about bits and bytes and bits and...about bits and bytes and file transfer for ipad users pcs, ipads...
TRANSCRIPT
AboutBitsandBytes
andFileTransfer
foriPadUsers
PCs,iPadsandiPhoneshave:• memorychipstostore
data;• processingchipsthat
manipulatedata—i.e.allowittobeedited,movedandcopied,displayedandplayed.
Anunderstandingthebinarynatureofthedatafilesthatstore
digitalaudio,booksandphotosandtheamountofmemoryspace
thatsuchfilesoccupypreparesusformanagingthecontentofouriPads.
HereisasimplifieddiagramofaniPad’s
memoryandprocessingcircuitry.
Steppingthroughafewprocessorcycleswillhelpusunderstand
whatdataisandhowitisstoredandprocessed.
ThereisaMasterClock.Eachtimeitticks,aprocessoccurs.
AvaluefrommemoryhasbeenputinInputRegisterA.
AsecondvaluehasbeenputinInputRegisterB.
TheadditionoperationhasbeenputintheInstructionRegister.
TheinstructionhasbeenprocessedandtheresultputintheResultRegister.
Theresultmaynowbeputinmemory,oroutputtotheScreenortotheWiFi,etc…
Shownabovearesomeofthewaysdata
isgotintoandoutofaniPad.
OutputsInputs
Digitial devicesstoredataasbinarydigits— ones andzerosVoltagelevels:ON andOFF,representthedigits.
Agroupof8bitsiscalledaByte—enoughbitstoencodeasingleletterorsymbol.Thebinarycodesfortheletters“O”and“K”
in8-bitASCIIcharactercodeareshownabove.
HerearetheASCIIcodesfor:• TheDigits• TheUpperCaseLetters• TheLowerCaseLetters• SomePunctuationCharacters
8-bitASCIIcanrepresentonly256differentcharactersymbols.Newercodingsystemsarenowusedtorepresentthefullrangeofcharactersrequiredtorepresenttheworld’slanguages.
AKilobyte1KB
AThousandBytes
Enoughspacetostoreabouthalfapageofsingle-typed
Text.
AMegabyte1MB
AMillionBytes
Enoughspacetostorethetext
ofanovel.
AMegabyte1MB
AMillionBytes
Enoughspacetostore
around3minutesofAudio
HalfasecondofDigitalAudio—Twotracksofastereorecording.
WhenCDqualityaudioisrecorded,amplitudevaluesaresampled44,100timespersecond.
AMegabyte1MB
AMillionBytes
enoughspacetostore
a mediumresolutionphoto
Ifwezoominonthetoweronthepeak
Theimagepixelsbecomevisible.
Eachpixelintheimageisrecordedbythreenumbers:thered,greenandbluebrightnessvalues.
AGigagabyte
1GBAThousandMBABillionBytes
Enoughspacetostorethetextofaround1000books
AGigagabyte
1GBAThousandMBABillionBytes
Enoughspacetostore
10to40AudioCDs1
1 Theamountofspacerequireddependsupontheselectedbit-rate.Higherqualitysounduseshigherbit-ratesandoccupiesalargeramountofspace.
AGigagabyte
1GBAThousandMBABillionBytes
Enoughspacetostore
hundredsofhighresolutionphotos
iPadstoragecapacitiesrangefrom
16GBto 256GB
USBMemorystickstoragecapacities
rangefrom8GBto 256GB
Whenpurchasing,lookoutforU3B3.0devices.
U3B3.0 transferspeedsare10timesfaster.Thatbecomesimportantwhenyoustarttomove
Gigabytesofdata.
Portableharddiskstoragecapacities
rangefrom500GBto4TB
ATerabyteis1000GigabytesEnoughspacetoholdanenormouscollectionofmusic,books,andphotos.
Again,whenpurchasing,lookoutforUSB3.0devices.
Transistorcountswillcontinuetodoubleattwo-yearintervals
forthenexttwentytofortyyears...
?…andperhapsfor
thenext600years.
ThefirstiPadwasreleasedin2010.
Thefirstmodelsarenowobsolete,
fortheirchipsetslacktheinput/outputfeatures,the
RAMandtheprocessorspeedrequiredtohandlethelatest
operatingsystems.
GraphofCPUTransistorCountAgainstTime
TheiPadPro,releasedinNov2015,hasupto256GBofstoragememory,a2.24GHz64-bitDualCoreA9Xprocessorand4GBofRAM.
Digitaltechnologydevelopmentbeganinourlife-timesandisproceedingfarmorerapidly.
Ittookrailwaytechnologyover200yearstodevelopbullettrains.
Newerdigitaldevicesaremuchmorecapablethanolderdevices.InthecaseofiPads,forexample:• ThemorememoryaniPadhas,themoreaudiotracks,booksand
photositcanstore.MemorycapacityisspecifiedinMegabytes,GigabytesandTerabytes(Millions,BillionsandTrillionsofBytes).
• ThefasteraniPad’sclockcantickandthemoreprocessorcoresithas,themoreresponsiveitbecomes—thequickeritcanrespondtoscreengestures,startapplications,displaydata andmovedatatoandfrommemoryandtoandfromtheinput/output(I/O)ports,etc…Clockspeeds arespecifiedinMegaHertz andGigaHertz (MillionsandBillionsofcyclespersecond).
That’senoughaboutthebinarynatureof
digitalaudio,booksandphotos,thememoryspacetheyoccupy
andprocessorspeeds.
ItstimetomovesomedataintoaniPad.
Let’sstartwithMusic.