abstracts resumes - insituated heritage · 2018-02-22 · abstracts 1 8th annual conference...

CANADIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION

ASSOCIATION CANADIENNE D'ARCHEOLOGIE

ABSTRACTS RESUMES

ABSTRACTS

1 8TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE

CANADIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION

APRIL 24 - 28, 1985 WINNIPEG, MANITOBA

RESUMES

18eme REUNION ANNUELLE

ASSOCIATION CANADIENNE D'ARCHEOLOGIE

24 - 28 AVRIL 1985 WINNIPEG, WINNIPEG

TABLE OF CONTENTS/TABLE DES MATI~RES

ABSTRACTS SUBMITTED IN ENGLISH

RESUMES SOUMIS EN FRANCAIS

Page

4

50

Gary Adams (Parks Canada) HISTORIC ARTIFACT PATTERNING AND INTRASITE INTERPRETATION

This case study from York Factory demon- s t r a t e s how a r t i f a c t patterning can be u t i l ized t o in t e rp re t the functions of various components in an h i s t o r i c s i t e . Using a c lass i f ica t ion system devised by Sprague we found t h a t overall s i t e pattern was greatly modified by three different processes. The variables of time, location and type of behavior a re a l l quant i f iable and interpretable i n t h i s context. This type of analysis a l so reveals t h a t some classes of a r t i f a c t s or associa- t ions between specif ic classes are par t icu lar ly useful for deriving sophist icated descriptions of s i t e organization.

Diana Alexander (Simon Fraser univers i ty) AN ETHNOARCHAEOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION O F TRADITIONAL CHILCOTIN FEATURES

This paper presents some resu l t s of ethnoarchaeological work on and near the Potato Mountain Range in southwestern Brit ish Columbia, par t of the t radi t ional t e r r i t o r y of the Athapas- kan-speaking Chilcotin. Discussion focuses on ethnographic accounts of function and structure of features such as roasting p i t s , cache p i t s , drying racks and fish weirs. T h i s information i s compared t o archaeological data from the area including the r e s u l t s of surveys and excavations in the Alpine and Subalpine bioclimatic zones. An out- l ine i s presented of the s tudy 's significance for interpretat ion of function and season of occupa- t ion of archaeological s i t e s .

Charles D. Arnold (Prince of \?ales Northern Heritage Centre Yellowknife, N.1J.T. ) THE LATE PREHISTORIC PERIOD AT ESKIMO LAKES, N.1J.T.

A brief salvage archaeological project was undertaken a t the Saunatuk s i t e on Eskimo Lakes i n 1984. The nature of the s i t e and the a r t i f a c t s , combined with ora l h i s t o r i e s , provide reasons for believing tha t the remains are those of a l i t t l e - known socio-economic group of the Mackenzie Inui t .

David Arthurs (Ontarios Heritage Branch, Thunder Bay) LATE WOODLAND OCCUPATIONS ON THE NORTH SUPERIOR SHORE

There are, on the north shore of Lake Super- i o r , Several large, cu l tura l ly heterogeneous Late FJoodland s i t e s , t h a t contrast markedly with the small in t e r io r s i t e s of the southern Boreal for- e s t . This paper w i l l explore the proposition tha t these s i t e s are not typical of Late k?oodland settlement i n the area, but represent specialized t rade rendezvous, in a network of exchange which included northern hunters, f ishers and gatherers, and southern ag r i cu l tu ra l i s t s . Though the pat- te rns and nature of these relat ionships changed through time, data is presented t o suggest that t h i s phenomenon is of considerable ant iqui ty .

~ 6 g i n a l d Auger, (University of Calgary) THE I N U I T H I S T O R I C OCCUPATION I N THE STRAIT OF BELLE ISLE

The study of the "Inui t" in the S t r a i t of Belle I s l e was long overdue. We have a hand a case where there i s a profusion of h i s t o r i c a l documents referring t o the encounter between the Natives and Europeans of a l l origins. The present paper w i l l b r ie f ly review the current interpreta- t ion of the h i s t o r i c a l documents dealing with the " Inui t" i n t he i r southernmost expression and the problems they r a i s e among ethnohistorians and anthropologists. The second par t w i l l deal with how the author attempts t o use archaeological research to refine the proposed h i s t o r i c a l interpre- t a t ion .

Glen 11. Berger and D . J . Huntley (Simon Fraser University) DIRECT DATING OF VOLCANIC ASH BY THERMOLUMINESCENCE

Thermoluminescence (TL) provides the only means for d i rec t ly dating the deposition time of volcanic ash less than about 200,000 years old. The glass portion has TL charac ter i s t ic sui table

f o r d a t i n g by a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e TL methods developed f o r p o t t e r y da t ing . In add i t ion t o some re - s u l t s f o r ashes of known age, we w i l l p resent t h e f i r s t q u a n t i t a t i v e age f o r t h e Old Crow tephra from Alaska.

Margaret B e r t u l l i (Northern Her i tage Soc ie ty ) THE NORTHERN CULTURAL HERITAGE PROJECT: AN APPLIED ANTHROPO- LOGICAL APPROACH TO RESEARCH AND EDUCATION I N THE NORTHWEST TERRITORIES.

This paper desc r ibes t h e NCHP which combines research i n archaeology and a r c t i c ecology w i t h a

' f i e l d school program f o r young n a t i v e nor therners . It h a s operated i n t h e Eastern Arc t i c s i n c e 1979 on Somerset and Devon I s l a n d s .

R.P. Beukens (Unive r s i ty of or onto) THE ISOTRACE RADIO-CARBON FACILITY

Since t h e commissioning of t h e ISOTRACE radio-carbon f a c i l i t y , 279 t a r g e t s have been da ted i n 1984. F i f ty - f ive were prepared from wood o r charcoal samples, s i x from s h e l l , 60 from bone, 114 from NBS o x a l i c a c i d s tandard and nine from ANU sucrose , while 35 t a r g e t s were used f o r background measurements. The samples, o the r than the s tandards and background samples, have a previous- l y da ted age range from 2,000 t o 48,000 yea r s BP and were used t o check t h e p rec i s ion and t h e r e - p r o d u c i b i l i t y of our measurements and t o t e s t o r sample p repara t ion procedures. Most samples were provided by t h e Canadian Geological Survey, while t h e o l d e s t sample was obtained from t h e Aust ra l ian Nat ional Univers i ty and i s one of t h e McDougall- Polach-Stipp wood s tandards . One of the bones was obta ined from the Northern Yukon Research P r o j e c t .

For s h e l l s , a carbonate leaching was used. The system background was checked using high-puri- t y reactor-grade graph i t e and geologica l g raph i t e from S r i Lanka. The average equivalent age ob- t a i n e d from samples which had been subjected t o t h e complete sample t rea tment was 43000 f 1900 years BP. I n c o n t r a s t , the untreated samples y ie lded ages o lde r than 50,000 years BP which i n - d i c a t e s that sample prepara t ion is t h e main source of the r e s i d u a l background. Good agreement w a s ob ta ined with the dates from CGS and ANU. The p r e c i s i o n on a s i n g l e age determinat ion was found t o be l i m i t e d only by counting s t a t i s t i c s and was u s u a l l y b e t t e r than 1% o r 80 years f o r samples

younger than 9000 years BP. Multiple measurements on several of the samples yielded a precision of 0.3% or 25 years. A s ISOTRACE i s funded in par t by NSERC, the cost per date for NSERC, MRC and SSHRC grant recipients i s based on the unsubsidiz- ed pa r t of the actual cost which w i l l be about $250.

Ellen Bielawski, (Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre, Yellowknife, N.FJ.T. ) SEASONAL AND TEMPORAL VARIANTS ON THE BARRENGROUND: RECENT F I N D S NEAR BAKER LAKE

LbLa-13, reported by Bryan Gordon in 1974, is an unusual inland Thule Culture s i t e a t the Thelon River mouth. A community project t o relocate and in te rp re t nearby s i t e s led t o the discovery of an addit ional section of LbLa-13. Diverse, large stone s t ructures yielding amorphous white quart- z i t e a r t i f a c t s probably represent the summer carnp- s i t e of the Thule inhabitants. Given the var ie ty of archaeological features around Baker Lake, and the p laus ib i l i ty of ear ly h i s t o r i c period popula- t ion replacement on the eastern Barrengrounds, other a f f i l i a t i o n s remain possible.The s i t e i s interpreted within the area prehistory outlined by e a r l i e r workers, and with the assistance of Baker Lake informants.

Donald A. Brown (universi ty of Toronto) SOCIO-CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL CULTURAL PAT- TERNING ON THE LOWER GREAT LAKES FRONTIERS OF NEW FRANCE

This paper r e j ec t s the notion tha t French ex- plotat ion and colonization of the in te r io r of North America was ad hoc i n terms of settlement - - growth and socio-cultural development. Instead, t h i s study demonstrates tha t New France f ront ie r society was a ref lect ion of the more populous, contemporary ares of ~ u e b e c and Louisburg, and t h a t there was a socio-cultural continuum from 1604-1760, throughout French controlled North America.

Frontier French ~6gime s i t e s a re shown t o display temporal and s p a t i a l s imi la r i t i e s of so- c i a l organization and material culture. A diffu- s i o n i s t model is proposed for t h i s cul ture , i n which the a r t i f a c t and settlement pattern evidence shows the spread of a "French Tradition" t o the f ron t i e r , with l i t t l e evidence for the creation of a new front ier society as a response t o adapta- t ion .

Don Bunyan and C o l i n Gurnsey (Archaeo log i ca l S o c i e t y of B r i t i s h ~ o l u m b i a ) AFTER THE BATTLE

L ike many concerned i n d i v i d u a l s and a s s o c i a - t i o n s , the A r c l ~ a e o l o g i c a l S o c i e t y o f B r i t i s h Columbia p r o t e s t e d t o the then Government o f Canada a g a i n s t a l l - too-obvious i nadequac i e s of " B i l l C-33" even b e f o r e the C u l t u r a l P rope r ty Ex- p o r t and Import A c t became l a w . Those inadequaci- es l e d t o much-publicized l o s s e s , h u l l a b a l o o , s p e c i a l s e s s i o n s a t CAA mee t ings , and s o on. Th i s paper w i l l summarize a c t i o n s t aken by the ASBC d u r i n g t h e r e c e n t " b a t t l e o f the bowls", and w i l l a lso d i s c u s s i n g e n e r a l t e r m s the role o f amateur a r c h a e o l o g i s t s and their r e g i o n a l a s s o c i a t i o n s i n t h e c o n t i n u i n g war a g a i n s t greed and ignorance i n matters of c u l t u r a l h e r i t a g e . Reasons w i l l be g i v e n f o r t a k i n g a f i r m l y uncompromising s t a n c e i n f avou r o f a t o t a l ban on the permanent e x p o r t of a r c h a e o l o g i c a l o b j e c t s .

David Bur ley and Susan Fox (Archaeo log i ca l Survey o f A l b e r t a ) TIP1 R I N G RESEARCH I N ALBERTA: AN EVALUATION OF TWO DECADES OF STUDY

T i p i r i n g s i t e s are the most ub iqu i t ous a rch- a e o l o g i c a l f e a t u r e s on the no r the rnwes t e rn P l a i n s . Because few have dense d i s t r i b u t i o n s of a s s o c i a t e d c u l t u r a l materials, t h e y a l s o are among the m o s t f r u s t r a t i n g t o d e a l wi th both from r e sea rch and r e s o u r c e management conce rns . I n A l b e r t a , i n ex- cess o f 3,300 such s i tes have been recorded a s p a r t of t h e p r o v i n c i a l i n v e n t o r y and i n t e n s i v e ex- c a v a t i o n h a s been c a r r i e d o u t a t a number. The p r e s e n t paper reviews t h e v a r i o u s approaches t o t i p i r i n g research over the p a s t t w o decades . An assessment of t h a t research and the p r e s e n t s ta te o f the t i p i r i n g d a t a ba se i n A l b e r t a a r e p rov id- ed .

Linda Burnard-Hogarth ( U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h Columbia) ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF CHILCOTIN CAMPS.

E thnoarchaeo log ica l f i e ldwork i n 1983 w a s d i r e c t e d a t r e c o r d i n g the l a y o u t and material c o n t e n t o f salmon, t r o u t , and kokanee f i s h i n g camps, f i s h i n g s t a t i o n s and o t h e r camps nea r the Ch i lko River . I n s e v e r a l c a s e s o b s e r v a t i o n s w e r e p o s s i b l e b e f o r e , d u r i n g and a f t e r s i t e occupa- t i o n s . The manufacture , s t o r a g e , t r a n s p o r t and

d i s t r i b u t i o n o f s i t e f u r n i t u r e and equipment a t t h e s e C h i l c o t i n s i tes e x h i b i t p a t t e r n s which a r e proposed t o have r e l e v a n c e t o the i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f a r c h a e o l o g i c a l s i t e s occupied by groups w h i c h a r e m o b i l e and l a r g e l y n o n - t e r r i t o r i a l .

Gary Burton and E l i z a b e t h Bedard (Simon F r a s e r U n i v e r s i t y ) PACIFIC NORTHWEST COAST NATIVE WOODEN FEATURES : WHAT ' S LEFT?

T h i s paper i s concerned wi th t h e r e s u l t s o f a s t u d y t o de te rmine t h e p r e s e n t n a t u r e and e x t e n t o f n a t i v e wooden f e a t u r e s i n c o a s t a l B r i t i s h Columbia. The s t udy was based on some 10 ,000 s i t e documents. Types o f f e a t u r e s cons ide red i nc luded c a r v e d . p o l e s , a r c h i t e c t u r a l remains , f i s h w e i r s and canoes . The s t udy emphasizes problems i n t h e h i s t o r y o f management as concerns t h i s r e s o u r c e and the l i m i t a t i o n s o f t h e p r e s e n t approach. Fin- a l l y , recommendations f o r implementing a compre- h e n s i v e management program a r e o u t l i n e d .

Danie l Chev r i e r ( ~ n e b & t e c I n c . ) GaFf-1 (LAFORGE RIVER, JAMES BAY, QUEBEC) : A 3200 YEAR OLD QUARTZ WORKSHOP AND THE IMPORTANCE OF QUARTZ I N THE ECONOMY AND TECHNOLOGY.

Located 400 k i l o m e t e r s e a s t o f James Bay on t h e east branch of t h e Laforge River , this workshop h a s y i e l d e d 170000 q u a r t z f l a k e s (weighing 11 7 k i l og rams) d i s t r i b u t e d unevenly i n seven dis- t i n c t a r e a s of the s i t e . A l l s t a g e s o f p roduc t i on are d i sp l ayed : from a pyramidal nuc leus t o pro- j e c t i l e p o i n t s . Debi tage a l s o i n d i c a t e s propor- t i o n a l ~ , a l l t h e s t a g e s o f t h e r e d u c t i o n sequence. Evidence o f underground h e a t i n g o f q u a r t z b l o c k s t o a c c e l e r a t e breakage make t h i s s i t e q u i t e i n t e r e s t i n g . F ive c h a r c o a l samples have y i e l d e d C14 d a t e s between 33000 * 60 y e a r s BP and 3100 * 60 BP. The c u r r e n t l y accep t ed i dea o f q u a r t z as a poor l i t h i c r e sou rce i s cha l lenged . A t GaFf-1, many complete chert a r rowpo in t s and endsc rape r s h a v e seemingly been r e p l a c e d by q u a r t z p o i n t s and s c r a p e r s . Economic consequences o f t h i s cho i ce a r e d i s c u s s e d .

C. Cos ta in ( ~ t t a w a ) ACTIVITIES OF THE ANALYTICAL RESEARCH SERVICES CANADIAN CON- SERVATION INSTITUTE

T h i s paper w i l l p r e s e n t a number o f p r o j e c t s p e r t a i n i n g t o a r c h a e o l o g i c a l m a t e r i a l which the

Analytical Research Service Division has been involved in over the past few years. The projects which will be discussed include:

1. The examination of a Tsimshian stone mask, and the fabrication of a replica of the mask.

2. Recent consultation work on the design of a building to protect the Peterborough Petro- glyphs

3. The investigation of solutions for the inter- im storage of wet archaeological iron between the time of its excavation and conservation treatment.

Gary Coupland, (University of British ~olumbia) HOUSEHOLD VARIABILITY AND STATUS DIFFERENTIATION AT KITSELAS CANYON

Household variability is considered as an in- dicator of status differentiation. Three sites from Kitselas Canyon, two historic, one prehistoric, each with multiple housefloor outlines, are investigated. Variability in dwelling size and construction at the historic sites reflect status differentiation. This is corroborated by ethno- historic information. Household homogeneity at the prehistoric site is suggestive of an egalitar- ian social organization.

Jacqueline E. Creras (university of Toronto) "SPIRITS AND SPADES": THE QUESTION OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND UN- MARKED BURIALS IN ONTARIO

The question of Native Peoples' burials is a thorny issue for Canadian groups involved in archaeology, museology, osteology, Heritage preservation and contemporary anthropological studies in general. The whole topic is fraught with people problems, cultural misunderstandings and mistrust, and overt institutional wariness due to past con- f licts . This paper explores and defines such difficulties as they apply to the Ontario situation legally and politically as well as culturally for both the Europeans Who established 'marked burials' and the Native People who practised 'unmarked burials'. Further, the question of how the politico-legal system affects the mechanics of anthropological investigation re burials and how that system developed will be discussed.

R.G. Cresswell (University of c or onto) ACCELERATOR MASS SPECTROMETRY A BETTER \JAY TO ANALYSE AND DATE IRON ARTIFACTS?

By combining state of the art Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) with ion beam accelera- tion and charge change capabilities, elemental isotape ratios may routinely be obtained on essen- tially unpretreated iron samples. The ISOTRACE Laboratory at the University of Toronto has demon- strated the facility to radiocarbon date numerous concentrates from wood, charcoal, shell and bone to within 1% accuracy. The principles applied at the lab are now being directed towards analysis and dating of low carbon materials (e.g., cast iron)., Direct atom counting of chemically untreated 10 mg. samples enables the detection of carbon at concentrations much below 0.2%. At these low levels, however, chemical concentration of carbon is still required for dating purposes. But, it is possible to produce an atomic finger- print, free from molecular interference, at detection levels below those of conventional techniques. A wide mass spectrum (over 200 AMU) may be obtained from a loaded sample in about 20 minutes.

Eric Damkjar (University of Alberta) EARLY DORSET OCCUPATIONS OF SOUTHEASTERN SOMERSET ISLAND, N.1J.T.

The period between ca. 3000 BP and 2500 BP marks the transition from Pre-Dorset to Dorset cultures in most of Arctic Canada. However, rela- tively few sites can be confidently dated to this period and the majority of these are restricted to the High Arctic ( "Independence 11" ) and Labrador ("Groswater Dorset"). Recent archaeological work on southeastern Somerset Island, N.W.T., has revealed two sites which appear to belong to this transitional/early Dorset period. These sites are described and their cultural relationships explored.

E. Damkjar and 0. Beattie (University of Alberta) ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE BEECHEY ISLAND GRAVE SITE: 1984 FIELDWORK

On January 1, 1846, Petty Officer John Torrington of the third Franklin Expedition died. He was buried in a marked grave on Beechey Island, NWT, the site of the first winter camp of the Ex- pedition. During the summer of 1984, in a an attempt to reconstruct some of the events leading to the eventual loss of all 129 crewman, the body of

John Tor r ing ton w a s examined. This paper o u t l i n e s the procedure of excava t ion , t h e au topsy o f the i n d i v i d u a l , and the r e b u i l d i n g of the s i te . Though t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e au topsy w i l l be p r e s e n t - ed , me focus of the paper w i l l be on t h e methods employed by t h e F r a n k l i n c r e w i n p r e p a r i n g and bury ing this i n d i v i d u a l .

S t eve Delroy ( C H I N ) CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS I N C H I N

David Denton (McGill u n i v e r s i t y ) SUBARCTIC SITE DIFFERENTIATION AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL INFERENCE: PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENT PATTERNS I N THE CANIAPISCAU REGION, QUEBEC.

