abstract pervasive
TRANSCRIPT
NANDHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
VAIKKALMEDU
ERODE - 638058
A PAPER ON:
PERVASIVE COMPUTING – THE NEXT ERA OF
COMPUTER SCIENCE
PRESENTED BY:
1) A.RAGAVENDRAN,
Contact no:-9486850011
2) S.SETHUPATHY,
Contact no:-9578088074
Abstract:- This is a paper that describes
the future of pervasive computing as well
as its existing challenges. It starts out by
comparing pervasive computing with
distributed system and mobile computing
and how the three fields are related to
each other. It then mentions unique
characteristics that forms the basis of
pervasive computing and clarifies them
with example scenarios. Proactively, the
ability to foresight users’ intention, and
self-tuning, the ability to adjust behavior
to fit the environment, are described as two
key ideas in pervasive computing.
Thereafter, the paper starts to discuss the
state of art design and implementation
problems that challenges us in building
pervasive computing systems. In addition,
the paper reminds us the challenges in
areas outside computer systems. This
includes but not limited to human
computer interaction (HCI), Artificial
intelligence and software agents.
This paper presents a comprehensive
overview of pervasive computing in terms
of what have been done and what is
needed to be done.
“The most profound technologies are those
that disappear. They weave themselves into
the fabric of everyday life until they are
indistinguishable from it.”- Mark Weiser
Another important contribution of this
paper is that it interconnects a lot of
research areas that looks disjoint, and
proposes to put all of them to work for
pervasive computing.
Topics to be covered but not limited to the
following:
*Hardware used in mobile devices
*Issues in wireless communication
*Data access and file systems adaptation
for mobile computing
*Resource allocation in mobile systems
*Sensing and Actuation
*Context aware systems
*Protection, security and Privacy issues
*Design methodologies of Pervasive
systems
*Applications of pervasive systems and
application oriented issues
PERVASIVE COMPUTING – THE NEXT ERA OF COMPUTER
SCIENCE
A.RAGAVENDRAN, S.SETHUPATHY Department of Computer science and engineering
Nandha Engineering College [email protected]
1. INTRODUCTION:
Formally ubiquitous computing is defined
as "machines that fit the human
environment instead of forcing humans to
enter theirs." This paradigm is also
described as pervasive computing,
artificial intelligence., The various
computing technologies have been
evolving continuously penetrating far and
wide and increasingly influencing almost
every aspect of our day-to-day life.
The rapidly advancing technology has
blessed us with a host of versatile devices
to make our life easier. The invention of
equipments like abacus, transistor,
ENIAC, PC, mobile phone etc defined
new and higher levels of sophistication,
use, and comfort for the human life.
The revolution unleashed by the massive
penetration of cellular mobile phones has
made it a community device like the radio.
This was made possible by the tremendous
growth in the new computation paradigm
called PERVASIVE COMPUTING. This
approach envisions a conglomeration of
small smart devices like sensors, signal
conditioners, wearable computers, mobile
phones, notebook computers, hand-held’s,
PDA s etc seamlessly integrated and
scattered in the environment. The ultimate
goal is to enable ANY TIME ANY
WHERE computing. And with the advent
of Internet, the World Wide Web, and
other networking technologies, instant
communication and transmission of data
were made possible, shrinking the world
and bringing the people across the globe
close together transcending geographic
barriers.
2. PERVASIVE COMPUTING:
The goal of pervasive computing, which
combines current network technologies
with wireless technologies, voice
recognition, internet capability and
artificial intelligence, is to create an
environment where the connectivity of
devices is embedded in such a way that the
connectivity is unconstructive and always
available. It is a numerous, causally
accessible, often invisible devices. It
makes a computer so natural that we use it
without even thinking about it. It provides
access to relevant information and
applications through a new class of
ubiquitous, intelligent appliances that have
the ability to easily function when and
where needed. We envision an explosion
of interconnected small devices from
watches to cars that make our lives easier
and more productive. A parallel revolution
lays in the network-enabling these
pervasive computing devices by providing
transparent, ubiquitous access to
e-business services. In general, it is
roughly the opposite of virtual reality.
Pervasive means spreading widely
throughout an area or a group of people.
Pervasive health care focuses explicitly on
the use of pervasive computing technology
for developing tools and procedures that
put the patient at the center of the health
care process. From a technological stand
point it includes remote monitoring,
remote consultation, and assistive
technologies.
