do nothing to benefit their host.
Similar mutualisms occur on Acacia treesin Africa. The Acacias provide nectar in ex-trafloral nectaries for their symbiotic ants.The ants protect the plant by attacking largemammalian herbivores and stem-boringbeetles that damage the plant.
PestsIn Australia, Acacia species are sometimesused as food plants by the larvae of hepialidmoths of the genus Aenetus including A. lig-niveren. These burrow horizontally into thetrunk then vertically down. Other Lepidop-tera larvae which have been recorded feed-ing on Acacia include Brown-tail, Endoclita
Acacia tree near the end of its range in theNegev Desert of southern Israel.
malabaricus and Turnip Moth. The leaf-min-ing larvae of some bucculatricid moths alsofeed on Acacia: Bucculatrix agilis feeds ex-clusively on Acacia horrida and Bucculatrixflexuosa feeds exclusively on Acacia nilotica.
Acacias contain a number of organic com-pounds that defend them from pests andgrazing animals.[4]
UsesFood usesAcacia seeds are often used for food and avariety of other products.
In Burma, Laos and Thailand, the featheryshoots of Acacia pennata (common name cha-om, ???? and su pout ywet in Burmese) areused in soups, curries, omelettes, and stir-fries.
Honey made by bees using the acaciaflower as forage is considered a delicacy, ap-preciated for its mild flowery taste, soft run-ning texture and glass-like appearance. Aca-cia honey is one of the few honeys whichdoes not crystallize.[5]In Mexico the seeds are known as Guajes:Guajes or huajes are the flat, green pods ofan acacia tree. The pods are sometimes lightgreen or deep red in color—both taste thesame. Guaje seeds are about the size of asmall lima bean and are eaten raw withguacamole, sometimes cooked and made intoa sauce. They can also be made into fritters.The ground seeds are used to impart aslightly garlicy flavor to a mole called guax-mole (huaxmole). The dried seeds may betoasted and salted and eaten as a snack re-ferred to as "cacalas". Purchase whole long
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pods fresh or dried at Mexican specialtymarkets.
Acacia is listed as an ingredient in Fresca,a citrus soft drink, Barq’s root beer, FullThrottle Unleaded Energy Drink, Strawberry-Lemonade Powerade[6] as well as in Läkerolpastille candies, Altoids mints,Langer’s Pine-apple coconut Juice and Wrigley’s Eclipsechewing gum.
GumVarious species of acacia yield gum. Truegum arabic is the product of Acacia senegal,abundant in dry tropical West Africa fromSenegal to northern Nigeria.
Acacia arabica is the gum-Arabic tree ofIndia, but yields a gum inferior to the truegum-Arabic.
Acacia covenyi
Medicinal usesMany Acacia species have important uses intraditional medicine. Most all of the useshave been shown to have a scientific basis,since chemical compounds found in the vari-ous species have medicinal effects. In Ay-urvedic medicine, Acacia nilotica is con-sidered a remedy that is helpful for treatingpremature ejaculation. A 19th centuryEthiopian medical text describes a potionmade from an Ethiopian species of Acacia(known as grar) mixed with the root of thetacha, then boiled, as a cure for rabies.[7] Anastringent medicine, called catechu or cutch,is procured from several species, but moreespecially from Acacia catechu, by boilingdown the wood and evaporating the solutionso as to get an extract.[8]
Dietary consumptionThe most well known visitor to the Acacia isthe known giraffe. Giraffes eat the most
famous in Africa, the Acacia Tree. The Acaciatree is famous for its marvelous leaves.
Ornamental usesA few species are widely grown as ornament-als in gardens; the most popular perhaps isAcacia dealbata (Silver Wattle), with its at-tractive glaucous to silvery leaves and brightyellow flowers; it is erroneously known as"mimosa" in some areas where it is cultiv-ated, through confusion with the relatedgenus Mimosa.