D i r e c t i n f e r e n c e s r ega rd ing t h e r o l e o f par- t i c u l a r s i t e s i n s u b a r c t i c s e t t l e m e n t systems are o f t e n prevented by d i f f i c u l t i e s i n i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f s e a s o n a l i t y , l e n g t h of occupa t ion , and major s u b s i s t e n c e a c t i v i t i e s . The au thor advoca tes a s t r a t e g i c r e t r e a t from s i t e - s p e c i f i c "ethnograph- i c " i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s and stresses approaching func- t i o n a l d i f f e r e n c e s between s i t e s through d e t a i l e d i n t e r - s i t e comparisons of l i t h i c assemblage, fau- n a l and s e t t l e m e n t p a t t e r n a t t r i b u t e s . The re- s u l t s o f a p r e l i m i n a r y a n a l y s i s c a r r i e d o u t on over 30 sites excavated i n the area o f the Caniapiscau r e s e r v o i r a r e p re sen ted . I n t e r - s i t e comparisons are guided by an i n t e r p r e t i v e framework t h a t emphasizes t h e e f f e c t of " l o g i s t i c a l " factors on the a r c h a e o l o g i c a l r eco rd . It i s demons t ra ted that the a n a l y s i s of co -va r i a t i on between s i t e /assemblage a t t r i b u t e s can c o n t r i b u t e t o a better unders tanding o f i n t e r - s i t e f u n c t i o n a l v a r i a t i o n . In fe rences r ega rd ing the meaning o f t h i s v a r i a t i o n i n t e r m s of whole s e t t l e m e n t systems a r e made w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o e thnographic and e t h n o h i s t o r i c d e s c r i p t i o n s f o r this and a d j a c e n t areas.

David Denton and Moira McCaffrey (McGill U n i v e r s i t y ) PREHISTORIC U T I L I Z A T I O N OF CHERT I N THE SCHEFFERVILLE REGION OF NORTHERN QUEBEC

During the summer o f 1984 t h e au tho r s under- took a s h o r t a r c h a e o l o g i c a l reconnaissance t o con- f i r m the presence o f h i g h q u a l i t y c h e r t i n t h e S c h e f f e r v i l l e a r e a and t o determine i f th i s re- s o u r c e was e x p l o i t e d i n p r e h i s t o r i c t imes. Two q u a r r y s i t e s w i t h a s s o c i a t e d workshop l o c a l e s w e r e

discovered. The a r t i f a c t s and debitage surface- collected from the s i t e s represent a l l stages of biface production. Also recovered was a c lus te r of f inished tools manufactured of l i t h i c raw mat- e r i a l s other than the chert found i n s i t u . This -- may be a curated tool k i t l e f t a t the quarry when fresh tools were manufactured. The poss ib i l i ty tha t the Schefferville area i s the source of some of the cherts found i n archaeological s i t e s in other par t s of northern Quebec i s discussed, as i s the significance of l i t h i c procurement, reduction and transport studies t o our understanding of northern Quebec prehistory.

Dena Doroszenko (University of Toronto) ARCHAEOLOGY ABOVE AND BELOW GROUND AT SPADINA, TORONTO

The Toronto Histor ical Board acquired the Spadina property i n 1978, and i n l i eu of restora- t ion projects , archaeological investigations were carried out during the summers of 1982 and 1983. Concurrent with the archaeological project , research in to the h is tory of ownership and an archi- t ec tu ra l study of fhe house were a l so in progress.

Extensive excavations within the in te r io r of the house exposed evidence of s t ruc tura l ac t iv i - t i e s re la ted t o the Baldwin period (c . 1818-1865) and the Austin period ( c , . 1865-present).

Patterns of nineteenth century adaptations t o a ru ra l and/or urban area were examined. Cultural adaptive patterns were expressed a t two levels : the material culture and the a rchi tec tura l / spa t ia l level . The material cul ture was investigated in l i g h t of social va r i ab i l i ty and s ta tus d i f fe rent i - a t ion. Examination of the ' res ident ia l u n i t ' , as it was expressed a t Spadina, reflected soc ia l change i n terms of spa t i a l and functional charac- t e r i s t i c s and the i r evolution on the s i t e .

K. Duncan (University of oro onto) ~ O A R / ~ ~ A R DATING OF THE OLD CROW TEPHRA

The Old Crow tephra i s a two-pyroxene calc- a lkal ine dacite of Quaternary age. It i s widely disseminated across Alaska and the Yukon. Th e tephra i s of archaeological in t e res t because of i t s occurrence a t O l d Crow Locality 1 5 on the Old Crow River. A sample of tephra was processed for K-Ar age determinations using the 40AR339AR technique. This technique is preferred because of i t s

s e n s i t i v i t y t o geologically young materials (50 ka+) . Glass and mineral f ract ions of the tephra were analyzed and the r e su l t s of t h i s analysis w i l l be addressed in t h i s paper.

S. Biron Ebell (Parks Canada) PREHISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGY AT THE RED AND A S S I N I B O I N E RIVER CONFLUENCE

Excavation in 1984 by Parks Canada archaeolo- g i s t s near the Red and Assiniboine r iver confluence produced evidence of a t l eas t 10 prehis tor ic levels of occupation. Blackduck ceramics were recovered from f ive of these, and a pro jec t i le point was recovered from one other. The four remaining leve ls contained faunal remains but no a r t i f a c t s . Three features, a compact layer of f ish bone, 1 6 post or picket moulds, and a f i r e hearth, were a l - so exposed.

R.M. Farquhar and L.A. Pavlish (University of Toronto) PROSPECTION STUDIES I N THE TORONTO AREA: SIMCOE PLACE AND CASTLE FRANK

In recent years, prospection studies have be- come a more common component of archaeological investigations. They provide a useful additional t o the archaeologists tool bag because they can often permit a more e f f i c i e n t excavation strategy t o be adopted by locating areas of potent ia l in t e res t as well as indicating those with minimal potent ia l value. Two h i s t o r i c s i t e s i n the Toronto area examined during the 1984 season were Simcoe Place and Castle Frank. An electromagnetic survey was carr ied out on Simcoe Place,, a 284 X 128 meter p l o t of land bordering the north side of Front s t r e e t i n downtown Toronto. A 1 x 2 meter grid was s e t up and approximately 18,000 readings were taken. Thirty-two detailed maps as well as a var- i e t y of generalized maps were computer generated i n two and three dimensional perspectives. Each detai led map was evaluated and ranked with respect t o both h i s t o r i c a l and prehis tor ic potent ia l based on the electromagnetic data and the h i s t o r i c a l i n - formation available. The area excavated during the 1984 f i e l d season was a l so examined in d e t a i l . The area upon which the summer house of John Graves Simcoe was located was surveyed with a var- i e t y of geophysical instruments. This study was carr ied out under the auspices of the Toronto H i s - t o r i c a l Board as a component of the i r developing archaeological s i t e preservation policy.

Daryl W . Fedje (Parks Canada) RECENT INVESTIGATIONS AT THE VERMILION LAKES SITE

1984 excavations a t the Vermilion Lakes s i t e i n Banff National Park provide additional data as t o Early Prehistoric occupation of the upper Bow River Valley. Preliminary evidence suggests s t ruc tura l remains are associated w i t h the e a r l i - e s t occupation level . Additional interpretat ions as t o s i t e function and geochronology w i l l be forthcoming shortly.

Neal Ferr is (York universi ty) BELLAMY S I T E : A LATE H I S T O R I C O J I B l I A HABITATION S I T E , AND BRITISH-NATIVE RELATIONS I N THE WESTERN D I S T R I C T

Investigations a t a l a t e 18th century Ojibway s i t e on the Sydenham River i n southwestern Ontario during the spring of 1984 afforded an examination of a period of native archaeology and h i s to ry little-known previously. Features excavated and faunal remains recovered revealed a pattern of subsistence not f a r from t h a t of the inhabitants ' prehis tor ic counterparts. This pattern was combined, however, with a s igni f icant quantity of European trade material, d is t r ibuted t o the regional t r i b e s a t semiannual intervals by the Brit ish Indian Department a t Fort Malden, Anherstburgh. These a r t i f a c t s matched almost exactly those goods found on department t rade l i s t s a t the end of the 18th century. The Bellamy s i t e assemblage offers ins ight in to native accul- turat ion as well as Bri t ish Native re la t ions just prior t o the establishment of reserves and the group's h i s t o r i c a l obscurity.

Gail Fif ik (University of Manitoba) TEXTILES FROM UPPER FORT GARRY

Texti les were recovered d u r i n g three seasons of fieldwork a t Upper Fort Garry, 1980 t o 1983, from two s t ructures interpreted as pr iv ies , these a r t i f a c t s are a special source of data for h is tor - i c a l archaeologists as t e x t i l e s are poorly represented in the archaeological record because they require special s o i l and climatic conditions. Careful excavation, special cleaning and humidity controlled storage f a c i l i t i e s , on the other hand, make these costly a r t i f a c t s accounting i n par t for the i r poor representation i n reports .

This s t udy w i l l p r e s e n t a v a r i e t y of examples o f t h e t e x t i l e s i n c l u d i n g s l i d e s o f b e f o r e and a f t e r c l e a n i n g , mounting, a r t ic les o f c l o t h i n g re- p r e s e n t e d i n t h e sample and t y p e s o f t e x t i l e s . A s w e l l , the r e l a t i o n s h i p between t e x t i l e a r t i f a c t s and socioeconomic s t a t u s a t Upper F o r t Garry from 1840 t o 1850 w i l l be d i s c u s s e d wi th r e f e r e n c e t o a r c h i v a l a r c h a e o l o g i c a l t e x t i l e s as an example o f t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f these a r t i f a c t s .

James F inn igan and Ter rance Gibson (Saskatchewan Research Counc i l ) DEVELOPING STANDARDS AND MAINTAINING CONSISTENCY WITHIN A MULTI-SITE DATA BASE: THE NIPAWIN EXAMPLE

Beginning i n 1981, the Saskatchewan River v a l l e y nea r Nipawin, Saskatchewan, became the f o c u s o f an i n t e n s i v e mul t i -year program of arch- a e o l o g i c a l r e s e a r c h . Th is s t u d y , under c o n t r a c t t o t h e Saskatchewan Power Corpora t ion , was implemented w i t h t h e o b j e c t i v e o f m i t i g a t i n g some i m - p a c t s r e s u l t i n g from the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f the Franco is -F in lay h y d r o e l e c t r i c dam and t h e a s s o c i - a t e d r e s e r v o i r Code t t e Lake. Faced wi th the scen- a r i o o f m u l t i p l e r e s e a r c h e r s conduc t ing m u l t i p l e excava t i ons a t both p r e h i s t o r i c and h i s t o r i c s i tes , t h e p r o j e c t d i r e c t o r recognized the need f o r s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n o f both excava t i on r eco rd ing p r a c t i c e s and assemblage documentat ion. F i r s t p r i n t e d a s a s t a n d a r d p r a c t i c e manual, these approaches w e r e t h e n i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o ou r m i c r o c o m - p u t e r based d a t a management system.

The p r e s e n t paper examines ou r r e c o r d i n g p r a c t i c e s a s t h e y app ly t o assemblage d e s c r i p - t i o n . H e r e we w i l l r a t i o n a l i z e why we r eco rd what w e r e c o r d , and why we d o n ' t r e co rd what w e d o n ' t . The Nipawin approach is o f f e r e d a s one s o l u t i o n t o the problem o f deve lop ing and ma in t a in ing c o n s i s t - ency w i t h i n a m u l t i s i t e d a t a b a s e .

Will iam R. F i t z g e r a l d and J. Bruce Jamieson ( M c G i l l U n i v e r s i t y ) ASCENT OR DECLINE: THE LATE IROQUOIAN SEQUENCE

An under ly ing t e n e t o f I roquoian a r chaeo log i - cal s t u d i e s h a s been that I roquo ian c u l t u r e was i n a s t a t e o r p r o g r e s s i v e e v o l u t i o n i n t o t h e e a r l y h i s t o r i c pe r iod . Seventeenth c e n t u r y c h r o n i c l e s h a v e g e n e r a l l y been implemented as r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f a c l a s s i c a l exp re s s ion o f I roquoian c u l t u r e . This subconscious bias h a s l e d t o a presumably

unintentional disregard of diachronic patterns within the archaeological record. Based on a bat- te ry of cu l tura l features within a calibrated radiocarbon sequence, our contention is t h a t Iroquoian culture had c lear ly reached i t s apogee well before the a r r iva l of Europeans and, by the time of t h e i r appearance, was i n the process of decline.

William Fitzhugh, (Smithsonian Ins t i tu t ion) A RECONNAISSANCE AT MARTIN FROBISHER ' S SITE AT KODLUNARN ISLAND.

A br ief f i e l d survey was made a t Kodlunarn Island in Countess of Warwick Sound, northeastern w rob is her Bay, by an interdiscipl inary team organ- ized by the Smithsonian i n 1981. T h i s project originated as a resu l t of 12th century radiocarbon dates obtained from an iron "bloom" or ingot collected by Charles Francis Hall from t h i s s i t e in 1861-2. Smithsonian fieldwork was directed a t se- curing other possible dating samples from the s i t e , mapping surface and subsurface s t ructures , and col lect ing archeometric samples.

Among the accomplishments of the research was the preparation of a controlled map of the Eliza- bethan occupation area, subsurface tes t ing of s t ructures noted, discovery of previously unknown st ructures , completion of a magnetometer survey, recovery of a variety of materials from t e s t p i t s i n d i f fe rent s t ructures , including slag, ceramics, wood, charcoal, mortar, and others, and a survey of local Inu i t occupation s i t e s . Of greates t i m - portance perhaps i s the discovery of three new iron blooms, one of which has subsequently been dated t o the 14th century.

Otherwise, materials obtained from the Frobisher occupation date typologically t o the 16th century and agree well with the h i s t o r i c a l record. T h i s paper reviews these resu l t s i n l i gh t of past research by Hall, Kenyon, and others and notes the importance of the Kodlunarn Island s i t e as both an h i s t o r i c s i t e and as a center for ear ly European-Inuit contact.

William Fitzhugh (Smithsonian Ins t i tu t ion) I N C I S E D PENDANTS I N THE NULLIAK PHASE O F THE LATE MARITIME ARCHAIC CULTURE I N LABRADOR

I n 1980 a new form of soapstone a r t i f a c t was discovered a t the large Maritime Archaic s i t e a t

N u l l i a k Cove, n o r t h e r n Labrador . T h i s s i t e , which c o n t a i n s more t h a n twenty- f ive longhouses d a t i n g t o the p e r i o d 3800-3500 B . P. , i s unique i n be ing t h e nor thernmos t s i te O f t h i s complex c u r r e n t l y known and i n b e i n g l o c a t e d no r th o f Che t r e e l i n e a t t i m e o f occupa t i on . Excavat ions a t Nu l l i ak i n 1980 and 1983 r ecove red a r e l a t i v e l y t y p i c a l late R a t t l e r s Bight- type o f assemblage w i t h the excep- t i o n o f a group o f i n c i s e d soaps tone pendants which w e r e found a l o n g wi th o t h e r d e b r i s i n the longhouse occupa t ion u n i t s . These pendants are marked wi th edge no t ches and c a r r y l e a f - l i k e o r s k e l e t a l - l i k e m o t i f s t h a t do n o t resemble forms of d e c o r a t i o n found on o t h e r Maritime Archaic o r Moorehead A r c h a i c a r t i f a c t s . A s these p i e c e s c o m e from a t ime o f geograph ic o v e r l a p w i t h Pre-Dorset c u l t u r e i n n o r t h e r n Labrador t h e y a r e o f s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t . I n a d d i t i o n , deco ra t ed p i e c e s a r e ex- t r eme ly rare i n Labrador Maritime Archaic s i t e s . It i s a l s o i n t e r e s t i n g that each o f t h e s e p i e c e s i s unique i n t h e form o f d e c o r a t i o n , and that a s a group t h e y b e a r c e r t a i n resemblance t o Paleo- Ind i an t a l c ornaments on the one hand , and t o Beothuck pendan ts on t h e o t h e r .

1J.A. Fox ( ~ n t a r i o M i n i s t r y o f C i t i z e n s h i p and C u l t u r e ) "THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE ODALJA"

E t h n o h i s t o r i c r e f e r e n c e s and a r c h a e o l o g i c a l in format ion from Geogian Bay e a r l y h i s t o r i c p e r i o d si tes are combined i n an a t t e m p t t o d e f i n e an i d e n t i f i a b l e Odawa a r c h a e o l o g i c a l m a n i f e s t a t i o n . The r e s u l t s a r e t h e n cons ide red i n l i g h t o f d a t a d e r i v e d from r e c e n t f i e l d work on the Bruce Penin- s u l a and th roughout t h e Lake Huron and n o r t h e r n Lake Michigan b a s i n s , i n an e f f o r t t o t r a c e t h e Odawa back t o p r e h i s t o r y .

R ichard H. Ger ra rd (Toronto , O n t a r i o ) AMBER SOURCES I N THE ARCTIC AND SUBARCTIC OF NORTH AMERICA: IMPLICATIONS ON TRADE

A m b e r beads and amulets have been r e p o r t e d i n s e v e r a l e t hnog raph i c c o l l e c t i o n s and recovered from Thule s i tes d a t i n g 300 t o 800 y e a r s BP. A network o f l ong -d i s t ance t r a d e i n amber h a s been sugges ted based on t h e assumption that amber i s o n l y a v a i l a b l e i n wes te rn Greenland, n o r t h e r n E l lesmere I s l a n d , the Mackenize River D e l t a , and the P o i n t Barrow r e g i o n o f Alaska. However, an examinat ion o f t h e g e o l o g i c a l , en tomolog ica l , and b o t a n i c a l l i t e r a t u r e has shown t h a t amber is much

more abundant than previously assumed. Possible amber sources are discussed with emphasis on the types of geological deposits and proximity of archaeological and ethnographic sites to these locations. An attempt to identify possible trade/ access routes is made.

R.H. Gerrard, K.G. Mulhall and R.H. Smith (Keysoff Inter- national Inc. ) BIG PICTURES FROM LITTLE MACHINES: PRODUCING ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE PLANS FROM MICROCOMPUTER DATABASES

The recent availability of sophisticated integrated data base and graphics software for rela- tively inexpensive microcomputers, especially the IBM PC and compatables, provides the capability for generating, within one small system, pictorial information from various types of site data.

Our aim is to develop a database methodology using existing integrated microcomputer software producing rudimentary graphics which can be en- hanced to publication quality "hard copy1' of site profiles and plan views by compatable dedicated graphics software.

D.I. Godfrey-Smith (Simon Fraser University) and J. Masounave (Industrial Materials Research Institute) AN APPLICATION OF ESCA TO AN OBSIDIAN STUDY

The above spectroscopic method was applied to two obsidian flows from the Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, B.C., in an attempt to distinguish them on the basis of their relative major element concentrations. The two flows had already been proved distinct on the basis of their relative trace element concentrations, determined with x-ray fluorescence. Our results indicate that their relative major element concentrations can also distinguish them. The method, known as ESCA (electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis) or XPS (x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) was used here in conjunction with a scanning electron micro- scope.

In addition to the above results, the use of the SEM permitted us to note some intra and inter- flow differences in the microcrystalline structures of the two obsidian flows, and some sub-micro-

scopic weathering pat terns , and t o evaluate the i r e f fec ts on the r e l a t ive concentrations of the elements detected.

Diana L. Gordon (McMaster University) PATTERNS OF CHANGE AT NORTH CARIBOU LAKE I N THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURIES

This paper examines the changing settlement patterns of the 19th and 20th centuries a t North Caribou Lake, northwestern Ontario. Ethnohistori- ca l and ethnographic data show the various influences of the F u r Trade, the Church, the government and resource exploitat ion on the Cree-Ojibwa of t h i s isolated region. However, the archaeological record reveals only some of these influences, as reflected i n s i t e s surveyed i n 1981.

