about english.com

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1.Expressing AgeWe use the verb "to be" to express age in English. There are two possibilities: He iseight. OR He is eight years old.Example SentencesTom is twenty-two.My brother is thirty-six years old.

2.Short AnswersWhen answering yes/no questions, use the auxiliary verb to reply.Example SentencesDid he come last week? - Yes, he did.Have you lived here long? - No, I haven't.

3.Already and YetUse "already" in positive sentences to express something done recently. Use "yet"in the question and negative forms.Example SentencesHave you finished that report yet?He's already talked with Bob.

4.Asking about ExperienceUse the present perfect to inquire about life experiences.Example SentencesHave you ever seen a play by Shakespeare?Has she ever visited France?

5.Using a Verb as a Noun We use the gerund form of the verb (verb+ing) when we use the verb as a noun.Example Sentences Playing golf is my favorite passtime.She said that driving was very difficult for her.

6.decrease - verb -Definition to make less in size or amountExample SentencesI'm going to decrease my spending on restaurants.The budget decreases research and development spending.

7.



deep - adjective -Definition going far down; a long way from top to bottomExample SentencesThe water is very deep at that end of the lake.His understanding of the subject is very deep.

8.Future Time ClausesIn a future time clause use the present simple - the construction is the same as forthe first conditional.Example SentencesWe'll begin the meeting as soon as she arrives.She'll finish after she receives the notes.

9.Decisions of the MomentWe use the future with "will" for spontaneous reactions. In other words, decisionsthat we make at that moment.Example SentencesI'm hungry. - I'll make you a sandwich.It's raining. - I'll get an umbrella.

10.The Use of Well"Well" is the adverb form of the adjective "good"Example SentencesHe plays golf very well.She speaks German well.

11.Few and A FewWe use "few" in a negative sense. Use "a few" in a positive sense.Example SentencesI have few friends in Los Angeles.I have a few friends in New York.

12.Any and SomeWe usually use "any" in the question form except when offering or requestingsomething which is present - in this case we use "some"Example SentencesWould you like something to drink?She doesn't have any time this afternoon.

13.Verbs after PrepositionsAlways use the gerund when the verb is the object of a preposition.



14.If he were ...Use "were" in the second conditional if clause for all subjects.Example SentencesIf he were the boss, we'd all have more to do.I would change my position if I were you.

15.Verb of PurposeWhen using a verb of purpose - I do something to do another thing. - use "to +verb".Example SentencesShe bought the computer to get more work done at home.Hans visited the branch to speak with the manager.

16.Past PassiveThe passive voice simple past is formed: Passive Subject + to be (conjugated) +participleExample SentencesOne thousand units were produced last month.The application form was completed and submitted to the administration.

17.ShallUse "shall" with "we" when asking for suggestions for a group.Example SentencesWhere shall we go tonight?When shall we meet?

18.Say and TellWe use "say" without an object. "Tell" on the other hand takes an object - i.e. Hetold me.Example SentencesI told her to hurry up.I said I was coming soon.

19.Among or BetweenUse the preposition "among" to mean "in the middle of many" and "between" tomean "in the middle of two".Example SentencesOur house in among many.That's our house between the school and the playground.



20.Have toUse "have to" for everyday obligation and responsibilities.Example SentencesJack has to get up at seven every morning.Students have to complete all assigned homework on time.

21.HisThe possessive pronoun form of he is "his" - both when followed by a noun and byitself - It is his book. The book is his.Example SentencesI think that's his car.That house over there is his.

22.The Verb "to Mind"The verb "mind" is followed by the gerund - ing - form of the verb.Example SentencesHe doesn't mind working late.Would you mind giving me a hand?

23.First ConditionalIn the first conditional, use the simple present in the if clause and the future withwill in the result clause.Example SentencesIf you finish that book, we'll get you a new one.She'll move to Oregon if she gets a new job.

24.Present Perfect with "For"Use the present perfect with the time expression "for" to express a period of timeup to the present moment.Example SentencesShe's played tennis for ten years.I've known him for many years.

25.Had to"Had to" is the past of both "have to" and "must".Example SentencesJohn had to get up early to catch the train last week.He said he had to leave.

26.Would Like vs. Do You Like



We Use the form "Would you like to ..." when inviting someone to do somethingspecific. Use the form "Do you like to ..." when asking a general question.Example SentencesWould you like to come over this weekend?Do you like playing golf?

27.Question TagsQuestion tags are formed by the auxiliary verb in the opposite sense of the principlestatement (here negative because the principle phrase is positive) followed by thesubject.Example SentencesYou're leaving town soon, aren't you?She hasn't seen him in a long time, has she?

28.UnlessUse "unless" to mean "if not" in the first conditional.Example SentencesUnless you come, we won't be able to make a decision.She will give up unless she has some success soon.

29.As ... AsUse "as ... as" to express comparative equality. Do not use the comparative form of the adjective (i.e. hotter, more difficult, etc.)Example SentencesThis test is as difficult as the test last week.London is as expensive as Tokyo.

31.Reported SpeechIn reported speech go one step back into the past and change the time signifier aswell as the pronoun.Example Sentences"I'm going to the supermarket.: BECOMES He said he was going to the supermarket."She's seeing him tomorrow." BECOMES She said she was seeing him the next day.

32.Should or Shouldn'tUse "should" or "shouldn't" as a modal verb to give advice .Example SentencesHe should get a check up soon. He doesn't look too well.His mother told him he shouldn't worry about the test.