Fig1.Pictorial overview of the pervasive
health care scenario
This has opened up exciting
possibilities in the health care sector both
in terms of diagnostic equipments and
communication devices. Now tele-
medicine systems have sufficiently
advanced so as to relay the medical data
over large distances within a reasonable
delay. Attempts are being made to develop
intelligent wearable computers that can
perform a primary diagnosis.
Anytime/anywhere--->any device--->any
network--->any data.
Any time: 7 days X 24 hours, global,
ubiquitous access
Any device: pc, PDA, cell phone and so
forth.
Any network: access, notification, data
synchronization, queued transactions,
wireless optimization, security, content
adaptation, development tools, device and
user management
Any data: e-mail, personal information
manager, inter-intranet, public services
Imagine a world filled with all
sorts of electronic devices - traditional
desktop computers, wireless laptops, small
PDAS, smart cell phones, tiny wristwatch
pagers, clever little coffee pots. You have
just imagined the future of Pervasive
Computing (PvC).
3. PRINCIPLES:
The basic principles of pervasive
computing are
Decentralization
Diversification
Connectivity
Simplicity
3.1. DECENTRALISATION: The shift
from a centralized view to a strongly
decentralized computing landscape is the
first paradigm of pervasive computing.
Pervasive computing distributes the
responsibilities between the variety of
small devices, each of which take over
specific tasks and functionality. The
ability to use applications and information
on mobile devices and synchronize any
updates with network based systems or
other devices is a new task arising from
that decentralization. Pervasive devices
and applications are often embedded into a
service infrastructure, like a cellular phone
network. Decentralization makes it
necessary for service providers to
administer their deployed software and
deliver updates to the customer’s devices
from remote.
3.2. DIVERSIFICATION: Pervasive
computing introduces an entirely new view
of functionality: there is a clear move from
universal computers challenging
performance, price and functionality to
diversified devices which aim at best
meeting the requirements of a specific
group of users for a specific purpose. The
new gadgets appearing in these days in
association with pervasive computing,
such as WAP phones, screen phones, or
handheld computers, offer only a highly
customized functionality for a particular
application context. Applications are a
seamless integration of software and
hardware. They are intended to be used in
a specific situation and optimized for that
environment. One major challenge arising
from the increasing diversity is how to
manage the different capabilities of those
manifold devices. Each delivery platform
has its own characteristics making it
difficult to provide common applications.
A major requirement is integrating all this
technology to deliver real solutions to
users.
3.3. CONNECTIVITY: The third
paradigm of pervasive computing is the
strong demand towards connectivity.
Manifold devices are seamlessly integrated
in an IT world without boundaries.
Handheld computer collaborates in the
cellular phone via infrared in order to
synchronize data over a wireless network.
Alternatively, the same handheld can
connect via serial port to a LAN. The
vision of pervasive connectivity is
“Everybody’s software, running on
everybody’s hardware over everybody’s
network”. One approach for achieving
connectivity is to base the applications on
common standards. Open standards have
to be established which are prepared to
face the demands of the described
manifold and differentiated devices. New
standards like WAP, Bluetooth have been
created by large cross-industry initiatives,
defining the necessary communication
protocols as well as the underlying
physical connections. The Internet has
evolved to be the backbone of worldwide
private and public networks.
3.4. SIMPLICITY: Pervasive devices are
very specialized tools that are not
optimized for general use. They perform
the task for which they have been designed
very well from a usability point of view.
These lines up with the fourth paradigm of
pervasive computing; aiming at simplicity
of usage. The magic words are
availability, convenience, and ease of use.
Information access and management must
be applicable without spending significant
time learning how to use technology.
While proper selection and education of
user groups was required to manage the
complexity of traditional computer
systems, pervasive computers are intuitive
to use and might not even require the
reading of a manual. Pervasive computing
postulates a holistic approach: Hardware
and software should be seamlessly
integrated and target the very specific
needs of and end-user. Providing all these
in a small and cheap device is definitely a
challenging task for developers.
4. PERVASIVE HEALTHCARE
SYSTEMS:
Fig2. Pervasive healthcare system in
hospitals
Beyond pure technology the issue of
convincing real life applications is
increasingly becoming a central topic in
the field of Pervasive Computing. Here the
area of health and healthcare has emerged
as a promising domain. So called
Pervasive Healthcare Systems
encompasses a broad range of topics such
as advanced hospital information and
logistics systems, mobile health
monitoring, assisted living for the elderly
and the handicapped, and lifestyle and
wellness related personal systems. The
demographic trend towards a more elderly
society and the rising healthcare costs lead
to a strong demand for solutions that
provide adequate care at affordable cost.