R.M. Gotthardt (University of or onto) THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SEQUENCE I N THE NORTHERN CORDILLERA: LIMITS O F A TYPOLOGICAL APPROACH

The archaeological record in the northern Cordillera indicates a long h is tory of occupation, dating from the ear ly Holocene, probably re la t ing t o the exploitat ion of migrating caribou in the western foo th i l l s of the Richardson Mountains. The s u r f i c i a l context of the assemblages requires a heavy rel iance on a typological approach t o the ordering and interpretat ion of the prehis tor ic record. Certain d is t inc t ive a r t i f a c t s suggest pre- h i s t o r i c Athapaskan and Paleoeskimo o or ton t rad i - t i on ) occupations of the area. Resemblances are a l so noted t o the Acasta Lake assemblage, which appear borne out in the dating of isolated buried materials. A conventional typological treatment of the Rock River collections i s , however, severe- ly limited by the expediency charac ter i s t ic of much of the technology. Questions of expediency and curation are addressed i n the paper, and a l - ternat ives t o conventional typology are suggested which do not depend on the idea of morphologically standardized implement types. Multipurpose or combination tools are seen as important i n t h i s a l te rna t ive approach. Strategies of biface manufacture are a l so examined as potent ia l information of d i f fe rent technological t rad i t ions .

Gray Graffam (Trent University) HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE MARMORA IRONWORKS COMMUNITY : RESULTS OF THE FIRST SEASON OF EXCAVATION

This past summer, Trent University conducted a f i e l d school a t the Marmora Ironworks i n Eastern Ontario. This paper presents the r e su l t s of the remote sensing program, the exploratory excava- t ions , and the survey and mapping of archaeologi- ca l features over a two acre area. Archaeological features of the industry are shown t o be undis- turbed, and the potent ia l for an in tac t residen- t i a l component is examined. Results are analyzed w i t h i n a h i s t o r i c a l framework, ca. 1820-1880, and the role of Marmora as an ear ly community is discussed, In addition, the indus t r ia l community i s examined within an ecological and economic con- t e x t , and it is argued tha t environmental variables played a strong ro le in both s i t e selection and subsequent economic development.

Dana-Mae Grainger (Parks Canada) ATTITUDES AND END PRODUCTS I N ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORDING

Limitations inherent i n prevalent archaeolog- i c a l recording methodology are discussed i n terms of the a t t i t u d e s on which they are based and of t h e i r end re su l t s . I t is suggested tha t methodological constra ints a re a l l too often associated with certain a t t i tud ina l biases which have resul t - ed i n unimaginative, and a t times disturbingly limited, approaches t o archaeological recording.

Scott Hamilton (Ontario Heritage ranch) THE CONCEPT OF CULTURAL "EDGE" I N BOREAL FOREST ARCHAEOLOGY

The concept of "edge" or "boundary", receives much implic i t consideration by archaeologists i n the study of the cu l tura l h i s to ry of the Boreal Forest. Unfortunately, t h i s consideration generally f a i l s t o e i ther define what exactly i s meant by "boundary", or t o exp l i c i t ly s t a t e what the soc ie t i a l implications of these boundaries were, or might have been. This problem i s par t i - cularly evident i n the consideration of the pre- h i s t o r i c cu l tura l t rad i t ions associated with the production of ceramics. These problems w i l l be discussed in terms of the s o c i e t i a l implications of decorative or s t y l i s t i c va r i ab i l i ty , and then w i l l draw analogies w i t h the protohistoric and ear ly h i s t o r i c record of intergroup rela t ions within what i s now northwestern Ontario, Manitoba, Minnesota and northeastern Saskatchewan.

C h r i s Hanks ( P r i n c e of Vales Northern H e r i t a g e Cent re , Ye l lowkni fe N.W.T. ) RESOURCE UTILIZATION AND CULTURE CHANGE : AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE O F THE MACKENZIE VALLEY DENE

The argument has been f r e q u e n t l y made that e thnoarchaeo logy h a s a ve ry l i m i t e d a b i l i t y t o ex- p l a i n p a s t behav io r i n the n o r t h because o f c u l - t u r e change due t o the f u r t r a d e . Th i s paper w i l l examine r e f e r e n c e s t o r e sou rce procurement i n t h e e a r l y h i s t o r i c p e r i o d by t h e Dene and cons ide r them i n l i g h t o f the d i s t r i b u t i o n o f known p r e h i s - t o r i c s i t es , and l a t e h i s t o r i c and contemporary s i tes . From th i s p r o c e s s , a model w i l l be gener- a t e d t o c o n s i d e r t h e t y p e s of a n a l o g i e s that can be made abou t p a s t behav ior on the basis o f modern p a t t e r n s .

Margare t G. Hanna (Museum o f Na tu ra l H i s t o r y , ~ e g i n a ) INTRA-VESSEL MINERALOGICAL VARIATION I N PEHONAN PHASE CERA- MICS FROM EAST-CENTRAL SASKATCHEWAN

Th i s paper examines the deg ree o f i n t r a - v e s s e l v a r i a t i o n i n the amount o f temper and f h e m i n e r a l o g i c a l composi t ion o f t h e temper added t o s i x v e s s e l s recovered from s i tes i n e a s t - c e n t r a l Saskatchewan. Two conc lu s ions w e r e d e r i v e d from t h e examinat ion o f e i g h t e e n t h i n - s e c t i o n s . F i r s t , there i s minimal v a r i a t i o n i n temper e s t i m a t e s ob- t a i n e d from d i f f e r e n t s e c t i o n s of the s a m e ves- se l . Second, "major" mine ra l s ( f e l d s p a r , q u a r t z , and b i o t i t e ) are more r e l i a b l e i n d i c a t o r s of t e m - p e r t y p e (and t h e r e f o r e of m i n e r a l o g i c a l and chem- i c a l compos i t ion) t h a n are the "minor" mine ra l s ( e . g . , ho rnb l ende , do lomi te , and g a r n e t ) .

Norman A . Haywood and Lyle Henderson ( U n i v e r s i t y of Manitoba) ANALYSIS OF THE FAUNAL REMAINS FROM THE MACABOU SITE, MARTINIQUE TJ I .

The v e r t e b r a t e f a u n a l remains recovered from shel l middens excavated i n 1979 a t the Macabou s i te on t h e i s l a n d o f Mar t in ique , French A n t i l l e s , w e r e i d e n t i f i e d u s ing an a r c h a e o l o g i c a l compara- t i v e c o l l e c t i o n . This r e s u l t e d i n i d e n t i f i c a t i o n problems which w i l l be d i s cus sed i n the paper . The s i te d a t e s t o between A.D. 1200 and 1400. F i sh accounted f o r a lmost 65 p e r c e n t of the number o f i d e n t i f i e d specimens wh i l e r e p t i l e s accounted f o r 20 p e r c e n t , m a m m a l s f o r on ly s i x p e r c e n t , and b i r d s f o r less than one p e r c e n t . Also less t h a n

one percent of the bones were burned or calcined or had any kinds of cut marks. The remains a re compared t o those of another midden (Area F ) a t the Macabou s i t e .

James PJ. Helmer (University of Calgary) THE EARLY PALEOESKIMO OCCUPATIONS O F THE NORTH DEVON LOW- LANDS: WILL THE CIRCLE REMAIN UNBROKEN?

Field work conducted i n the Truelove Lowlands of North Devon Island, N.W.T., between 1982 and 1984 has yielded preliminary data on a m i n i m u m of f ive chronological and/or cu l tura l sub-divisons of Early Paleoeskimo occupation. These include Independence I , t rans i t iona l Independence 1 / ~ a r l y Pre-Dorset, Middle Pre-dorset and Late Pre-Dor- s e t . The perceived m i x of chronologically dis- c re te , t rans i t iona l and regionally variant assemblages challenges the t r ad i t iona l view of a l i n - ear,sequential model of Paleoeskimo settlement of the High Arctic. I n t h i s paper, the f ive early A.S.T. components identif ied t o date i n the True- love Lowland region are described and the implica- t ions raised by these new data are discussed.

Marvel Houston ( Saskatchewan Archaeological Society) THE ROLE AND FUTURE OF THE SASKATCHEWAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

The S.A.S. has been an active force i n Sask- atchewan archaeological endeavour for over two decades, i n i t i a l l y i n a supporting and lobbying ro le , but increasingly i n other capacit ies. I n the l a s t few years it has made substant ia l contri- butions i n the areas of research and public educa- t ion . The Society has achieved a re la t ive ly high level of involvement of i t s membership i n a variety of archaeological a c t i v i t i e s , and a re la t ive ly e f f i c i en t organizational structure.

However, we regard what has been done t o date as only the building phase. This paper b r i e f ly summarizes our major accomplishments, outlines areas where we have not yet succeeded, and discusses some of our future goals and planned programs, i n the context of a recently completed Five-Year Plan. The paper a l so addresses the question of the crucial role of public, volunteer archaeological societ ies i n the l i g h t of modern pressures on archaeological resources. This ques- t ion has par t icular relevance t o the future health and influence of the C.A.A.

Jeff Hunston (Council for Yukon Indians) THE YUKON: FRONTIER ALTERNATIVES TO THE TRADITIONAL ARCHAEO- LOGICAL SOCIETY

In Northern Canada, small, widely scattered population centres characterized by few institu- tionally based professional archaeologists and a public that is only minimally aware of archaeological resources, pose severe constraints on the development of 'traditional' archaeological soci- eties. In the Yukon, native organizations and organizations with a broad heritage mandate, ie. Yukon Historical & Museums Association, have fill- ed the role of a separate archaeological society. Through such activities as; publications, lecture series, conferences, political lobbying, and museum exhibits, these organizations have carried out the functions of what would normally be the domain of an archaeological society in Southern Canada. The 'heritage front' approach has proven to be a success and an effective solution to the limitations of personal, distance, ethnicity, money, and low level of professional archaeological capability.

D. J. Huntley, D. I. Godfrey-Smith and M.L. Thewalt (Simon Fraser university) OPTICAL DATING OF SEDIMENTS

A new method for dating sediments is proposed in which the time since the sediment was last exposed to sunlight is determined. A laser is used to excite electrons from thermally-stable light- sensitive electron traps and the subsequent luminescence is measured. The luminescence intensity can be used to determine the past radiation dose and hence the age. preliminary experiments show very promising results.

H. Jarvis (University of Toronto) INAA OF TYPICAL HURON AND BLUE MOUNTAIN PUNCTATE POTTERY AND SOME COMPARISONS WITH OHIO MATERIAL

Pottery sherd samples from the Auger site, Simcoe County, Ontario, and several Eastern On- tario sites were irradiated with thermal neutrons from the SLOiJPOKE Facility at the University of Toronto to activate short half-life isotopes. An unusual pottery type, Blue Mountain Punctate, was compared with more typical Huron pottery to determine if they were manufactured with the same source clay and tempering agents. These results were compared with those obtained from Ohio material and the implications will be discussed.

T i m Jones ( Saskatchewan Archaeological Society) THE SASKATCHEiJAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY'S EDUCATION PROGRAM, 1977-1985

T h i s paper i s a companion t o t h a t presented by Marvel Houston, President of the S.A.S., singl- ing out one of the key programs of the Society for further discussion.

The S.A.S. has one of the most active membership education programs of Canadian archaeological societ ies . This paper i s mainly a description of the programs and a c t i v i t i e s directed t o tha t end, but it includes a perspective on the need for archaeological education of various sectors in society, and therefore looks t o the future insofar as similar organizations are concerned.

P . J . Ju l ig (University of Toronto) PREHISTORIC SITE SURVEY I N THE WESTERN JAMES BAY LOFJLANDS, NORTHERN ONTARIO

Hudson and James Bay Lowlands have generally been regarded as sparsely u t i l i zed by prehistoric populations, however, major portions of t h i s region remain unsurveyed or have received cursory examination. This paper reports on survey along and i n the v ic in i ty of the lower Albany River drainage. S i t e s on high heavily wooded r iver t e r - races suggest cold weather use (or possibly early spring, high water avoidance). Most s i t e s on lower terraces along major channels are destroyed by channel meandering and/or ice plowing during spring breakup. Results suggest a greater prehis- t o r i c use of the Lowlands than has previously been inferred.

Mima Kapaches (Ontario Archaeological Society) CHANGES I N THE O.A.S . I N ITS OVER 30 YEARS OF HISTORY

Founded i n 1950 the O . A . S . i s possibly one of the longest continuously act ive archaeological societ ies in Canada. Beginning with a membership of thirty-two persons based i n Toronto it has ex- panded t o over 700 members i n s ix centres across Ontario. F a i t h the growth of membership, standard- ization of our publication se r i e s , and increased needs of regularizing operations the OAS hired a par t time administrator i n 1979. Although we fondly remember the informal days of the procedure of the O . A . S . the r e a l i t y of the 1980's i s that t h i s method of operation is no longer feasible . Today the O.A.S . i s a non-profit business with a l l concomitant respons ib i l i t i es . However, the grow-

i n g p a i n s o f t h e s e developments a r e f a r from complete, and n e i t h e r i s the economic f u t u r e as s t a b l e a s w e would l i k e . I t i s hoped t h a t a d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e s e matters, as t h e y p e r t a i n t o t h e OAS, w i l l be o f r e l e v a n c e t o o t h e r a r c h a e o l o g i c a l s o c i e t i e s i n Canada.

Susan A . Kaplan ( U n i v e r s i t y o f Pennsy lvan ia ) RECTANGULAR STONE STRUCTURES AND THE EARLY NEOESKIMO OCCUPA- T I O N OF LABRADOR

L a b r a d o r ' s m u l t i - t i e r e d r e c t a n g u l a r s t o n e s t r u c t u r e s w e r e f i r s t d i s c u s s e d by the c o u s i n s Gathorne-Hardy (1922, 1963) , who i n v e s t i g a t e d a group o f these s t r u c t u r e s found on Scu lp in I s l a n d , i n the Nain area. S i m i l a r s t r u c t u r e s have been mentioned by Tanner (1941) and IJenner (1947 ) , and have been i n v e s t i g a t e d by Matthews (1975 ) . The Gathorne-Hardys have proposed that the s t o n e s t r u c t u r e s were e i ther b u i l t by the Norse o r By I n u i t i n f l u e n c e d by the Norse, w h i l e Matthews has argued t h a t the s t r u c t u r e s w e r e c o n s t r u c t e d by I n u i t i n f l u e n c e d by 16 th c e n t u r y European v i s i t - o r s .

A s a r e s u l t o f Torngat Archaeology P r o j e c t su rveys and more r e c e n t work done i n the 1 9 8 0 ' s a long the Labrador c o a s t , a number of s i t e s o f t e n c o n t a i n i n g o v e r a dozen s i n g l e - t i e r e d o r mu l t i - t i e r e d r e c t a n g u l a r s t o n e s t r u c t u r e s have been i n - v e s t i g a t e d . The s i tes a r e o f t e n on raised bou lde r beaches n e a r ra t t les o r a t the s i n a . Mapping, ex- c a v a t i o n s , and s e t t l e m e n t p a t t e r n s t u d i e s sugges t t h a t the r e c t a n g u l a r s t o n e s t r u c t u r e s w e r e occupied by p r e c o n t a c t and p o s s i b l y e a r l y c o n t a c t Neo- eskimo groups l i v i n g i n Labrador between the 1 5 t h and 1 7 t h c e n t u r i e s . The e a r l y - Neoeskimos' adapta- t i o n s t o Labrador w i l l be d i s c u s s e d i n l i g h t o f these a n a l y s e s .

Brenda Kennedy ( U n i v e r s i t y o f Ca lgary) A SIXTEENTH CENTURY BASQUE CEMETERY FROM RED BAY, LABRADOR

Ongoing a r c h a e o l o g i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n Red Bay, Labrador , have r evea l ed the presence of a l a r g e Basque cemetery a t the e a s t e r n end o f Saddle I s l a n d ( A r e a L). Excavat ions have produced the remains o f o v e r 115 i n d i v i d u a l s from a series of s i n g l e and m u l t i p l e i n t e rmen t s as w e l l a s a group o f unbur ied dead. General and s p e c i f i c c h a r a c t e r - i s t i c s of the b u r i a l f e a t u r e s are d i s cus sed , and a p r e l i m i n a r y a n a l y s i s of t h e s k e l e t a l remains p r e - s e n t e d .

Ian T. Kenyon (Ontario Ministry of Citizenship and Culture) William R. Fitzgerald (McGill University) DUTCH GLASS BEADS IN THE NORTHEAST: AN ONTARIO RE-EVALUATION

A computer-generated comparison of late 16th and early 17th century glass bead assemblages from Iroquoian, French, and Dutch occupations has revealed that following two shared bead periods a divergence occurred between Ontario Iroquoian sites and those of New York and Pennsylvania. Historical evidence suggests this regional distinction was an immediate result of the establishment of a Dutch presence along the Hudson and Dealware Rivers after 1609. The isolation of a distinctive Dutch glass bead assemblage will not only assist in chronological refinements but also provide insight into the nature of early 17th century native trade.

Olga Klimko (Saskatchewan Research Council) GRANT AND MCLEOD: AN INSTANT IN TIME

Major excavations have been completed at two late 18th century fur trade posts on the Saskat- chewan River, in east central Saskatchewan, as part of the Nipawin Reservoir Heritage Study, funded by the Saskatchewan Power Corporation. The posts represent simultaneous two year occupations by David Grant, an independent trader, and by Archibald McLeod of the Northwest Company, from 1793-1 795.

Although the site had been subject to period- ic flooding and ice scouring throughout the past 200 years, structural remains did survive. Two houses, approximately 40 to 50m apart, were found providing structural and settlement pattern data. The material culture remains, although mainly com- posed of faunal materials, provided insights into the economic and social aspects of the posts. The structural and artifactual data also revealed various cultural and behavioural processes, such as refuse disposal patterns, modifications, and re- use, occurring at the posts.

Sid Kroker (Manitoba Museum of Man and Nature) IDENTITY AND QUANTITY: PROBLEMS PRESENTED BY FRAGMENTED ARTIFACTS

Broken artifacts, particularly those of glass and ceramics,. cause special problems for archaeological cataloguing as the provenience of the

fragments often differs. To retain locational integrity, each fragment must be considered unique. However, analysis entails subsuming this in- dividuality in terms of overall identity. The re- sulting problems of codification and quantifica- tion are examined and the solution utilized by the CHIN cataloguers at the Manitoba Museum of Man and Nature is presented.

Sid Kroker (~ssociation of Manitoba ~rchaeologists) THE PROFESSIONALIZATION OF MANITOBA ARCHAEOLOGISTS

This paper details the history of the Associ- ation of Manitoba Archaeologists from the founding in 1973. Established as a vehicle to promote Man- itoba archaeology, and address professional concerns, the Association has evolved through several phases : academic, advocative, activists, and apa- thetic. Current activities are discussed and future directions are examined. Reference will be made to the health of the discipline in Manitoba, and what the future holds for career archaeologists and advocationists.

Karla Kusmer (~imon Fraser, Burnaby) OWL PELLET TAPHONOMY: ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS

Owls are common contributors to microverte- brate deposits in caves and rockshelters. Deter- mination of agents responsible for deposition of small animal remains is important for both cultural and paleoecological reasons. Discrepancies in previously reported characteristics of owl depos- ited bone indicate the total range of variation in the characteristics has not been documented. In this paper processes involved 'in owl pellet formation and deposition are explicitly considered to extend our knowledge of this variation. Bone characteristics derived from actualistic analyses of pellets from two owl species are discussed.

Susan B.M. Langley (University of Calgary) HABBAKUK: SECOND WORLD \JAR VESSEL PROTOTYPE

Operation Habbakuk was the brainchild of an eccentric English genius. It fired the imagina- tions of Lord Louis Mountbatten and Sir \?inston Churchill who saw in it the key to an early Allied victory.

Although materials testing and design research were carried out in many places, the proto-

type for an unsinkable a i r c r a f t ca r r i e r was b u i l t on Patr ic ia Lake i n Jasper National Park. Due t o developments i n other areas of technology and the changing venues of the war, the projects never reached frui t ion and the prototype was scut t led a t the t e s t s i t e .