33.



Preposition + Verb Always use the gerund when the verb is the object of a prepositionExample Sentences What shall we do? - How about visiting Tom!I looked into purchasing a new computer.

34.Interested InThe correct usage of showing interest is a passive infinitive "to be interested in".Example SentencesThey are interested in geography.Was he interested in coming to the presentation?

35.Good and BadThe comparative form for " good " is " better ". The superlative form is "the best ".The comparative form for " bad " is " worse ". THe superlative form is "the worst ".Example SentencesShe is the worst tennis player on the team.He's better at math than Jack, but worse at geography.

37.Ask The verb "ask" plus an object is constructed "S + ask + person being asked +infinitive with to".Example SentencesShe asked him to repeat the question.My friend asked me to come early to the meeting.

38.SinceUse the present perfect (continuous) with the time expression "since" when using aspecific date or time.Example SentencesHe's lived in that house since 1998.They've been playing golf since ten this morning.

39.OnUse "on" with days of the week. However, in British English use "at the weekend".Example SentencesI'll see you on Tuesday.Let's meet on Sunday.

40.Look Like



Use "look like" to ask for a physical description.Example SentencesWhat does your brother look like?He looks like Brad Pitt.

41.Interested or Interesting?Remember to use the "-ed" form of the adjective to describe how people areaffected. In this case, "bored by" is the only correct combination of adjective andpreposition.Example SentencesThat documentary was very interesting.Tim was interested in the project.

44.How do you do?Use the question "How do you do?" when meeting a person for the first time. Use"How are you?" after that.Example SentencesHow do you do? - It's a pleasure to meet you.How are you today Tom? - I'm fine.

48.NeitherWhen agreeing with a negative statement , use "neither + auxiliary in theopposite form to the original statement + subject"Example SentencesI don't like country music. - Neither do I.She didn't have much to eat. - Neither did Andy.

49.The Verb "Like"The verb "like" usually takes the gerund (verb+ing) in the simple form meaning"enjoy doing". The verb "like" usually takes the infinitive (to do) meaning "choose todo".Example SentencesHe likes skiing in the winter.Jack likes to take an earlier train to work.

50.The Verb "Remember"With the verb "to remember" use the infinitive to express the action of remembering. Use the gerund (-ing) to express having the memory of something.Example SentencesI remember playing golf as a teenager.Did you remember to turn off the lights?

51.



Use "no" plus a noun to mean the same as "not any".Example Sentences He has no interest in coming next week.She had no time to go to a show when she was in New York.

52.Want + InfinitiveThe verb "to want" takes the infinitive when followed by a verb.Example SentencesWhat do you want to do this afternoon?She doesn't want to visit her parents next weekend.

53.Subject Questions

In a subject question do not use the usual inverted question form. For example:Which model did you buy? - here "which model" is the object. In the example,"which model" is the subject of the question.Example SentencesWhich model goes the fastest?Which house provides shelter for the homeless?

54.To Come IntoThe phrasal verb "to come into" means "to inherit".Example SentencesShe came into a fortune when her uncle passed away.Have you ever come into a large amount of money?

55.WhoUse "who" as the relative pronoun to connect phrases about people.Example SentencesHe's the man who discovered the larva worm.Jane is the woman who helped me finish the application.

56.Whose"whose" is the possessive relative pronoun referring to "the woman" in this case.Example SentencesShe's the woman whose home was purchased by Karen.Is he the man whose son won the trophy?

57.Explaining Present Results



Use the present perfect continuous to state a recent continuous action in the pastcausing a present result.Example SentencesHe's been working in the garden. That's why his hands are so dirty.I've been watching TV all afternoon. That's why I need to take a walk.

58.Make out"To make out" is a phrasal verb that means "to see with difficulty".Example SentencesI could just make out the ship on the horizon.Can you make out anything in the distance?

59.Passive SentencesThe passive voice is formed: Passive Subject + to be (conjugated) + participle.Example SentencesTwo hundred cars were manufactured at the plant last week.The 9th Symphony was written when Beethoven was deaf.

60."look after" is a phrasal verb which means "to take care of".Example Sentences Can you look after my cat next week?I looked after my brother's children for the day while he was away.

61.ThanFor comparisons between two objects use the comparative form followed by "than".Example SentencesEnglish is easier to learn than Russian.Children are more nimble than adults.

62.Could - Was Able To "Could" is the past of can which expresses ability and permission. "Was able to"expresses the same idea, but is often used for a specific situation.Example Sentences She couldn't attend that class last semester.He wasn't able to buy tickets for the concert on Saturday.

63.Future Predictions We use the future with "will" to make future predictions.Example Sentences



I doubt she will the election next year.Who do you think will win the game?

64.In Front Of - Behind / Before - After "In front of" indicates physical space. The oppposite is "behind". "Before" indicatestime. The opposite is "after".Example Sentences He stood in front of the class.Let's have lunch before the meeting.

65.Present Perfect Passive Voice "Have been made / done / built " is the present perfect passive form used foractions completed up to the present moment in time.Example Sentences All the assignments have been completed on time.This product has been manufactured in Iowa since 1943.

66.Out of / Into Use the preposition combination "out of" when exiting a building. Use thepreposition "into" when entering a building.Example Sentences She drove the car into the garage.He walked out of the shop and saw Peter.

