Absolute Monarchs in Europe

Chapter 18

Quick Question…

What do you think of when you hear the word “ABSOLUTE”

What are some synonyms for this word?

Quick Introduction…

What is an ABSOLUTE MONARCH? A king or queen who has total power, and seeks to

control all aspects of society

What gives the king their power? Divine Right – belief that God gave the king his

“right” to be king (God’s Representative)

Feudalism Renaissance Growth of Cities

Growth of Nationalism

Need for Central Power

Evolution of Absolutism

Absolutism in France:The Reign of Louis 14th

Chapter 18Section 2Pages 540-544

What you will learn

Henry IV, Louis XIII, and Louis XIV strengthened the French monarchy, with Louis XIV setting the example of an absolute monarch for the rest of Europe

Setting the Stage for Louis 14King Henry IV

There were BIG problems in France with religious connotations.

The Catholics and the Huguenots (French Protestants) were constantly fighting. Huguenots were a threat to Catholics 1/10 French were Huguenots Un roe, une loi, une foi

“ One King, One law, One Religion” Monarchy saw Huguenots as a challenge to this

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Huguenots and Catholics had been fight for years 1572 Paris Streets run red

Henry of Navarre’s (protestant) and Marguerite de Valoi’s (Catholic) Wedding day

Brides mother (Queen) ordered all of the protestants in for wedding to be killed

10K-70K protestants killed, Henry would escape Henry would be next inline for throne

Converted to Catholicism and crowned King Henry IV

III. Setting the Stage for Louis 14

There was a time of peace when Henry of Navarre (a Huguenot prince) came to power He converted to Catholicism in order to help the country Signed the Edict of Nantes

meant religious toleration for the Huguenots in France. Gave them limited freedoms One King, one law, one religion is no longer Catholicism still official religion of France

King Henry IV

Focused on repairing war torn France Fixed financial situation Eliminated debt and built a surplus Created new industry Built roads and canals

He was assassinated by a fanatic who did not like

What’s Happening?

How did Henry IV end France’s wars of religion? By converting to Catholicism and granting certain rights to

the Huguenots Why did the Catholics accept the Edicts of Nantes? Because it ended the religious wars but still declared

Catholicism as France’s official religion Why would the French royal family want to kill all the

Huguenots? Killing them would put an end to the fighting

Setting the Stage for Louis 14: Louis 13

B. Louis 13th

WEAK king- young, mom ruled for several years Richelieu was his main “advisor”

He pretty much ran the kingdom, not Louis He hated the Huguenots Strengthened his own power by weakening the nobles

influence (made them take down their fortified castles) La Rochelle, Huguenots side with English, Upon their defeated

all churches had to become catholic Repressed Huguenot Nobles with spies and harsh punishment More interested in Strengthening the Monarchy than

supporting Catholics

What’s Happening?

How did Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu strengthen the French monarchy?

Reduced power of Huguenots; How did Richelieu plan to strengthen the

monarchy? By crushing his opponents

Louis 14The Most Powerful Ruler of France

“I am the state” – meaning that he was France Sun King

Began his rule when he was 4 years old Because he was so young when he took

over, he had an advisor – Mazarin. Mazarin’s “rule” caused the nobles to

revolt. Louis hated this and made up his mind that he would become so powerful that the nobles would NEVER rise against him. Louis excluded them from councils and taxed

them

Absolutism at Versailles

Demanded to be in charge of all military, political, and economic initiatives. Best Example of an Absolute Monarch

Religion of his subject were also under his direct control

Built a enormous palace, Versailles Greatest ambition was to build up military and

expand French Territory

Louis’ Palace: The Palace at Versailles

The Palace at Versailles was 14 miles outside of Paris.

5,000 acres of forests, gardens, and lawns

1,400 Fountains, so many that they could not even run them all at the same time. (The workers would just turn them on when Louis walked by, and turn them off when he walked away.)

The cost to build them palace was approximately $2.5 billion.

It took 36,000 people to build the Palace at Versailles.

Why do you think that Louis built this palace?

People who wanted to speak to the king could not knock on his door. Instead, using the left pinkie finger, they had to gently scratch on the door, until they were granted permission to enter. As a result, many courtiers grew that fingernail longer than the others

Palace at Versailles

Palace at Versailles

The Actions of Louis 14

Expanded the economy Jean Baptist Colbert – Minister of Finance used

Mercantilism to build France’s bank accounts Focused on making money in the New World (fur

trade) Limited imports and increased exports

Over-turned the Edict of Nantes Persecuted the Huguenots, so they 200 K left, and took jobs and money with them.

Pampered himself Lived in TOTAL luxury, had 500 servants, cooks,

etc. who looked after his every desire.

