abundance and diversity of coral populations in papua new guinea nj quinn bl kojis 2000

8/7/2019 Abundance and diversity of coral populations in Papua New Guinea NJ Quinn BL Kojis 2000

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CHapren 1. ABUNDANcE Rr.ro DrveRstrv or CoRal Popunnorus

N. J. QutNttaruo B.L. Kotrs

New Guinea is the largest equatorial island and

lies adjacent to the northern tip of the GreatBarrier Reef. Coral reefs in Papua New Guheahave never been properly sureveyed. Despiteprevious inaccurate reports, it appears that overone-half of the coastline and surrounding islandsare fronted by coral reefs. Papua New Guinea

coral reefs are arnong the most diverse in theworld and have a high percentage coral cover.Although all reef types are represented, mostare fringing and barrier reefs. The low iatrtude ofthese reefs places them mostly outside thecyclone belt and, as a result, the reef crest arrd

upper reef slope are rarely impacted byefireme high seas. Unlike the Great BarrierReef, which has seasonaL cyciones, there is a

conspicuous absence of coral rubble and largeboulder tracts.

Accr.:rate estimates of the coral reefs of PNG are

necessary for iocal resource assessment andmanagement. On the basis of \Mhitehouse's paper

MLrrrro (1975) made some generalized estimates ofthe likeiy extent of coral reef fish resources in PNG

waters that are doubtlessiy rlcorrect. Properestimates of coral resources must be based on the

extent of the habitat itself. As PNG is endowed withextensive reefs, much greater potential productivity

might be possible. Sateilite based remote sensing

tecturology can be used to map and monitorshalLow water habitats (QuIm et al.1985, i 986),

Recent studi.es rn Bootless Bay, Kimbe Bay,

Madang, Hansa Bay and southern New Irelandhave increased the level of keowledge of therichness of the reefs in PNG, but much morev'rork is needed. The paucity of hrowledgeincludes few taxonomic lists of coral species,

even though PNG lies near the center of biodlersityof the hdo -Pacif,c hermatpic scleractiniancorals (I{oeksema I 992).

Papua and Milne Bay Reefs

Reefsurveys ofthe Papuan coast center aroundPort Moresby and Bootless Bay (Iable l; Weber

1973;Ayling 1982;Maniwavie et aI. 199E; Quirxr2000). Weber (1973) recorded 65 scleractinians,including the ft'ee-iiving hermatpeIJ e te rop s ammia, fr om reels around Port,Moresbyand Bootless Bay. Weber noted that there was a

high drversity of coral species and that the reefswere remarkable for the enormous, spectacular

gnowth forms of some species. Lobophyilia, forexample, was observed to form heads up to 3macross. Tlt rb in ari a, Ac rop or a, and D endro p hy JIi a

also attarred immense proportions, especiallyalonq the sides of deep charurels where strongwater currents flowed @eber i973). Recently,

the Museum of Tropical Queensland identified47 species oi Acropora in "Bootless Bay" and 2ispecies at "Motupore" @arbara Done pers.

com.). No pub)ished dg{ail.s of the coll.ection

areas or relative abundance are available.

In many areas within the Papual }agoon, on the

steeper reef slopes below I - 2m, the coralcover was almost i00% @eber 1973; Quirur2000). Weber (i973) also found that the extremesouthern tip of the f ingrng reef surroundingMotupore Island was "luxuriant" and had a highdiversity of coral species, Other sites likeHorseshoe Reef, Suzie's Bommie, Dice, Ghetto,

End Bommie and many unnamed reefs also hada high diversity of coral and high percentage

coral cover (Ourrn 2000). Rhinopias aphanes(Lacey scorpion fish) was first recorded in PNG

on these reefs and is now commor:.ly sighted on

them. These reefs are used by loca-l dive

operators and have a moorinq to protect thecorals from frequent aachoring. There was no

evidence of destructive fishrng practices, humanimpact, or Acanthaster planci (COTS) hfestations(Table 2).