67.Like / As Use "as" to indicate function, use "like" to indicate similarity.Example Sentences She looks like my sister.He works as an accountant at the local bank.

68.Question Tags Use the opposite of the auxiliary for a question tag.Example Sentences She enjoys wine, doesn't she?They haven't been to Paris before, have they?

69.Did? The question form of the simple past is "did + Subject + verb (without to)".Example Sentences When did she finish the lesson?Where did they go on vacation?



70.Future Intentions Use "be going to" to ask about future intentions.Example Sentences When are you going to finish that report?What is she going to study at university?

71.Wish + Past Perfect The use of the verb "wish" in the past is followed by the past perfect similar to thethird conditional.Example Sentences She wishes she had studied harder for the test.I wish I had known about the problem.

72.Reported Speech with "Will" "Will" becomes "would" in reported speech.Example Sentences He said he would be able to attend the conference.Paris said she would not speak to the reporters.

73.Modifying Strong Adjectives Strong adjectives require a different modifier other than "very".Example Sentences She's extremely beautiful!Her ideas are absolutely shocking!

74.Present Modal Verbs of Deduction Use "might / could + verb" for a present modal verb of probability. The other formsinclude must + verb - almost certain, can't + verb - almost certain in a negativeway.Example Sentences She can't be at school. I just talked to her on the phone!Peter might work at that company. I think he just changed jobs.

75.Past Modal Verbs of Deduction Use "might have + participle" for a past modal verb of probability. The other formsinclude "could have + participle - possibility, must have + participle - almostcertain, can't have + participle - almost certain in a negative way.Example Sentences



87.What's Happening Around This Moment? Use the present continuous to speak about what is happening at the presentmoment in time.Example Sentences We're developing some new software this month.She's studying for an exam this week.

88.Specific Time in the Past When a SPECIFIC point in time is stated for a past event, use the past simple.Example Sentences They left the house at 7.30 yesterday morning.He changed his job on the 2nd of December.

89.Ago used when speaking about X days, weeks, months, years before. NOTE: 'ago'follows the number of days, weeks, etc.Example Sentences They left on vacation two weeks ago.I sent that letter three days ago.

90.Present Perfect for Experience Whenever you speak about something that has happened up to now without givinga precise point in time, use the present perfect.Example Sentences He's read all his books on the topic.Mary's flown more than 200,000 mles.

91.Present Perfect to Express Duration When an action begins in the past and continues into the present moment we usethe present perfect. This use of the present perfect expresses duration over timeFROM the past moment TO the present moment.Example Sentences He's lived in the city since 1998.They've worked at that company since last April.

92. Have Got = Have Use 'have got' to mean the same as 'have' for possession.Example Sentences He's got a new car. = He has a new car.They've got a number of friends. = They have a number of friends.



93.In / On Time 'In time' indicates that someone will do something before a given time in the future.'On time' indicates that someone will do something at a given time in the future.Example Sentences I h ope he arrives in time for the event.Tom is always on time for work.

94.Stop doing / to do Stop + Gerund => to finish an activity. Stop + Infinitive => to pause in order to dosomething.Example Sentences She stopped smoking last summer.Tom stopped to ask the policeman directions to the hotel.

95.Forget to do / doing Forget + Gerund => to not recall an action. Forget + Infinitive => to not do anaction you should do.Example Sentences He forgot to lock the front door.Mary forgets speaking to him at the party.

96.Remember to do / doing Remember + Gerund => to recall an action. Remember + Infinitive => to do anaction you should do.Example Sentences I hope you remembered to put out the campfire!She remembered visiting her uncle that day.

97.Stative / Action Verbs Stative verbs are verbs which express a state. Action verbs are verbs which expresssomething a person does.Example Sentences He wants to start school. (stative verb)They are playing tennis at the moment. (action verb)

99.Sequencing When telling a story in the simple past use connecting words to introducesequencing in writing or speaking.Example Sentences



First of all, we went to visit our friends in Maine. After that, we left for Washington.We had a great time and eventually decided to stay in a hotel.

100.Days of the Week Notice that all days of the week are capitalized. When speaking about an action thatis repeated EVERY Saturday, Monday, etc. use the day of the week + 's'Example Sentences I usually play tennis on Saturdays.We often eat out on Fridays.

102.Future Perfect The future perfect is used to talk about what will have been done up to a specificpoint in the future.Example Sentences They'll have finished the report by tomorrow evening.She'll have graduated by 2010.

103.Look Forward To 'Look forward to' takes the 'ing' form of the verb.Example Sentences She's looking forward to visiting her friends in Alabama.I look forward to meeting you soon.

104.Future Speculation When speaking about the future we are not always sure of what will happen. Inthese cases, we can use the modal verbs 'may' or 'might' to speak about what willpossibly happen or be true in the future.Example Sentences I think he may change his mind eventually.She might invest in that new company.

105.Separable Phrasal Verbs Separable phrasal verbs MUST be separated when a pronoun is used.Example Sentences I'll pick him up at six o'clock.I think you should give it up.Quiz of the Day - Passives Quiz - Active to Passive

106.Inseparable Phrasal Verbs Inseparable phrasal verbs always remain together. It makes no difference if a nounor pronoun is used.Example Sentences



Don't worry I'll look after them.She's looking forward to taking some time off work.

107.Phrasal Verbs Separable or Inseparable Tip If you are not sure whether a phrasal verb is separable or inseparable, ALWAYS usea noun or nouns phrase and DO NOT separate. In this manner, you will always becorrect!Example Sentences She'll pick up French quickly.He'll look after the children.