Louis 14 Extends France’s Borders

Under Louis’ leadership, France became the most powerful nation in Europe. Largest Population French Army: Best trained, best

weapons, most soldiers

Louis 14 Extends France’s Borders

With this large army, Louis began to expand the French borders. Early in his campaigns he had success Eventually his luck ran out Hurt the people, b/c the high cost war was paid with

taxes- went to war 4 times Would melt down royal silver to pay for supplies

One Last War for the French

The French people wanted peace. What they got was another war

The War of Spanish Succession France and Spain were on the verge of unification Wanted Spanish throne for his son Other countries of Europe were scared that this would be

too much power for the Bourbon Kings. Result: Spain and France were beaten by England,

Netherlands and Holy Roman Empire, and the thrones were not permitted to be unified.

Treaty of Utrecht

French Expansion

Louis 14: Legacy & Death

Positives that Louis Brought Strengthened France in Art &

Literature Strengthened French Military

and influence in Europe Strengthened the French

Colonies in the New World

Negatives that Louis Brought Constant Warfare Lost of debts (palace and

fighting) High Taxes for the people Set the stage for the French

Revolution

Louis died in his bed in 1715. The French people celebrated when they heard the news.

What’s Happening?

What were the causes and effects of the Spanish Succession?

Caused when other European powers did not want to see Louis XIV’s son become king of Spain

Resulted in giving Louis’s grandson the throne, but keeping France and Spain from being ruled by the same monarch

Using your notes, fill in the interactive graphic organizer by describing how the power of the French monarchy increased

under Henry IV, Louis XIII, and Louis XIV.

Monarchy in England

Chapter 18

Section 3

Pages 545-550

Bell ringer 18.3

Write a brief description of either the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre or the palace that Louis XIV built at Versailles. Use details that will help your reader visualize the scene.

5 Points 7 Sentence Min

What you will learn today

In contrast to the absolute monarchy France, the English monarchy was limited by Parliament; following a civil war, Parliament became even more powerful

Monarchs Defy Parliament

First, you need to understand that a MONARCHY is a form of ABSOLUTISM.

The Monarchs (Kings and Queens) felt that they were above the law (i.e. – Parliament) Parliament – English version of Congress

Monarchs vs. ParliamentQueen Elizabeth – she

had problems with the parliament regarding money

James I – he had problems with the parliament regarding religion

Charles I – fired the Parliament – just got rid of it!

Recap

Henry VII creates Protestant church to divorce wife- not able to have male child

Daughter, Mary take thrown, switch back to Catholicism and kills protestants

Daughter, Elizabeth takes thrown, switches back to Catholic Church

All of this is done with the help of parliament passing laws.

Elizabeth

Parliament wants her to marry so there will be a male heir to the thrown, but she refuses to do so

She doesn’t want to share the power with anybody

She does have a good relationship with Parliament as they are able to speak their mind w/o fear of punishment.

What’s Happening

How did the Tudors work with Parliament? Henry VIII teamed with Parliament to pass a series

of laws to convert England to Protestantism and name him head of the Church of England, Elizabeth I needed the help of Parliament to re-establish herself as the head of the Church of England

What do you think would have happened if Elizabeth I had married? Might have lost power because her husband would

have wanted to play a part in a growing England

James I Problems with Parliament

Elizabeth's Successor Relative from Scotland Believed in the Devine Rights of Kings Bad relations with Parliament

Absolute Power From Scotland Low funds from predecessors

James rarely got what he wanted from Parliament

Who really has the power?

James I Problems with Religion

Parliament is increasing power Puritans are on the rise

Religious group who wants to purify the church Thought church was too catholic

Robes/kneeling

Puritans wanted to take power away from church officials

Church leadership supported James I James refuses to pass most reform does have Bible written in English. King James version

Charles I

James dies and son Charles I is crowned. Married a catholic woman and went to war (English are Happy). He is

very popular.

War = $$ In order to continue conquests he must ask parliament to raise taxes.

The only way that Parliament would give him money is if he signed the Petition of Right. No false imprisonment No taxes w/o Parliament’s consent No housing of soldiers in homes No martial (absolute) law in peace time

Charles I vs. Parliament

The Petition of Right was a direct challenge to Absolute Monarchy

Charles signed it – then he IGNORED it. He needs more $ and goes back to Parliament but is

denied. Charles fired Parliament for 11 years

Then he needed them back to get him some money – for more wars

He “re-hired” them. But after 11 years, who is in the power seat?

Charles I vs. Parliament

Parliament took this opportunity to further limit kings power and further empower Parliament

Charles is not done yet! A radical Puritan group within parliament has moved to

abolish the appointment of Bishops within Catholic Church

The kings power is directly connected to church officials

Charles again fires Parliament

What’s Happening?