The reefs around Lron Island, a 250m highcontinental island in Bootless Bay, provtde

excellent, protected diving durbg rouqh seas

for tourists from a nearby resort. Seagrass

meadows are adjacent to the nofihern section of

the reef (Brouns l986) and are home to such



uncommon hsh as Flyrng Gurnards, Harlequin

ghost pipefish, and Pegasus fish as weLl as a

diverse range of more common reef fish.

Mi)Jeparais abundant to lOm depth. Of all the

sites ln Bootless Bay, Lion Island is the most

rmpacted by humans, as evidenced by the

number of dead corals and lrtter (Qutut 2000).

At neighboring Motupore Island a diversesponge commr:nity was documented by Kelly-

Borges and Bergquist (1988).

A Hug:r:n underwater temperature recorder on

the eastern side of Lion Island reef recordeci

water temperatures hourly from 26 August I99B

to I3 February 2000. A low temperature of

25.55"C on lB September 1999 and a high of

30.85'C on B February 2000 were based on

I 1246 readings (Fig. I).

A survey of the reefs of Joyce andWalter Bay,near Port Moresby for a pla:raed sewerage

disposal pipeline observed a percentage }ive

coral cover ran$ng from 13% - 43% (Table i;Maniwavie et al. 1998). The nature of the reefs

varies slgnihcantly at several spattal scales, so itis diff,cr-r-lt to generalize and give a mean value to

any data collected (I\4aniwavie et al. 1998). The

common coral families were Acroporidae,Alcyoniidae, DendrophylJ,iidae, Faviidae,

The statns of coral reefs in Papua New Gujnea

Milliporidae, Poritidae, Fungridae and

Pocilloporidae. The morphologrcal forms include

branching, tabuiate, massive, sub massive and

encrusting. The corals on the ft-inEng reefs are

distributed in a patchy marner. Branching

Acroporawere the most common representingIlokto ZAok of.the live coral cover. The number

of coraL families and coralak

cover increasedtowards the west away from the city centre.

There was some evidence of COTS, human

interference, and destructive fi shing practices

(I'able 2;Maniwavie et al. 1998).In 1994,

Motupore Isiand Res e arch Department initiated

a long-term coral reef monitoring prograrnme,

specificatly devoted to the condition of coral

reefs. Their results are included in several of the

studies cited.

Milne Bay to Cape Ward llunt

Mrh:e Bay is the largest maritime province and is

the province that contains the most coral reefs.There are a few mining and oil palm projects tn

the area, but most of the people are subsistence

farmers and fishers. Repeated use of expiosives

in some areas has resulted in reefs that contain

few livlng corals and are almost devoid of

topographic structure (Ha-lstead et al. i99B;

Table 2), although these eflects appear to be

localized (Werner andAllen 1998).

()o^^a14

=6oe--

oF

Lion lsland, Bootless Bay, WaterTemperature at 10 m

I tl ,rl, lit

I h-il|

dffi rl l,,rrl hd'l

iltil 'tlt r il

W

hr I illF

I |l,lll't'f

rffi1rl

2GAus 27-Jun 27-Nr€ 271>:t n-Ca

Figure l. Water temperatures atLion Island August l99B to February 2000,



Cahi]l et al. ( I 973) surveyed the reefs of a

number of island grroups of the Louisiade and

Trobriand Archipelagos and identified 37

genera and recorded percent iive coral cover(12-83%) on l6 reefs (Table 1). In 1997, in a

survey of 53 sites Veron (1998) documented 362

coral species, with I4 new species and

predicted that the total nurnber of coral speciescould approach 420. They considered the reefs

to be in pnstrne condition with little to no

evidence of destructive fishing practices and no

evidence of recent COTS infestation (I"able 2).

\ftilrile Ac anth asterpJa,rci outbreaks occurred on

reefs in countries neighbouring PNG such as

Palau and the Great Barrier Reef, PNG has beenfortunate in not having any large outbreaks(Ouirxr and Kojis 1987). Ody in Milne Bay in the

late 1970s were starfish reported in signif,cant

numbers in isolated areas.