108.Phrasal Verbs + Ing Phrasal verbs end in a preposition. The 'ing' form of the verb always followsprepositions. For this reason, any verb combined with a phrasal verb takes the 'ing'form of the verb.Example Sentences He put off visiting his friends until the following week.She looked into buying a new home.

109.Three Word Phrasal Verbs Three word phrasal verbs are all inseparable.Example Sentences They look forward to his visit.She caught up on her homework.

110.Adjective + Infinitive When an adjective is followed by a verb, the verb takes the infinitive form.Example Sentences It is difficult to know everything about any language.It's easy to make a mistake.

111.Adverb + 'ing' form When an adverb is followed by a verb, the verb takes the 'ing' form.Example Sentences Hopefully relaxing this weekend will help him get better.They caused problems by carelessly gossiping about others.

112.'Ever' and 'Never' with the Present PerfectWhen talking or asking about experience we often use 'ever' or 'never' togetherwith the present perfect.



Example Sentences Have you ever been to London?She's never studied French.

113.Have Been Use 'have been' to express that a person has been to a place and returned.Example Sentences He's just been to the bank.She's already been to the dentist.

114.Have Gone Use 'have gone' to express that a person has gone to a place and NOT YETreturned.Example Sentences She's gone to a meeting in Jersey.They've gone on holiday.

115.Present Perfect Continuous The present perfect continuous is used, like the present perfect simple, to expressan action which begins in the past and continues into the present moment.Example Sentences She's been watching TV for an hour.They've been working all day.

116.Present Perfect (Continuous) We tend to use the present perfect continuous to describe the duration of a currentactivity happening at the moment. On the other hand, the present perfect is used todescribe states or more general activity.Example Sentences He's lived here for over twenty years.They've been playing golf since 10 this morning.

117.Passive voice with By Use the preposition 'by' when it is important for the understanding of the sentenceto include the agent of the action.Example Sentences Those cars are made by BMW.A number of people have been promoted by Frank recently.

118.Passive for Business In some cases it is preferable to use the passive voice, especially when speakingabout products in business.Example Sentences



Our products are manufactured in Brazil.The latest model will be marketed in Europe.

119.Result clause first in conditionals You can also use the result clause first in conditional forms. In this case, do not usea comma.Example Sentences We'll have a great time if he comes.She'd have bought that oven if she had known it was on sale.

120.First conditional or second conditinal? Often, we choose the first or second conditional based on how possible we think asituation or result is. In the case that we believe something is possible, we choosethe first conditional.Example Sentences If they study, they'll pass the test. (I think they can do it)If they studied, they'd pass the test. (I think they probably won't study)

121.Mixed Conditionals At times, it is necessary to mix conditionals, especially in the case of a pastcondition with a present result.Example Sentences If he had paid attention, he'd be more successful today.She'd visit soon, if she had known we were having problems.

122.If only 'If only' takes the same verb forms as 'wish'. This form is used as a means of stressing the importance of the wish or hypothetical situations. The form is oftenalso used with an exclamation point.Example Sentences If only we had had the time!If only I knew how to succeed!

123.It's time Use 'it's time' with the past simple to take about an action which finally is takingplace, but should have taken place before the moment of speaking.Example Sentences It's time you started studying!It's time we went home.

124.Usage Tip Use 'would rather' + past simple to express our desires for another person or thingin the present or future:



Example Sentences I'd rather you didn't do that.He'd rather she studied more.

125.Suppose Use 'suppose' to begin a sentence posing a hypothetical situation.Example Sentences Suppose she came to dinner!Suppose he wanted to marry you.

126.Future Time Clauses A time clause begins with 'when', 'as soon as', 'before' and 'after'. The constructionform is the same as the first conditional for the future.Example Sentences We'll begin as soon as he arrives.She will join the club when she's ready.

127.Reflexive Pronouns There are a number of verbs that take a reflexive pronoun. The verb is immediatelyfollowed by the reflexive pronoun.Example Sentences We need to give ourselves more time.He bought himself a house.

129.Imperative Form - Be Polite Be careful when you use the imperative as it is often considered impolite in English.If someone asks you for instructions, use the imperative. If, on the other hand, youwould like to request that someone do something use a polite question form.Example Sentences The museum? Take the first right, cross the road and turn left.Could you tell me the time, please? NOT Tell me the time.

130.Future ContinuousThe future continuous is used to talk about an activity that will be in progress at aspecific point in time in the future.Example Sentences We'll be enjoying his company in two weeks. time.She'll be swimming this time tomorrow.



131.Reported Speech and the Past If the reporting verb (i.e. said) is in the past, the reported clause will be in a pastform. This form is usually one step back into the past from the original.Example Sentences He said he was going to come that day.She told him she had bought a new car.

132.Future PerfectThe future perfect is used to talk about what will have been done up to a specificpoint in the future.Example Sentences We'll have finished by the time you arrive.They'll have bought a new home by the end of next month.

133.The Use of Say Use 'say' in a more general sense. Remember that 'say' does not take an indirectobject. 'That' is optional and can be included or left out.Example Sentences She said she would return soon.He says he likes Coca Cola.

134.The Use of Tell Use 'tell' when you are expressing that someone told something specific TOsomeone else. An object pronoun or name must follow 'Tell'. 'That' is optional andcan be included or left out.Example Sentences She told him that she was coming to the party.They told us to hurry up and finish the job.