What led the first two Stuart kings to clash with Parliament? Went to Parliament to raise money, rarely able to get

what he wanted What did Charles I do when Parliament refused to

give him money after he signed the Petition of Rights? He taxed the English people and dismissed

Parliament

English Civil War

Why? – because the people were mad at Charles for firing the Parliament (and Parliament was mad too)

When? – 1642 – 1649

Loyalists

•Supported Charles

•Called “Cavilers”

Also called “Royalists”

Puritans

•Supported Parliament

•Called Roundheads

•Leader was Oliver Cromwell

VS

Results of the English Civil War

Oliver Cromwell’s Roundheads defeated the Cavilers and imprisoned Charles

They put Charles I on trial, sentenced him to death – chopped his head off.

Changes in Power

Oliver Cromwell took over following the civil war Dismissed Parliament Formed a Commonwealth

Republican based government Formed a military state

Lord Protector of England Fought with Dutch of trade

Very strict Closed theatres Limited popular entertainment

THE PEOPLE ARE UNHAPPY

What's Happening?

What were the causes and results of the English Civil War?

CAUSE: Parliament limited Charles I power and refused to give him money

RESULT: Charles I executed, Monarchy and house of Lords abolished, England becomes a common wealth

Defender of Absolutism

Thomas Hobbs- Leviathan

Describes human as being naturally selfish and fearful

Life in nature is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short

People need an all powerful monarch to tell them how to live.

The Restoration (Charles II)

After Cromwell died, the people wanted to have a king – Charles II (Charles I son) took over. (weak)

He got along better with the Parliament, restoration took place in England.

Was weak to Parliament Was quick to given in Supported public construction Reopened theatres

What’s Happening?

Do you think that England was better off under the commonwealth or under the monarchy?

Why did Parliament vote to bring back the monarchy? People were unhappy with new Puritan laws,

and Cromwell’s son was an uninspiring leader

Glorious Revolution

1685 Charles II died with NO heir His brother James II took over (but he was

catholic!) Believed in Absolute Monoarchy He soon offended Parliament and voted

some Catholic friends into high office (against the law)

Parliament protested, so he fired them His wife then had a son and the people were

scared that a long line of Catholics would rule.

Glorious Revolution

HOWEVER, James had an older Protestant daughter (Mary) who married William of Orange.

Parliament invited William to overthrow James II. He brought and army, James II was scared and fled the country

Thus, the Glorious Revolution began and ended with no fighting

William and Mary begin their reign and develop aCONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY :

There is a monarch in place, however they are limited in their power

What’s Happening?

Why are the events of 1688 known as the glorious revolution? A new king and king took power without blood shed

Pop Quiz

True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. ____ 1.Queen Elizabeth I had a good relationship with

Parliament and called it into session ten times during her 45-year reign.

____ 2.Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector of England clamped down on social life by closing theaters and limiting other forms of popular entertainment.

____ 3.William and Mary were crowned king and queen of England in order to prevent a Puritan monarch from occupying the throne.

Pop Quiz Answers

True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. 1.Queen Elizabeth I had a good relationship with

Parliament and called it into session ten times during her 45-year reign.

TRUE 2.Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector of England clamped

down on social life by closing theaters and limiting other forms of popular entertainment.

TRUE 3.William and Mary were crowned king and

queen of England in order to prevent a Puritan monarch from occupying the throne.

FALSE

Using your notes, fill in the graphic organizer by identifying the causes of the decreasing power of the monarchy. 5 Points

Rulers of Russia and Central Europe

Chapter 18

Section 4

P. 552-557

Russia Before Ivan

Far behind Western Development Run by church officials Boyars (landowners)

1546 young prince named Ivan Took title of Czar Intended to rule w/o limits

Crash Course

Russia, the Kievan Rus, and the Mongols: Crash Course World History #20 - YouTube

Russia’s Absolute Ruler: Ivan IV

Ivan IV a.k.a “Ivan the Terrible” Came to the throne when he was

only 3 years old. At the age of 16 he crowned

himself czar (Caesar) and took control Why would he want to be

recognized as “czar?”

Two Stages of Ivan’s Life “Good Stage” – 1547-1560Married AnastasiaExpanded Russia’s lands

Expanded to the East Volga River Territory Increased trade

Cleaned-up the Russian legal systemGeneral council included low class and merchantsPromoted military by merit not social status

WIFE (ANASTASIA) DIED / He thought she was poisoned.

Two Stages of Ivan’s Life

“Bad Stage” – 1560-1584 Ivan put together a “secret police” who went around

hunting those suspected of being traitors (killed 1000s)

Punished anyone who spoke

out against czar Killed an entire city (Novgorod)

Wanted to separate form Russia Killed his own son (oldest)

Details about killing his son

In 1581, Ivan beat his pregnant daughter-in-law for wearing immodest clothing, causing a miscarriage. His son, also named Ivan, upon learning of this, engaged in a heated argument with his father, which resulted in Ivan striking his son in the head with his pointed staff, causing his son's (accidental) death. This event is depicted in the famous painting by Ilya Repin, Ivan the Terrible and his son Ivan on Friday, November 16, 1581 better known as Ivan the Terrible killing his son

Russia’s Struggles

After Ivan killed his oldest son there was only his weak, youngest son to rule.