An ecologircaL assessment of Collilgwood Bay,

Milne Bay Province noted that the bay is

separated from the open sea by a barner reef

with both su-nken and exposed por-tions (Opu

and Aruga I999). The diverse coastal habitat ofthis bay includes seagrass meadows,

mangroves, sandy beaches and coral reefs. Aseries of shoals occur from i 00m to 20 lcn off

shore. The reefs of Tufi and Mclaren Harbor

and Cyclone Reef, an offshore reef, were

surveyed as part ofthe Reef Check PNG surveyin l99B and 1999. The reefs hadhigh coral

diversity (Table 1) ard cover with no sigars ofdestructive fishing, anchor damage, or COTS

infestation Q'able 2; Quinn 2000). The reefs

within the harbors are sheltered from largeoceanic swells, consequently, leafy forms ofTbrbinaria dominate below 5m.

Cape Ward Hunt to Finschhafen

Many of the islands found in the Ry and

Longuerue Island grroups are surrourded byfringng reefs similar in structure to the fringmgreefs of the main island. Most of the islands in

the Longnrerue Island group are high islands

while several islands of the F1y group are lowcoral cays. Coral cover is commonly over 600%

in the top 10m and i0% coral cover commonlyoccurs at depths over 30m (Table 1; Kojls et a1.

1985)" Occasionally pleasure boats from Lae

visit the area, but otherwise coastal villagers tn

their canoes only occasionally visit the reefs. No

destructive f,shing practices are evident and

COTS have not affected the reefs (Table 2).

Jenkins and Led (pers. com.) surveyed the reefs

off Kamiah Wildlife Management Area and

recorded 4TVolwe coral cover (I'able l).

South ofLae, the first coral reefoccurs 25 lrndown the coast at Busama. For the next 200 knsouth reefs fi-inge about i I0lan of the shoreline

(approximately 50ok of the coast). Additionally,

there are 23 offshore islands with 50 kn ofcoastline of which over 95% is surrounded byreef. Because of the steeply sloping nature of ihe

coastal shelf that flanks the western continuation of

the New Britain trench, very few large offshore

shoal reefs have developed in this reg'ion.

The reefs of Busama and Salamaua, within the

Lae porl, were surveyed in association with theproposed expansion of the Lae wharf, and 95

species of Scieractinia from 48 genera and 13

families were identified Q"able 1; Qutu andKojis]983). Additional species are likely to be fcund

with further collecting. No destructive fshingpractices or evidence of COTS was obser,ied.

Because of the pronmity of Salamaua reefs to

Lae and its use by recreational boats, occasional

anchor damage was observed (Tabie 2).

Dillerences in the fecundtly of. Acropora pallfera

at Busama and Salamaua were examined inrelatlon to diferences in the sedimentation rate

at these hvo sites. Increased sedimentation with

its concomitant light attenuation was for.md to

Iimit the depth at which A. palifera grew and

reduce its fecurdrty (aurnn ard Kojis 1983; Kojis

and Quinn 1984, I985; Kojis I986)

The Markl:am River is the major river flowinginto the Huon Gulf and prevents the growth ofreefs closer to Lae. Contrary to Whitehouse's(1973) statement, it is not "a ciear stream,

rippling over giravel ." (p 177), but rather a

large, braided, shaliow river which carries much

sediment into the Huon GulJ (Quitttt and Kojis

tgB2, 1984). InMarch 1985, theMarkhamRiver

was carrying a sediment load of 0.8 g I-l wtth an

estimated total annual transport of I0 mtllion

tormes of sediment tnto the Huon Gulf.

Hydrologcal details about this area may be

found in Kojis and Quinn (1984) and Quinn andKojis (1982, l9B4).

Like other sma-iler rivers, the Markham River

Iimits reef growth along the eastern coast as far

as Cape Arkona, 45 1.m from its mouth to

sporadic ft1ngtng reefs, the closest of which is at

Singaua, iB lcn from the Markham River. From

Cape Arkona to Ftnschhafen fringrng reefs

commonly line the coast except near river mouths.