The recording of t h i s unique s i t e represents one phase of a larger , long range project dealing with a number of h i s t o r i c resources submerged in Alberta. The others include a sternwheel steam- boat and the remains of the lumber m i l l which i s serviced i n Waterton Lake, Tdaterton Lakes National Park, and two v i l lage s i t e s and three dams i n Lake Minnewanka, Banff National Park.

other goals of fhe project include informa- t ion on the chemical and mechanical e f fec ts of long term inundation i n freshwater, such as the degree and ra te of wood degradation. Various survey and mapping techniques are a lso being attempt- ed and compared for efficiency.

M . Latta (University of Toronto) I N SEARCH O F THE I N D I V I D U A L I N PREHISTORY: THE HURON POTTER

Close s t y l i s t i c analysis, involving defini- t ion of individual as well as population-wide varia t ions within archaeological assemblages, requires consideration of the meaning of archaeological a t t r ibu tes . Although there i s considerble dis- agreement as t o the specif ic t r a i t s best suited for such analysis, researchers generally agree t h a t such t r a i t s m u s t be:

1. so simple tha t minimal personal inventiveness may be presumed i n the i r creation,

2. so common within s i t e s tha t t h e i r symbolic content may be presumed t o be extremely low,

3 . distr ibuted over an extensive chronological and geographical area, so tha t t h e i r occurrence may be presumed t o be independent of short-term fashion changes, and

4. repe t i t ive i n nature, requiring habit-forming motions for t h e i r execution.

This paper examines prehis tor ic ceramic assemblages of broken sherds and a se r i e s of com- p le t e vessels from southern Ontario, drawing upon recent research i n forensic science and ethnoarchaeology t o define a group of t r a i t s which best

exemplify the above conditions. Groups of traits were independently defined using Average-Link Cluster Analysis and Discriminant Analysis. The results of these test are discussed with emphasis on their utility for defining ceramic subassem- blages which may be equated with individual pot- ters.

P. Lennox, C.F. Dodd (Ontario Ministry of Transportations and Communications) and C.R. Murphy (McMaster University) SALVAGE EXCAVATIONS AT THE WINACEK SITE (BcGw-26) : A LATE MIDDLEPORT IROQUOIAN VILLAGE, SIMCOE COUNTY, ONTARIO

Salvage excavations were undertaken on a one- hectare Iroquoian village in Simcoe County, On- tario, which was threatened by proposed highway construction. Aside from the complete excavation of two longhouses measuring approximately 35 meters in length, a large outside-of-house area and a midden were also examined, providing excellent artifact, faunal and floral representations. Highlights of the various analyses are presented with special emphasis given to Huron lithic technology, the vagaries of Iroquoian ceramic typology, settlement and subsistence strategies and sample bias.

Kenneth R. Lister (Royal Ontario Museum) HISTORICALLY DOCUMENTED FISH WEIR LOCATIONS AND HUMAN OCCU- PATION : EVIDENCE FROM THE SHAMATTAWA AND NORTH IJASHAGAMI RIVERS, HUDSON BAY L0'6JLAND

The history and nature of human occupation in the Hudson Bay Lowland is not well known. Pat- terns of native subsistence and group composition following European contact are unclear and the cultural-chronological sequence for the pre-Euro- pean period has yet to be developed.

Ethnohistorical methodology utilizing ethno- logical, archival and archaeological data is employed in a study aimed at furthering our understanding of the cultural history of the Hudson Bay Lowland. Specific areas on the Shamattawa and North Washagami Rivers were archaeologically investigated on the basis of ethnographic analogy in combination with historically documented fish weir locations.

Fish are an important resource amongst the Indians of the subarctic with productive fishing locations receiving recurrent usage. Evidence of human activities at documented fish weir locations on these

t w o r i v e r s i n d i c a t e s s u b s t a n t i a l occupa t i on over t i m e and space w h i l e also p rov id ing i n s i g h t i n t o b e h a v i o r a l a d a p t a t i o n .

Stephen Lor ing ( U n i v e r s i t y o f ~assachusetts/Arriherst) KEEPING THINGS WHOLE: THE LAST THOUSAND YEARS O F I N D I A N (INNUT) OCCUPATION IN NORTHERN LABRADOR

S ince 1982 an archaeological-ethnohistorical r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t h a s been underway a l o n g the cen- t r a l Labrador c o a s t and a d j a c e n t i n t e r i o r r e g i o n s f o c u s i n g on t h e l a s t 1000 y e a r s of I n d i a n occupa- t i o n . P r e l im ina ry r e s u l t s sugges t t ha - t t h e r e i s an unbroken c u l t u r a l continuum from the Innu (Naskap i ) o f the e t h n o h i s t o r i c a l l i t e r a t u r e t o t h e p receed ing p r o t o h i s t o r i c ( P t . Revenge) I n d i a n occupa t i ons . An unde r s t and ing o f t h e consequences o f changing s u b s i s t e n c e - s e t t l e m e n t s t r a t e g i e s ( t e r r e s t r i a l : i n t e r i o r v s . mar i t ime: c o a s t a l ) a r e a f f o r d e d both by a r c h a e o l o g i c a l excava t i ons and by i n s i g h t s ga ined from a n a l y s i s o f the p a p e r s and photographs o f W i l l i a m Brooks Cabot, an amateur a n t h r o p o l o g i s t who t r a v e l l e d among t h e Innu between 1903-1910.

The succes s o f the l a t e Ind i an c u l t u r e s i n Labrador must be viewed i n p a r t from a s o c i a l pe r - s p e c t i v e . Throughout the p e r i o d i n q u e s t i o n the Ind i an c u l t u r e s have mainta ined t h e i r e t h n i c i t y i n t h e f a c e o f c o n t a c t with a number o f d i f f e r e n t c u l t u r e s i n c l u d i n g Late Dorse t , Neoeskimo, and European ( i n c l u d i n g perhaps , a t an e a r l y d a t e , the Nor se ) . The i m p l i c a t i o n s of t h i s r e s e a r c h f o r ex- p l a i n i n g t h e maintenance o f I n d i a n - I n u i t e t h n i c boundar ies w i l l be d i s c u s s e d .

Mart in Magne ( U n i v e r s i t y of Manitoba) REGRESSION AND SCALING MODELS OF PROJECTILE POINT AND STONE TOOL ETHNICITY

Prev ious ly r e p o r t e d s u c c e s s f u l methods o f de te rmin ing t h e e t h n i c i t y of a r c h a e o l o g i c a l assem- b l a g e s a t Eagle Lake and e lsewhere h a v e been i m - proved and extended t o i n c l u d e e n t i r e l i t h i c as - semblages as w e l l a s s m a l l s ide-notched p r o j e c t i l e p o i n t s . Comparison o f a r t i f a c t s from Athapaskan r e g i o n s (Eag le Lake, Anahim Lake, Punchaw Lake) and S a l i s h r e g i o n s (mouth o f the C h i l c o t i n , W i l l i a m s Lake, Hat Creek, L i l l o o e t ) show complex y e t meaningful d i f f e r e n c e s i n p r o j e c t i l e p o i n t form and a r t i f a c t t y p e c o a s s o c i a t i o n s . The poten- t i a l o f t h e e x i s t i n g m u l t i v a r i a t e models l i e s i n f u t u r e a p p l i c a t i o n t o a d j a c e n t Athapaskan and S a l i s h r eg ions .

Martin Magne (University of Manitoba) and R.G. Matson (University of British ~olumbia) A PRELIMINARY MODEL OF ATHAPASKAN MOVEMENTS ON THE INTERIOR PLATEAU

This paper discusses the implications of the Eagle Lake project for understanding the nature of Athapaskan migration in British Columbia. Th e major factors perceived through time in the Chil- cotin case are the White River volcanic eruption, salmon resource competition, fur trade era economic and demographic pressures, and ethnic group interrelations.

Susan L. Maltby (Canadian Conservation ~nstitute) CONSERVATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL BALEEN

Baleen artifacts in a variety of forms are commonly recovered from Neoeskimo sites. This paper discusses the structure and physical properties of baleen, its uses by Neoeskimo and European groups, and its tendency to deteriorate after it has been unearthed. A set of guidelines and specific procedures are offered so that archaeologists can prevent unnecessary damage to their art- if acts.

Roger Marois (Archaeological Survey of ~anada) NORMALISER QUI? NORMALISER QUOI?

No abstract.

Judy Marsh (Archaeological Survey of Canada) AN EXPERIMENTAL MULTI RECORD TYPE DATABASE FOR COLLECTIONS MANAGEMENT

The Archaeological Survey of Canada, in coop- eration with CHIN, has spent the past three years developing an experimental multi record type database for collections management purposes. The database currently contains two record types, site and accession, which are fully cross referenced. The decision to document the collection at the accession, rather than specimen, level was prompt- ed by both manpower and financial consideration. The data base reflects, and reinforces the inter- relationship between the Sites, Collections, and Scientific Records sections of the Archaeological Survey of Canada.

Judy Marsh (~rchaeological Survey of ~anada) THE VIABILITY OF A NATIONAL SITES DATABASE: THE RESULTS OF A USER WORKSHOP

A workshop, attended by sites database users, will be held in Victoria on March 20-22. The purpose of this workshop is to examine the possibili- ty of creating a national sites database. The issues to be discussed will include the uses to which such a database would be put, standardiza- tion, applicable fields, security and the release of information. Central to the discussion will be the question of the viability of such a database. This paper will present the results of the workshop and will contain the final recommendations of the group regarding a national database.

R.G. Matson (University of British Columbia) OVERVIEW OF THE EAGLE LAKE ARCHAEOLOGY PROJECT 1979-1984.

This paper describes the research rationale and methodology for the Eagle Lake project. Rea- sons for choosing the study area, development of the Parallel Direct Historic Approach, survey design and excavation strategies are discussed.

Moira McCaffrey (McGill University) and Charles A. Martijin (~inist$re des Affaires culturelles, ~u&bec) A FIRST GLIMPSE AT THE PREHISTORY OF THE MAGDALEN ISLANDS, GULF OF ST. LAWRENCE

A preliminary view of the prehistory of the Magdalen Islands is presented, based primarily on the recent analysis of stone tools and debitage surface-collected from nine archaeological sites. A small number of diagnostic artifacts suggest a£- finities to assemblages dating from the late Arch- aic or the early Woodland period in the Maritimes. Some of the artifacts are tentatively assigned to earlier periods. Most of the lithic raw material appears to be of local provenience; however, one stone type is thought to originate from Cape Breton Island. The archaeological data is compli- mented by ethnohistorical research on Micmac canoe travel to the islands and aboriginal resource utilization in the Gulf during the early Historic period.

David McLeod (university of ~anitoba) THE METIS FARMER/MERCHANT PATTERN IN THE RED RIVER SETTLE- MENT

Archival and archaeological data are used to identify a Metis farmer/merchant artifact pat-

tern. Comparisons are made within the group of assemblages comprising the pattern, and the pattern is compared with non-~6tis assemblages in the Red River Settlement. Methods and results of analyses are discussed.

Donald H. Mitchell (University of Victoria) and David L. Pokotylo (University of British Columbia) AN ANALYSIS OF INTERASSEMBLAGE VARIABILITY AMONG OLD CORDIL- LERAN CULTURE COMPONENTS IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST

In this paper we present a systematic description of the flaked stone tool assemblages from the two earliest components (Milliken and Mazama phase occupations) at the Milliken site (Di~i3), located in British Columbia's Lower Fraser River Canyon. We then compare the relationships of these assemblages to nineteen documented Early Period (i. e. pre-5000 B. P. ) site components in the Pacific Northwest using a multivariate analysis of inter-assemblage variability.

E .L. Molto (Lakehead University) and P. Lennox (Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications) THE ARCHAEOLOGY AND SKELETAL BIOLOGY OF THE E.C. ROW SITE, ESSEX COUNTY, ONTARIO

Salvage excavations undertaken at the E. C. Row site, Windsor, Ontario, in the 1984 season, gathered archaeological and biological data pertaining to the Late Springwells Phase of the Young Tradition. From either perspective, the contrast with materials of the Ontario Iroquois Tradition is remarkable, suggesting distinct cultural and biological affinities.

S. Monckton (university of or onto) HURON PALEOETHNOBOTANY: NEW DATA FROM THE AUGER SITE, SOUTH- ERN ONTARIO

Carbonized plant remains recovered from the Auger site, a protohistoric Huron village site in southern Ontario, reveal a broad range of taxa. Among these, archaeological Evening Primrose, St. John's-wort and Peppergrass are reported for the first time.

Gregory G. Monks (university of ~anitoba) AN EVOLUTIONARY MODEL OF THE RED RIVER SETTLEMENT, 1821-1870

u

This paper will develop a diachronic systems model of cultural evolution in the Red River Settlement between 1821 and 1870. The model will

focus on socio-economic re la t ions between d i f f e r - en t groups within the settlement through the use of documentary and archaeological data.

Richard E . Morlan (National Museums of ~ a n a d a ) SOME PALEOECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF MICROTINE RODENTS FROM THE BLUEFISH CAVES, NORTHERN YUKON TERRITORY

In addition t o the e a r l i e s t primary archaeo- logica l evidence i n eastern Beringia, the Bluefish Caves have produced a large sample of vertebrate remains among which are a t l eas t s i x species of microtine rodents: Clethrionomys, Dicrostonyx, Lemrnus, Microtus Miurus, M. oeconomus and M . xanthognathus. Late Pleistocene and Holocene compon- en ts a re c lear ly distinguishable from one another throughout the s i t e , and within the caves each component can be subdivided into two or more chronostratigraphic uni ts . T h i s paper w i l l d i s - cuss the paleoecological significance of varia- t ions i n taxonomic abundance through the sequence, differences in endogenous and exogenous assemblage composition, contrasts between north-facing Cave 1 and south-facing Cave 2 , and changes in body s ize t h a t are reflected in tooth measurements.

David A . Morrison (Archaeological Survey of Canada) NOTCHED POINTS, MICROBLADES AND THE MIDDLE PREHISTORIC PERIOD I N THE MACKENZIE VALLEY

The middle prehis tor ic period in the MacKen- z i e valley i s characterized above a l l by the appearance of microblades and of ear ly notched points , and appears t o span the l a s t four thousand years B.C. Art i fact assemblages from f ive com- plexes are br ie f ly characterized and compared, and several a l ternat ive dating schemes are discussed. I t i s suggested tha t t h i s material can be best accommodated in MacNeish ' s old Northwest Micro- blade t rad i t ion , rather than i n the Alaskan-based framework of the Denali and Northern Archaic trad- i t i o n s . The model of cu l tura l discontinuity ap- pl icable t o much of in t e r io r Alaskan and the Yukon may be inappropriate t o the MacKenzie valley.

C . R . Murphy (McMaster universi ty) THE SAVAGE SITE: IROQUOIAN EXPANSION I N T O EXTREME SOUTHWEST- ERN ONTARIO

The 15th century Savage s i t e ( ~ d ~ m - 2 9 ) represents the e a r l i e s t and westernmost documented Iroquoian occupation i n Kent County, Ontario. As

expec ted , t h e c u l t u r a l remains i n c l u d e ceramics c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f the Wolf Phase o f t h e Yonge T r a d i t i o n . Th is paper w i l l examine t h e Savage s i t e i n r e l a t i o n t o I r o q u o i s expansion i n t o t h e r e g i o n and d i s c u s s the o v e r a l l c u l t u r a l sequence o f extreme sou thwes te rn On ta r io du r ing t h e second mil lenium A.D.

M. Newman and P. J u l i g ( U n i v e r s i t y of Toron to) A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON BLOOD RESIDUE ANALYSIS OF ARTIFACTS FROM CUMMINS SITE, THUNDER BAY, ONTARIO

T . Loy [I9821 h a s shown t h a t l i t h i c a r t i f a c t s o f t e n r e t a i n blood f i l m s r e s u l t i n g from t h e i r o r i - g i n a l u se , and t h a t such r e s i d u e s may be analyzed t o de te rmine s p e c i e s of o r i g i n . The use of such methodologies and r e s u l t s o f a n a l y s i s o f l i t h i c a r t i f a c t s from Cumrnins Paleo-Indian s i t e bog and beach r i d g e sediments w i l l b e cons idered .

L e s l e y A. N i c h o l l s ( U n i v e r s i t y of Ca lgary) O N D I N I - A HISTORIC ZULU KRAAL I S REBORN

A s a r e s u l t of i n t e n s i v e redevelopment a t Ulundi , KwaZulu, the Kraa l o f Cetshweyo, t h e l a s t Zulu King, w a s l o c a t e d and excava ted . The s i t e i s now be ing r e c o n s t r u c t e d u s ing t r a d i t i o n a l b u i l d i n g methods and it w i l l s e r v e a s t h e Regional Museum o f KwaZulu.

T h i s paper w i l l d i s c u s s s o m e o f the methods used i n l o c a t i n g and mapping t h e s i t e , i n recon- s t r u c t i n g the b u i l d i n g s , and f u t u r e p l a n s f o r the s i t e a s both a museum and focus o f Zulu c u l t u r a l p r i d e .

M.L. Parker (M.L. Pa rke r Company, I n c . , Vancouver) SIGNIFICANCE OF EAGLE LAKE DENDROCHRONOLOGY

Tree- r ing c u t t i n g d a t e s rang ing from 1851 t o 1877 w e r e ob t a ined from 35 c h a r c o a l samples from EkSa 36, a C h i l c o t i n s i t e l o c a t e d i n t h e B r i t i s h Columbia i n t e r i o r . Although t h e s e lodgepole p i n e ( P i n u s c o n t o r t a Doug L . ) samples appeared t o be o f poor dendrochronolog ica l q u a l i t y , d a t e s w e r e ob- t a i n e d by matching r ing-width p a t t e r n s , us ing a computer c r o s s d a t i n g t echn ique . The a rchaeo log i - ca l t r e e - r i n g samples w e r e c r o s s d a t e d a g a i n s t a " l i v i n g - t r e e " chronology d e r i v e d from lodgepole p i n e trees growing i n t h e Eagle Lake a r e a . A Douglas - f i r (Pseudotsuga m e n z i e s i i (Mirb.) ~ r a n c o ) t r e e - r i n g chronology was b u i l t from Eagle Lake

trees and ex t ends back i n t i m e t o 1380 A.D. D a t - i n g w a s v e r i f i e d by comparison o f Eagle Lake chronolog ies w i t h other r e g i o n a l ch rono log i e s . Some d a t e s were ob t a ined from ba rk - s t r i pped t r e e s .

L.A. Pav l i sh and R . G . V . Hancock ( u n i v e r s i t y o f or onto) NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF POTTERY FROM THE REPUBLIC OF BELAU WESTERN CAROLINE ISLANDS MICRONESIA

P o t t e r y s h e r d samples from the i s l a n d s o f Koror and Babeldoab i n t h e Belauan Archipelago ( fo rmer ly ~ a l a u ) , Western Ca ro l i ne I s l a n d s , Micro- n e s i a , w e r e i r r a d i a t e d with thermal neu t rons from the SLOFIPOKE F a c i l i t y a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Toronto t o a c t i v a t e s h o r t h a l f - l i f e i s o t o p e s . The neu t ron a c t i v a t i o n a n a l y s i s o f two she rd t y p e s ( t h i n and t h i c k wa l l ed ) show t h e m t o have s i m i l a r e lementa l makeup. A n examinat ion o f the s h o r t l i v e d i s o t o p - es i n c l a y sou rce s on the i s l a n d s s u g g e s t a a t the p o t t e r y w a s i nd igenous ly made w i t h m a t e r i a l from s p e c i f i c l o c a t i o n s . These o b s e r v a t i o n s h a v e i m - p l i c a t i o n s with i n t h e a r c h a e o l o g i c a l c o n t e x t .

