abo membrane
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ABO and Rh ABO and Rh Blood group Blood group
systemssystems
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History.• 1900 Austria Karl
Landsteiner• Cell and serum
reactions• groups A, B and O.• Antibody to lacking
antigen
cells
--++++6
--++++5
---++-4
--+--+3
--+--+2
---++-1
654321
seru
m
Landsteiner K. Über agglutinationserscheinungen normalen menschichen blutes. Wien Klin Wochenschr 1901; 14: 1132-1134.
• 1902 von Decastello and Stürli - AB
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Antigens and antibodiesAntigens and antibodies
ABO phenotype
Antigens on RBCs
Antibody in serum
A A Anti-BB B Anti-A
AB AB NoneO none Anti-A,B
Antigens are terminal sugars on oligosaccharides attached to membrane glycolipid and glycoprotein
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β-1,3
β-1,3
β-1,4
α-1,2
N-acetyl-D-galactosamine
Red Cell Surface
D-galactose
N-acetylglucosamine
L-fucose
α-1,3
A Antigen
AA gene produces an gene produces an enzyme which adds enzyme which adds the A specific sugar the A specific sugar NAcGalNAcGal
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β-1,3
β-1,3
β-1,4
α-1,2
N-acetyl-D-galactosamine
Red Cell Surface
D-galactose
N-acetylglucosamine
L-fucose
α-1,3
B Antigen
BB gene produces an gene produces an enzyme which adds enzyme which adds the B specific sugar D-the B specific sugar D-GalGal
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Genotypes and Genotypes and PhenotypesPhenotypes
AAA
AO
BBB
BO
AB AB
OO O
ABOABO genes on chromosome 7 genes on chromosome 7one gene from each parentone gene from each parentA and B co-dominant; O amorphicA and B co-dominant; O amorphic
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A O
A
B O
B
A B
AB
A O B O O O
A B O
Phenotype
Genotype
Genotype
Phenotype
InheritanceInheritance..
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Normal ABO Normal ABO GroupsGroups
Group Anti-A Anti-B A1 Red Cells
A2 Red Cells
B Red Cells
O Red Cells
A + - - - + -
B - + + + - -
O - - + + + -
AB + + - - - -
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AntibodiesAntibodies• “Naturally occurring”• Predominantly complement binding
IgM.• Low levels of IgGCan cause:• Immediate and severe Haemolytic
Transfusion Reactions;• Mild to moderate Haemolytic Disease
of the Newborn
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Transfusion practiceTransfusion practice
RecipientRecipient Donor product to be transfusedDonor product to be transfusedphenotypphenotyp
eeWhole bloodWhole blood RBCsRBCs PlasmaPlasma
AA AA A,OA,O A, ABA, ABBB BB B, OB, O B, ABB, AB
ABAB ABAB AB, A, B, OAB, A, B, O ABABOO OO OO O, A, B, ABO, A, B, AB
Identical ABO phenotype blood is best match Identical ABO phenotype blood is best match but where not available, use ABO-compatible but where not available, use ABO-compatible bloodbloodgroup O cells are group O cells are ““universal donorsuniversal donors””group AB - universal recipients group AB - universal recipients
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Most DEATHS from blood transfusion caused by ABO incompatibility due to
avoidable clerical ERRORS!!!!
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?Rh Bloodgroup ?Rh Bloodgroup systemsystem
• HISTORY• 1939 – Levine and Stetson • HDNB mother transfused with
and reacted to father’s blood• 1940 Landsteiner and Weiner• Immunised rabbits and guinea
pigs with Rhesus monkey cells
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HistoryHistory1939 Levine and Stetson
Hydropicnewborn
Severely anaemic mother
Husband ABO compatible
Antibody in serum reacted with 85% of NY donors
Severe
HTR
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HistoryHistory
Antibody reacted with 85% of NY donorsboth antibodies named anti-Rhesus in errorAntigen detected by anti-rhesus monkey later re-named LW!!