The status of coral reefs in Papua New Guirrea

Tami Atoil is 10hn off the southeast point of the

Huon Peninsula. It is 3len in diameter ald has

three islands, ali upraised limestone about 10m

in elevation. The lagoon is about lBm deep with

a sandy bottom and coral growth is restricted to

the top 10m. Strong oceanic currents sweep by

the atoll and the outer coral assemblages varywith exposure. The reef is oval in an east west

orientation with passages to the north and south.

Coral commrmities are both drverse and

extensive (Kojis et al. l9BS). No destructive

f,shhg practlces or COTS outbreaks were

reported (1'able 2).

Ir the Huon Gul-f, 55 genera and 14 families of

corals were identified (Kojis et al. 1985) and

more genera wil probably be found as coiiechng

continues. The non-scleractinian corals with

carbonate skeletons, Distichopora, Heliopora,

Tltbipora and Sijzlasler, were also recorded in theHuon Gulf. Helioporawas inCcated by beachfragments found on Dot Isiand, south ofSalamaua, whtle Millepora was abundant.

Finschhafen to Cape Croisilles

Fringing reefs are the dominant t1pe along the

coast from Finsch-hafen to Madang. The seaward

reef margin is weli defined and consists of a

steep fore-reef slope, dropping abruptly into

deep water; over 200m depths are commonlyfound within SOOn of the reef crest. The reefs,

themselves are generally narrow, less than

100m, from coast to shore, and devoid of a welL-deflned lagoon. Occasiona-l lagoons exist such as

at Sialum, and Dregerhaven. The reef tops tend

to be shallow and flat and have large areas

exposed during low spring tides. Because of

their easy access, women and childrencommonly gather marine products from these

reefs during spring iow tides. Importantiy most

reef areas on the north coast around Sia]um are

lrttle affected by rivers. Reefs along this coast are

interspersed with limestone cobble deltas

(Veron and Kelley 19BB), which may be related

to the predominantly ca-lcareous nature of the

sedlment that is denved from the limestonehinterland. The coral commr:nities rn this regonare abundant and diverse.

Kojis et al (1985) collected and identihed 53

genera and 14 families of Scleractinia fromMadarig Harbour (l"able 1). Olthe non-

Scleractinian corals, Mllepora was colrltrlonwhile ?1-ib4rora and lTelioporawere rare. The

coral cover ranged from 0 - 100% (Jebb and

Lovn-)r 1995;Table 1), Hoeksema (1992)

repofled 73 genera from the Madang regron.

The taxonomy of. Fungia corals were reviewed

by Claereboudt and Hoeksema (1987) and

Hoeksema ( I 993). Additionally, live populations

of the calcified sponge Acanthochaetetes wellsi

were fourd under over hangs on the ftlngtng

reefthat n-rns along the Noich Coast of Madang.

Individuals with a diameter oi 13 cm were

observed (Quim 2000).

Cape Croisilles to Vanimo

Sil1y-nine Scleractinian genera and 16 families

have been identified from Haasa Bay, MadangProvince (l'able l), along vnth Millepora,

TttbiporaandHeliopora @ojis et al. 1985;

Claereboudt 1988; Ciaereboudt and Hoeksema

l9B7; Hoeksema 1993). The larger number ofgenera and families in Halsa Bay compared to

the Huon Gu-lf a:rd Madang is probably the result

ol a greater collectrng lntensity. Hansa Bay iswithin 25lcn of the mouth of the Ramu River and

501:n of the mouth of the SeprJ< River (two of the

Iargest rivers ia Papua New Guinea) and is the

site of the last major reefs east of these rivers.

Claereboudt (1989) is likely to have recordedmore coral species, but we were unable to

obtain a copy of his Ph"D. thesis from the

University of Brussels, and no copies were ia any

PNG libraries.

Soft and hard coral cover on the reefflat ofLaingIsland, Hansa Bay was IB% and 17%

respectively ffursch and Tursch I9B2),iacluding 3i species vnlh Litophyton uiiCsamounting to 56% of the soft coral cover (I"ursch

andTursch I9B2).