Another ornamental acacia is Acaciaxanthophloea (Fever Tree). SouthernEuropean florists use Acacia baileyana, Aca-cia dealbata, Acacia pycnantha and Acaciaretinodes as cut flowers and the commonname there for them is mimosa.[9]
Ornamental species of acacia are alsoused by homeowners and landscape archi-tects for home security. The sharp thorns ofsome species deter unauthorized personsfrom entering private properties, and mayprevent break-ins if planted under windowsand near drainpipes. The aesthetic character-istics of acacia plants, in conjunction withtheir home security qualities, makes them aconsiderable alternative to artificial fencesand walls.
PaintsThe ancient Egyptians used Acacia in paintsand stuff.[10]
Perfume
Acacia farnesiana
Acacia farnesiana is used in the perfume in-dustry due to its strong fragrance. The use ofAcacia as a fragrance dates back centuries.
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Tannin Content of Various Acacia SpeciesBark Dried Leaves Seed Pods
Species Tannins [%] Tannins [%] Tannins [%]Acacia albida 2-28%[13] 5-13%[13]
Acacia cavenia 32%[14]
Acacia dealbata 19.1%[15]
Acacia decurrens 37-40%[15]
Acacia farnesiana 23%[15]
Acacia mearnsii 25-35%[13]
Acacia melanoxylon 20%[14]
Acacia nilotica 18-23%*[13]
Acacia penninervis 18%[14]
Acacia pycnantha 30-45%[14] 15-16%[14]
Acacia saligna 21.5%[15]
In the Bible, burning of acacia wood as aform of incense is mentioned several times.
Symbolism and ritualThe Acacia is used as a symbol in Freema-sonry, to represent purity and endurance ofthe soul, and as funerary symbolism signify-ing resurrection and immortality. The treegains its importance from the description ofthe burial of Hiram Abiff, the builder of KingSolomon’s Temple in Jerusalem.
Several parts (mainly bark, root and resin)of Acacia are used to make incense forrituals. Acacia is used in incense mainly in In-dia, Nepal, Tibet and China. Smoke from Aca-cia bark is thought to keep demons andghosts away and to put the gods in a goodmood. Roots and resin from Acacia are com-bined with rhododendron, acorus, cytisus,salvia and some other components of in-cense. Both people and elephants like an al-coholic beverage made from acacia fruit.[11]According to Easton’s Bible Dictionary, theAcacia tree may be the “burning bush”(Exodus 3:2) which Moses encountered in thedesert.[12] Also, when God gave Moses the in-structions for building the Tabernacle, hesaid to "make an ark of acacia wood" and"make a table of acacia wood" (Exodus 25:10& 23, Revised Standard Version)
In Russia, Italy and other countries it iscustomary to present women with yellowmimosas (among other flowers) on Interna-tional Women’s Day (March 8). These "mimo-sas" are actually from Acacia dealbata (SilverWattle).
Tannin
A bottle of tannic acid.
The bark of various Australian species,known as wattles, is very rich in tannin andforms an important article of export; import-ant species include Acacia pycnantha (GoldenWattle), Acacia decurrens (Tan Wattle), Aca-cia dealbata (Silver Wattle) and Acaciamearnsii (Black Wattle).*Inner bark
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Approximate wood densities of various acacia speciesDensity Heartwood
DensitySapwoodDensity
Species [kg/m³] [kg/m³] [kg/m³]Acacia acuminata 1040[17]
Acacia amythethophylla 1170[18]
Acacia catechu 880[19]
Acacia confusa 690-750[19]
Acacia erioloba 1230[18]
Acacia galpinii 800[18]
Acacia goetzii 1025[18]
Acacia karoo 800[18]
Acacia leucophloea 760[19]
Acacia mellifera subsp. mellifera 1100[18]
Acacia nilotica 700[19] 1170[18]
Acacia nilotica subsp. adstringens 827-945[18]
Acacia nilotica subsp. nilotica 800[18] 1170[18]
Acacia polyacantha subsp.campylacantha
705[18]
Acacia sieberiana 655[18]
Black Wattle is grown in plantations in SouthAfrica. Most Australian acacia species intro-duced to South Africa have become anenormous problem, due to their naturally ag-gressive propagation. The pods of Acacianilotica (under the name of neb-neb), and ofother African species are also rich in tanninand used by tanners.