He was too weak to lead effectively. He died without an heir. The Time of Trouble began

Economic, problems, Foreign invasion, uncertainty This began the rule of the Romanov Dynasty in Russia

(lasts 300 years) Enter Czar Peter the Great

Czar Peter I

Known as Peter the Great 6’8” tall Took over in 1696

Removed his sister from power 1st act was to attack Azov (city held by Turks)

Failure, but learned from mistakes Along side carpenters, he built a navy and Azov

Surrendered

Czar Peter I

Strengthened the power of the czar (that is added to his ABSOLUTE POWER)

When Peter took over Russia was very backwards, in that they still based their society on Vassals, serfs, etc., Peter was determined to change this.

Peter’s Reforms

In 1697, Peter made a grand tour of Western Europe. Peter wanted to learn about their customs and manufacturing

techniques. In order to make “Westernize” Russia, Peter had to strengthen

is ABSOLUTE POWER. Here’s what he did: Controlled the Russian Church Reduced the power of the Upper Class, and created a Middle

Class Disbanded the Streltsy (politically based Army) Enlarged the Russian Army (raised taxes to pay them)

Peter’s Westernization of Russia

The Westernization Process Introduced Potatoes as a part of their diet Started a newspaper Allowed women to attend social gatherings Had the Nobles start wearing Western Fashions Education Focus:

Sponsored Schools: Navigation, Arts, and Sciences St. Petersburg: Russia’s warm water port (named after

Peter’s Patron Saint)

Results of Peter’s ActionsResults of Peter’s Actions: Russia became modernized, : Russia became modernized, and better off as a result of his efforts.and better off as a result of his efforts.

Catherine the Great

Grew angry with husband Czar Peter III Seized power after the Czar was murdered

Catherine the Great Reforms

Worked on Westernization efforts of Peter the Great

Believed that a wise stronger ruler could improve the lives of their subjects Reformed legal and education systems Removed trade restrictions Promoted Science and arts Defeated and took over Poland, valuable outlet for

sea trade

Russia take over Poland

Why is this important?

Catherine the Great

While fighting a man saying he was Peter III (not murdered) stepped forward saying the throne was his

He put together a ragtag army of peasants and rebelled This was put down

Catherine decided she needed to strengthen the Monarchy in rural areas

She reorganized local government in the hands of nobles and landowners In return for their services, she lowered their taxes and gave them

absolute control over their lands and peasants

Monarchy and conflict in Central Europe

Unlike Monarchs of Western

Europe and Russia,

Central Europe had no

Absolute Monarchs

The Holy Roman Empire

Has an emperor, but the

Empire has several

smaller states each with its

Own ruler

The Hapsburgs

In 1450 all of the small states had a ruler that came from the same family- The Hapsburgs

One rule would try to exert his authority on all the States

IV. The 30 Years War When: 1618 – 1648

Where: Bohemia (Czech Republic) Who: Protestants (with Lutheran help) and Catholics Details: Conflict over religion, territory, and for power among

European ruling families Results:

Hurt Germany most (lost 4 million people) Treaty: Peace of Westphalia This was the last religious war in Europe Europe became a group independent countries, rather than a

Catholic Empire

The 7 Years War When: 1756 - 1763 Where: Europe, India, North America Who: England vs. France (and their allies) Results: England gained the most

They took all of France’s holding in the New World England gained trading domination in India

The Scientific The Scientific Revolution & Revolution &

EnlightenmentEnlightenment

New Models and MethodsNew Models and Methods

Chapter 19 Sec 1-2Chapter 19 Sec 1-2

Pages 567-579Pages 567-579

Bellringer 19.1Bellringer 19.1

Imagine that you are a German Imagine that you are a German engineer who has moved to Russia to engineer who has moved to Russia to help Peter the Great build St. help Peter the Great build St. Petersburg. Write a letter in which Petersburg. Write a letter in which you try to persuade another you try to persuade another professional back home to come professional back home to come work with you in Russia.work with you in Russia.

5 points5 points

By the 17th Century, many By the 17th Century, many changes had begun to occur: changes had begun to occur:

Scientists all over Europe kept in Scientists all over Europe kept in touchtouch

Science became a big businessScience became a big business Newton’s theory of the UniverseNewton’s theory of the Universe

– Huge influence on both scientific & Huge influence on both scientific & political/social thinkingpolitical/social thinking

Application of Science to IndustryApplication of Science to Industry Popularized SciencePopularized Science

Themes of the Scientific Themes of the Scientific Revolution Revolution

Science = a philosophyScience = a philosophy Science is practicalScience is practical Science creates repercussions in Science creates repercussions in

theology & philosophytheology & philosophy– Deism: “Clockwork Universe”Deism: “Clockwork Universe”– Traditional churches of all kinds were Traditional churches of all kinds were

threatened by new ideas about man and threatened by new ideas about man and God.God.