Furthermore consumers are increasingly
health conscious and looking for lifestyle,
wellness and health related products.
As promising as it is as an application
domain, the field of Pervasive Healthcare
is scientifically and technologically highly
challenging. Healthcare applications
involve complex processes often within
strict regulatory constraints. Reliability,
security and privacy are central to many
applications. In addition since the systems
are often closely integrated with the user’s
everyday activities and relate to very
private issues subtle, human computer
interaction issues play an important role in
the system design.
5. PERVASIVE DEVICES
(SENSORS):
A brief glance at some important wearable
cardiac devices is listed below.
Fig3.LC circuit based sensor
Fig4. Force sensing resistors
5.1. Cardiac Holter:
Named after its inventor, Dr. Norman J.
Holter is a portable device for
continuously monitoring the electrical
activity of the heart Holter monitor records
electrical signals from the heart via a series
of electrodes attached to the chest. The
number and position of electrodes varies
by model, but most Holter monitors
employ from three to eight. These
electrodes are connected to a small piece
of equipment that is attached to the
patient's belt, and is responsible for
keeping a log of the heart's electrical
activity throughout the recording period...
This data is later downloaded to a PC and
examined as an ECG pattern and analyzed
using analysis software. The software
gives a visual indication of any
abnormality. A set of templates of ECG
patterns have been derived and they serve
as a reference.
5.2. Vita phone Hertz handy:
This is a complete system for patients to
measure an ECG signal and transmit the
data to a central location called service
center for analysis and further processing.
A panic button is provided which on being
pressed sends an alarm signal to the
service center along with the patient's
current GPS position.
5.3 Welch allyn Micropaq:
It supports multi parameter monitoring like
ECG display, heart rate, patient alarms, etc
and also alarm messages from an Acuity
Central Station. It extends patient care by
providing patient alarms when it is out of
range or not connected to the wireless
network. The Micropaq can be integrated
into wireless Ethernet Local Area
Networks.
5.4 E-san:
This is for asthma monitoring. This uses a
combination of electronic peak flow meter
and a PDA handset which transmits the
readings to a central server over a GPRS
connection. It also has an integrated
monitoring device for diabetics.
5.5 Amon:
Amon is a wrist mounted device which
acquires signals such as heart rate, skin
perspiration, body temperature etc and
transmit these data to a remote tele-
medicine center. But the vital parameters
are not continuously transmitted and
inconsistency in the medical data has been
reported.
The recording done by these devices must
always be analyzed only by a qualified
technician or a doctor; this is a huge
overhead for the professionals considering
the number of patients they attend to in a
hugely populous country like India. If you
need an immediate diagnosis this approach
too proves to be inadequate. In high risk
cases you need to make the diagnosis on
the fly instantaneously. Hence the
wearable device should have sufficient
computational intelligence to monitor the
heart rate and analyze it dynamically,
detect the flaws and immediately inform
the care provider. In short, to be of use in a
crisis situation the above mentioned
devices fail for want of decision support
and provision to communicate an alert.
And hence the authors propose a new
framework which would solve these
drawbacks
6 PERVASIVE COMPUTING - A
LIFE SAVING TOOL:
The silent heart attack belongs to the high
risk category. Since this does not trigger
any visible indications unlike an ordinary
heart attack, it could often be fatal and
usually goes unnoticed. The only fool-
proof method of detecting this is by
observing the deviation in the ECG
(Electro cardiogram) pattern.
But this data after reception must again has
to be analyzed by doctors in order to make
the diagnosis. This could prove to be too
slow in dealing with crises like silent heart
attacks where an immediate diagnosis and
care delivery is of paramount importance.
Fortunately computation technology has
advanced to provide us with small
wearable devices with integrated sensors
for cardiac monitoring.
Fig5.Cardiac monitoring system
The proposed scheme envisions a wearable
diagnostic unit which will continuously
monitor the heart checking for
abnormality. This is done based on a
template matching procedure. Instead of
storing the entire pattern it stores the data
related to the abnormality alone. The
detection generates a trigger signal which
is picked up by the patient's mobile phone,
and it causes a predefined message to be
sent to a predefined number such as the
doctor's mobile phone automatically
without alerting the patient and causing
panic. This communication process can be
suitably enhanced like alerting the nearest
or any chosen hospital by an automated
call.