Wood
Acacia koa Wood
Some Acacia species are valuable as timber,such as Acacia melanoxylon (Blackwood)from Australia, which attains a great size; its
wood is used for furniture, and takes a highpolish; and Acacia omalophylla (Myall Wood,also Australian), which yields a fragrant tim-ber used for ornaments. Acacia seyal isthought to be the Shittah-tree of the Bible,which supplied shittim-wood. According tothe Book of Exodus, this was used in the con-struction of the Ark of the Covenant. Acaciakoa from the Hawaiian Islands and Acaciaheterophylla from Réunion island are bothexcellent timber trees. Depending on abund-ance and regional culture, some Acacia spe-cies (eg. Acacia fumosa), are traditionallyused locally as firewoods.[16]
Acacia heterophylla Wood
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In Indonesia (mainly in Sumatra) and inMalaysia (mainly in Sarawak) plantations ofAcacia mangium are being established tosupply pulpwood to the paper industry.
Phytochemistry of AcaciaAlkaloids
Egyptian goddess Isis
As mentioned previously, Acacias contain anumber of organic compounds that defendthem from pests and grazing animals.[4]Many of these compounds are psychoactivein humans. The alkaloids found in Acacias in-clude dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 5-methoxy-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) and N-methyltryptamine (NMT). The plant leaves,stems and/or roots are sometimes made intoa brew together with some MAOI-containingplant and consumed orally for healing, cere-monial or religious uses. Egyptian mythologyhas associated the acacia tree with charac-teristics of the tree of life (see the article onthe Myth of Osiris and Isis).List of acacia species having little or no alkal-oids in the material sampled:[31]
0% C 0.02%, C...Concentration ofAlkaloids [%]
• Acacia acinacea• Acacia baileyana• Acacia decurrens• Acacia dealbata• Acacia mearnsii• Acacia drummondii• Acacia elata• Acacia falcata• Acacia leprosa• Acacia linearis• Acacia melanoxylon• Acacia pycnantha• Acacia retinodes• Acacia saligna• Acacia stricta• Acacia verticillata• Acacia vestita
Cyanogenic glycosidesNineteen different species of Acacia in theAmericas contain cyanogenic glycosides,which, if exposed to an enzyme which spe-cifically splits glycosides, can release hydro-gen cyanide (HCN) in the acacia "leaves."[60]This sometimes results in the poisoning deathof livestock.
If fresh plant material spontaneously pro-duces 200 ppm or more HCN, then it is po-tentially toxic. This corresponds to about 7.5μmol HCN per gram of fresh plant material.It turns out that, if acacia "leaves" lack thespecific glycoside-splitting enzyme, then theymay be less toxic than otherwise, even thosecontaining significant quantities of cyanicglycosides.[31]
Some Acacia species containingcyanogens:• Acacia erioloba• Acacia cunninghamii• Acacia obtusifolia• Acacia sieberiana• Acacia sieberiana var. woodii[61]
SpeciesThere are over 1,300 species of Acacia. SeeList of Acacia species for a more completelisting.
Famous acaciaPerhaps the most famous acacia is the Arbredu Ténéré in Niger. The reason for the tree’sfame is that it used to be the most isolatedtree in the world, approximately 400 km from
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Acacias Known to Contain Psychoactive AlkaloidsAcacia
acuminataUp to 1.5% alkaloids, mainly consisting of tryptamine in leaf[20]
Acacia adunca β-methyl-phenethylamine, 2.4% in leaves[21]
Acacia alpina
Active principles in leaf[22]
Acacia aneura
Ash used in Pituri.[23] Ether extracts about 2-6% of the dried leaf mass.[24]Not known if psychoactive per se.