Rod P ickard (Parks Canada) ARCHAEOLOGICAL VISIBILITY, SITE LOCATION, AND SITE EVALUA- TION JASPER NATIONAL PARK

The r e s u l t s o f two y e a r s i n v e s t i g a t i o n (1983- 1984) i n J a s p e r Na t iona l Park demons t ra ted tha t g e o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s e s have d i f f e r e n t i a l l y b u r i e d t h e p r e h i s t o r i c r e c o r d i n t h e Athabasca River v a l - l e y . This p r e sen t ed major methodological problems du r ing t h e r e g i o n a l su rvey p r o j e c t . T e s t excava- t i o n s a t the Track S i t e (FhQ1-6) conf i rmed t h a t weakly developed s o i l s and v o l c a n i c t e p h r a s can be u s e f u l i n i n t e r p r e t i n g a e o l i a n mant led c u l t u r a l h o r i z o n s . T e s t i n g a t two s i tes n e a r P a t r i c i a Lake (~f~m-26;FfQm-34) r e s u l t e d i n the d i s c o v e r y o f sha l l owly b u r i e d und i agnos t i c c u l t u r a l material. The SURFACE II computer mapping program has proved u s e f u l i n i n t e r p r e t i n g sy s t ema t i c t e s t i n g r e s u l t s from FfQm-26. Eva lua t ion of r e g i o n a l su rvey f ind- i n g s sugges t t h a t p r e h i s t o r i c s i tes t e n d t o c l u s - t e r around qua r ry sou rce s , m ine ra l l i c k s , p o i n t s o f a cce s s , and w a t e r bod ies .

Jean-Luc P i l o n ( U n i v e r s i t y o f Toronto) CULTURE HISTORY AND ETHNICITY I N THE HUDSON'S BAY LOWLANDS

Archaeo log ica l and e thnograph ic work w a s undertaken by the au tho r a long t h a t p o r t i o n o f the

lower Severn River lying within the Hudson Bay Lowland physiographic area. As a r e su l t , it i s now possible t o document a way of l i f e centred on the exploitat ion of caribou which began about 1500 years ago.

The e a r l i e s t evidence of human presence found t o date i s i n the order of 2000 years old. This adaptive pattern involved modification of a number of cu l tura l behaviours such as l i t h i c and bone indus t r ies , seasonal cycles, e tc . . These modifica- t ions allowed year-round residence within the Lowlands. These manifestations are , archaeologi- ca l ly a t l e a s t , quite d i f f e ren t from neighbouring area. I t thus becomes d i f f i c u l t t o accommodate these material differences with the accepted eth- n ic homogeniety which i s documented across northern Ontario and Manitoba i n h i s t o r i c times. I t would perhaps be more informative t o attempt t o understand the s imi la r i t i e s and differences between soc ia l units such as the band, whose r e a l i t y i s more eas i ly substantiated. A s a f i r s t s tep, the d i rec t h i s t o r i c approach can help identify geographic area occupied by these units .

Suzanne Plousos (Parks Canada) LANDSCAPE ARCHAEOLOGY AT THE ENTRANCE VALLEY OF THE RIDEAU CANAL I N OTTAWA: 1980-84

The Entrance Valley lockstation was con- s t ructed i n the 1820's u t i l i z i n g Neoclassical design elements typical of Brit ish mil i tary s i t e s of tha t period. After the Brit ish relinquished con- t r o l of the s i t e i n 1856, i ts appearance deterior- ated as commercial in t e res t took precedence. I n - creasing t o u r i s t t r a f f i c a f t e r the t u r n of the century aroused concern for s i t e beautif ication hence l a t e Victorian and 20th century features were introduced. Many aspects of t h i s landscape development were explored during archaeological excavations by Parks Canada. Neoclassical landscape elements w i l l be re insta ted following completion of the locks reconstruction i n 1990. Replication or or iginal features w i l l emphasize the lockstations her i tage origins for contemporary society.

Peter Priess (parks ~ a n a d a ) ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION AT THE FORKS

The junction of the Red and Assiniboine riv- e r s i n downtown Winnipeg ("The Forks") i s recognized as an h i s t o r i c location for i t s association

with a number of a c t i v i t i e s in the h i s to ry of Red River and Western Canada. Its inclusion as a component of the Red River ARC program and access t o par t of the area necessitated archaeological i n - vestigations t o locate, assess and ident i fy cul- t u r a l resources as a component of s i t e planning for development.

The excavations encountered two areas of 19th century construction, probably associated with the fur trade, par t of a l a t e 19th century railway s t ructure and the f i r s t conclusive indication of prehis tor ic presence a t t h i s location. Location of the s i t e i n an urban se t t ing also provides the basis for comments on complicating factors in project organization and log i s t i c s .

J. Michael Quigg (Ethos Consultants ~ t d . ) THE CROWN SITE: A STRATIFIED SITE I N THE SOUTHERN BOREAL FOREST OF SASKATCHEWAN

The Crown s i t e , located i n the Nipawin region of east central Saskatchewan along the Saskatche- wan River valley contained s t r a t i f i e d , multiple occupations re la t ing t o two Middle Prehistoric periods, plus an intr iguing Late Prehis tor ic occupation. The lowest levels contained a se r i e s of th in McKean occupations s t ra t igraphical ly separat- ed from multiple Hanna occupations. These l i e be- neath a Late Prehistoric event i n which side- notched and small tr iangular points were associated with Laurel fabr ic impressed ceramics. A ser- i e s of radiocarbon dates provide time controls on these events which began ca. 4200 years B . P . Faun- a l remains indicated exploitation of a diverse food resource base during the McKean times which became more r e s t r i c t ed through time. The a r t i f a c t assemblages were directed towards food acquisi t ion and preparation, plus cooking a c t i v i t i e s . This paper highlights the three main cu l tura l events and discusses t h e i r implications.

Linda Roberts ( ~ i n n i p e g ) INTERPRETATION O F H I S T O R I C AND PREHISTORIC FAUNAL REMAINS FROM EAGLE LAKE

This paper discusses the r e su l t s of faunal analysis of three s i t e s i n the Eagle Lake region and offers interpretat ions of changes i n subsistence patterns through time i n the region. Given low sample s i ze a t the Boyd s i t e , a t tent ion is focused on prehis tor ic housepits a t the Shields

site, and prehistoric and historic lodge components of the Bear Lake site. Substantial differ- ence among the various components exist in types of fish, large mammal and fur-bearing species that were exploited. Some characteristics of bone artifacts are also described.

Sheila Robinson (Parks Canada) THE ECHO CREEK SITE, BANFF NATIONAL PARK

Salvage archeological investigations at the Echo Creek Site in Banff National Park recovered cultural assemblages from several Late Prehistoric components. Post-field season analyses of lithic and faunal materials along with stratigraphic interpretations provides sign.ificant new information about Late Prehistoric activities in the Vermillion Lakes area. An historic component associated with late nineteenth century commercial dairy operations is also represented.

Nicolas Rolland (University of Victoria) MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC VARIABILITY: NEW FINDINGS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS

The problem of Middle Palaeolithic inter-assemblage variability has created considerable discussion. It contains two aspects namely, a des- criptive one and an interpretative one. New findings on this variability are presented. Their patterns require a reappraisal of the entire issue in terms of both of it's aspects.

Dr. H. Savage and L. Pavlish (university of oro onto) ARROW-POINT DAMAGE TO WHITE-TAILED DEER BONES (ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS)

Stone projectile points hafted on modern arrow shafts were shot into the left side of two white-tailed deer carcasses. The bone damages done to the left scapulae and the left ribs were recorded. The bones were cleaned and the damage was photographically catalogued. The 'bones with projectile pointed embedded in them were X-rayed. The bow used in the experiment was calibrated using both a ballistics pendulum and high speed photography. The 66 cm draw on the bow that was used for the experimental shots produced a range of velocities of between 38 and 40 meters per second and a force on the stone points at impact of between .6 and . 7 kilogrammes per meter [Newtons]. .

The observed damage t o the white- t a i l e d deer bones may provide a useful frame of reference for the interpretat ion of similar damage recovered from archaeological middens.

Barbara F. Schweger and Nancy Kerr (University of Alberta) ANALYSIS O F THE CLOTHING FOUND I N THE FRANKLIN E X P E D I T I O N GRAVES, BEECHEY ISLAND, N.W.T.

I n the summer of 1984, the graves of Torring- ton and Hartwell, members of the l a s t Franklin expedition, were investigated by D r . Owen Beatt ie. Small samples were taken of the clothing and tex- t i l e s found within the coffins. These samples have been analyzed and the clothing u t i l i zed for bur ia l has been described, based upon photographs taken by D r . Beattie and crew. Technical descrip- t ion of the fabrics and description of the clothing i s provided.

Jocelyne Sequin (C .E .R .A .N .E . Inc . ) STRATEGIES AND ADAPTATION I N THE CENTRAL SUBARCTIC: THE CASE O F THE GRAND RIVER BASIN, EAST O F JAMES BAY

From biomass data and the behaviour and habi- t a t of animal species sought a f t e r by man, we have t r i e d t o define the s t ra teg ies and subsistence methods t o the east of James Bay using the Jochin method ( 1 9 7 6 ) . This study was t o serve as a l a s t minute interpretat ion of prehis tor ic hab i t a t s brought to l igh t during the archaeological sectors encountered by the Grand River hydroelectric project .

The model predicted the following for d i f fe r - ent seasons and environments; the composition of the harvest , the carrying capacity ( r e l a t i v e t o a cen t re ) , the s ize of the hunting groups and the possible duration of a journey i n a given centre. The model i l l u s t r a t e s the hazards and precarious- ness of the Central Subarctic to the eas t of James Bay, a centre of l i t t l e production, (both) unfor- seeable (and) f luctuating, which would permit, i n pa r t , a sparse population of permanent res idents , spread throughout the vast t e r r i to ry . Three spe- c ies would especially influence the modes of sub- s is tence and adaptation: caribou, beaver and f i sh . These are the most prof i table and re l i ab le species, but i n d i f ferent seasons and regions. FJe can speak of seasonal, preferent ia l exploitat ion of species and of given areas as the basis of a generalized form of adaptation.

The a rchaeo log ica l d a t a analysed i n t h e LG-2 r eg ion ( ~ a s h a d i m i Region) n e i t h e r confirm nor r e - f u t e t h e hypotheses proposed by t h e model. They d e f i n i t e l y do n o t have t h e same geographical ex- t e n t . However, t hey shed some l i g h t on a ve ry l i k e l y r e c e n t c o l o n i z a t i o n of t h e i n t e r i o r b a s i n o f t h e Grand River , an h y p o t h e s i s which is i n ac- cord wi th t h a t proposed by t h e model p r e d i c t i n g t h a t t h e a r e a t o t h e e a s t of James Bay would no t be permanently s e t t l e d excep t through popu la t ion p r e s s u r e and migrat ion from neighbouring r e g i o n s , o r when some groups would be d r iven from t h e i r c e n t r e s o r o r i g i n . I n t h i s regard , t h e u l t i m a t e cho ice would have been the c o a s t a l p l a i n whose c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t y is mainta ined a t t h e lowest lev- e l r e l a t i v e t o t h e c e n t r e o r anywhere e l s e .

Linda Seyers ( U n i v e r s i t y of Manitoba) FAUNAL ANALYSIS OF UPPER FORT GARRY

Cons t ruc t ion of Upper F o r t Gal;ry began i n 1835. During i t s o p e r a t i v e yea r s , t h e Fo r t se rved a s t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e headqua r t e r s f o r t h e western f u r t r a d e monopoly of t h e ~ u d s o n ' s Bay Company un- til i t s demol i t ion i n 1882. From 1846 t o 1848, t h e S i x t h Regiment of Foot was gar r i soned a t Upper and Lower F o r t s Garry.

Excavations i n 1982 r evea l ed two p r i v y r e f u s e p i t s , t h e deeper of which was used a t l e a s t dur ing t h e S ix th Regiment g a r r i s o n of t h e Upper F o r t . Over 2,000 animal bones were recovered and analyzed , g i v i n g some i n d i c a t i o n a s t o t h e foods ea t en and t h e s u b s i s t e n c e s t r a t e g i e s employed. Compari- son w i t h t h e Delorme Hanse s i t e and t h e Garden S i t e , two ~ g t i s homesteads, w i l l l ead t o t h e iden- t i f i c a t i o n of socio-economic d i f f e r e n c e s .

C . Thomas Shay ( U n i v e r s i t y of Manitoba) THE WOOD ECONOMY OF THE RED R I V E R SETTLEMENT

Ear ly s e t t l e r s i n western Canada t r u l y l i v e d i n an age of wood. This va luab le commodity was used i n b u i l d i n g , h e a t i n g and c r a f t s . I t was es- p e c i a l l y p rec ious on t h e p r a i r i e s where t imber was l a r g e l y confined t o r i v e r v a l l e y s . This was t r u e of Upper F o r t Garry and t h e Red River s e t t l e - ment a t t h e junct ion of t h e Red and Ass in ibo ine r i v e r s . Accounts r e v e a l a firewood sho r t age i n t h e 1 8 2 0 ' s and photographs from 1858 show t r e e l e s s r i v e r banks. This paper examines t h e wood economy of t h e s e t t l e m e n t , ca 1820-1880, through a r c h i v e s , wood and cha rcoa l from Upper Fo r t Garry and o t h e r s i t e s and l a t e r f o r e s t surveys .

P . J . Sheppard, L.A. Pavlish and R.G.V. Hancock (University of Toronto) INAA OF LITHIC MATERIALS FROM EPIPALAEOLITHIC/NEOLITHIC SITES MEDO T E J E I R O AND SAMOUQUEIRA, PORTUGAL: INSIGHTS I N T O ANCIENT TECHNOLOGY AND RAW MATERIAL SOURCES

Li thic materials from two archaeological s i t e s on the southwest coast of Portugal were analysed using the SLOWPOKE reactor Fac i l i ty a t the University of Toronto. The work a t Medo Tejeiro focused on the confirmation of a stone feature in a blowout area behind an Early Neolithic s h e l l midden as a hearth using thermoluminescence ( T L ) . INAA for 14 short h a l f - l i f e elements supported the f i e l d observation tha t the geological source mat- e r i a l was a greywacke tha t outcrops i n the region. Lithic material from the s i t e of Samou- queira was analysed with the purpose of es tabl ish- ing i t s general chemical makeup and suggesting possible source areas. While a l l samples analysed appeared chert-like on visual examination, only f ive actual ly were. The other samples were com- posed of varying amounts of felspar minerals. Activation analysis in t h i s case permitted mineral ident i f icat ion and quantif ications t o be made. These materials are f ine grained and are probably associated with quick cooling volcanic intrusives tha t a re known t o occur i n the local greywackes. Such observations may narrow the search for an- c ient quarry s i t e s , have implication for material selection i n ancient stone tool technologies, and a s s i s t i n the ident i f icat ion of regional pat terns of social interaction.

Donald S. Slater ( ~ a l g a r y ) PREHISTORIC S I T E ENVIRONMENTS ON THE SASKATCHEWAN RIVER, NIPAWIN REGION, SASKATCHEWAN

Two important considerations i n an analysis of prehis tor ic ac t iv i ty a t any part icular archaeological s i t e are: (1) the s e t of environmental conditions which characterized the s i t e a t the time of i t s occupation and ( 2 ) the contemporaneous environmental conditions which characterized other small locations within the resource area for t h a t s i t e . Very often, information regarding these factors i s missing or consists of assumptions and gross generalizations based on d is tan t pollen cores and regional environmental analyses. An ongoing study connected with the Nipawin Dam Arch- aeological Project in Saskatchewan has met with considerable success in identifying local vegeta- t ion regimes and changes from analyses of pollen from sequences of palaeosols i n archaeological s i t e s which have been periodically inundated.

Excellent preservation of organics, plus the f a c t tha t the pollen samples are derived from for- e s t s o i l samples ra ther than the sediment of an open bog or lake basin, has allowed for a much f iner degree of precision than i s normally poss- i b l e i n interpreting paleo-environmental condi- t ions par t icular t o each s i t e . Considered toget- h e r , these sequences can be used t o develop a much more detailed understanding of the regional paleo- environment than i s possible from consideration only of pollen sequences from lake cores. Such d e t a i l can be of great value t o the archaeologist attempting t o describe and explain human l i f e - s ty le s in a highly s t r a t i f i e d environment.

Donald S. S la te r (Calgary) NAKISKATO'WIN: AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY O F LATE PREHISTORIC TO H I S T O R I C ETHNIC INTERACTION AND DEVELOPMENT AT THE BUSH- F I E L D EAST S I T E (FhNa-13)

A s a r e su l t of several years of, archaeologi- ca l studies carried out by the Saskatchewan Research Council i n the Nipawin, Saskatchewan region, a great deal of information has come t o l i g h t regarding the nature of l a t e prehis tor ic as well as h i s t o r i c occupations of t h i s region. The Bushfield East s i t e (FhNa-l3), located on a low terrace of the Saskatchewan River a few kilometres upstream from the town of Nipawin, has proved t o be par t icular ly interest ing i n these studies, i n - pa r t due t o the nature of i t s sedimentation record. Despite serious disturbance caused by rodents and ploughing, the separation of three d i s t i n c t occupation levels by s t e r i l e flood si l ts has allowed a step sequence study of local occupa- t ion h is tory during t h i s c r i t i c a l period of cul- t u r a l interaction and change. Material remains include a human buria l plus an abundance of l i t h - i c s , ceramics, faunal material and hearths. A r t i - f ac tua l materials pertaining t o extra regional connections t o the eas t , south and southwest are described and comparisons are made with other s i t - es i n the Nipawin region. Factors of e thnici ty and cul tura l interaction as well as problems re- l a t ing t o the ident i f icat ion of these i n the archaeological record are discussed.

Brian J. Smith (University of aska at chew an ) THE LEBRET S I T E : AN ALTERNATIVE VIEW OF PLAINS SUBSISTENCE STRATEGY

The Lebret s i t e i s a multicomponent campsite in the Qu'Appelle River Valley of Central Sask- atchewan. The s i t e i s located on the edge of

t h e Grass land Parkland i n t e r f a c e . I n i t i a l t e s t i n g and minor excavat ion y i e l d e d both Avonlea and sev- e r a l L a t e P r e h i s t o r i c Per iod components, a s w e l l a s an H i s t o r i c ~ & t i s s e t t l e m e n t d a t i n g t o t h e e a r - l y 1 9 0 0 ' s . The p r e h i s t o r i c remains i n d i c a t e a very d i v e r s i f i e d economy over a long p e r i o d o f l i k e l y a summer occupat ion. Although on ly i n t h e i n i t i a l s t a g e s of excava t ion t h e ~ e b r e t s i t e h a s r evea l ed that s u b s i s t e n c e p r a c t i c e s o f P l a i n s groups are l i k e l y more d i v e r s i f i e d than is common- l y recognized i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e o r by excava to r s working on t h e P l a i n s . This d i v e r s e economy may have a long t r a d i t i o n i n t h e P l a i n s Parkland a r e a .

Brian E . Spur l ing and Ernes t Walker (Saskatchewan C u l t u r e and Recrea t ion) MAPPING THE MCKEAN COMPLEX

The chronologica l and s p a t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n s of the McKean Complex on the Northern P l a i n s are examined us ing t r e n d s u r f a c e a n a l y s i s . A s w e l l , d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f t h e three p r o j e c t i l e p o i n t t r a d i - t i o n s d i a g n o s i t c of t h e Complex are i n v e s t i g a t e d . Observat ions on e t h n i c i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s and i n t e r - a c t i o n s a r e o f f e r ed .

Carole Stimmell (Un ive r s i t y of Toronto) AN ANALYSIS OF ARCTIC CERAMIC ASSEMBLAGES

The r e l a t i o n s h i p between Norton, Thule and e a r l i e r p o t t e r y assemblages i s a s se s sed us ing t e c h n o l o g i c a l v a r i a b l e s . Neutron a c t i v a t i o n ana l - y s i s and th in - sec t ion petrography a r e used i n com- b i n a t i o n with more t r a d i t i o n a l t echniques o f a rch- a e o l o g i c a l a n a l y s i s t o determine how ceramics w e r e manufactured i n t h e western A r c t i c and how changes i n ceramic technology may r e f l e c t changes i n t h e c u l t u r a l system.

