Absolutism

Phillip II of Spain

• Married to Mary Tudor of England, but was not named King in England

• Ruthless, vain, and ambitious leader• Devout Catholic• With the Pope’s full support, Phillip began the

Spanish Inquisition to force Jews and Muslims to become Catholic. He prevented Protestantism from entering into Spain

• Phillip extended his power to the New World, the Philipines (hence the name) and to the Netherlands

• On a serious gamble, Phillip spends most of his money and military strength on an attempt to invade England in 1588 to depose Elizabeth

• He failed, causing Spain to lose its world power

Mary Tudor

• Concerned with converting England back to Catholicism by force

• Burned 300 Protestant Church Leaders alive: Bloody Mary

• Married to Phillip II of Spain.• Phillip used Mary to fund and supply his war

against the Netherlands • England is left penniless

Elizabeth Tudor

• Unmarried Protestant• Her goal is to build England into a powerful nation• She wants to balance the powers in Europe by taking power

from Spain• Elizabeth hires Sea Dogs = privateers, or pirates, hired to rob

Spanish Gold ships returning from America.• Sends aid to protestants in the Netherlands who are fighting for

Independence from Spain.• She defeats the Spanish Armada in 1588 which was sent by

Phillip to destroy Elizabeth. • Elizabeth sends colonists to Virginia to challenge Spain’s claim to

America

King Frederick of Prussia

• Crowned himself King • To indicate that his royalty was limited to just

Prussia he was forced to call himself “King in Prussia” instead of “King of Prussia”.

• Founded 3 major Academies or Universities• Huge patron of the arts

Leopold I

• Holy Roman Emperor• King of Hungary and Bohemia• He was a man of industry and education• He showed political ability• He regarded himself as an absolute sovereign

Charles I of England

• King Charles I had many religious conflicts.• Failed to successfully aid protestant forces during the

Thirty Years War. He married a Roman Catholic princess. • The English Civil War with him in power. Afterward, in

1649, he was executed. It was a battle between a representative government - parliament - of the people

• England proved it would not tolerate an absolute ruler. The divine right ruler (Charles I) lost - - and was beheaded to prevent any return to the absolute rule idea.

Ivan the Great

• Longest ruler of Russia• Unified Russia while expanding its boundaries

3x • Ended the reign of the Golden Horde

(Monguls) by standing up and not giving in to anymore of their demands

• He was the first to use the term czar

Romanovs

• Michael Romanov was the first Czar• Succeeded by Peter the Great

– Caused lots of bloodshed and torture• The Romanovs ruled for over 300 years• Ended in 1917 when the people were unhappy

with Czar Nicholas II• The Bolsheviks ordered the killing of the entire

royal family, ending their reign

Louis XIV

• Took the throne at 5 yrs, but Cardinal Mazarin ruled until Louis turned 23

• Gained the respect of the people from giving them laws and rules that had been lacking during the war times

• Brought the treasury out of bankruptcy• He was a strict Catholic, revoking the Edict of

Nantes and persecuting many Protestants• Relocated the palace to Versailles

Young Louis XIVYoung Louis XIV

The Bourbon Family Crest

The Bourbon Family Crest

Versailles StatisticsVersailles Statisticsf 2,000 acres of groundsf 12 miles of roadsf 27 miles of trellisesf 200,000 treesf 210,000 flowers planted every yearf 80 miles of rows of treesf 55 acres surface area of the Grand Canalf 12 miles of enclosing wallsf 50 fountains and 620 fountain nozzlesf 21 miles of water conduitsf 3,600 cubic meters per hour: water consumedf 26 acres of rooff 51,210 square meters of floorsf 2,153 windowsf 700 roomsf 67 staircasesf 6,000 paintingsf 1,500 drawings and 15,000 engravingsf 2,100 sculptures f 5,000 items of furniture and objects d'artf 150 varieties of apple and peach trees in the Vegetable

Garden

Louis XIII’s Old Chateau

Louis XIII’s Old Chateau

Versailles TodayVersailles Today

Fountains, Fountains, and More Fountains!Fountains, Fountains, and More Fountains!

And More Fountains!

And More Fountains!

And More Fountains!And More Fountains!

And Even More Fountains!!!

And Even More Fountains!!!

Hall of

Mirrors

Hall of

Mirrors

The Queen’s

Bed

The Queen’s

Bed

The King’s Bed

The King’s Bed

Louis XIV’s Chapel

Louis XIV’s Chapel

Louis XIV’s Chapel Altarpiece

Louis XIV’s Chapel Altarpiece