Acaciaangustissima
β-methyl-phenethylamine[25], NMT and DMT in leaf (1.1-10.2 ppm)[26]
Acacia aroma
Tryptamine alkaloids.[27] Significant amount of tryptamine in the seeds.[28]
Acaciaauriculiformis
5-MeO-DMT in stem bark[29]
0.02% tryptamine and β-carbolines, in the leaf, Tetrahydrohar-man[22][30][31]
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Acaciabaileyana
Acaciabeauverdiana
Psychoactive[32] Ash used in Pituri.[23]
Acaciaberlandieri
DMT, amphetamines, mescaline, nicotine[33]
Acacia catechu
DMT[34] and other tryptamines in leaf, bark
Acacia caven
Tryptamines
Acacia chundra DMT and other tryptamines in leaf, barkAcacia colei DMT[35]
Acaciacomplanata
0.3% alkaloids in leaf and stem, almost all N-methyl-tetrahydroharman,with traces of tetrahydroharman, some of tryptamine[36][37][38]
Acacia concinna
Nicotine[39]
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Acacia confusa
DMT & NMT in leaf, stem & bark 0.04% NMT and 0.02% DMT in stem.[22]Also N,N-dimethyltryptamine N-oxide[40]
Acaciaconstricta
β-methyl-phenethylamine[25]
Acacia coriacea Ash used in Pituri.[23][41] Not known if psychoactive.
Acaciacornigera
Psychoactive,[41] Tryptamines[11]
Acaciacultriformis
Tryptamine, in the leaf, stem[22] and seeds.[28] Phenethylamine in leaf andseeds[28]
Acaciacuthbertsonii
Psychoactive[32]
Acacia delibrata Psychoactive[32]
Acacia falcata Psychoactive,[32] but less than 0.02% alkaloids[31]
Acaciafarnesiana
Traces of 5-MeO-DMT[42] in fruit. β-methyl-phenethylamine, flower.[43] Eth-er extracts about 2-6% of the dried leaf mass.[24] Alkaloids are present inthe bark[44] and leaves.[45] Amphetamines and mescaline also found intree.[11]
Acacia filiciana Added to Pulque, but not known if psychoactive[41]
Acaciafloribunda
Tryptamine, phenethylamine,[46] in flowers[28] other tryptamines,[47] phen-ethylamines[48]
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Acacia greggii
N-methyl-β-phenethylamine,[25] phenethylamine[4]
Acaciaharpophylla
Phenethylamine, hordenine at a ratio of 2:3 in dried leaves, 0.6% total[21]
Acaciaholoserica
Hordenine, 1.2% in bark[21]
Acacia horrida
Psychoactive[41]
Acacia implexa
Psychoactive[49]
Acacia jurema DMT, NMT
Acacia karroo
Psychoactive
Acaciakempeana
Used in Pituri, but not known if psychoactive.[41]
Acaciakettlewelliae
1.5[21]-1.88%[50] alkaloids, 92% consisting of phenylethylamine.[21] 0.9% N-methyl-2-phenylethylamine found a different time.[21]
Acacia laeta DMT, in the leaf[22]
Acacia lingulata Used in Pituri, but not known if psychoactive.[41]
0.2% tryptamine in bark, leaves, some in flowers, phenylethylamine inflowers,[46] 0.2% DMT in plant.[51] Histamine alkaloids.[31]
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Acacialongifolia
Acacialongifolia
var. sophorae
Tryptamine in leaves, bark[28]
Acaciamacradenia
Tryptamine[28]
Acacia maidenii
0.6% NMT and DMT in about a 2:3 ratio in the stem bark, both present inleaves[22]
Acaciamangium
Psychoactive[41]
Acaciamelanoxylon
DMT, in the bark and leaf,[52] but less than 0.02% total alkaloids[31]
Acacia mellifera
DMT, in the leaf[22]
Acacia nilotica
DMT, in the leaf[22]
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Acacia niloticasubsp.
adstringens
Psychoactive, DMT in the leaf
Acaciaobtusifolia
Tryptamine,[47] DMT, NMT, other tryptamines,[53] 0.4-0.5% in dried bark,0.07% in branch tips.[54]
Acacia oerfota Less than 0.1% DMT in leaf,[30][55] NMTAcacia
penninervisPsychoactive[32]
Acaciaphlebophylla
0.3% DMT in leaf, NMT[22]
Acaciapodalyriaefolia
Tryptamine in the leaf,[22] 0.5% to 2% DMT in fresh bark, phenethylamine,trace amounts[46]
Acaciapolyacantha
DMT in leaf[22] and other tryptamines in leaf, bark
Acaciapolyacantha
ssp.campylacantha
Less than 0.2% DMT in leaf, NMT; DMT and other tryptamines in leaf,bark[56]
Acaciaprominens
Phenylethylamine, β-methyl-phenethylamine[21][46]
Acaciapruinocarpa
Ash used in Pituri.[23][41] Not known if psychoactive.