Hansa Bay experiences mean verticaltransparency rangrng from 9m during the wetseason Qrlovember - May) to l9m during the dryseason fiune - October) wrth a milumum of 2m

and maximum of 35m horizontal visilciiity, Coral

cover was >60% on exposed reefs a:rd from30% to 60% on partially exposed and shelteredreefs. Coral cover diminished to about 5%

belween 20-30m (Kojis et al. 19BS). Other sitestermed Simbine, Slnub, Wongad byJenkins(pers. com.) around Madang andAli (3krn offAitape) had 4B%, 22Vo,23% and22o/a coralcover, respectively.

New Guinea lslands

The Kimbe Bay survey recorded 347 hard coralspecies belonging to 7B genera and Isubgenera (Table I;Maragos 1994). This was

arnong the highest recorded in the literature for



an area and was stmilar to that recorded for

Madang (Hoeksema 1992). The list included two

genera of black corals (O. Antipatharia, F.

Antipathidae), Artipathes and Cirrhipathes, the

latter is also commonly lcnor,rm as whip coral.

They also listed eleven species of. T\,tbipora,

H eliop ora, MilJep or a, Distichop or a, and Sfiasler.Reefs in Kimbe Bay had a high percentage coral

cover Sones pers. com.), had no signs of

destructive f,shing, or anchor damage (l'able 2;

Quinn 2000) as dive operators had installed a

mooring system. Kimbe Bay was the only place

where Reef Check observed an adult

Acanthaster planci (Ouinn 2000).

The coral in Rabar:l Harbow were completely

buried by ash in September 1994 (I\4aniwavie et al. in

press), and recovery of the coral is being f,:l1owed.

The LakMarine Survey was conducted around

the southern tip of New Ireland and recorded a

coral cover ranging *om 20-79V0 Q'able 1; Hair

I996). The reefs were in a good condition

without any signs of human interference orCOTS damage (I'able 2).

A Reef Check survey at sites aror-rid Ka.,reng

recorded very high percent coral cover (40-

70%; Table 1) with no human inierference,

anchor damage, or COTS damage (l'abte 2;

Quinn 2000), While there were reports of

dynamite fishing, no evidence of this was

observed. Because Reef Check su.rveys weredependent on commercial drve operations, the

sites surveyed were more likely to be ones least

damaged and most attractive.

Reef Check and Empowering Efforts

The need for goverrnents to carry out long{erm

monitoring of coral reefs has been slow to be

realized, even jn developed countries. Reef Check

is a wel}-planned, well-developed, multilevel

morutoring program that is usefr-rl at local, regronal

and global scales" Reef Check has several roles.

First, it is relatively rapid, allowing a team to gather

a snpshot ofthe healh ofreef mrals, other invertebrates

and fish at up to two sites per day. If Reef Check

surveys are repeated regrr:larly, they can act as an

early warning system for major anthropogentc

changes such as bleaching, blast or poison fishurg,

over flshing, eutrophication and sedimentation.

The second role of Reef Check is to buildcommunity suppofi for a cora-l reef monitoring

and management prograrn in each area. By

participating in Reef Check training, fr:nd raisLng,

and surveys, participants develop a sense of

stewardship towards the reefs. They then share

their lcrowiedge and experience by Evingillustrated tatks in schools as well as speaking

informally with interested spectators. This tlpe of

interaction generates public support for coral

reef science, conservation, and management.The educational component of Reef CheckPNG

is an extension of the Sea Teach- prograrn, which

constructed underwater classrooms at Salamaua

(Aynsley and Quim 1983, 1984). Sea Teach

introduced f,eld-based teaching of coral reefbiology to PNG students in the eariy 1980s.

Many of these students have gone on to positions

involved in environmental monitorlng orawareness prograrns.

The Reef Check PNG country program began ur

1998 (Quinn 2000). In 1SgB, the first giroup of

UPNG university students received scuba dtvirrgtrainiag. The folLowing year additional students

were cefilf,ed as divers and the most capabie

divers were trained as Reef Checkers. Surveys

have been conducted in Bootless Bay, Kimbe

Bay, Tufi, and Madang Harbour with the support

of Reef Check lnternational, the PNG Divers

Ass ociation, Walindi P1ant ation Resort, Loloata

island Resort, The Dive Centre, Tufl Dive Resort,

and the Madang Resort Hotel.