More ThemesMore Themes

Science created repercussions in Science created repercussions in political thought, as well.political thought, as well.– Scientific Revolution led to a belief in Scientific Revolution led to a belief in

democracy & freedomdemocracy & freedom Rational order in the universe – it Rational order in the universe – it

was possible scientifically, politically, was possible scientifically, politically, and sociallyand socially

All of worlds problems could be All of worlds problems could be solved with reasonsolved with reason

What you will LearnWhat you will Learn

New ways of thinking led to New ways of thinking led to remarkable discoveries remarkable discoveries during the Scientific during the Scientific Revolution.Revolution.

Old Views Scholars relied on church and traditional

authorities for their beliefs on the structure of the earth

These old ideas were upheld by the church– Geocentric Theory– Taught god put earth at the center of the

universe

Scholars would begin to challenge these traditional way and begin a new way of thinking– Questioning the natural world

ClaudiusClaudiusPtolemyPtolemy

The Universe The Universe Ptolemy’s model of the universe was Ptolemy’s model of the universe was

generally accepted by ancient & generally accepted by ancient & medieval scientists (geo-centric with medieval scientists (geo-centric with concentric crystalline spheres)concentric crystalline spheres)

Aristotle was 1Aristotle was 1stst to to

Produce this theoryProduce this theory

Why new way of thinking

Exploration- lead to study of natural world– Ancient scholars could give no info about

these new lands– New people and animals never seen before

Maybe there are other things out there that have yet to be discovered– The more the examined natural world, the

more they realized ancient beliefs did not match

New Views

Challenged old views Based on Europeans learning

advances made by Arab world Posed theories about natural world

and then tested them– Called Scientific Method

Scientific Method

The Scientific Method is a set of techniques for acquiring new knowledge about the natural world based on observable, measurable evidence.– Step 1 Identify a problem or a research question to be

answered.– Step 2 Form a hypothesis that can be tested. A

hypothesis is a proposed answer to the research question and is based on previous knowledge.

– Step 3 Perform experiments to test the hypothesis.– Step 4 Record the results of the experiments.– Step 5 Analyze the results of the experiments to form

a conclusion that either proves or disproves the hypothesis.

What’s Happening?What’s Happening?

What changes led to the dawn of modern What changes led to the dawn of modern science? science? – Traditional authorities challenged: new theories Traditional authorities challenged: new theories

proposed and tested; exploration led to closer proposed and tested; exploration led to closer study of natural world; development of scientific study of natural world; development of scientific methodsmethods

How was the scientific method different than How was the scientific method different than pervious methods of thinkingpervious methods of thinking– Reliance on testing ideas by experimentation; Reliance on testing ideas by experimentation;

rather than accepting the views of traditional rather than accepting the views of traditional authoritiesauthorities

Two scholars who help develop the Scientific

method

Rene Rene DescarteDescarte

ss

Rene Descartes: Rationalist Rene Descartes: Rationalist

Tried to use reason to explain the Tried to use reason to explain the world—didn’t trust the senses.world—didn’t trust the senses.– Doubted everything until it could be Doubted everything until it could be

proved by reasonproved by reason 1637: 1637: Discourse on MethodDiscourse on Method: :

emphasis on deduction & mathemphasis on deduction & math– Relied heavily on math and logic to Relied heavily on math and logic to

prove truthsprove truths

SirSir Francis Bacon Francis Bacon

Only way to gain Only way to gain scientific knowledge scientific knowledge is by is by experimentationexperimentation

Observing Observing measuring, measuring, explaining, verifyingexplaining, verifying

Induction vs. DeductionInduction vs. Deduction

Medieval scientists believed in the ideasMedieval scientists believed in the ideas

of Aristotle: of Aristotle: Deductive MethodDeductive Method: look at : look at the “whole” and make hypotheses about the “whole” and make hypotheses about itit

Bacon rejected the deductive method & Bacon rejected the deductive method &

advocated the advocated the Inductive methodInductive method: look : look at the parts and make hypotheses at the parts and make hypotheses about the whole.about the whole.

Copernicus- Astronomer Copernicus- Astronomer Heliocentric universe in which Heliocentric universe in which

stars and planets are points stars and planets are points of light with circular orbits.of light with circular orbits.

11stst scientist to complete a scientist to complete a model of the solar system model of the solar system using science, physics, and using science, physics, and mathematicsmathematics

Published “On the Published “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs” in 1473Orbs” in 1473– did so on his death bed as he did so on his death bed as he

fear church oppositionfear church opposition

Tycho Brahe- Tycho Brahe- Astronomer/MathematicianAstronomer/Mathematician

Observed the heavens and decided Observed the heavens and decided that all of the heavenly bodies that all of the heavenly bodies orbited around the sun, except for orbited around the sun, except for the earth and its moon, and that the the earth and its moon, and that the sun and its planetary system sun and its planetary system revolved around the earth.revolved around the earth.