Acaciapycnantha
Ash used in Pituri,[41] but less than 0.02% total alkaloids.[31] Not known ifpsychoactive.
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Acaciaretinodes
DMT, NMT,[57] nicotine,[11] but less than 0.02% total alkaloids found[31]
Acacia rigidula
DMT, NMT, tryptamine, amphetamines, mescaline, nicotine and others[58]
Acaciaroemeriana
β-methyl-phenethylamine[25]
Acacia salicina
Ash used in Pituri.[23][41] Not known if psychoactive.
Acacia sassa Psychoactive[41]
Acaciaschaffneri
β-methyl-phenethylamine, Phenethylamine[4] Amphetamines and mescalinealso found.[11]
Acacia schottii β-methyl-phenethylamine[25]
Acacia senegal
Less than 0.1% DMT in leaf,[22] NMT, other tryptamines. DMT in plant,[43]DMT in bark.[28]
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Acacia seyal
DMT, in the leaf.[22] Ether extracts about 1-7% of the dried leaf mass.[24]
Acaciasieberiana
DMT, in the leaf[22]
Acacia simplex
DMT and NMT, in the leaf, stem and trunk bark, 0.81% DMT in bark,MMT[22][59]
Acacia taxensis β-methyl-phenethylamine[25]
Acacia tortilis
DMT, NMT, and other tryptamines[53]
Acacia vestita Tryptamine, in the leaf and stem,[22] but less than 0.02% total alkaloids[31]
Acacia victoriae Tryptamines,[47] 5-MeO-alkyltryptamine[28]
any other tree. The tree was knocked downby a truck driver in 1973.
Identification galleryFlowers
Acaciaaneura
Acacia catechu
Acaciabaileyana
Acaciaberlandieri
Acaciaconfusa Acacia con-
stricta, Las Ve-gas, Nevada,
USA
Acaciacovenyi
Acaciadealbata
Acaciadenticulosa
Acaciadrummodii
Acacia erio-loba Sossus-
vlei,Namibia
Acacia fim-briata Aus-tralian Na-
tional
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BotanicGardens,Canberra
Acaciaheterophylla Acacia
longifoliaAcacia
melanoxylonNazaré,Portugal Acacia
salignaSide,
Turkey
AcaciaschinoidesAustralianNationalBotanicGardens
Acacia tetra-gonophylla
Geelong Botan-ic Gardens,
Victoria,Australia
Acacia pen-nata inTalakonaforest, inChittoorDistrict ofAndhraPradesh,India
Acacia pen-nata at An-anthagiriHills, inRangareddydistrict ofAndhraPradesh,India.
Bark
Acacia an-eura Bark
Acaciaauriculiformis
Bark
Acacia ber-landieri
Bark
Acaciacollinsii
Bark
Acacia con-fusa Bark,
Hawaii, USA
Acaciadealbata
Acaciadecurrens
Acaciaerioloba
Acaciaestrophiolata
Bark
Acacia greg-gii Bark
Acaciaheterophylla
Bark
Acaciapennatatrunk inTalakonaforest, inChittoorDistrictofAndhraPradesh,India.
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Foliage
Acaciacatechu
AcaciacollinsiiFoliage
Acacia con-cinna
Foliage
Acaciadenticulosa
Foliage
AcaciakarrooFoliage
AcacialeprosaFoliage Acacia pen-
nata inTalakonaforest, inChittoorDistrict ofAndhraPradesh,India.
Acacia pen-nata at An-anthagiriHills, inRangareddydistrict ofAndhraPradesh,India.
