abnormal slides
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Slides illustrate the different psychological disorders.TRANSCRIPT
Psychological Disorders
DSM – IV
Anxiety-based Disorders
Mood Disorders
Schizophrenia
Personality Disorders
Elements of Abnormality
• Suffering
• Maladaptiveness
• Irrationality
• Unpredictability
• Observer Discomfort
• Violations of Moral Standards
Diamond Perspective• Determine which perspective is being
used to explain the behavior
– Moral Model has been used to explain abnormal behavior
• Lack of will
• Not strong enough
• Something is wrong with me
DSM – IVDiagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders
• Axis I: Clinical Syndromes
• Axis II: Personality Disorders
• Axis III: General Medical Conditions
• Axis IV: Psychosocial and Environmental Conditions
• Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning Scale
Concerns about the DSM
• The danger of overdiagnosis
• The power of diagnostic labels
• Confusion of serious mental disorders with normal problems
• The illusion of objectivity
Panic Disorder
• Neurotransmitters• Anxiety Sensitivity• Conditioned Fear Reactions
Suggested explanations include:
Biological relatives of people with panic disorder are 8 times more likely to develop this condition.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder:
An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent obsessions or compulsions that are inordinately time-consuming or that cause significant distress or impairment.
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Panic Disorder
• Benzodiazepines• Antidepressants• Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors• Relaxation Training• Panic Control Therapy (PCT)
Treatments
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder:
An anxiety disorder characterized by anxiety that is not associated with a particular object, situation, or event, but seems to be a constant feature of a person's day-to-day existence.
Specific Phobias
Specific Phobia:
An irrational and unabating fear of a particular object, activity, or situation that provokes an immediate anxiety response, disrupts functioning, and results in avoidance behavior.
Specific Phobias
Hematophobia Blood
Ephidophobia Snakes
Claustrophobia Closed spaces
Acrophobia Heights
Aerophobia Flying
Death-related phobia Funerals, corpses, and cemeteries
Examples
Specific Phobias
Ailurophobia Cats
Chionophobia Snow
Erythrophobia The color red
Metallophobia Metals
Ponophobia Work
Triskaidekaphobia The number 13
Some Less Common Phobias
Specific Phobias
• Systematic Desensitization
• Flooding
• Aversive Therapy
• Energy Psychology – tapping on specific acupuncture points
Treatments
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Obsession:
Persistent and intrusive idea, thought, impulse, or image.
Compulsion:
A repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior performed in response to uncontrollable urges or according to a ritualistic or stereotyped set of rules.
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• Obsessions associated with checking compulsions.
• Need for symmetry and order.
• Obsessions about cleanliness associated with washing compulsions.
• Hoarding-related behaviors.
4 Major Dimensions
OCD
• PET Scan of brain of person with obsessive/ compulsive disorder
• High metabolic activity (red) in frontal lobe areas involved with directing attention
TRAUMA
serious accidentviolent victimization
life-threatening calamity
firesearthquakes
riots
war
abuse
witnessing tragedy
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Trauma-Induced Disorders
• Intrusions and Avoidance
• Hyperarousal and Numbing
Symptoms fall into two related clusters:
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder:
More than a month after a traumatic event, stress interferes with the individual’s ability to function.
Perspectives on Trauma-Induced Disorders
• Brain Changes• Conditioned Fear• Economic Disadvantage
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Dissociative Disorders
• Amnesia– conscious awareness becomes separated
(dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings
– Psychogenic vs Organic Origins• psychological need to escape/forget
(psychogenic)• brain injury or disease (organic)
– Psychogenic “fugue” (to escape)• Forgets entire past, identity
Dissociative Identity Disorder
• Dissociative Disorders– conscious awareness becomes separated
(dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings
• Dissociative Identity Disorder– rare dissociative disorder in which a person
exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities
– formerly called multiple personality disorder
Mood Disorders
• Depression–Unipolar mood disorder
• Manic/Depression–Bipolar disorder
Dysphoric mood:
Unpleasant feelings, such as sadness or irritability.
Euphoric mood:
A feeling state that is more cheerful and elated than average, possibly even ecstatic.
Types of Depression
In episodes with melancholic features, people lose interest or pleasure in most daily activities.
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People with a seasonal pattern (SAD) develop a depressive episode at about the same time each year, usually 2 months in fall or winter.
BIPOLAR DISORDER
A mood disorder involving manic episodes and very disruptive experiences of heightened mood, possibly alternating with major depressive episodes.
– Suffer mania and sometimes depression– Manic episode
• Racing thoughts • Hyperactivitiy• Easily distracted• Grandiose sense of self• May hear voices• Highly energetic
BIPOLAR DISORDER
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Depressed state Manic state Depressed state
PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with emotional
swings
LEARNED HELPLESSNESS
Learned helplessness:
The passive resignation produced by repeated exposure to negative events that are perceived to be unavoidable.
Overgeneralizing
Selective Abstraction
Excessive Responsibility
Assuming Temporal Causality
Making Excessive Self-Reference
Catastrophizing
Dichotomous Thinking
Cognitive Distortions
Drawing erroneous or negative conclusions from experience.
Drawing erroneous or negative conclusions from experience.
Cognitive Treatment
COGNITIVE RESTRUCTURING1. Client identifies and monitors dysfunctional
automatic thoughts.2. Client learns to recognize connection
between thoughts, emotions, and actions.3. Client evaluates the reasonable of the
automatic thoughts.4. Clients learns to substitute more reasonable
thoughts.5. Client must identify and alter dysfunctional
assumptions.