Richard L. Stromberg (Un ive r s i t y o f Toronto) CHIPPED STONE IMPLEMENTS AND THE PREHISTORIC MACKENZIE ESKIMO: THE VIEW FROM CACHE POINT

P r e h i s t o r i c Mackenzie Eskimo c o l l e c t i o n s show a g r e a t e r r e l i a n c e on chipped s tone implements than i s normally a s s o c i a t e d wi th Thule c u l t u r e assemblages. The use o f chipped tools by Eskimos i s w e l l documented i n North Alaska, b u t f h e Mackenzie D e l t a forms are a l s o remin iscen t o f n o r t h e r n Athapaskan t o o l s used f o r s i m i l a r purposes . They should be viewed a s a p r a c t i c a l response t o l o c a l - i z e d cond i t i ons .

R i c h a r d S u t t o n and C a r o l e S t i m r n e l l ( U n i v e r s i t y of T o r o n t o ) A TYPOLOGICAL REASSESSMENT O F MACKENZIE ESKIMO CERAMICS

F o l l o w i n g G r i f f i n and W i l m e t h ( 1 9 6 4 ) , a l l Thule pottery has been placed i n t o t w o types, B a r r o w P l a i n and B a r r o w C u r v i l i n e a r . U s i n g data f r o m pottery a s s e m b l a g e s of three Thule s i tes i n the M a c K e n z i e de l ta , sub-types of B a r r o w Wares have been established w h i c h s e e m t o have spacial , t e m p o r a l and technological s ign i f i cance .

E . L e i g h S y m s ( M a n i t o b a Museum of Man & N a t u r e ) NATIONAL DATA BASES, DATA BASE AUTOMATION, STANDARD1 ZATION , AND SOME PROBLEMS A R I S I N G

F o l l o w i n g a b r ie f discussion of d e v e l o p m e n t s and t rends i n data base a u t o m a t i o n , a n u m b e r of issues are ra ised. Among these are the prolifera- t i o n of i n c o m p a t i b l e data bases and p r o g r a m s , lack of consistency and s tandardiza t ion , d i f f e r en t i n t e r e s t i n recording data , and the l a r g e l y u n t a p - ped po t en t i a l of the data due t o these problems.

H i r o t o T a k a m i y a ( U n i v e r s i t y of or onto) EM AND R E S I S T I V I T Y SURVEY O F COLONEL S M I T H ' S PROPERTIES I N LONG BRANCH, ONTARIO

A 1984 archaeological excavation carried o u t by D e n a D o r o s z e n k o under the a u s p i c e s of the L o n g B r a n c h B o a r d of E d u c a t i o n , w a s s u c c e s s f u l i n lo- c a t i n g the storage sheds belonging t o C o l o n e l S m i t h ' s h o m e s t e a d . The house associated w i t h these sheds w a s no t located although several m a p s showing v a r i o u s locations are avai lable . E l e c t r o - m a g n e t i c (EM) and R e s i s t i v i t y S u r v e y w a s conducted t o d e t e r m i n e the location of C o l o n e l S m i t h ' s h o m e s t e a d .

A survey g r i d of 25 c m x 50 c m w a s l a i d o u t and over 4000 readings w e r e taken. The r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t the h o u s e w a s accurately s h o w n i n one of the m a p s , b u t evidence of i t s presence has been obliterated t o a great e x t e n t . The archaeo- m e t r i c survey w i l l he lp t o n a r r o w the archaeologi- c a l search for the h o m e s t e a d .

Mary A n n T i s d a l e ( U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h ~ o l u m b i a j THE I D E N T I F I C A T I O N OF ORGANIC RESIDUES ON PREHISTORIC POTTERY: PROBLEMS AND POTENTIALS

R e c e n t research has shown tha t traces of organic m a t t e r , or use - res idues , can s u r v i v e on the

surfaces of stone tools for hundreds and perhaps thousands of years. The potent ia l of residue identifcation as a data source for studies of a r t i f a c t function, ac t iv i ty area or assemblage interpretat ion, and ancient d i e t seems clear , but progress toward these goals can only proceed once consistent , re l iab le methods of recording and analysis are developed. Pottery vessels are logical candidates for residue analysis, but the methods applied t o them must cope with conditions of or iginal use, preservation and post-excavation handling.

James A . Tuck (Memorial University of Newfoundland) THE ARCHAEOLOGY O F A POND

This paper consists of two par t s . The f i r s t describes techniques for excavating and recording archaeological material from a small pond on Twin Island, Red Bay, Labrador, Which employed what I believe are innovative techniques which were both successful and rewarding. The second part of the paper describes subsequent attempts t o understand the relat ionships between two se t s of a r t i f a c t s recovered from the pond - some originating with 16th century Basque whalers and others of Thule or Labrador I n u i t origin - and the people who l e f t them there. I n some ways the l a t t e r has proved more painful than spending eight hours a day with your hands i n near-freezing water.

Robert Tyhurst (University of Brit ish ~olumbia) CHILCOTIN ETHNOARCHAEOLOGY: CULTURE H I STORY AND SUBSISTENCE

Research among the Chilcotin has provided ex- ce l len t opportunities for ethnoarchaeological research, benefi t t ing both ethnology and archaeology. I n the summer of 1984, ethnoarchaeological work was carried out i n the subalpine zone near Chilko Lake, a t that time the only 'major Chilcotin ecological zone that had not been intensively investigated. Preliminary findings indicate t h a t many archaeologically s ignif icant s i t e s ex i s t i n the subalpine zone, a s i tua t ion tha t was not en- t i r e l y expected. Ethnoarchaeological information derived from work i n the subalpine zone i s presented within the wider context of what i s now known of Chilcotin subsistence patterns and Chilcotin culture his tory.

J a m e s M. White (Pa rks Canada) PALAEOECOLOGICAL RESEARCH, BANFF NATIONAL PARK

A sediment c o r e from Cooper Lake, i n t h e Bow Val ley a t C a s t l e Junc t ion , Banff Nat iona l Park, c o n t a i n s a long p o s t g l a c i a l record . Analyses a r e ongoing, b u t t h e r e s u l t s r e l a t e t o t h e minimum age of d e g l a c i a t i o n o f the v a l l e y a t C a s t l e Junc t ion , t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n and d a t i n g of a t eph ra found 70 c m below a probable Mazama t e p h r a , and the post- g l a c i a l vege t a t i on r e c o l o n i z a t i o n o f the Bow V a l - l e y . These r e s u l t s a r e f r u i t f u l f o r t h e under- s t a n d i n g o f the environment of the e a r l y human occupat ion of Banff Nat iona l Park.

A. Dianne Wilson-Meyer and Urve Linnamae ( Saskatchewan Archaeolog ica l s o c i e t y )

I n May 1984, a Volunteer Regional Advisor Program was i n i t i a t e d i n Saskatchewan a s a co- o p e r a t i v e under taking adminis te red by the Sask- atchewan Archaeological Soc ie ty and w i t h funding and suppor t s e r v i c e s from . t h e Archaeological Resource Management Sec t ion , Department o f Cul ture & Recreat ion.

The o b j e c t i v e of this program is t o inc rease p u b l i c awareness of the importance o f h e r i t a g e conserva t ion i n l o c a l communities throughout t h e province. This is achieved through t h e e f f o r t s of t e n Volunteer Regional Advisors and a co-ordinat- o r .

This paper w i l l review the l o g i s t i c s involv- e d , problems encountered and accomplishments achieved. I t is concluded that the b e n e f i t s accrued by t h i s unique program, us ing mainly vo lun tee r s and the resources of the Saskatchewan Archaeologi- ca l Soc ie ty are c e r t a i n l y worthwhile and very c o s t e f f e c t i v e .

Sandra K. Zacharis ( P r i v a t e Her i tage Consul tan t ) and Steven R . Acheson ( B . C . Her i tage Conservation Branch) THE KUNGHIT HAIDA CULTURE HISTORY PROJECT: RESULTS O F PHASE I 1984 SITE INVENTORY

The Kunghit Haida Cul ture H i s t o r y P r o j e c t is d i r e c t e d towards developing a c u l t u r e h i s t o r y sequence f o r the southern Queen C h a r l o t t e I s l a n d s through the i n t e r g r a t i o n of a r chaeo log ica l and a r c h i v a l research, and providing a t r a i n i n g oppor- t u n i t y i n a r chaeo log ica l survey and excavat ion

t echniques f o r members of the Haida community. I n a d d i t i o n , it w i l l g ene ra t e new informat ion t o as- s i s t i n t h e development of a concept p l an f o r t h e Anthony I s l a n d World Her i t age S i t e . The t h r e e year programme inc ludes s i t e survey, excava t ion , and p u b l i c a t i o n of r e s u l t s . Pre l iminary r e s u l t s of Phase I , t h e 1984 s i t e i nven to ry , i n d i c a t e that t h e geographic l o c a t i o n of s i t e types may r e f l e c t both s u b s i s t e n c e and p r o t e c t i v e s t r a t e g i e s . There a r e also i n d i c a t i o n s that the temporal range re- p re sen ted by t h e s e s i t e s may be cons ide rab le .

Gary Adams (Parcs ~anada) LA DISTRIBUTION DES ARTEFACTS HISTORIQUES ET L'INTERPRJ~TATION DES SITES

Cette htude particuli&re de York Factory dhmontre que la distribution des arthfacts peut aider a interprhter les fonctions, des parties variees d'un site historique. En utilisant un syst&me de classification conqu par Sprague, nous avons trouve que le mod&le du site entier Qtait modifi6 par trois variables diffhrentes. Les variables de temps, d'emplacement et de type de fonctionnement peuvent toutes 6tre quantifihes et interpretees dans ce contexte . Ce type d' analyse montre aussi que quelques classes d'arthfacts ou quelques relations entre des classes particuli- aires servent facilement d&montrer des descriptions d&taill&es de l'organisation d'un site.

David Arthurs (Ontario Heritage ranch) IMPLANTATIONS DU SnVICOLE SUPERIEUR SUR LA RIVE NORD DU LAC SUPERIEUR

Sur la rive nord du lac ~up&rieur, on re- trouve plusieurs vastes gisements culturellement h&t&rogAnes du Sylvicole superieur. Ceux-ci con- trastent de faqon importante avec les gisements beaucoup plus modestes de laint6rieur de la forst borhale meridionale. Nous proposons que ces gisements ne sont pas representatifs des htablisse- ments du Sylvicole Suphrieur de cette rhgion. PlutGt, ils representeraient des lieux sp&cialis&s d'hchange dans un rhseau qui aurait relih des chasseurs-cueilleurs-pgcheurs du nord et des agri- culteurs du sud. Bien que la nature de ces relations ait changk travers le temps, nous prh- sentons des donnees qui sugg&rent que ce ph&nom&ne est tr&s ancien.

Reginald Auger (Universite de Calgary) L'OCCUPATION INUIT HISTORIQUE DU D~TROIT DE BELLE ISLE

La pr&sente recherche sur les "Inuit" du d&troit de Belle Isle est A-propos si l'on se rap- porte au d6bat souleve dans Etudes/~nuit/ Studies en 1980. Nous somrnes ici en ~r&sence de nombreux documents historiques faisant- rQfCrence aux ren- contres entre Europeens et Autochtones . Cette communication sera donc dans un premier temps une brhe revue de l'interpretation des documents historiques relatifs aux "Inuit" dans leur expression la plus mbridionale en plus des problemes qu'ils soulevent pour les ethnohistoriens et les anthropologues. La deuxi&me partie traitera de la fa~on dont 1 ' auteur entend utiliser 1 'archgologie en vue d'approfondir certains problemes d'inter- prhtation historique.

Gary Burton et Elizabeth Bedard (Universit6 Simon Fraser) LES STRUCTURES EN BOIS AM~~RINDIENNES DE LA CUTE NORD-OUEST DU PACIFIQUE: QU'EN RESTE-T-IL?

Cette communication presente les r6sultats d'une etude visant & determiner la nature et l'ampleur de la presence de structures en bois amerindiennes dans la region c6tiGre de la Colombie-Britannique. Cette 6tude est basee sur les documents de dix mille sites archCologiques . Les objets Qtudi6s sont des totems, des vestiges architecturaux, des barrages & poisson et des canots. ~'6tude souligne les problemes qu'a sou- lev& la prhservation de cette richesse ainsi que les limites impos6es par l'approche actuelle. En dernier lieu, quelques recommandations sont pro- posees pour l'implantation d'un programme de preservation.

Daniel Chevrier (~rcheotec, Inc. ) LE SITE GaFf-1 (RIVI~RE LAFORGE, JAMESIE, QU~~BEC): UN ATELIER DE TAILLE DU QUARTZ DE 3200 ANS ET LE R ~ L E DU QUARTZ DANS L'ECONOMIE ET LA TECHNOLOGIE

Situ6 & 400 kilom&tres & l'est de la baie James sur la branche est de la Laforge, cet atelier de taille est compose de sept aires ofi pr6s de 170 000 6clats de quartz ont 6th recueillis (equivalent en poids: 117 kilogrammes). Tous les jalons de la s6quence de taille sont represent&~: nucleus pyramidal, lingot, ebauche de piece bifaciale, pointe de projectile. Tous les rbsidus de fabrication sont proportionnellement

bien identifi6s: des eclats de decorticage aux Qclats de finition. La particularit6 de ce site est la technique de chauffe des blocs de quartz employee afin de les fracturer en lingots ou en gros fragments. Les cinq datations C14 varient entre 3300 f 60 ans AA. La notion la plus couramment vehicul&e au su jet du quartz en fait un materiau peu inthressant. I1 semble qu'8 GaFf-1 le quartz ait au contraire prevalu sur le chert comme matbriau privilegie: plusieurs pointes de fleches et grattoirs entiers en chert ont hte laiss&s sur place pour etre presum6ment remplac6s par des pointes et grattoirs en quartz. Des consid6rations generales seront propos6es quant aux consequences 6conomiques de ce choix.

David Denton [Universite Mc~ill) LA DIFFERENCIATION DES SITES SUBARCTIQUES ET L'INFERENCE ARCHEOLOGIQUE DANS LA PERSPECTIVE DES SCHEMES D'ETABLISSE- MENT PR~~HISTORIQUES DE LA ~ G I O N DE CANIAPISCAU, QUEBEC

J

11 est parfois impossible d'inferer directe- ment le r61e qu'aurait pu jouer un site quelconque a cause de difficult6s rencontdes aux niveaux de la determination de la duree et de la saison d'occupation ainsi que des activites de subsistance principales. L'auteur propose le rejet system- atique d ' interpretations "ethnographiques " de gisements particuliers. PlutGt, l'attention est placee sur les differences fonctionnelles qui existent entre sites aux niveaux des assemblages lithiques, fauniques ainsi que les carcteristiques des schemes d'Qtablissem6!nt. Les resultats d'une analyse preliminaire de trente gisements fouillgs dans la region du reservoir Caniapiscau sont pr&- sent6s. Les comparaisons inter-sites sont effect- uees en fonction d'une vision interpr6tative qui souligne les effets de facteurs "logistiques" sur les donnees arch6ologiques. Nous demontrons que l'analyse de la co-variation entre les attributs de gisements et/ou d'assemblages amene meilleur compr6hension de la variation fonctionnelle entre sites. Nous presentons des inferences concernant la signification de ces variations par rapport des systemes d'etablissement complets derives de descriptions ethnohistoriques et ethnographiques de cette r6gion ainsi que des regions avoisinantes.

David Denton et Moira McCaffrey (Universite ~cGill) L'UTILISATION DE LA CHAILLE DANS LA PERIODE PR~HISTORIQUE DE LA R~GION DE SCHEFFERVILLE AU NOUVEAU-QU~BEC

Durant 11&t6 1984, les auteurs ont entrepris une brhe reconnaissance arch&ologique afin de confirmer la presence de chaille de qualit6 dans la r6gion de Schefferville et de determiner, sail y avait lieu, l'exploitation de cette ressource durant la pr&histoire. Deux carrieres avec des ateliers de taille associ6s ont 6 dQcouvertes. Les artefacts et le d6bitage recoltes en surface de ces sites repr6sentent toutes les &tapes de production de bifaces. Aussi, un groupe d 'outils manufactures A partir d'autres matieres premieres lithiques que la chaille locale ont 6th retrouvks; il s'agit peut-gtre d'outils laisses A la carriere apr&s la fabrication de nouveaux outils. La pos- sibilite que la region de Schefferville soit la source d'outils en chaille trouves dans des sites arch&ologiques ailleurs dans le nord du Quebec est discutee; de mgme, l'importance de ll&tude des sources lithiques, de la fabrication et du transport des outils pour une meilleure compr6hension de la pr6histoire du nord de Qu&bec est soulignee.

Dena Doroszenko (Universite de oro onto) L'ARCH~OLOGIE AU-DESSUS ET AU-DESSOUS DU SOL A SPADINA, ONTARIO

Des fouilles arch6ologiques furent entreprises au cours des &t&s de 1982 et 1983 sur la propri6tC Spadina qui avait 6th acquise par la Commission Historique de Toronto (Toronto Histor- ical Board) en 1978. Ces fouilles s'inseraient dans le cadre d'un projet de restoration. En m6me temps que ces recherches axch&ologiques, on effectuait des recherches archivistiques et archi- tecturales. Grsce A des fouilles menees l'in- .t6rieur de la maison Spadina, nous avons pa mettre

jour des vestiges de structures remontant aux periodes Baldwin (environ 1818 $ 1865) et Austin (ca. 1865 A nos jours) . Nous examinons donc les sch&mes d'adaptations du ~ I ~ i & m e si&cle face A une situation rurale et/ou urbaine. Ces sch&mes d'adaptation culturelle s'expriment $ deux niveaux: la culture mathrielle et 1 'architecture/organisation spatiale. La culture matkrielle fut examinhe en tenant compte de la variabilite sociale et de la distinction du status. L'6tude de "l'unith r&sidentielle", telle qu1exprim6e Spadina, reflete des changements sociaux qui se manifest6rent par le biais de 116volution de caracteristiques fonctionelles et spatiales sur le site.

Neal Ferris (Universite York) LE SITE BELLAMY: UN SITE HISTORIQUE OJIBWA RECENT ET LES RELATIONS ENTRE BRITANNIQUES ET AMERINDIENS DANS LE DISTRICT DE L' OUEST

Les recherches archQologiques effectudes au printemps de 1984 sur un site Ojibway de la fin du XVIIIe siscle, situ6 sur les bords de la rivi6re Sydenham dans le sud-ouest de llOntario, ont permis 1 ' analyse de donnhes archdologiques et historiques concernant une periode de l'histoire des am&rindiens, jusqu'alors tr&s peu connue. Les structures mises h jour et les restes fauniques recueillis indiquent un mode de subsistance peu different de celui des occupants de la pgriode pr6historique. L'assemblage recueilli inclus cependant une grande quantite d'objets de traite europ&ens, qui 6taient distribu6s reguli6rement parmi les tribus de la rdgion, deux fois par ann&e, par le dhpartement du gouvernement britannique concernant les autochtones (British Indian Department) du Fort Malden, Aniher~tburgh. Ces objets correspondent presque exactement aux objets figurant sur les listes du D6partement du Com- merce, de la fin du XVIIIe siscle. L'assemblage provenant du site Bellamy donne un aperqu du degrh d'acculturation des arnerindiens ainsi que de ll&tat des relations entre les am6rindiens et les britanniques, pendant la pdriode precddant 1'Qta- blissement des r6serves et complste l'absence de donnees historiques concernant les diff6rents groupes au cours des ann6es qui ont suivi.