Seed pods
Acaciaaneura
Acaciacatechu
Acaciaconfusa
Acaciaconstricta
Acaciadealbata Acacia
heterophyllaAcacia
melanoxylon
Seeds
Acaciabaileyana
Acaciaberlandieri
Acaciaconfusa Acacia
constrictaAcacia
dealbataAcacia
farnesiana
Acaciacyclops
Acaciadecurrens
Acaciagreggii
Acacialongifolia
Acaciamearnsii Acacia
melanoxylon
Acaciapycnantha
Acaciarigidula
Acaciatortuosa
Thorns
Acaciacatechu Acacia
collinsii
Acaciacornigera Acacia
horrida
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Acaciafarnesiana
var.farnesiana
Acacia pen-nata inTalakonaforest, inChittoor Dis-trict ofAndhraPradesh,India.
Tree
Acaciaaneura
Acaciaberlandieri
Acaciaconfusa Acacia
constricta
Acaciadealbata Acacia
heterophylla Acaciakoa Acacia
leprosa
Wood
Acaciakoa
Acaciaheterophylla
Acaciaschaffneri
See also• List of Acacia species• Plant defense against herbivory• Psychedelic plants
Notes[1] http://allafrica.com/stories/
200712130315.html. Accessed 9/16/2008
[2] Singh, Gurcharan (2004). PlantSystematics: An Integrated Approach.Science Publishers. pp. 445. ISBN1578083516. http://books.google.com/books?id=In_Lv8iMt24C.
[3] "Evolutionary change from induced toconstitutive expression of an indirectplant resistance : Abstract : Nature".www.nature.com.http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v430/n6996/abs/nature02703.html.Retrieved on 2008-04-20.
[4] ^ Chemistry of Acacias from South Texas[5] "Seggiano Honeys".
www.seggiano.co.uk.http://seggiano.co.uk/products/10honey/honey.html. Retrieved on 2008-05-05.
[6] [1][7] Richard Pankhurst, An Introduction to
the Medical History of Ethiopia (Trenton:Red Sea Press, 1990), p. 97
[8] An OCR’d version of the US Dispensatoryby Remington and Wood, 1918.
[9] World Wide Wattle[10]Excerpt from A Consumer’s Dictionary of
Cosmetic Ingredients: Fifth Edition(Paperback) Amazon.com
[11]^ Naturheilpraxis Fachforum (German)[12]Easton’s Bible Dictionary: Bush[13]^ Purdue University[14]^ Google Books Select Extra-tropical
Plants Readily Eligible for IndustrialCulture Or Naturalization By Ferdinandvon Mueller
[15]^ Plants for a Future Database[16]Maugh, T.H.II. (2009-04-24). "New
species of tree identified in Ethiopia".Los Angeles Times.http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-sci-tree25-2009apr25,0,402549.story.Retrieved on 2008-04-24.
[17]Aussie Fantom[18]^ The timber properties of Acacia
species and their uses[19]^ FAO[20]Lycaeum[21]^ Fitzgerald, J.S. Alkaloids of the
Australian Legumuminosae -- TheOccurrence of PhenylethylameDerivatives in Acacia Species, Aust. J .Chem., 1964, 17, 160-2.
[22]^ Shaman Australis[23]^ Duboisia hopwoodii - Pituri Bush -
Solanaceae - Central America
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[24]^ Wattle Seed Workshop Proceedings 12March 2002, Canberra March 2003RIRDC Publication No 03/024, RIRDCProject No WS012-06
[25]^ Glasby, John Stephen (1991).Dictionary of Plants ContainingSecondary Metabolites. CRC Press.pp. 2. ISBN 0850664233.http://books.google.com/books?id=te53VV5u8YMC&pg=RA1-PA2&ots=e5Swnj0FN9&dq=acacia+alkaloids&sig=ph1WfGlPnw5YMc3SReh2P5li2ls.