COGNITIVE RESTRUCTURING1. Client identifies and monitors dysfunctional
automatic thoughts.2. Client learns to recognize connection
between thoughts, emotions, and actions.3. Client evaluates the reasonable of the
automatic thoughts.4. Clients learns to substitute more reasonable
thoughts.5. Client must identify and alter dysfunctional
assumptions.
SUICIDE
WHO COMMITS SUICIDE?– About 30,000 Americans a year.– Women attempt more often,
but male success rate is 4 times as high.– More white.– More unmarried.– Associated DSM
disorders.
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Suicide Risk Factors
Demographic or Social Factors– Young or elderly male– Native American or Caucasian– Single (especially if widowed)– Economic/occupational stress– Incarceration– Gambling history– Easy access to firearm
Suicide Risk Factors
Clinical Factors– Major psychiatric illness– Personality disorder– Impulsive or violent traits– Current medical illness– Family history of suicide– Previous self-injurious acts or attempts– Anger, agitation, excessive preoccupation– Abuse of alcohol, drugs, heavy smoking– Easy access to toxins (including medicines)– Suicide plans, preparation, or note– Low ambivalence about dying vs. living
A disorder with a range of psychotic symptoms involving disturbances in content of thought, form of thought, perception, affect, sense of self, motivation, behavior, and interpersonal functioning.
Schizophrenia
Copyright ©2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
• DISTURBANCES IN:– Perception – Hallucinations
–Thoughts – Lack cohesive and logic language
–Incomprehensible actions – odd & disturbing
Positive symptoms: Negative symptoms:
SYMPTOMS
Exaggerations or distortions of normal thoughts, emotions, and behavior.
Symptoms that involve functioning below the level of normal behavior.
Copyright ©2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Type I
• delusions
• hallucinations
• disturbed speech
• disturbed behavior
Type II
• affective flattening
• catatonia
• retarded motor movement
SYMPTOMS
Copyright ©2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Genetic Link in Schizophrenia
BIOLOGICAL THEORIES
BRAIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Lines of evidence for dopamine hypothesis Antipsychotic medications Effects of drugs like amphetamines
Cortical atrophy Reduced brain activation Dopamine hypothesis Possible serotonin deficit
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MRI scans show that aperson withSchizophrenia (left) is more likely than a healthy person (right) to have enlarged ventricles.
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
NEUROLEPTICS
• Vary in potency.
• All block dopamine receptors.
• Side effects:
– Tardive dyskinesia
– Compromise of immune system
Flu Virus
• Some flu viruses interfere with the normal migration of brain cells- Second tri-mester of pregnancy
is the critical period
Characterized by at least two bodily movement abnormalities:
• Motor immobility or stupor.• Purposeless motor activity.• Mutism or extreme negation.• Peculiarities of movement or odd
mannerisms and grimacing.• Echolalia
TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Characterized by a combination of symptoms, including disorganized speech and behavior and flat or inappropriate affect.
Even delusions and hallucinations lack a coherent theme.
TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Characterized by preoccupation with one or more bizarre delusions, or with auditory hallucinations that are related to a particular theme of being persecuted or harassed.
Without disorganized speech or disturbed behavior.
TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Characterized by a complex of schizophrenic symptoms that does not meet the criteria for other types of schizophrenia.
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Associated Behaviors– Deceitfulness– Impulsivity– Unlawfulness– Recklessness– Aggressiveness– Manipulative– Lacking remorse
People with APD were slow to develop classically conditioned responses to anger, pain, or shock.Such responses indicate normal anxiety.
Borderline Personality Disorder
Observed characteristics:– Intense interpersonal relationships– Splitting– Feelings of emptiness– Anger, rage– Identity confusion– Shifting goals, plans, partners– Poor boundaries with others– Risk taking, self injurious behaviors– Parasuicidal
HISTRIONIC
• Dramatic, attention-getting behavior• Fleeting, shifting emotional states• More commonly diagnosed in women• Flirtatious and seductive• Need for immediate gratification• Easily influenced by others• Lack analytical ability• Superficial relationships
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NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY
DISORDER
Named for Greek legend of Narcissus.
Personality disorder characterized by an unrealistic, inflated sense of self-importance and lack of sensitivity to other people’s needs.
• egotistical• arrogant• exploitative of others
PARANOID PERSONALITY DISORDER
• SUSPICIOUSNESS
• GUARDEDNESS
• PROJECTION OF NEGATIVITY AND DAMAGING MOTIVES ONTO OTHERS
• ATTRIBUTION OF THEIR PROBLEMS TO OTHERS
• LOW SELF-EFFICACY
• INDIFFERENCE TO SOCIAL AND SEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS
• SECLUSIVE; PREFER TO BE ALONE• NO DESIRE TO LOVE OR BE LOVED• COLD, RESERVED, WITHDRAWN• INSENSITIVE TO FEELINGS OF OTHERS
TREATMENT: Unlikely to seek or respond to therapy.
• FEAR OF ABANDONMENT• DESPONDENT WITHOUT OTHERS• UNABLE TO INITIATE ACTIVITIES• INSECURE ABOUT MAKING DECISIONS
WITHOUT OTHERS• GO TO EXTREME TO GAIN APPROVAL
OF OTHERS• DEVASTATED WHEN RELATIONSHIPS
END