CLOSING COMMENTS

Additional funds are needed to train morestudent divers, purchase dive equipment, meet

accommodation expenses, airfares, pay for

photo documentation, and help with computer

expenses. With increased fi-rading to Reef Check

PNG more national citizens will be able to obtain

scuba diving certification, learn coral reefmonitoring skills, and participate in surveys.

Obtaining larowledge about work conducted on

PNG reefs is difficult. Many references are not in

Iocal libranes. Owing to a depreciation of the

kina and a shift in govenment spending, PNG

Iibraries have few hrnds for acquisitlons andbooks and journals published overseas are

paniculariy expensive. \A/trile scientifi c studies

try to advance krowledge, few take the effort to

iodge their reports with iocal libraries. We urge

Iiving authors cited in this paper to lodge two

copies of their work wrth the University of Papua

New Guinea and the PNG National Museurn, ifthey have not already done so.



The status of coral reefs in Papua New Guinea

Table i. Reefs Surveyed in PNG, with number of genera observed and. percentage live coral co

teef Group N Method # Genera /o Live Coral Reference Re

oyce ald Walter Bay 245 MT& UT No id l3-434/o Maniwavie et a]. 1998 P

3ootless Bay na 55 - r00% Weber 1973 PM

lrobriand Islands &,ouisiade Archioei aocr

I6 ee JI ).2-83% Cahill et aI. 1973 PM

\{rlne Bay c2 77 na Veron 19BB PM

Jolling-wood Bay 10 MT, UT t? 19-72% Opu andAruga 1999 IVEC

tuf, tt [JT Ji) 2! - 680/o Quirt.r 2000 IVGC

(amialiWildjife

danaqementiJT No id 63% Jenkiru unpubJished report CW

luon Gulf 45 e Eo/ Kojis et al, 1985 C\&

iialum ,A Chappeil l9?4

viaciang IO aa ea na Kojis et al. 1985

Naqada Harbow na tr 0,s0% Jebb a.rd Lowry 1995 rU

Padoz and Mzegwadan na ec 3 30-100% Jebb and Lovwy 1995

Mazamoz & Yazi Reefs na SS 2 0-24% Jebb and Lowry 1995 FC

Barrier Reef na SS 5 7A-]100% Jebb and Lowry i995 r \-

ladang Harbour Z3 UT No id 22 - 49% Jenkins pers. comm.

{ansa Bay LO SS 69 5-60% Kojis et aL l9BS CC

{ansa Bay na 47 s - 100% Ciaereboudt and Bouillon1987

{ansa Bay, Laing Is. Reeflat

600m2 QD na r7% Tursch and Tursch ig82 CC

imbe Bay 40 UT No id 2-59o/o Jones pers" comm. 1\ tJ

labaul Harbour na na 1 lld Maniwavie et aL 199B it^tt\vl

louthern New ireland 188 MT No id 20 - 45% Hair I996 NG

iouthern New lrelald BO LIT No id 29 -79% Hair 1996 L\t:

(avieng I4 SS No id 40-7s% Ouirut 2000 NG

'Iorthern New Guinea na na Hoeksema 1992 FCC, CC

N = number of observationsLIT = Line intercept TransectMI = MantaTowSS= scu-ba dive

QD = QuadratNo id = no identification of coral attemDtedUnk = unhlownna = no informationRegiion Abbreviation:PMB = Papua and Milne BayMBCWH = Mi.he Bay to Cape Ward Hr:ntCWTIF = C\AIF{ to FinschhafenFCC = Finschhafen to Cape CroisillesCCV = Cape Croisilles to VanimoNGI = New Guinea Islands

10



The status of cora-l reefs in Papua New Guiaea

Table 3. Percent cover of iive hard corals, soft coral, aigae, abiotic and other substratum types

from reefs surveyed by line intercept transect in PNG. NM = not measured.