Fig6. Diagrammatic representation of
the healthcare system architecture
The first part is the wearable diagnostic
unit and has the following components.
i. A transducer unit in order to pick
up the electrical pulses of the heart.
ii. A conditioner: This will extract
the data relevant to heart attack.
iii. Template: The templates will store
the reference values with which the
output of the conditioner will be
matched. The template will be
customized to suit the patients’
condition based on parameters like
age, sex, history of attacks and
anonymous conditions. This
template will be set based on a
doctor’s consultation and it can be
changed or updated regularly.
iv. Trigger generator: In the case of
any abnormality this trigger
generator will generate a signal
which can be picked up by a
mobile phone or PDA so that the
alert can be relayed to a care
provider.
The second part is the alert unit. This is
configured as software installed on the
patient's mobile phone or PDA. It listens
for the trigger from the wearable unit and
upon its receipt executes a routine which
will forward a predefined message to a
predefined number like the doctor's or that
of a trusted medical care provider. This
system will provide an instantaneous
analysis and alert which could be vital in
saving valuable time and human life.
Enhancements like alerting or navigating
to the nearest hospital could be added.
7 IMPLEMENTATION:
Fig7.Pictorial representation for
implementation of pervasive computing
There are several sensors to detect human
blood pressure. A patient suffering from
blood pressure will be fixed with this
sensor in his wrists. When blood pressure
either increases or decreases, these sensors
detect them and inform them to the
patient’s PDA. The PDA is set in such a
manner that it automatically sends
information to the hospital server via
internet. The hospital server analyses the
information, prepares a report regarding
the patient’s condition. Then it sends the
report to the doctor. In accordance to the
report, it alerts the patient’s relative and
also the patient (through PDA). When the
patient is somewhere outside and if he
moves to a critical unconscious state, the
sensor will automatically detect it and it
will be indicated to the hospital server.
Hence, the patient’s relative will be
informed with the problem and the patient
can be rescued immediately.
8 FUTURE:
It is difficult to predict the future
evolution in a rapidly changing
environment. Almost every business
process involving people will integrate
pervasive computing into marketing and
delivery channels. Highly personalized
services and the ability to control
communication and services via easy to
use interfaces are key to gaining
A
patient
with
sensor
in his
wrist
PDA
Patients’
Relative
Internet
Hospital
Server
Doctor’s
Personal
Mobile
acceptance. Mobile communication and
the Internet are converging into an overall
mobile computing infrastructure with the
next generation of the Internet. Security
and privacy will be guaranteed by the
extensive use of encryption and public key
infrastructure. Pervasive portals servicing
millions of concurrent users will demand
web application servers and scalable server
infrastructure with high performance and
availability. Managing the rapid change in
the pervasive computing space will be a
major challenge for all participants.
9 CONCLUSION:
Pervasive computing in an
increasingly networked world continues to
affect more and more of the world's
population. More questions than answers
remain, more investment required than
profit currently available, but plenty of
opportunity and revolutionary benefits
(and potential pitfalls) for everyone who
participates. Although this is a global
phenomenon, regional and national social
and cultural factors will directly influence
the technologies and promise of pervasive
computing.
Pervasive computing is quite a bit
different, because it assumes a distributed
environment model. It has the potential to
dramatically alter how people use devices
to connect and communicate in everyday
life. In this paper, we have described the
implementation of pervasive computing in
medicine – as a life saving tool. Thus, we
stand at the beginning of yet another era in
computers – pervasive era.
10 REFERENCES:
a) Pervasive Computing, by Uwe
Hansmann, Lothar Merk, Martin S.
Nicklous, Thomas Stober
b) Pervasive Computing – Technology
and Architecture of Mobile and
Internet applications, Jochen
Burkhardt, Dr. Horst Henn,
Stefan Hepper, Klaus Rintdorff,
Thomas Schack
c) Pervasive Computing in Health
Care Jacob, E. Bardram, Alex
Mihalidis, Dadong Wan Published
2006, CRC Press
d) Mobile Medicine : hand held’s
used to treat disease Dueul. R
Pervasive Computing IEEE,
Volume1, Issue2, Apr-Jun 2002
e) A Low Power Linear Phase Digital
FIR Filter for Wearable ECG
Devices Young Lian, Jianghong Yu,
Engineering in Medicine and
Biology Society, 2005. IEEE-
EMBS 2005. 27th Annual
International Conference of the
Volume , Issue , 2005.