abstract-diabetes.docx

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Abstract

Diabetes is a disease that affects 18.2 million people in theUnited States alone. This disease results when there is a

high level of sugar in the blood for an extended period of

time. It can be controlled by diet, exercise, pills and insulin

injections. There are three main types of diabetes--Type I,

which affects primarily the younger population; Type II,

which primarily affects the population above 40; and

gestational diabetes, which affects women during the third

trimester of their pregnancy. While scientists do not know

what causes diabetes, they do know that it is caused from a

variety of factors that can vary from person to person.

Examples of these factors are heredity, being overweight,and problems with beta cells, which are located in the

pancreas. Diabetes can result in blurred vision, retinopathy,

nerve problems, dry skin, and kidney issues. Diet plays a

major role in the prevention of these problems. Sugar

concentration in the blood is a major factor for diabetics, so

understanding the sugar content of fats, proteins, and

carbohydrates is essential. The goal from a diet perspective

is to control your sugar in your bloodstream in such a way

that the insulin in your bloodstream can manage it


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efficiently. In addition to diet, medication and exercise play

a key role in controlling this disease. Currently, there is no

known cure for diabetes.

Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes Defined

Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disease where the blood in

the body contains a high sugar level. This disease is caused

by the body's inability to use insulin properly, or the

inability to manufacture insulin altogether. There are times

when it can be caused by both factors. "Diabetes is the

leading cause of blindness, kidney failure, and legamputations. In fact, it is the third leading cause of death in

the United States." (Magee, 1999 p. 2)

The Normal Process

When you eat a meal, your body begins the digestion

process. The food breaks down and enters the bloodstream

in the form of sugars. Once the sugars are circulating in

your blood, the cells need to be able to admit the sugar. A


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Preventing Type 2 Diabetes

You will not develop type 2 diabetes automatically if you haveprediabetes. For some people with prediabetes, early treatmentcan actually return blood glucose levels to the normal range.

Research shows that you can lower your risk for type 2 diabetesby 58% by:

Losing 7% of yourbody weight(or 15 pounds if you weigh200 pounds)

Exercising moderately(such as brisk walking) 30 minutes aday, five days a week

Don't worry if you can't get to yourideal body weight. Losing even

10 to 15 pounds can make a huge difference.

Diabetes is a problem with your body that causes blood glucose(sugar) levels to rise higher than normal. This is also calledhyperglycemia.Type 2diabetes is the most common form ofdiabetes.

If you have type 2 diabetes your body does notuseinsulinproperly. This is called insulin resistance. At first, yourpancreas makes extra insulin to make up for it. But, over time itisn't able to keep up and can't make enough insulin to keep yourblood glucose at normal levels.

ABSTRACT

The unifying hypothesis of diabetes maintains that reactive oxygen

species (ROS) generated in the mitochondria of glucose-treated cells

promote reactions leading to the development of diabetic complications.

Although the unifying hypothesis attributes the generation of oxidants

solely to impaired glucose and fatty acid metabolism, diabetes is also
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associated with a decline in the levels of the endogenous antioxidant

taurine in a number of tissues, raising the possibility that changes in

taurine status might also contribute to the severity of oxidant-mediated

damage. There is overwhelming evidence that taurine blocks toxicity

caused by oxidative stress, but the mechanism underlying theantioxidant activity remains unclear. One established antioxidant action

of taurine is the detoxification of hypochlorous acid. However, not all of

the antioxidant actions of taurine are related to hypochlorous acid

because they are detected in isolated cell systems lacking neutrophils.

There are a few studies showing that taurine either modulates the

antioxidant defenses or blocks the actions of the oxidants, but other

studies oppose this interpretation. Although taurine is incapable of

directly scavenging the classic ROS, such as superoxide anion, hydroxylradical, and hydrogen peroxide, there are numerous studies suggesting

that it is an effective inhibitor of ROS generation. The present review

introduces a novel antioxidant hypothesis, which takes into

consideration the presence of taurine-conjugated tRNAs in the

mitochondria. Because tRNA conjugation is required for normal

translation of mitochondrial-encoded proteins, taurine deficiency

reduces the expression of these respiratory chain components. As a

result, flux through the electron transport chain decreases. The

dysfunctional respiratory chain accumulates electron donors, which

divert electrons from the respiratory chain to oxygen, forming

superoxide anion in the process. Restoration of taurine levels increases

the levels of conjugated tRNA, restores respiratory chain activity, and

increases the synthesis of ATP at the expense of superoxide anion

production. The importance of this and other actions of taurine in

diabetes is discussed.


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Type 1diabetes is usually diagnosed in children and youngadults, and was previously known as juvenile diabetes. In type 1diabetes, the body does not produce insulin.Insulin is a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches and

other food into energy needed for daily life. Only 5% of peoplewith diabetes have this form of the disease. With the helpofinsulin therapyand other treatments, even young children withtype 1 diabetes can learn to manage their condition and live long,healthy, happy lives. If you have or know a child who was recentlydiagnosed with type 1 diabetes, you may also be interested in ourbook,Guide to Raising a Child with Diabetes, 3rd Edition.
http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/type-1/facts-about-type-1.htmlhttp://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/type-1/facts-about-type-1.htmlhttp://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/treatment-and-care/medication/insulin/insulin-basics.htmlhttp://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/treatment-and-care/medication/insulin/insulin-basics.htmlhttp://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/treatment-and-care/medication/insulin/insulin-basics.htmlhttp://www.shopdiabetes.org/548-ADA-Guide-to-Raising-a-Child-with-Diabetes-3rd-Edition.aspx?loc=ContentPage-type1_raising-cwdhttp://www.shopdiabetes.org/548-ADA-Guide-to-Raising-a-Child-with-Diabetes-3rd-Edition.aspx?loc=ContentPage-type1_raising-cwdhttp://www.shopdiabetes.org/548-ADA-Guide-to-Raising-a-Child-with-Diabetes-3rd-Edition.aspx?loc=ContentPage-type1_raising-cwdhttp://www.shopdiabetes.org/548-ADA-Guide-to-Raising-a-Child-with-Diabetes-3rd-Edition.aspx?loc=ContentPage-type1_raising-cwdhttp://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/treatment-and-care/medication/insulin/insulin-basics.htmlhttp://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/type-1/facts-about-type-1.html

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