Brahe’s Brahe’s ModelModel

KeplerKepler

Accepted & revised the Accepted & revised the Copernican modelCopernican model

Elliptical (oval) orbitsElliptical (oval) orbits Proved mathematically that Proved mathematically that

the sun is the center of the the sun is the center of the universe.universe.

Kepler’s Kepler’s ModelModel

GalileoGalileo

GalileoGalileo

Improved the telescope and used it Improved the telescope and used it to observe the moon, stars, and to observe the moon, stars, and other heavenly bodiesother heavenly bodies

1610: Published “Starry Messenger” 1610: Published “Starry Messenger” in which he claimed there were in which he claimed there were mountains on the moon and moons mountains on the moon and moons around Jupiter.around Jupiter.

1613: Sunspots discovered1613: Sunspots discovered

Controversy with the ChurchControversy with the Church

Between 1613 and 1616, Galileo Between 1613 and 1616, Galileo wrote a series of letters concerning wrote a series of letters concerning the truth of the Copernican model.the truth of the Copernican model.– The 1616 letter came to the attention of The 1616 letter came to the attention of

an influential Cardinal who had it put on an influential Cardinal who had it put on the Index of Prohibited Books.the Index of Prohibited Books.

– He was ordered NOT to hold Copernican He was ordered NOT to hold Copernican views.views.

More ControversyMore Controversy

1624-30: Galileo wrote “Dialogue 1624-30: Galileo wrote “Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World: Ptolemaic & Copernican”the World: Ptolemaic & Copernican”– Banned immediatelyBanned immediately– Put on Trial in 1633 and found guilty of Put on Trial in 1633 and found guilty of

breaking the 1616 sentence.breaking the 1616 sentence.– Put under house arrest where he was Put under house arrest where he was

supervised by officers of the Inquisition.supervised by officers of the Inquisition.

What’s Happening?What’s Happening?

What discoveries occurred in What discoveries occurred in astronomy, physics, and math during astronomy, physics, and math during the Scientific Revolution? the Scientific Revolution? – Heliocentric theory; plants orbited the sun; Heliocentric theory; plants orbited the sun;

predictable laws of movement; calculuspredictable laws of movement; calculus Why were Galileo’s books so Why were Galileo’s books so

contraversial?contraversial?– They contradicted the official Church They contradicted the official Church

viewpoints that the sun orbited the earthviewpoints that the sun orbited the earth

Sir Isaac Sir Isaac NewtonNewton

Sir Isaac Newton Sir Isaac Newton

1668: built the first reflecting telescope1668: built the first reflecting telescope Laws of motionLaws of motion Law of universal gravitationLaw of universal gravitation 1687: Published “Principial 1687: Published “Principial

Mathematican” Mathematican” 1704: Published “Optics” in which he 1704: Published “Optics” in which he

included his explanation of differential included his explanation of differential calculus as an appendix. calculus as an appendix. – Developed calculus independent of LeibnizDeveloped calculus independent of Leibniz

ScientistsScientists

Antony van Leeuwenhoek was 1Antony van Leeuwenhoek was 1stst to to invent microsopeinvent microsope

Robert Boyle, the father of modern Robert Boyle, the father of modern Chemistry, was 1Chemistry, was 1stst to define an to define an element and described matter as a element and described matter as a cluster of tiny particlescluster of tiny particles

What Happening?What Happening?

How did scientific ideas move beyond How did scientific ideas move beyond the realm of science and affect the realm of science and affect society? society? – Science and religion combined to Science and religion combined to

produce artistic achievement of the produce artistic achievement of the Renaissance; Scientist challenged some Renaissance; Scientist challenged some of the traditional ideas of the church of the traditional ideas of the church

Using your notes, fill in the graphic Using your notes, fill in the graphic organizer by listing the causes and the organizer by listing the causes and the effects of new discoveries made during effects of new discoveries made during

the Scientific Revolutionthe Scientific Revolution5 Points5 Points

The EnlightenmentChapter 19 Sec 2Pages 574-579

Bell Ringer 9.2Bell Ringer 9.2

Suppose that you are an astronomer Suppose that you are an astronomer during the mid-1500s. Write a short during the mid-1500s. Write a short speech explaining why the scientific speech explaining why the scientific method would reveal truth more method would reveal truth more accurately than reliance upon accurately than reliance upon traditional authorities.traditional authorities.

What you will learnWhat you will learn

European thinkers European thinkers developed new ideas developed new ideas about government and about government and society during the society during the Enlightenment.Enlightenment.

The Age of Reason

Scientific Revolution convinced many people in the power of reason– Could it be used to study human nature too– Reason can be used to solve human

problems

Philosophies'Philosophies'

Philosophies had differing beliefs Philosophies had differing beliefs about issues, such as the perfect about issues, such as the perfect form of government, etc., but they all form of government, etc., but they all shared a basic unity of thought.shared a basic unity of thought.