Location Year Percent cover Source

Hard

coral

Soft

coral

Algae Abiotic Other

Motupore & LoloataIslands, Bootless Bay i995 20-58 NM I i-59 1-56 0-22 Maniwavie and

Bass unpublished

data

Walter and Joyce Bays,

Papuan Coast

1997 t4-43 NM 8-47 r5-67 2-18 Maniwavie et al

1998

Coihngwood Bay 1998 19-72 NM 20-56 0-51 5-tl Opu and Aruga

1998

Tufi i996 3t-32 NM 44-52 t4-26 0-2 Manlwavle

unpublished data

Kamiali 1997 4l-52 r 1-17 23-29 4-8 4-5 Jenkins and Led

t997

Madang, Sek Harbou 1994 34-63 5-34 0-36 0-18 2-14 DEC-ADB 1995

Madang 1999 22-49 1l-21 19-22 2-20 I 1-13 Jenkins

unpublished dataAitape (Ali) 1991 22 8 26 38 6 Jenkins

unpublished data

Southem New Ireland 1996 29-79 NM i9-50 0-29 0-49 Harr 1996

Krmbe Bay, New Bntarr 1991 64-66 NM t6-27 4-9 8-12 Maniwavie

unpublished data

Kimbe Bay, New Britain,

reeffront, 2-10m

r999 2t-60 0-17 28-59 2-21 0-13 Jones unpubirshecl

data

Kimbe Bay, New Britain,

reefbaclg 2-10m

1999 9-38 0-3 t8-40 34-67 'QJones unpublished

data

t2



Table 2" Condrhon of PNG reefs, jnciudinghuman interference, alchor damage, eutrophication,

- destruclive frshing practrces, corai bleaching, and evidence of crou,n or thoms starfrsh activity.

T.onon6l'lvve

M = Moorings installed

na = not mentionedReef Condition 0 low - 3 high coral diversity and 0% coral coverHumanlnterference 0-low- 3 high

Anchor Damage 0 low - 3 high M = moorings in piace..,,+-^--,..-rphlcation 0low - 3 highDestructive Fishing 0 low

-3 hlgh

COTS = Crou,'n of Thorns 0 low to hlghBleaching=y yes,nnoRo-icn Abbreviation:PMB = Papua and MrLre Bay

Ii4BCW}I = Milne Bay to Cape Ward Hunt

CWFI to Finschhalen = CMIFIF

Finschhafen to Cape Croisilles = FCC

Capr Croisilles to Vanimo = CCVNew Guinea Islands = NGI

leef Group Reef Condihon Human

InterferenceAnchor iuh'ophicatior Desffuctive

Fishinq

Bleachino CoT Reference Region

lrobriand lslands & loulsiade\rchinelaoo 3 0 0 0 0 na 0 Cahill et al. 1973 PMB

oyce andWalter Bay I na 0 I na L Maniwane et a-i. I99B PMB

)ootless Bay a 0 0 0 na na Weber 19?3 PMB

)ootless Bay 3 2 OM 0 0 n 0 Quinn 2000 PMB

dilne Bay ? 0 OM na 'i na na Halstead et al. 1998 Pl'/IB

{ilne Bay na na na na na 2 na Davies et al. I 997 PIUB

Jolngwood Bay a 0 0 0 0 na 2 Opu arldA,'uga i999 ]VECWTI

tun 3 0 OM 0 0 0 0 Quirm 2000 MBC\AIH

Jusama 2 0 3 0 n 0 Kojis pers. comm cmnrialamaua 3 2 0 0 n 0 Kojis pers. comm. CSFIF

lami Islands 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kojis pers. comm.

vladang 3 0 0 0 0 n 0 Kojis et al. I 985

vladang 3 0 IM 0 0 n 0 Quinn 2000 .FL,t,

{arua Bay 3 0 0 0 0 n 0 Kojis et aI. I 985

Smbe Bay 3 0 0 I i 0 Holthus and Maragos 1994 NG]

iimbe Bay 3 0 OM 0 0 0 Qunn 2000 NGI

iouthem New ireland 3 na na v 0 Hair 1996

iouthem New lrela:rd 3 na na Na na v 0 Hair 1996 NGI

iavieng 3 0 OM 0 0 n 0 Quinn 2000 NGl

1l

abundance and diversity of coral populations in papua new guinea nj quinn bl kojis 2000

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