Gail Fifik (University of Manitoba) LES TEXTILES DU UPPER FORT GARRY

Au cours des fouilles de 1980 1983 au Upper Fort Garry, des textiles ont 6th mis h jour. Ces vestiges, qui sont une source spCciale d ' information pour les arch&ologues historiques, proven- aient de deux structures interpret6es comme des latrines. A cause des conditions spgciales de terrain et de climat, les textiles sont ma1 represent& dans les collections arch6ologiques. Par suite du besoin de fouilles attentives, de nettoy- age sp&cial et d' ernmagasinage $ humidit6 control- l&e, ces axt&facts sont dispendieux et, par cons&- quent, sont ma1 represent& dans les rapports arch6ologiques.

Cette Qtude prhsentera divers exemples de textiles, illustrant leur &tat avant et apr&s net- toyage et montage, des vgtements repr&sent&s dans la collection, et des diffbrents types d'dtoffe.

De plus, les relations entre les textiles et la condition socio-&conomique au Upper Fort Garry entre 1840 et 1850 seront discutees.

William Fitzhugh (Smithsonian ~nstitution) PENDENTIFS INCISES DE LA PHASE NULLIAK DE LA CULTURE ARCHAIQUE MARITIME RECENTE DU LABRADOR

En 1980, une nouvelle forme de pisces en st&- atite fut decouverte sur l'important gisement de 1'ArchaYque Maritime A Nulliak Cove dans le nord du Labrador. Ce gisement, qui contient plus de 25 maison-longues datant de la periode 3800 - 3500 ans est singulier en vue de sa position bien au nord de la ligne des arbres l'epoque de son occupation. Cette manifestation est la plus sept- entrionale de cette tradition reperee jusqu' ici. Les fouilles entreprisent en 1980 et 1983 ont mis 3 jour un assemblage recent, typique du complexe Rattlers Bight qui diff&re cependant par l'inclusion de pendentifs en sthatite incis6s trouves avec les debris culturels dans les maisons-longues. Ces objets sont marques d'encoches lat6rales et de motifs en forme de feuilles et de squelettes qui, ne ressemblent aucunement aux motifs retrouves sur les objets faqonnes de 1' Archaique Maritime ou du complexe Moorehead. Ces pendentifs datent d'une epoque ofi il y avait un chevauchement geographique avec le ~rh-~orsetien dans le nord du Labrador. Leur int&r$t special est accru par le fait que les pisces d6corees sont rares dans les gisements de 1'Archaique Maritime labradorien. Individuellement les pi5ces ont des formes uniques de d&coration, tandis que 1 ' ensemble de la collection ressemble la fois des ornements de talc paleo-indiens et A des pendentifs ~eothucks.

W.A. Fox (Ontario Ministry of Citizenship and Culture) L ARCH~OLOGIE DES ODAWA

Par une &tude conjointe des documents ethnohistoriques et des donn&es arch6ologiques concernant les sites du d6but de la periode historique dans la r&gion de la baie ~eorgi6nne~l'auteur tente de definir les diffhrentes manifestations arch6ologiques caracteristiques des Odawa. Les rhsultats de cette &tude sont ensuite reexamines la lumisre de nouvelles donnees fournies par les recherches arch6ologiques effectuges recemment dans la phninsule de Bruce et dans les bassins du lac Huron et de la partie nord du lac Michigan, pour tenter de reconstituer la prhhistoire des Odawa.

Diana L. Gordon (universit6 McMaster) MODELES DES CHANGEMENTS A NORTH CARIBOU LAKE AUX XIXe ET X X ~ SIBCLES

Cette communication examine les changements des schemes d16tablissements du XIXe et XXe sig- cles au lac North Caribou dans le nord-ouest de l8Ontario, Les renseignements ethnohistoriques et ethnographiques montrent des influences multiples, soit celles de la traite des fourrures, de llkgl- ise, du gouvernement et de l'exploitation des ressources, sur les autochtones Cree-0 jibwa de cette rhgion isol6e. Cependant , 1 ' information arch6olo- gique ne nous r&v&le seulement que certaines de

a ces influences, sur les sites reconnus en 1981.

Gray Graffam (universite Trent) L'ARCHJ?,OLOGIE HISTORIQUE AUX FORGES DE MARMORA: LES RBSULTATS DE LA PREMI~~RE ANNEE DE FOUILLES

~'universit6 Trent a entrepris .JV6t6 dernier des recherches arch6ologiques sur le site des Forges de Marmora en Ontario. Cette communication porte sur les r&sultats des recherches 6lectromag- nhtiques,*des sondages effectu6s lors de la reconnaissance, et de la localisation des diff6rentes structures reli6es l'industrie miniere qui s' &tendent sur une surface de plus de deux acres. Les fouilles ont r6vSl6 que les structures reli&es

l'industrie minisre 6taient intactes et une hypoth6se concernant 1 'emplacement des habitations des ouvriers est Qgalement discutee. L'analyse des rgsultats des recherches arch6ologiques se base sur les donn6es historiques pour la periode ca. 1820-1880, et le r6le de Marmora en tant que comrnunaut& pionni&re est 6galernent discut&. Fin- alement, l'examen des variables 6cologiques et - environnementales qui ont influen& la vie de cette communaut6 industrielle, suggsre que le contexte environnemental a jou6 un r6le important tant au niveau de la localisation du site qu'au niveau de son d6veloppement &conomique subs6quent.

Scott Hamilton (~ntario Heritage ranch) LA NOTION DE "FRONTI~RE" CULTURELLE DANS L'ARCH~OLOGIE DE LA FOR$T BORI~ALE

La notion de "frontii?ren est le sujet d'une attention particuli&re de la part des arch6ologues htudiant l'histoire culturelle de la for& bor- &ale. Malheureusement ces consid6rations , pour la plupart, ne dgfinissent pas pr6cis6ment ce qul- elles entendent par une "frontisre". De plus,

elles ne discuttent pas des implications sociales de telles "fronti&res". Ce problsme, devient tr6s evident lorsque l'on consid6re les traditions culturelles pr&historiques associ6es la production de le ceramique. D'une part ces problsmes seront discut&s au niveau des implications socio- logiques de la variabilite d6corative ou stylist- ique. D'autre part, des analogies seront pre- sentees sur les relations entre divers groupes du nord-ouest ontarien, du Manitoba, Du Minnesota et du nord-est de la Saskatchewan la phriode proto- historique et historique ancienne.

James W. Helmer (universitg de Toronto) LES OCCUPATIONS DU NORD DE L'ILE DE DEVON AU TEMPS DES p ~ ~ f i - OESQUIMAUX ANCIENS: LA BOUCLE RESTERA-T-ELLE BOUCL~~E?

Cette communication porte sur les recherches de terrain entreprises entre 1982-1984 sur les basses terres du Truelove, situees au nord de 1' ile Devon, T.-N.-0. Les donnkes prgliminaires sur les occupations par les ~al&oesquimaux anciens indiquent la pr&sence d'aul-moins cinq subdivisions temporelles et/ou culturelles. Ces subdivisions sont : ~ndhpendance I, ~ndkpendance I - ~r&dors&- tien ancien de transition, ~r6dorsetien moyen et ~r6dorsetien tardif. L'identifications de collections chronologiquement independantes, des periodes de transition ainsi que de variantes locales mettent en question l'interpretation traditionelle d ' un developpement lin&aire de la colonisation du Haut Arctique par les ~alhoesquimaux. Nous term- inons donc par une discussion des implications soulevhes par l'identification de ces cinq collections de la T.M.A. ancienne.

P.J. Julig (Universite de or onto) RECONNAISSANCE ARCH~~OLOGIQUE DANS LES BASSES TERRES DE LA BAIE JAMES EN ONTARIO

Depuis longtemps les Basses Terres des Baies James et dlHudson ont 6t4 presumees peu utilisees avant l'arrivhe des europbens. Cependant peu de recherches d'envergure y avaient t ef fectuees. Cette cornmuinication pxi?sente les r6sultats d'une reconnaissance de la rivi6re Albany. Des gisements situhs sur des terrasses &lev&es et boisges suggsrent des implantations d'hiver ou possible- rnent des camps printaniers 06 l'on tentait dl&vi- ter les eaux paxticuli6rementhautes de cette p&r- iode de l'ann6e. La majorit6 des sites sur les terrasses plus basses ont &ti? d&truits par les meandres de la rivi&re ou par les glaces la

debacle du printemps . Ces recherches indiquent une utilisation plus importante que l'on aurait cru auparavant.

Sid Kroker (Manitoba Museum of Man and Nature) LA PROFESSIONALISATION DES ARCHEOLOGUES DU MANITOBA

Cette communication relate l'histoire de 1' Association des ~rch6ologues du Manitoba depuis sa fondation en 1973. ktablie pour faire avancer 1' arch6ologie au Manitoba sur une base de caractsre professionel, l'association a traverse plusieurs &tapes: academique, activiste et enfin, apathi- que. On parlera des activites en cours et de 1' avenir de cette association.

Susan B.M. Langley (universite de Calgary) HABBAKUK: PROTOTYPE D'UN NAVIRE DE LA DEUXI~ME GUERRE MOND IALE

~'op6ration Habbakuk fut l'idee d'un britannique, excentrique dira-t-on, mais doue. ~'idee capta l'attention du baron Louis Mountbatten et le premier ministre Winston Churchill y vit la possi- bilit6 d'une victoire hstive. Bien que les recherche~ en vue de la construction d'un porte- avion insubmersible s'effectuaient plusieurs endroits, c'est au lac Patricia dans le Parc National de Jasper, qu'elles se realiserent. La tournure des Qvenements lors de la guerre, ainsi que de nouveaux d6veloppements technologiques, firent en sorte que le projet ne fut jamais complete et le navire fut sabord6 au site d'essai. L'enregistrement du site mentionn6 ci dessus n'est que le d6but d' un pro jet long terme qui a pour but d'inventorier un certain nombre des ressources historiques submergees de llAlberta. Les autres incluent la reconnaissance d'un bateau vapeur propuls6 au moyen d'une roue d aubes et de la scierie qu'il d6servait sur le lac Waterton, Parc National de Waterton Lakes. De plus, deux petits villages et trois ecluses au lac Minnewanka, Parc National de Banff, sont inclus dans ce projet. Les autres buts du projet incluent l'etude des effets chimiques et mechaniques causes par l'immer- sion prolong6e en eau douce, tels que le degre et la vitesse de degradation du bois. Diverses techniques de reconnaissance et de cartographie sont tentees enfin de comparer leur efficacite.

Marti Latta (~niversith de oro onto) A LA RECHERCHE DE L'INDIVIDU EN PREHISTOIRE: LE POTIER HURON

Les analyses stylistiques d&taill&es visant h identifier la variation individuelle aussi bien que la variation h l'hchelle de la population, h l'inthrieur des assemblages c&ramiques archhologiques, requiArent une attention particuli&re a la signification des attributs employhs. Bien qu'il existe un divergence d'opinions considhrable sur le choix des attributs pertinents pour ce genre d' analyse, les chercheurs s ' accordent ghn&r- alement sur l'emploi d'attributs qui soient:

1. assez simples pour n'gtre dQs qua$ un esprit d ' invention minimal ;

2. assez comrnuns sur les sites pour sugggrer que leur titre symbolique soit de faible importance;

3. distribuhs llint&rieur d'un vaste cadre spatio-temporel, impliquant que leur incid- ence soit indhpendante de changements culturels survenant h cour terme, et,

4. de nature r&phtitive, impliquant un apprent- issage rhgulier pour leur exhcution.

Cette communication concerne l'analyse d'assemblages ceramiques incluant des tessons ainsi qu'une shrie de vases complets provenant du sud de llOntario. Nous tendons de dhfinir, $ partir de recherches recentes effectuhes en science forens- ique et en ethnoarchhologie, un ensemble de traits qui correspondent le mieux aux crit&res mentipnnes ci-dessus. Des ensembles de traits ont 6te de- finis de fasons indhpendante en utilisant les mhthodes d'analyse de regroupement des donnhes en fonction de la moyenne (Average-Link Cluster) et d'analyse discriminante. Les rhsultats de ces analyses sont discuths en insistant notamment sur leur utilith eventuelle dans l'identification de sous-assemblages chramiques pouvant 6tre attribuhs h diffhrents artisans-potiers.

P. Lennox, C.F. Dodd (Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communication) et C.R. Murphy (McMaster University) RAPPORT DES FOUILLES DE SAUVETAGE SUR LE SITE WIACEK (BCGW-26), UN SITE IROQUOIEN DE LA TRADITION MIDDLEPORT TARDIVE DU COMT~ DE SIMCOE EN ONTARIO

Les fouilles de savetage d'un village iroquoien, d'une htendue d'un hectare, qui htait

menac6 par le projet de construction d'une auto- route, ont & entreprises dans le comt& de Simcoe, en Ontario. Ces recherches, qui ont permis la fouille complete de deux maisons-longues ainsi que la fouille d'une vaste surface situ6e A 11ext6rieur des maisons-longues et d'une fosse & dhchets, ont livr6 une tr&s grande quantit6 d'art- &facts ainsi que de restes vegetaux et animaux. Les principales observations r6sultant des diffgr- entes analyses sont pr&sent&es; celles-ci concern- ent notamment la technologic lithique des Hurons, la diversit6 observ6e au niveau de la typologie de la ceramique iroquoienne, les modes d'htablisse- ments et de subsistance, et la question du biais

a dans les techniques d ' Qchantillonnage .

Kenneth R. Lister (Royal Ontario Museum) EMPLACEMENT DE PI~GES A POISSON CONNUS PAR L'HISTOIRE ET L'OCCUPATION HUMAINE DES RIVIERES SHAMATTAWA ET NORTH WASHAGAMI, BASSES TERRES DE LA BAIE D'HUDSON

L'histoire ainsi que la nature de l'occupation humaine des Basses Terres de la baie doHudson restent ma1 connues. Tandis que l'histoire culturelle demeure toujours inconnue, nos connaissances des schames de subsistance ainsi que la composition des groupes sociaux faisant suite aux con- tacts avec les europ6ens sont aussi gquivoques.

Steven Loring (University of ~assachusetts/Aniherst) CONSERVER LES CHOSES INTEGRALES: LES DERNIERS MILLE ANS D'OCCUPATION INDIENNE (INNU) AU NORD DU LABRADOR

Un pro jet de recherche arch6ologique-ethnohistorique a ht6 entrepris depuis 1982 le long de la c6te centrale du Labrador et des r6gions atten- antes A 1' int&rieur, centr6 sur les dernier 1000 ans d'occupation indienne. Les r6sultats prhlimi- naires sugerent un continuum culture1 depuis les Innu (Nakapi) de la litterature historique jusqul- aux occupations pr6chdentes protohistoriques indiennes. Une meilleure comprhhension des cons&- quences des stategies de subsistance et dl&tablissement changeantes (terrestre: interieur vs . maritime: c6te) devient disponible la fois par les fouilles arch6ologiques et par des donn6es obtenues par l'analyses des photos et des papiers de William Brooks Cabot, un anthropologue amateur qui a voyagh parmi les Innu entre 1903 et 1910.

Le succ&s des cultures indiennes recentes au labrador doit &re consid&& d'une perspective culturelle. Les cultures indiennes ont maintenu

leur ethnicit6 au coups de la periode en question face A un nombre de cultures diffhrentes qui inclus le Dorset ancien, "Neoeskimo" et 1 ' europhen (qui comprend peut-Gtre les Vikings). Les implications de cette recherche peuvent expliquer le maintien des frontieres ethniques indiennes-inuit comrne le montrera notre discussion.

Une m6thodologie ethnollistorique ertlployant des donnees ethnologiques, archivistiques et arch&ologiques est utilisee dans une etude qui vise A Qlargir notre comprehension de l'histoire culturelle des Basses Terres de la baie dlHudson. Des localit&s precises sur les rivieres Shamattawa et North Washagami furent sondhes archeologique- ment A la suite de la combinaison de documents historiques localisant des pieges A poisson avec 1 ' analogie ethnographique. Le poisson est une ressource importante pour les am6rindiens subarctiques de sorte que les lieux privili6g6s pour la pgche sont souvent re-utilises. Les temoignages d'activites humaines A des endroits connus pour leurs pi&ges poisson sur ces deux rivi&res indiquent des occupations importantes travers le temps sur un territoire consid&rable, tout en nous permettant un aperqu du comportement et de l'adaptation.

Moira McCaffrey (universite ~cGill) Charles A. Martijn (~inist&re des Affaires culturelles, ~uebec)

L'analyse des outils de pierre et du debitage r&colt&s sur la surface de neuf sites des fles-de- la-Madeleine permet de degager une vue preliminaire de leurs prthistoire. Certains artkfacts diagnostiques suggerent une affinitg avec des assemblages de la periode de llArchaique recent ou du Sylvicole initial des Maritimes. Quelques artefacts semblent dates de periodes encore plus anciennes. Presque toutes les matieres premieres lithiques paraissent Qtre locales, cependant, un type de pierre semble provenir de l'fle-du-cap- Breton. Les donnees arch6ologiques se completent par une recherche ethnohistorique sur les voyages en canot des Micmacs aux fles et sur l'exploitation des ressources de la faune maritimes dans le golfe au debut de la phriode historique.

E .L. Molto (Lakehead University) et P. Lennox (Ontario Min- istry of Transportation and Communication) L'ARCH~OLOGIE ET L'ANALYSE DES RESTES OST~OLOGIQUES DU SITE E.C. ROW, COMTE D'ESSEX (ONTARIO)

Les fouilles de sauvetage effectuhes en 1984 sur le site E .C. Row, pr&s de Windsor, en Ontario, ont permis la collecte de donn6es arch6ologiques et biologiques caracteristiques de la phase Springwells tardive de la tradition Young. Tant du point de vue archhologique que biologique, la comparaison avec les donn6es de la tradition des Iroquois de llOntario indique une diff6rence nette entre les deux traditions, sugghrant des affinit6s

. culturelles et biologiques distinctes.

S. Monckton (Universith de Toronto) LA PAL~OETHNOBOTANIQUE DES HURONS: LES DONN~ES PROVENANT DU SITE AUGER, DANS LE SUD DE L'ONTARIO

L ' analyse de restes v6g6taux carbonises provenant de la fouille du site Auger, un site pryto- historique Huron du sud de llOntario, a r6vele la presence d' une diversit6 de taxons, incluant notamment des restes de "Evening Primrose", "St- John ' s-wort" et "Peppergrass", dont la pr6sence sur un site arch6ologique est rapportee pour la premi&re fois .

Gregory Monks (Universit6 du ~anitoba) UN MOD~LE ~VOLUTIONNISTE DE LA COLONIE DE LA RIVI~RE ROUGE, 1821-1870

Cette communication prhsentera un mod&le dia- chronique et systemique de l ' 6volution culturelle dans la Colonie de la Rivi&re Rouge entre 1821 et 1870. Le mod&le concerne les relations 6conomi- ques entre les diverses populations au sein de la colonie 2 l'aide de donn6es documentaires et arch- 6ologiques.

Richard E. Morlan (Commission arch6ologique du Canada) QUELQUES IMPLICATIONS PAL~O-~COLOGIQUES PROVENANT DES RONGEURS MICROTINES DES BLUEFISH COVES, DANS LE NORD DU YUKON

Outre les vestiges les plus anciens encore en place en ~6ringie orientale, les arch6ologues ont exhum6 des Bluefish Coves de nombreux restes de vertebres que l'on peut rattacher A au moins s i x especes de- microtik6s: Clethrionomys, Dicro- stonvx. Lemmus, Microtus miurus. M. oeconomus et

M. xanthognathus. Dans l'ensemble du site, les - comosantes datant du ~l&istoc&ne sup6rieur et de 1 ' ~bloc&ne se distinguent clairement 1 ' une de 1 ' autre; de plus, dans ces grottes, chaque compos- ante peut 6tre subdivisee en deux ou plusieurs unites chrono-stratigraphiques. Cette communication a pour objet d'analyser, d'un point de vue paleo-&cologique, les &carts dans la quantitg d' espsces entre le ~l&istoc&ne sup6rieur et 1'Holo- cBne ainsi que les diff6rences dans la composition de l'assemblage des gisements endog&~es, d'une part, et exogBnes, d'autre part. L'auteur examine 6galement les variations entre la grotte No. 1 faisant face au nord et la grotte No. 2 orientee vers le sud; les changements dans la taille des espsces d'apr6s les dimensions des dents, sont Qgalement &tudi&s.