135.Reported Questions In reported questions the word order is like a positive statement. This structure issimilar to indirect question structure.Example Sentences He wondered what time the bus left.She asked where he lived.

136.Adverbs of Frequency - Question Form In questions and negatives use only 'always, usually, normally, often or sometimes'Example Sentences How do you usually travel for business?When do you normally take naps?



137.Around this Moment Use the present continuous to speak about what is happening AROUND the momentat work.Example Sentences She's working overtime this week.They're working on the Johnson account this afternoon.

138.Specific point in time in the past When a SPECIFIC point in time is stated for a past event, use the past continuous.Example Sentences She was working at 9 last night.They were studying for their test at half past ten this morning.

139.Scheduled Public Events Use either the future with will or simple present for scheduled public eventsExample Sentences The concert begins at six o'clock.The train will leave at seven thirty.

140.Planned decisions Planned decisions are decisions made BEFORE the moment of speaking. Use thefuture with 'going to'Example Sentences They're going to attend next week's conference in Bern.I'm going to invest in some property on the coast.

141.Future options The future continuous stresses the action at a precise moment. However, theseother forms of the future convey the same idea with little or no change in meaning.Example Sentences She'll be meeting him at five. / She's going to meet him at five.They'll be making a presentation at ten. / They're presenting at ten.

142.Used to 'Used to' is a special form used to express something that we did regularly in thepast but do not do anymore. It is usually used in the positive form.Example Sentences I used to work at the British School in Livorno, Italy.They used to live in New York.



143.Would do 'Would do' something refers to habitual past actions as well. Avoid using 'would' inquestions and negative sentences, as its meaning can easily be misunderstood in aconditional sense.Example Sentences He would get up early and take a two mile jog when he lived in France.They'd complain about everything before the new school headmaster arrived.

144.To be used to When someone has become well acquainted with a situation we can use the form'to be used to'.Example Sentences He's used to working twelve hour days.Mary's used to getting up early on Sundays.

145.Become / get accustomed to These two forms are similar in meaning to 'become / get used to'. They are slightlymore formal.Example Sentences He's becoming accustomed to living in Brazil.They'll get accustomed to the job soon enough.

146.Past Perfect for Explaining The past perfect is used to talk about an action that is finished before anotheraction in the past. This form is especially useful for giving reasons for a decisionthat was made in the past.Example Sentences I'd already had lunch that's why I didn't come along to the restaurant.She didn't want to join us because she had been sick the week before.

147.Past Perfect vs. Past Perfect Continuous The past perfect is used to express an activity that had been finished beforeanother activity in the past. In contrast, the past perfect continuous is used toexpress an activity that has been happening up to a moment in the past.Example Sentences We had been waiting for almost three hours when he finally arrived.She had already made the decision before he asked the question.

148.Make and Do We usually 'make' something physical that we can touch. We usually 'do' a task of some sort. There are a number of exceptions to these rules.Example Sentences



Let me make you a cup of tea.Should he do his homework now?

149.Expressing Numbers When expressing large numbers (more than one hundred) read in groups of hundreds. The order is as follows: billion, million, thousand, hundred. Include 'and'between the hundred and the tens when required in each group. Notice thathundred, thousand, etc. is NOT followed by an 's'.Example Sentences My state has three million four hundred thousand six hundred thirty two inhabitants.She spent four thousand two hundred seven dollars.

150.Read the top number as a cardinal number, followed by the ordinal number + 's'Example Sentences 4/5 -> Four fifths7/9 -> Seven ninths

151.Verb + Pronoun A number of verbs take a (pro)noun followed by an infinitive when involving anotherperson. Here is a list of some of the most common:Example Sentences Jim advised me to find a new job.They encouraged them to take the day off.

152.Mustn't vs. Don't have to Remember that 'mustn't expresses prohibition. 'Don't have to' expresses somethingthat is not required. However, if the person may choose to do so if he or shepleases.Example Sentences Children mustn't play with fire.I don't have to work next Saturday.

153.Can't have done Use 'can't' plus the perfect form of the verb to express an opinion that you are100% (or almost 100%) sure was not true at the past point in time.Example Sentences She can't have visted Tom because she was in Chicago.They can't have been serious about that project!

154.Might have done Use 'might' or 'could' plus the perfect form of the verb to express an opinion thatyou think had a good possibility of being true at the past point in time.Example Sentences



She might have done her homework. I'm not sure.They could have taken a different flight and that's why they aren't here.

155.No continuous form for stative verbs One major difference in passive use between English and some other languages isthat the continuous forms may be used in English while not in some otherlanguages.Example Sentences She thinks it's an interesting exhibit. NOT She is thinking it's an interesting exhibit.Jack believes in the theory. NOT Jack is believing in the theory.

156.Compund nouns Compound nouns and adjectives are words that are made up of two parts. Theseparts are sometimes connected by a hyphen, connected, or separated.Unfortunately, there are no specific rules for when a compound noun or adjectivetakes a specific form.Example Sentences Toasters are common household appliances.Make sure to go through check-in at least one hour before your flight.

157.Causative 'Make' The causative verb 'make' expresses the idea that the person causing the eventrequires the persons doing the event to take the desired action.Example Sentences They make their children do an extra hour of homework every evening.She made her son quit his job to focus on his studies.