SimilaritiesSimilarities

All applied reason to their analysis of All applied reason to their analysis of societysociety

All believed in progress and looked All believed in progress and looked optimistically toward the futureoptimistically toward the future

All sought reform to establish and All sought reform to establish and protect human libertiesprotect human liberties

All attacked the abuses of the Old All attacked the abuses of the Old RegimeRegime

Thomas Hobbs- political thinker

Wrote Leviathan Based upon his horrific experiences in

English Civil War People are self fish and greedy

– People need government Social contract

– People should give up some freedoms in exchange for peace, saftey, and order that government will provide

Monarchy was best form of government– Strong central power could be used to impose

law and order

Locke: Locke: Empiricist Empiricist

People are People are naturally happy, naturally happy, tolerant and tolerant and reasonablereasonable

Everyone is born Everyone is born free with natural free with natural rights of life, rights of life, liberty and liberty and property.property.

Locke: EmpiricistLocke: Empiricist

Purpose of the government was to protect the people

Monarchs were not chosen by God– Instead the people consented to the

government, who power was limited by law ““Two Treatises of Civil Government” 1690 Two Treatises of Civil Government” 1690

– If government failed to protect it citizens’ If government failed to protect it citizens’ natural rights, they people had the right to natural rights, they people had the right to over throwover throw RevolutionRevolution

Important Ideas Important Ideas of Lockeof Locke

““Tabula RosaTabula Rosa” All knowledge ” All knowledge comes from sense impressions made comes from sense impressions made on the mind from birth.on the mind from birth.– At birth the mind is like a “blank slate”At birth the mind is like a “blank slate”– Our picture of the world is built up of the Our picture of the world is built up of the

impressions which are imprinted on our impressions which are imprinted on our mind through numerous observations mind through numerous observations during our lifetime.during our lifetime.

More Important IdeasMore Important Ideas

Man is a “rational” being that can be Man is a “rational” being that can be improved by education and proper improved by education and proper upbringing. upbringing.

Provided a “scientific” reason for reformProvided a “scientific” reason for reform Toleration, respect for reason, optimism Toleration, respect for reason, optimism

about human perfectibility, and political about human perfectibility, and political freedom were all hallmarks of the freedom were all hallmarks of the Enlightenment that stemmed from Enlightenment that stemmed from Locke.Locke.

RousseauRousseau

“Force does not “Force does not constitute constitute

right... right... obedience is obedience is due only to due only to legitimate legitimate

powers”powers”

Rousseau (1712 – 1778)Rousseau (1712 – 1778)

A romantic, he differed from the rest by A romantic, he differed from the rest by questioning the generally accepted faith in questioning the generally accepted faith in reason and science as a means to a good reason and science as a means to a good lifelife

People were born basically goodPeople were born basically good– Society corrupted manSociety corrupted man

Civilization was a disease that had Civilization was a disease that had corrupted man and led him into slaverycorrupted man and led him into slavery– ““Man is born free, but everywhere he is in Man is born free, but everywhere he is in

chains . . . (Social Contract)chains . . . (Social Contract)

Social ContractSocial Contract

All men begin in a state of nature, where All men begin in a state of nature, where they are “benevolent natives.” they are “benevolent natives.” – Human nature is innately good—man is Human nature is innately good—man is

corrupted by society.corrupted by society. The first person to fence off his property The first person to fence off his property

ruined this idyllic state of affairs and ruined this idyllic state of affairs and created a need for government—thus a created a need for government—thus a social contract was made between citizens.social contract was made between citizens.

A social contract was a deal made among A social contract was a deal made among the people themselves in which the the people themselves in which the supreme authority was to be the general supreme authority was to be the general will.will.

GovernmentGovernment

Direct democracy, an agent of the Direct democracy, an agent of the peoplepeople

Revolution is advisable, if the Revolution is advisable, if the government no longer serves the government no longer serves the needs of the people, and it can be needs of the people, and it can be changed whenever the people wish.changed whenever the people wish.

MontesquieMontesquieuu

““The love of The love of democracy is democracy is

that of that of equality”equality”

Montesquieu (1689 – 1755)Montesquieu (1689 – 1755)

Most famous book: The Spirit of the Most famous book: The Spirit of the LawsLaws

Relativist: no one best form of Relativist: no one best form of government exists.government exists.– Good government should vary with the Good government should vary with the

circumstances of the nation—education, circumstances of the nation—education, climate, soil, size, religion, customs, etc.climate, soil, size, religion, customs, etc.