C.R. Murphy (~cMaster University) LE SITE SAVAGE ET L'EXPANSION DE LA P&SENCE IROQUOIENNE DANS L'EXT~ME SUD-OUEST DE L'ONTARIO

Le site Savage (~dHm-29), date du XVe sickle apr&s J.C., repr6sente l'occupation iroquoienne connue la plus ancienne, et celle localisee la plus a l'ouest du comte de Kent, en Ontario. Cornrne l'on sly attendait, les vestiges culturels recueillis incluent des fragments de ceramique caracteristiques de la phase Wolfe de la tradition Young. Cette communication prgsente les differentes composantes du site Savage en relation avec l'expansion iroquoienne dans cette region et discute la sequence culturelle globale observ&e dans le sud-ouest de 1'Ontario au cours du deuxieme millhaire de notre $re.

M. Neuman et P. Julig (~niversitb de Toronto) RAPPORT PR~LIMINAIRE SUR L'ANALYSE DES TRACES R~SIDUELLES DE SANG OBSERVEES SUR DES OUTILS DE PIERRE PROVENANT DU SITE CUMMINS, DANS LA R~GION DE THUNDER BAY (ONTARIO)

Les recherches effectuhes par T. Loy ont d&- montre que les outils de pierre portent souvent des traces de sang, resultant de l'utilisation principale de ces outils et que l'analyse de ces traces pouvait permettre l'identification de 1, esp6ce animale tu6e. L' application de cette technique 5 l'analyse d'outils de pierre provenant des s6diments du site Paleo-Indien Commins est discu- the.

Lesley A. Nicholls (University of Calgary) ONDINI: UN KRAAL HISTORIQUE ZULU REMIS A JOUR

Par la suite de redeveloppements intensifs A Ulundi, KwaZulu, le Kraal de Cetshweyo, le dernier roi des Zulus, fut decouvert et des fouilles entreprises. Ce site, reconstruit selon de methodes traditionelles, sera l'emplacement de MU?& ~&gion- a1 de KwaZulu. Je discute ici les methode,~ de localisation du site, la reconstruction des figti- ments, et leur futur cornme use ou comrne point symbolique de la fierte culturelle des Zulus.

Jean-Luc Pilon (University of Toronto) HISTOIRE CULTURELLE ET ETHNIC IT^ DANS LES BASSES TERRES DE LA BAIE D'HUDSON

Des recherches archeologiques et ethnographiques se sont deroulees entre 1981 et 1984 sous la direction de l'auteur dans la partie du bassin de la rivisre Severn situee dans les Basses Terres de la baie dlHudson. I1 est maintenant possible de definir un mode de vie centre sur l'exploitation du caribou qui daterait d'environ 1500 ans alors que la presence humaine remonte au-moins 2000 ans. Les populations humaines qui slinstall&rent, modifisrent certains comportements culturels tels que leur technologic lithique, leur industrie 0s- seuse, leur cycle saisonnier, etc., afin d'ac- croztre le rendement de cette region physio- graphique qui diff&re de fa~on importante des regions avoisinantes. Cette adaptation leur permit de demeurer dans les Basses Terres durant toute l'annee. De plus, cette adaptation leur confera, arch&ologiquement du moins, un caractsre sensiblement different de leur voisins du sud et de l'ouest. I1 devient alors difficile de recon- cilier ces dif ferences materielles avec 1 'homo- geneit6 historique de tout le nord de llOntario et du Manitoba. I1 serait peutL6tre preferable de s'attarder la discussion des differences et des similitudes qui existaient entre des unites sociales telles que la bande. A un niveau preliminaire, l'approche historique directe pourrait etre utile.

Suzanne Plousos (Parcs Canada) RECHERCHES ARCH~OLOGIQUES DANS LA VALL~E D'ACC~S DU CANAL RIDEAU A OTTAWA: 1980 - 1984

Construites durant les annees 1820, les Qcluses de la vallee dlacc&s rappellent par leurs elements de conception neo-classique les sites

militaires britanniques de 116poque. ~pr&s le depart des troupes britanniques en 1856, 1'6tat des lieux se dethriora, c6dant'le pas A des imp&- atifs cornmerciaux. Une affluence de touristes suscita au dkbut du siecle un regain d1int6r&t pour l'embellissement du site, qui se traduisit par l'addition de traits distinctifs de la fin de 116poque victorienne et du XXe si6cle. Plusieurs aspects de cet amenagement paysagiste ont 6th 6tudi6s h l'occasion de fouilles arch6ologiques conduites par Parcs-Canada. Suite 1 ' ach6vement des travaux de reconstruction des hcluses, en 1990, les 616ments paysageristes d'inspiration nee-classique seront reconstitu6s de fa~on A mettre en relief les origines patrimoniales de ces installations.

Patrick Plumet (Universit6 du ~uebec & ~ontreal) L EXPLOITATION DES DONNEES DU PROGRAMME TUVALUUK ( UNGAVA) : 1980-85

~pres cinq ann6es d1activit6s de terrain, le programme Tuvaaluk a reuni un ensemble de donn6es plus important qu'il n16tait pr&vu au d6part. En ce qui concerne 1 'arch6ologie et le pal6oenviron- nement, ces donnees ne sont pas encore toutes ex- ploitkes.

Les 6tudes pal6og6ographiques ont r6v616 un milieu marin et continental relativement stable. La palynologie met en Qvidence des fluctuations climatiques qui n'ont pas modifie de maniere not- able les resources veg6tales pour l'homme et les animaux. La mer dlIberville a 6t6 caracteris6e par un salinit6 et des mar6es comparables aux conditions actue,lles. 8.0% de l'hmersion post-glaci- aires est anterieure a l'occupation humaine. Elle n'a 6t6 que tr&s lente depuis 5 000 ans. La 960- graphie des c8tes n'a 6t& modifi6e que dans le d6- tail. En g6n6ral on n'observe pas de relation 6troite entre l'altitude et l'sge des sites. Les recherches ethnographiques et ethnohistoriques ont permis de retracer le mode d'implantation inuit jusqu'avant la p6riode de contact regulier. Les principales voies de p6n6tration h 11int6rieur des terres ont 6t6 retrades et compar6es aux temoins pr6historiques des msmes r6gions. Les reconnais- sances ef fectu6es depuis la baie d ' Hudson jusqu ' A la mer du Labrador ont permis d'6tablir une premi&re carte de &partition des 6tablissements pr6- historiques. Le travail plus intensif effectu6 au nord-ouest de 1'Ungava a permis de constater 1' importance de l'occupation pal6oesquimaude qui d6- bute avec le ~r6dorsQtien dans la seconde moitie

du second mill&naire avant notre ;re. D&s ce premier peuplement, les relations semblaient nette- ment plus d&velopp&es avec le Labrador qu'avec 1' Hudsonie. La fouille et l'analyse des donnkes des sites DIA.73, DIA.4-TI DIA.l, qui ont fait l'objet de memoires de ma?trises, ont permis d'etudier 1' habitat et 1 'habitation pal&oesquimaux. La pro- longation d'une occupation dorsetienne assez in- tense jusqu'au d&but du X V I & ~ ~ si&cle est confir- mee par plusieurs dates alors que la presence thulbenne est attestee d6s le ~I&me si&cle. Enfin, l1ach&v-ement de 1'Qtude sur les maisons longues de 1'Ungava a montre que celles-ci sont une manifest-ation purement dorsetienne n'impliquant aucune innovation technique importante ni influence allochtone. Elles servirent de lieu de rassemble-ment saisonnier $ une epoque 06 les Dorsetiens avaient l'occasion de se confronter avec d' autres populations.

Nicolas Rolland (University of Victoria) LA VARIABILIT~ DU PALEOLITHIQUE MOYEN: DECOUVERTES RECENTES ET LEURS IMPLICATIONS -

Le probl&me de la variablite entre les assemblages du Pal&olithique Moyen a suscite beaucoup de discussion. I1 contient deux aspects, l'un au niveau de la description, l'autre au niveau de 1' interpretation. La pri?sentation de nouveaux resultats et de leur configuration exige que la question soit revue entidrement sous ses deux aspects.

Jocelyne sbguin (C.E.R.A.N.E. Inc.) SCHI~MES D ' ETABLISSEMENT ET MODES D ' ADAPTATION AU MILIEU SUB- ARCTIQUE: LE CAS DU BASSIN DE LA GRANDE RIVI~~RE A L'EST DE LA BAIE JAMES

A partir de donnees sur la biomasse, l'habitat et les comportements des especes animales re- cherchees par l'hormne, nous avons cherche $ d&- finir, & la mani6re de Jochim les sch&mes d'etablissement et les modes de subsistance possibles A l'est de la baie James. Cette etude devait nous servir $ interprhter en derni&re instance les hab- itats prbhistoriques mis $ jour lors du sauvetage arch6ologi~ue des secteurs touch8s par l'amenagement hydroelectrique de La Grande RiviGre.

Le modsle a predit pour differentes saisons et differents environnements, la composition de la recolte, la capacite de support relative du milieu, la taille des groupes de chasse, la dude

possible du sejour en un lieu donne. Le modgle fait ressortir 11a16atoire et la precarite du milieu- subarctique de l'est de la baie James, milieu peu productif, imprhvisible, fluctuant, qui n' admettrait, somme toute, qu'une faible population, de residents permanents dissemines sur de vastes territoires. Trois esphces surtout influencer- aient lea modes de subsistance et d16tablissement: le caribou, le castor et le poisson. Ce sont les espsces les plus rentables ou les plus fiables, mais en des endroits et en des saisons differentes. On peut parler d'exploitation prQfQrentielle saisonniQre d'espgces et de milieu donnhs 1' inthrieur d'une m6me forme d'adaptation g6n6rali- see.

Les donnees archhologiques analysees dans la region de L G 2 (region de Washadimi) ne confirment ni ne rhfutent les hypth&ses avanc6es par le modsle. Elles n'ont surtout pas la m6me extension geographique. Elles mettent en lumiere toutefois une colonisation vraisemblablement recente du bassin inferieur de La Grande Rivi&re, hypothhe qui irait dans le m6me sens que celle avancee par le mod&le, savoir que le milieu de l'est de la baie James n 'aurait 6th colonise, de fagon permanente, que lorsque les regions voisines, d'un meilleur rapport, n'auraient plus &te mgme de contenir la croissance dhmographique ou lorsque des groupes auraient 6th chasses de leur lieu d'origine. A cet Qgard, la plaine c8tigre aurait 6th l'ultime choix, car plus qu'ailleurs la capacite de support relative du milieu est maintenue un trgs bas niveau.

Donald Slater (Calgary) ENVIRONNEMENTS DES SITES PRI~HISTORIQUES DE LA RIVII~RE SASKATCHEWAN, DANS LA ~ G I O N DE NIPAWIN, SASKATCHEWAN

Deux consid&rations importantes dans 1 'analyse d'une activite prehistorique dans n ' im- porte quel site archhologique particulier sont: (1) la serie des conditions environnementalles caracthrisant la p6riode d'occupation et (2) les conditions contemporaines de l'environnement caracthrisant les autres endroits l'intkrieur de la z6ne d'exploitation des occupants. ~ r & s souvent, l'information sur ces facteurs est absente ou consiste en des suppositions et des ggnhralis- ations bashes sur des analyses d'assemblages eloignbs de pollen et d'analyses regionnales de 1 ' environnement . Une etude en cours, rattachee au Nipawin Dam Archaeoligical Project, en Sask- atchewan, promet beaucoup de succ&s dans 1 ' identi- f ication des regimes changeants des v6g6tations

locales r4v4les par des analyses de pollen provenant des sQquences de paleosols dans les sites archeologiques p6riodiquement inondes. L'excel- lente preservation des matisres organiques, et le fait que les echantillons polleniques proviennent de sols forestiers plutat que de tourbi&res ou de fonds lacustres a permis un degre de precision plus &lev& qu'il est normallement possible dans l'interprbtation des conditions paleoenvironne- mentales particulieres chaque site. Ces s6- quences combinhes peuvent &re utilisees afin d'arriver une compr6hension beaucoup plus detaillee du pal6oenvironnement regional qu'il a &t& possible d'obtenir en consid6rant seulement les sequences de sediments lacustres . Un tel dhtail peut &re d'une tres grande importance pour 1 ' archeologue qui tente d ' analyser et d' interpr&ter les modes de vie dans un environnement stratifie.

Donald Slater ( Calgary) NAKISKATO'WIN: UNE ~TUDE ARCHI~OLOGIQUE DE L'INT~RACTION ET DU D~~VELOPPEMENT ETHNIQUE DE LA PERIODE PREHISTORIQUE RBCENTE A LA PJ~RIODE HISTORIQUE AU SITE BUSHFIELD EAST ( FHNA- 1 3 ) .

A 1 'aboutissement de plusieurs annhes d' etudes arch~ologiques ef f ectu6es par le Sask- atchewan Research Council dans la region de Nipawin, Saskatchewan, un grand nombre de donnees concernant la nature des occupations de la periode pr6historique recente ainsi que des occupations de la periode historique de cette region ont 6th obtenues. Le site Bushfield East (EhNa-13), situe sur une terrasse infhrieure de la rivi&re Sask- atchewan plusieurs kilometres en amont de la ville de Nipawin, s'est revel6 garticuli&rement interes- sant dQ, en partie, & la nature des donnees sedi- mentologiques. En depit de remainiements causes par les rongeurs et les labours, la separation par des vases steriles de trois couches d'occupation distinctes a permis une etude stratigraphique de l'histoire de l'occupation lors de cette periode critique d'interaction et de changements culturels. Les restes arch6ologiques incluent une shpulture, une concentration de materiel lithique, de poteries, de restes fauniques et de plusieurs foyers. Les donnees indiquant des connections extra-regionales de l'est, du sud et du sud-ouest sont decrites et des comparaisons sont faites avec les autres sites de la region de Nipawin. Les facteurs d'ethnicite et d'interaction culturelle ainsi que les problemes de leur identification dans les donnges arch&ologiques sont discutes.

Caro le Stimrnell ( U n i v e r s i t e de or onto) UNE ANALYSE DE LA POTERIE DES ASSEMBLAGES DE LA R&GION ARCTIQUE

Le r a p p o r t avec l a p o t e r i e d e s assemblages n o r t o n s , t hu l6ens e t p l u s a n c i e n s est d e t e r m i d p a r les v a r i a b l e s t echn iques . L' a n a l y s e d ' a c t i v - a t i o n neu t ron ique e t l a pk rog raph i e d e coupage- mince s o n t employ6es avec d e s t e chn iques p l u s t r a d i t i o n e l l e s d e l ' a n a l y s e a rch6olog ique pou r dg te rminer de q u e l l e faqon l a poterie est f a b r i - quhe dans l ' a r c t i q u e de l ' o u e s t et de q u e l l e faqon les changements d e technologic ceramique peuvent r & f l & t e r les changements d ' un syst&me c u l t u r e 1 .

Richard Stromberg ( ~ n i v e r s i t 6 de Toron to) LES OUTILS DE PIERRE TAILLEE ET LES GROUPES PREHISTORIQUES ESQUIMAUX DU DELTA DU MACKENZIE: LES FOUILLES DU SITE CACHE POINTE

Les assemblages l i t h i q u e s p rovenan t d e s occupa t i ons esquimaudes p r & h i s t o r i q u e s du d e l t a du Mackenzie p r e s e n t e n t une i n c i d e n c e d ' o u t i l s d e p i e r r e t a i l l ee p l u s g rande que cel le normalement observ&e dans les assemblages t h u l 6 e n s . L ' u t i l i s - a t i o n s des o u t i l s de p i e r r e t a i l l6e par les Esqui- maux es t b i e n r e p r e s e n t e e dans les sites du Nord de 1' Alaska, cependant l a forme des p i e c e s t r o u - vhes dans les si tes du d e l t a du Mackenzie r a p p e l l e Qgalement l a forme des o u t i l s des groupes A t h a - paskans du Nord, u t i l i s ~ & s pour les mgmes fonc- t i o n s . C e t t e d e r n i & r e o b s e r v a t i o n suggere que les p i e c e s provenant du d e l t a du Mackenzie d e v r a i e n t &re considi?r&es c o m e une a d a p t a t i o n t e chno log i - que en r6ponse des c o n d i t i o n s locales.

H. Savage e t L. P a v l i s h ( u n i v e r s i t e de Toron to) OBSERVATIONS SUR LES FRACTURES PROVOQUI!ES PAR L'IMPACT DE POINTES DE F L ~ C H E SUR DES OS DU CERF A QUEUE BLANCHE (ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS)

Au c o u r s d ' une exp6r ience v i s a n t $ &va lue r l a f o r c e d ' i m p a c t de p o i n t e s d e project i le en pierre s u r d e s ossements d 'animaux, d e s p o i n t e s em- manchges s u r des hampes de f l 6 c h e d e f a b r i c a t i o n r 6 c e n t e o n t 6 t6 tir&es s u r l e f l a n c gauche de deux carcasses de c e r f queue blanche. Les o s o n t en- s u i t e &t& n e t t o y e s , e t les f r a c t u r e s l o c a l i s 6 e s e t pho tograph i6es . Les os p o r l a n t les p o i n t e s de p r o j e c t i l e o n t 6galement &t& examin& l ' a i d e de rayons-X. L ' a r c u t i l i s 6 pour cet te expgr ience a &t& calibr6 l ' a i d e d ' u n pendule b a l i s t i q u e a i n s i que de l a pho tograph ie v i t e s s e 6 lev&e. La f o r c e

de tire de 66 cm de l'arc utilise a produit une echelle de vitesses allant de 38 40 mstres par seconde et une force d'impact des pointes variant entre 0.6 et 0.7 kilogrammes par m6tres (Newtons). Les resultats de cette experience permettent de suggQrer que des fractures produites experiment- alement pourraient constituer un cadre de ri?fi?r- ence utile pour llinterpri?tation des mgmes fractures observees sur des vestiges osseux archeologiques.

James Tuck (~emorial University) L'ARCH~~OLOGIE D'UN TANG

Cet article est en deux parties. La premiere decrit les techniques pour excaver et relever le mathriel archeologique d'un petit lac Twin Island, Red Bay, Labrador, et ces techniques sont, je pense, inovatrices ayant 6 6 utilishes avec beaucoup de succes. Dans la deuxieme partie de l'article, nous decrivons les ramass6s dans le lac. Certains de ces artefacts proviennent de baleiniers Basques du . x v I B ~ ~ siGcle, - et d ' autres de ~huli? ou des Inuits du Labrador - et les gens qui les y ont laisses. Dans certain cas ceci etait plus difficile que de passi?s huit heures par jour avec les mains dans l'eau glacial.

Sandra K. Zacarias et Steven R. Acheson (B.B. Heritage Conservation ranch) LE PRO JET D ' HISTOIRE CULTURELLE DES KAIDAS KUNGHIT : RESULTATS DE LA PHASE I (1984), L'INVENTAIRE DES SITES

Le projet d'histoire culturelle des Haidas Kunghit a pour but de developper nos connaissances sur la culture historique du sud des Iles de la Reine Charlotte, en integrant des recherches arch6ologiques aux recherches en archives tout en offrant aux membres de la communaut6 Haida 1,:~- portunit& d'un entraznement en i?tudes archeologiques et en techniques de fouilles. De plus, ces nouvelles informations permettront de mettre sur pied un programme de recherches sur le site Anthony Island World Heritage. Ce programme de trois ans prevoit des recherches sur les groupes locaux, des fouilles et une publication des r&sultats. Les resultats prkliminaires de la premiere &tape, celle de l'inventaire des sites en 1984, montre que la distribution ghographique des sites semble tenir compte & la fois de la subsistance et de la protection des villages. I1 semble ggalement que la vari&t& des activites repr6s- entees par ces sites soit considhrable.

abstracts resumes - insituated heritage · 2018-02-22 · abstracts 1 8th annual conference...

Documents