158.Causative 'Have' The causative verb 'have' expresses the idea that the person causing the eventchooses to do so. This causative verb is often used when speaking about variousservices. There are two forms of the causative verb 'have'Example Sentences I had my car washed last weekend.They had the documents reviewed by a number of lawyers.

159.Independent Clauses An independent clause can be used as a complete sentence. It contains the subjectand the verb of a sentence. It is also sometimes called the main clause.Example Sentences



I bought a new car which was made in Germany.They flew to Rome where they spent a lovely holiday.

160.Dependent clauses A dependent clause is not a complete sentence. It must be used together with anindependent clause to make sense.Example Sentences She enjoyed the museum which she visited yesterday.He drew a picture which won a prize.

161.Relative clauses A relative clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun. It gives additionalinformation, identifies or describes a noun. Relative clauses are also called adjectiveclauses.Example Sentences The man who was hired last month has done a great job.I'm looking for the shop where I bought these shoes.

162.Defining relative clauses In defining relative clauses, the information given is essential to the understandingof the sentence.Example Sentences The men who were brought in last month helped improve the bottom line.I'm looking for a book that was on this table yesterday.

163.Non-defining relative clauses In non-defining relative clauses, the information is not essential to understandingthe sentence, but gives additional information.Example Sentences Mr Smith, who enjoys playing golf, has been invited to join our club.Seattle, which was founded in the 19th century, is the economic heart of Washington state.

164.Because An adverb clause using 'because' can precede or follow the independent clause itrelates to. Notice that a sentence begun with a 'because' clause is followed by acomma. In the case that a 'because' clause finishes the sentence, no comma isused.Example Sentences He was late for work because he overslept.Because they often go golfing, they work half time.

165.Since as an adverb



170.Neither ... nor 'Neither ... nor' is used in sentences giving a negative sense. Neither one nor theother subject does an action. Notice that the negative sense is conveyed by the 'n'in 'neither' and 'nor'. 'Not' is not placed before the verb. Subjects connected by'neither ... nor' take either a plural or singular verb conjugation depending on thesubject (a singular or a plural) closer to the conjugated verb.Example Sentences Neither Jack or Peter wants to go to the party next week.Neither Jane or her friends support the mayor.

171.As = because An adverb clause using 'as' can precede or follow the independent clause it relatesto. Notice that a sentence begun with a 'because' clause is followed by a comma. Inthe case that a 'as' clause finishes the sentence, no comma is used.Example Sentences As he requested this information, I've sent a packet explaining the program.She's going to take a taxi as she's late for work.

172.As long as An adverb clause using 'as long as' can precede or follow the independent clause itrelates to. Notice that a sentence begun with a 'because' clause is followed by acomma. In the case that a 'as long as' clause finishes the sentence, no comma isused.Example Sentences As long as she's ready, let's begin the lesson.He took some money out of the account as long as they needed the extra cash.

173.Because of 'Because of' is followed by a noun object. 'Because of' can introduce or end asentence. If 'because of' begins a sentence it is followed by a comma. In the casethat 'because of' ends the sentence, no comma is used.Example Sentences Because of the demand for the product, the company increased production.We're going to fly Tom to the course because of his outstanding skills.

174.Due to 'Due to' is followed by a noun object. 'Due to' can introduce or end a sentence. If 'due to' begins a sentence it is followed by a comma. In the case that 'due to' endsthe sentence, no comma is used.Example Sentences Due to changes made, we're going to alter our plans.They reacted quickly to the situation due to his excellent understand of theproblem.



The past participle of the verb get is gotten in American English. Example He'sgotten much better at playing tennis. British English - He's got much better atplaying tennis.Example Sentences British English: He's got a few contracts from Italy.American English: He's gotten a few contracts from Italy.

181.Spelling differences Words ending in -or (American) -our (British) color, colour, humor, humour, flavor,flavour etc.Example Sentences American: This painting uses many colors. British: This painting uses many colours.American: He has a good sense of humor. British: He has a good sense of humour.

182.First impressions When you walk in the room the very first impression you make on the interviewercan have a great influence on the rest of the interview. It is important that youintroduce yourself, shake hands, and are friendly.Example Sentences Hello, thank you for asking me to come in today.Hello, my name is Ken Beare. This is a beautiful office building.

183.Mrs, Ms and Miss Use Ms for women unless asked to use Mrs or Miss.Example Sentences Dear Ms SmithWe spoke to Ms Anderson last week.

184.Made of Use 'made of' when referring to materials used in producing or manufacturingsomething.Example Sentences This body is made of a mixture of plastic and steel.The flooboards are made of oak.

185.Made of Use 'made of' when referring to materials used in producing or manufacturingsomething.Example Sentences This body is made of a mixture of plastic and steel.The flooboards are made of oak.

186.Contractions



Contractions are usually used in informal speech and writing. For formal writing,write the full form.Example Sentences To a friend: She's coming soon. In a letter: She is coming soon.E-mail to a colleague: We're working hard. E-mail to boss: We are working on theSmith project.

187.electric and electrical Electric is used with machines using electricity. Electrical is used before moregeneral words.Example Sentences The electric blender is on the shelf.The electrical appliances in most homes are becoming cheaper every year.

188.classifying nouns It is common to use noun + noun as a 'classifying' expression naming a particulartype.Example Sentences Seaside insects often cause irritation.Mountain paths transverse everything from forest to rocky peaks.