1940 Landsteiner and Weiner
Macaco rhesus macaca mulatta
RBCs
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GeneticsGenetics• chromosome1chromosome1• 2 genes 2 genes RHDRHD and and RHCERHCE – codominant – codominant• protein antigens protein antigens • 4 alleles can occupy 4 alleles can occupy RHCERHCE locus locus• RHce, RHcE, RHCE, RHCeRHce, RHcE, RHCE, RHCe• Inheritance of Inheritance of RHDRHD = RhD positive = RhD positive• D –ve individuals inherit only D –ve individuals inherit only RHCERHCE• there is no “d” antigen
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DCedce
DCce
DcEdce
DcEe
DCeDcE
DCe
Phenotype
Genotype
Genotype
Phenotype
DCedce dceDcE dcedce
DCcEe DcEe ce
R1R2 R1R1 R2r rr
R1rR2r
inheritanceinheritance.
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The D Antigen.The D Antigen.
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AntibodiesAntibodies• Predominantly IgG occasional IgM
anti-E• Delayed Haemolytic Transfusion
Reactions– Extravascular haemolysis
• Haemolytic Disease of the foetus and newborn
• Warm Auto immune Haemolytic anaemia
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The plasma The plasma membranemembrane
Lipid molecules are amphipathicamphipathic.
have both polar (charged) and nonpolar (uncharged) parts
75% are phospholipids
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Plasma MembranePlasma Membrane• fluid mosaic model describes
– “sea of lipids in which proteins float like icebergs”
– 50 % lipid & 50 % protein •held together by hydrogen bonds
– lipid is barrier to entry or exit of polar substances
– proteins -“gatekeepers” -- regulate traffic
• 50 lipid molecules for each protein molecule
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The Lipid BilayerThe Lipid Bilayer• Basic framework of the plasma membrane• Lipid: phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids
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Membrane Lipid BilayerMembrane Lipid Bilayer
• Phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids
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Membrane FluidityMembrane Fluidity
• Membranes are fluid structures, most of the lipids and many of the proteins easily move in the bilayer.
• Membrane lipids and proteins are mobile in their own half of bilayer.
• Cholesterol serves to stabilize membrane and reduce fluidity.
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Membrane ProteinsMembrane Proteins
Integral versus Peripheral Proteins
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Integral ProteinsIntegral Proteins
• many are glycoproteins.• combined glycoproteins and
glycolipids form the glycocalyx– cell recognition– Adherence– protection from digestion by
enzymes in extracellular fluid.
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Functions of Membrane Functions of Membrane Proteins Proteins
• Formation of ChannelFormation of Channel– passageway to allow specific
substance to pass through• Transporter ProteinsTransporter Proteins
– bind a specific substance, change their shape & move it across membrane
• Receptor ProteinsReceptor Proteins– cellular recognition site–bind to
substance• EnzymesEnzymes
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Functions of Membrane Functions of Membrane ProteinsProteins
• Cell Identity Marker– allow cell to recognize
other similar cells
• Linker– anchor proteins in cell
membrane or to other cells
– allow cell movement– cell shape & structure
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Functions of Membrane Functions of Membrane ProteinsProteins
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ChimkupeteBlood
• Definition• Properties• Composition
– Plasma– Cells
• Circulation– arteries, veins
• Functions
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Haemopoiesis - Stages, role of growth factors
Pluripotent stem cell
Lymphoid stem cell
Monoblast
Platelets
Eosinophil
Basophil Neutrophil Monocyte
B lymhocyte
T lymphocyte
Plasma cell Macrophage
Reticulocyte
Myeloid stem cell
CFU-GM
CFU-ECFU-Meg
Proerythroblast Megakaryoblast Eosinophilic & Basophilic myeloblast Myeloblast
megakaryocyte
Erythrocyte
T lymphoblast & B lymhoblast
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•NumbersNumbers•Morpholog
y•Formation •Maturation•Functions
Blood cells
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• Lymphocytes & monocytes
•Morphology•Maturation•Functions