abiotic disorders read chapter 9 objectives of abiotic diseases at the end of this section students...
TRANSCRIPT
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Abiotic DisordersRead Chapter 9
• OBJECTIVES OF ABIOTIC DISEASES
• At the end of this section students should be able to:
• 1) Know and understand the types of tree injuries caused by abiotic disorders
• 2) Be able to discern the difference between abiotic and biotic diseases
• 3) Understand the patterns of abiotic injuries and how they occur• 4) Know what the major air pollutants are and how they influence
forest ecosystems• 5) Understand how air pollutants are dispersed in the atmosphere• 6) Understand the influence of nutrient deficiencies and toxicities on
tree health• 7) Be familiar with patterns of injuries caused by animals
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Abiotic Disorders
• Pattern of injuries
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Temperature & Moisture Disorders
- High Temperatures
• Heat Defoliation
• Sunscald
• Winter Sunscald
• Heat Injury
• Birch Dieback
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Temperature & Moisture Disorders
• Low Temperatures
• Frost Injury
• Frost Crack
• Frost shake
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Temperature & Moisture Disorders
Water Deficiencies
• Drought
• Winter Browning / Winter Drying / Red Belt
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Temperature & Moisture Disorders
• Water Excesses
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• Nutrient Deficiencies & Imbalances– Iron Chlorosis
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Abiotic Disorders
• Herbicide & Chemical Disorders
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Abiotic Disorders
• Mechanical Injuries
- Weather Events
- Animal Damage
- Construction / Landscaping
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Porcupine Damage Mouse / Mole / Vole Damage
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Abiotic Disorders
• AIR POLLUTION
– Types of Air Pollutants• Primary Pollutants
• Secondary Pollutants
• Acid Rain
• Excess Nitrogen
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AIR POLLUTION
Primary Pollutants
• Sulfur Dioxide - SO2
• Hydrogen Fluorides - HF
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AIR POLLUTION
Secondary pollutants - Ozone O3
NO2 + sunlight = NO + O
O + O2 = O3
NO + O2 = NO3
NO3 + O2 = NO2 + O3
NO2 and O3 in the atmosphere = SMOG
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Secondary pollutants
PAN - Peroxyacetyl nitrate
NO + CH3-OH + Sunlight = CH3-COONO2
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AIR POLLUTION
Secondary Pollutants
• Acid Rain
SO2 + H2O = H2SO4
CO2 + H2O = H2CO3
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AIR POLLUTION
Secondary Pollutants
• Excess Nitrogen
NO + H2O = NHO3
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AIR POLLUTION
• Dispersion of Air Pollutants
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Damage Caused by Air Pollutants
• Sulfur dioxide
• Hydrogen fluoride
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Air pollution
Damage Caused by Air Pollutants
• Ozone
• PAN
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Air pollution
• Management of Air Pollutants
• Elimination of the source
• The use of resistant plant varieties
• The use of chemical protectants
• Forecasting air pollution episodes
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Abiotic Disorders
• QUESTIONS TO ANSWER FOR ABIOTIC DISEASES:
1) Describe the general patterns of injury produced by abiotic factors.
2) Describe the steps necessary for you to tell if a tree had insect damage, a biological disease, a non-biological disease or animal damage.
3) Describe how temperature and moisture excesses influence tree health.
4) What nutrient deficiencies are most likely to occur in forest trees?
5) What are the three main sources of air pollutants affecting forests?
6) What do sulfur dioxide and ozone do to plants?7) How does acid precipitation and excess nitrogen deposition
influence forests?