189.hardly, scarcely 'Hardly' and 'scarcely' are often used with past perfect to show something thathappened in quick succession in the past.Example Sentences Hardly had I come in the door, when John arrived.She had scarcely finished her meal when she received the call.

190.the least / the fewest 'The least' is the superlative form of 'little' used with uncountable nouns, and 'thefewest' is the superlative form of 'few' used with countable nouns.Example Sentences Tom does the least work of anybody in this room.Jane has made the fewest mistakes on the exams.

191.learn (how) to do The verb 'learn' is followed by (how) + the infinitive. Both forms have the samemeaning.Example Sentences I learned (how) to play golf last summer.She's learning (how) to make lasagna from my wife.

192.of course = everybody knows Use 'of course' to mean 'everybody knows or understands'.



Example Sentences Of course, we're planning on improving services once we succeed.It seems like the weather is getting hotter, but, of course, it's just because summeris arriving.

193.quite (British) really (US) It is common to use 'quite' in British English and 'really' in American English tomean 'very'.Example Sentences British: It's quite hot today. American: It's really hot today.American: That's really expensive! British: That's quite dear!

194.fit / suit These words are similar, but not the same in meaning. 'Fit' refers to size, whereas'suit' refers to color, style, etc.Example Sentences That doesn't fit you, but the color certainly suits you!That sweater suits you, you just need a larger size.

195.once - conjunction 'Once' can be used as a conjunction to mean 'as soon as', it is often used to indicatea condition that must first be met before something else can happen.Example Sentences Once you've passed the exams, you'll be given a diploma.She's going to find a new job once her boss writes a recommendation.

196.no and none of Use 'no' immediately before a noun without any determiners. Use 'none of' before adeterminer + noun.Example Sentences None of my sisters belong to the tennis club.There are no children on the playground.

197.nearest and next'Nearest' is used for place and 'next' is used for time.Example Sentences Where is the nearest bathroom?When does the next train leave?

198.instead of and instead 'Instead of' is used as a preposition. 'Instead' (without 'of') is used as an adverb.Example Sentences He'll be going instead of Tom.She didn't go to Chicago. Instead, she went to New York.



199.sorry for - sorry to do 'Sorry for / about + ing' refers to past events. 'Sorry to do' refers to presentsituations.Example Sentences I'm sorry to disappoint you, but I can't come to the party.I'm sorry for disturbing you yesterday!

200.There are said to be ... With some verbs including 'say', 'feel', 'think', etc. 'There are / is' is used tointroduce a passive.Example Sentences There are thought to be six thousand species of this class alive in New Guinea.There is felt to be a certain joy in making music with others.

201.arrive Use either 'arrive in' with cities, or 'arrive at' with places. Never use 'arrive to'.Example Sentences He arrived in Tokyo after a 12 hour flight.Tom arrived at work just in time for the presentation.

202.in case of 'In case of' can be used in similar situations to 'if'.Example Sentences In case of damage, call the manufacturer. = If there is damage, call themanufacturer.In case of fire, call 911 immediately!

203.BC / AD BC refers to dates before the birth od Christ, AD for dates after the birth of Christ.(BC = before Christ, AD = Anno Domini)Example Sentences The Romans occupied the territory in 342 BC.The first settlement appeared in 215 AD.

204.It to identify a person Use 'it' can refer to a person to identify to another.Example Sentences It's Tom, can't you tell?No, this isn't John, it's Ken.



211.Due 'Due' is used to mean 'expected to arrive' in newspapers and magazines inheadlines.Example Sentences President Due to Arrive Next WeekDirector Due in New York

212.Present results A simple sentence in present perfect can indicate a present result.Example Sentences I've broken my leg. = My leg is now broken.She's been to the bank. = She has some money now.

213.False friends Sometimes a word that sounds the same in your language may have a completelydifferent meaning in English.Example Sentences Italian: sensible English: sensibleFrench: Trainer English: Trainer

214.progressive = continuous Many grammar books use either progressive or continuous when referring to'present continuous / progressive - past continuous / progressive, etc.'Example Sentences The past continuous form is used for specific times in the past.The past progressive form is used for specific times in the past.

215.passive and continuous The passive voice is rarely if ever used with present or past perfect continuousformsExample Sentences We've been working on that bridge for two weeks. NOT That bridge has been beingworked on for two weeks.They had been studying that paper for two hours before he arrived. NOT That paperhad been being studied for two hours before he arrived.

216.near (to) Use the preposition 'near' with or without 'to' for the same meaning.Example Sentences



He lives near (to) the bank.My friends play soccer near (to) my office building.

217.onceUse the adverb 'once' to mean 'at some point in time'.Example SentencesShe met him once a long time ago.

There were once disagreements on that issue.

218.make an offer / make a mistake These two expressions are fixed in English. do not use 'do' with these expressions.Example Sentences Let me make you an offer you can't refuse.She made a number of mistakes on the exam.

219.do good / do one's best The expressions 'do good' and 'do one's best' are fixed in English. Do NOT use'make'.Example Sentences I think Tom does quite a lot of good in his community.You should always try to do your best.

220.get + direct object When 'get' is followed by a direct object, it usually means receive, or fetch.Example Sentences Let me get something to eat before we begin.She got her notebook and began to study hard.

221.man / mankind Both 'man' and 'mankind' is used to refer to the human race.Example Sentences Man has created many wonders, and caused many problems.Mankind continually strives to improve, despite its tendency towards violence.