Necessary FactorsNecessary Factors

No matter which type of government No matter which type of government was chosen, two characteristics was chosen, two characteristics needed to be present for there to be needed to be present for there to be “good government”“good government”– Checks and BalancesChecks and Balances– Separation of PowersSeparation of Powers

VoltaireVoltaire

“Liberty of “Liberty of Thought is Thought is the Life of the Life of the Soul”the Soul”

Voltaire (1694-1778)Voltaire (1694-1778)

Longest-lived, most prolific philosopherLongest-lived, most prolific philosopher Believed the universe is governed by Believed the universe is governed by

natural laws which can’t be changed by natural laws which can’t be changed by man.man.

Rejected the idea of innate ideas and held Rejected the idea of innate ideas and held that knowledge is acquired through that knowledge is acquired through experience which is interpreted by reason.experience which is interpreted by reason.

Man and human nature are basically goodMan and human nature are basically good

Diderot (1713 – 1784)Diderot (1713 – 1784)

Editor-in-chief of the Encyclopedie (vol. Editor-in-chief of the Encyclopedie (vol. 1 published in 1751)1 published in 1751)– 27 years to write27 years to write– Propagandistic—designed to show up the Propagandistic—designed to show up the

faults of society and to promote faults of society and to promote rationalism, science, a respect for natural rationalism, science, a respect for natural law, and the need for reform to create law, and the need for reform to create social progresssocial progress

– Helped spread Enlightenment ideasHelped spread Enlightenment ideas– Censored by the Catholic churchCensored by the Catholic church

Economic ReformersEconomic Reformers

Physiocrats: a group of economic Physiocrats: a group of economic thinkers who believed in the existence thinkers who believed in the existence of natural economic laws.of natural economic laws.– Economic harmony would result when Economic harmony would result when

these natural laws were left alone to these natural laws were left alone to operate freely operate freely

– Called for a laissez-faire economyCalled for a laissez-faire economy

Mary Wollstonecraft

Demanded equal rights for women– Especially in education

A Vindication of the Rights of Women– If men and women were equal in

education then they would be equal in society

Adam Adam SmithSmith

Adam Smith (1727 – 1790)Adam Smith (1727 – 1790)

Father of Modern Capitalism/Laissez-FaireFather of Modern Capitalism/Laissez-Faire– Business activities hsoul take place in the free Business activities hsoul take place in the free

marketmarket– argued against the protection of home argued against the protection of home

industries by imposing tariffsindustries by imposing tariffs– Argued that in the long run it would be to the Argued that in the long run it would be to the

nation’s advantage not to restrict imports by nation’s advantage not to restrict imports by tariffs.tariffs.

Government interference justified only for Government interference justified only for the purpose of defense or to extend or the purpose of defense or to extend or protect the rights and liberties of citizensprotect the rights and liberties of citizens

Wanted funding of public education.Wanted funding of public education.

Most Famous QuoteMost Famous Quote Every individual...generally, indeed, Every individual...generally, indeed,

neither intends to promote the public neither intends to promote the public interest, nor knows how much he is interest, nor knows how much he is promoting it. By preferring the support promoting it. By preferring the support of domestic to that of foreign industry of domestic to that of foreign industry he intends only his own security; and he intends only his own security; and by directing that industry in such a by directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the manner as its produce may be of the greatest value, he intends only his greatest value, he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an other cases, led by an invisible handinvisible hand to promote an end which was no part to promote an end which was no part of his intention. of his intention.

Enlightened AbsolutismEnlightened Absolutism Ideas of enlightenment thinkers became Ideas of enlightenment thinkers became

popular with some absolute monarchspopular with some absolute monarchs Monarchs tried to justify their despotic Monarchs tried to justify their despotic

rule by claiming that they were governing rule by claiming that they were governing in the interests of the people.in the interests of the people.

Some enlightened despots really did care Some enlightened despots really did care about the condition of the people are were about the condition of the people are were willing to offer limited reforms as long as willing to offer limited reforms as long as the reforms did not jeopardize their power.the reforms did not jeopardize their power.

Enlightened Enlightened MonarchsMonarchs

Enlightened Monarchs included:Enlightened Monarchs included:– Frederick II (the Great) of PrussiaFrederick II (the Great) of Prussia– Catherine II (the Great) of RussiaCatherine II (the Great) of Russia– Joseph II of AustriaJoseph II of Austria

All of these monarchs sought to All of these monarchs sought to provide educational opportunities, provide educational opportunities, hospitals, and cultural opportunities hospitals, and cultural opportunities to at least some portion of their to at least some portion of their population.population.

Frederick IIFrederick II

Catherine IICatherine II

Joseph IIJoseph II

Using your notes, fill in the interactive Using your notes, fill in the interactive graphic organizer by describing how graphic organizer by describing how

Enlightenment ideas affected Enlightenment ideas affected governmentgovernment

1. How was the Enlightenment influenced 1. How was the Enlightenment influenced

by reason? by reason? 2. What new views did philosophers have 2. What new views did philosophers have

about government? about government? 3. What new views did philosophers have 3. What new views did philosophers have

about society? about society? 4. How did Enlightenment ideas spread? 4. How did Enlightenment ideas spread?