absolutely pure iron five plates and two rods, national art gallery, washington
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Absolutely pure iron
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Five plates and two rods, National Art Gallery, Washington
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Smithsonian: Natural History Museum
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Smithsonian: Air & Space
Fe-Ni alloy, 0.0021072 mm thick
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Inter-galactic gas
guess what?
Fe
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Entropy
P
P / 2
How pure can pure be?
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o
o
A
B
A B
Gib
bs
free e
nerg
y p
er
mole
Concentration x of B
Incredibly difficult to get extreme purity!
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hexagonal close-packed
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hexagonal close-packed cubic close-packed
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body-centred cubic
cubic close-packed
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1.61.41.21.00.8-65
-55
-45
-35
Normalised volume
Diamond cubicCubic-P
Hexagonal-P
b.c.cc.c.ph.c.p
Coh
esiv
e en
ergy
(e
V/a
tom
)
Paxton et al. (1990)
pure ironpure iron
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electron has a spin;
effectively a current in a loop, creating a little magnet;
this is the
Bohr magneton
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Paramagnetic
Ferrimagnetic
Antiferromagnetic
Ferromagnetic
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0 50 100 150 200
Pressure / kbar
800
400
0
γ
α ε
1200
1600δ
0 50 100 150 200
Pressure / kbar
800
400
0
γ
α ε
1200
1600δ Bundy (1965)
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Iron atom in ferrite 2.2
Iron atom in thin film 3.1
Iron atom in austenite 2.8 or 0.6
Bhor magnetons
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Fe
Ru
Os
Hs
Fe
Ru
Os
Hs
6d 2s
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Iron [Ar] + 8 e- b.c.c
Ruthenium [Kr] + 8 e- h.c.p
Osmium [Xe] + 14f + 8 e- h.c.p
Hassium [Rn] + 14f + 8 e- ???
H HO
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body-centred cubic (ferrite)
cubic close-packed (austenite)
hexagonal close-packed
double hexagonal close-packed
trigonal
tetragonal
magnetic transitions
pure ironpure iron
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DISPLACIVE
RECONSTRUCTIVE
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The Song
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an apple weighs 1 Newton
1 m
= 1 Pa
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1201008060402000
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Fibre or Whisker Diameter / µm
Tensile Strength / MPa
"Scifer"
Whisker
1201008060402000
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Fibre or Whisker Diameter / µm
Tensile Strength / MPa
"Scifer"
Whisker
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1 Denier: weight in grams, of 9 km of fibre
10 Denier
Scifer is 9 Denier
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Scifer, 5.5 GPa with ductility!
Kobe Steel
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Atom probe image of Scifer,
5.5 GPa steel wire
Bhadeshia and Harada, 1993
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TRANSPARENT STEEL:the teaching of creative
designby Harry Bhadeshia
Materials World, March 1995, p. 128
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Why is iron opaque?
opaque
transparent
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1991 Sumio Iijima studied soot, found nanotubes, nested like Russian dolls.
Nanotubes grow efficiently from gas with iron as catalyst.
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Perception of smell
template model
spectroscopic model
Luca Turin
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nickel in cage
molecule
iron in cage molecule
Luca Turin
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Cooking temperature? 180 to 220 °C
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Pizza steel, cooked at 200 °C for 20 days
Pizza steel, cooked at 200 °C for 20 days
2.5 billion apples on one square meter2.5 billion apples on one square meter
Caballero, Mateo & Bhadeshia
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Longest (2 km) single-span bridge, near Kobe, Japan
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Rope bridge, Atlantis, Bahamas
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www.msm.cam.ac.uk/phase-trans/2001/pureiron.ppt
……/steel3.wav