222.They - in general Instead of using 'he' or 'she' in a general sense, English often employs the generalform of 'they'.Example Sentences When a person gets a new job, they like celebrating by inviting their friends out fora drink.If anyone enjoys golf, they can visit me and we'll have a round.



223.everyday vs. every day 'Everyday' is an adjective meaning 'usual'. 'Every day' is an adverbial expressionmean the literal every day.Example Sentences She enjoys swimming every day.Everyday jobs are as important as specialized professions.

224.be used to doing vs. used to do'Be used to doing' expresses habitual action whereas 'used to do' express a habit inthe past.Example SentencesHe's used to working late during the week.She used to work late when she was employed in Chicago.

225.the = enough 'The' can be used alone to mean 'enough' placed before a noun.Example Sentences Does he have the patience to do the job?She doesn't have the money to buy that house.

226.except + prepositions Use 'except' before prepositions and conjunctions. Do not use 'except for'.Example Sentences We've been in the all the towns except in Shropshire.They are happy all the time except when they have to take tests.

227.mind + questions and negatives The most common use of the verb 'to mind' is in questions and negatives.Example Sentences I don't mind her smoking in the living room.Would you mind if I open the window?

228.else Use 'else' to mean 'other' or 'more'.Example Sentences Is there anyone else who would like some help?There's nowhere else I would like to go.

229.



play 'Play' as a noun is usually a theater piece. As a verb we 'play' games. Sometimes,'play' is used to refer to children's games in general.Example Sentences Don't worry about them. Their play is rough.We like to play board games on Saturdays.

230.for verb+ing 'For verb+ing' is used to give a reason for something.Example Sentences She was promoted for getting new accounts.I'm indebted to you for helping me on the project.

231.both the NOT the both Use 'the' after 'both' never before 'both'.Example Sentences Both the clients came to visit us today. NOT The both clients ...I bought both the books for my class. NOT I bought the both books ...

232.borrow vs. lend Use 'borrow' when taking money from someone, use 'lend' when giving money tosomeone.Example Sentences She borrowed $4000 from her parents.The bank lent me $2000 to cover the costs.

233.a/an = per

When relating two numbers or measurements, 'a/an' can be used to mean 'per'.'Per' tends to be used in more formal writing.Example SentencesThe course costs $300 a week. OR The course costs $300 per week.His consulting rates are $125 an hour. OR His consulting rates are $125 per hour.

234.the moment = immediately Use 'the moment (that) to mean immediately.Example Sentences I'll call you the moment I know the news.She told me she would inform me the moment she heard.

235.



lose / loose'Lose' is an irregular verb (lose - lost - lost). 'Loose' is adjective meaning theopposite of 'tight'. ItExample SentencesThis shirt is too loose.Did you lose something?

236.gradable and non-gradableCertain adjectives and adverbs are gradeable (young, boring, expensive) others areungradeable - meaning there is no more or less (dead, impossible,etc.).Example Sentences Gradeable: Tom is much more interesting than Peter.Unfortunately, his friend is dead.

237.hundred (and) Use 'and' in expressing hundreds in British English. Do not use 'and' in AmericanEnglish.Example Sentences British English: four hundred and five - American English: four hundred fiveBritish English: two thousand seven hundred and thirty-three - American English:two thousand seven hundred thirty-three

238 .dead - died'Dead' is an adjective. 'Died' is the past tense of the verb 'die'.Example SentencesWhen did Mrs Johnson die?The cat by the side of the road is dead.

239. a bit - not a bit A bit = a little / not a bit = not at allExample Sentences I'm not a bit angry at Tom.She's a bit tired today.

240.seem The verb 'seem' is used to discuss both facts and feelings, or impressions.Example Sentences The sun seems to disappear into the earth on the horizon.She seems like a friendly person.



241.but = except 'But' can be used to mean 'except'.Example Sentences He's done everything but pack his bags.But for the food, the vacation was a disaster.

242.'The' and mountains Do not use 'the' when referring to most mountains.Example Sentences The climber scaled Mount Everest.You can see Mount Rainier from Seattle on a clear day.

243.Good evening versus Good Night Use 'good evening' as a greeting after six p.m. Use 'good night' at the end of theevening when you leave someone for the day.Example Sentences Good evening Tom, would you like to have some dinner with me?Good night. I'll see you at work tomorrow.

244.Alike and like Use 'alike' to mean 'like each other'. Use 'like' to mean 'like someone else'.Example Sentences We are very much alike.Tom looks like Peter.

244.confirm - verb Definition to approve; to say that something is trueExample Sentences I'd like to confirm my reservation for a double room this weekend.The secretary confirmed the client's information.



245.into / in Use 'into' when indicating change. Use 'in' when indicating state or place.Example Sentences He drove into the garage.He studies in that classroom.

245.brief - adjective Definition short; not longExample Sentences The brief presentation lasted only ten minutes.I had a brief meeting before I drove to Seattle.

246.gonna = going toThe slang form 'gonna' often heard in American English means 'going to' andtherefore indicates future or planned action.Example SentencesI'm gonna see Tom tomorrow. (informal slang)What are you gonna do? (informal slang)

247.I knowThe phrase 'I know' refers to facts. Notice we do not use 'it'.Example SentencesShe's a very talented girl. - I know.They're building a new office building downtown. - I know.

248.Sorry to do this ... Use 'sorry + infinitive' to apologize for a current situation.Example Sentences Sorry to upset you, but you need to understand the situation.Sorry to bump into you like that!

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