[26]English Title: Nutritive value assessmentof the tropical shrub legume Acaciaangustissima: anti-nutritional compoundsand in vitro digestibility. PersonalAuthors: McSweeney, C. S., Krause, D.O., Palmer, B., Gough, J., Conlan, L. L.,Hegarty, M. P. Author Affiliation: CSIROLivestock Industries, Long PocketLaboratories, 120 Meiers Road,Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia.Document Title: Animal Feed Scienceand Technology, 2005 (Vol. 121) (No.1/2) 175-190
[27]Maya Ethnobotanicals[28]^ Acacia (Polish)[29]Lycaeum[30]^ www.serendipity.com[31]^ Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen By
Robert Hegnauer[32]^ www.bushfood.net[33]Ask Dr. Shulgin Online: Acacias and
Natural Amphetamine[34]Sacred Elixirs[35]www.abc.net.au[36]Acacia Complanata Phytochemical
Studies[37]Lycaeum -- Acacias and Entheogens[38]Lycaeum[39]SBEPL[40]NMR spectral assignments of a new
chlorotryptamine alkaloid and itsanalogues from Acacia confusa MalcolmS. Buchanan, Anthony R. Carroll, DavidPass, Ronald J. Quinn MagneticResonance in Chemistry Volume 45,Issue 4 , Pages359 - 361. John Wiley &Sons, Ltd.
[41]^ Index of Rätsch, Christian.Enzyklopädie der psychoaktivenPflanzen, Botanik, Ethnopharmakologieund Anwendungen, 7. Auflage. ATVerlag, 2004, 941 Seiten. ISBN3855025703 at [2]
[42]Lycaeum[43]^ Dr. Duke’s Phytochemical and
Ethnobotanical Databases
[44]www.bpi.da.gov.ph[45]Purdue University[46]^ Hegnauer, Robert (1994).
Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen. Springer.pp. 500. ISBN 3764329793.http://books.google.com/books?id=9fDv1RYqIRkC&dq=chemotaxonomie+der+pflanzen&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=kkne5dmPiX&sig=iprrFOkR3ClREUcAyMORs0lGjdY#PPA290,M1.
[47]^ www.bluelight.ru[48]Lycaeum (Acacia floribunda)[49]wiki.magiskamolekyler.org (Swedish)[50]Acacia kettlewelliae[51]Lycaeum Acacia longifolia[52]extentech.sheetster.com[53]^ wiki.magiskamolekyler.org (Swedish)[54]Acacia obtusifolia Phytochemical Studies[55]Plants Containing DMT (German)[56]Hortipedia[57]Pflanzentabelle APB (German)[58]Magiska Molekylers wiki[59]Arbeitsstelle für praktische Biologie
(APB)[60]Cyanogenic Glycosides in Ant-Acacias of
Mexico and Central America David S.Seigler, John E. Ebinger TheSouthwestern Naturalist, Vol. 32, No. 4(December 9, 1987), pp. 499-503doi:10.2307/3671484
[61]FAO Kamal M. Ibrahim, The currentstate of knowledge on Prosopis juliflora...
General references• Clement, B.A., Goff, C.M., Forbes, T.D.A.
Toxic Amines and Alkaloids from Acaciarigidula, Phytochem. 1998, 49(5), 1377.
• Shulgin, Alexander and Ann, TiHKAL theContinuation. Transform Press, 1997.ISBN 0-9630096-9-9
External links• World Wide Wattle• Acacia-world• Wayne’s Word on "The Unforgettable
Acacias"• The genus Acacia and Entheogenic
Tryptamines, with reference to Australianand related species, by mulga
• A description of Acacia from Pomet’s 1709reference book, History of Druggs
• www.serendipity.com• Dr. Duke’s Phytochemical and
Ethnobotanical Databases• Flora identification tools from the State
Herbarium of South Australia• Tannins in Some Interrelated Wattles
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• List of Acacia Species in the U.S.• FAO Timber Properties of Various Acacia
Species• FAO Comparison of Various Acacia
Species as Forage• Long-term effects of roller chopping on
antiherbivore defenses in three shrubspecies, Jason R. Schindlera, Timothy E.Fulbright
• Vet. Path. ResultsAFIP Wednesday SlideConference - No. 21 February 24, 1999
• Acacia cyanophylla lindl as supplementaryfeed/for small stock in Libya
• Description of Acacia Morphology• Nitrogen Fixaton in Acacias• Acacias with Cyagenic Compounds• Acacia Alarm System
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia"
Categories: Acacia, Excipients
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