SHEIKH TECHNICAL VETERINARY SCHOOL (STVS)

Field work Studies in Wajaale, Hargeisa and Berbera

From 29 May 2011 to 17June 2011

Name: Abdirazack Yaziin Warsame

Student No: 096

Date of submission 25th

June 2011

Class: Second year.

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DECLARATION

I Abdirazack Yaziin Warsame Declare that the work presented here is my original work, and has

not appeared anywhere else in any other form except for the references made from other

published works.

Student’s signature………………………………….. Date: …………….………………….

Supervisor’s signature ………………………..…..

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First praise is going to Allah who made me easy to utilize this golden opportunity. After that I

would like to thank all the people who dedicate their time and helped me during the field work

activity especially Dr Nuoh Haji Abdi, Dr Hassan Isaaq And Yuusuf Mohamed Ahmed and

also Dr Mahammed Smail (Buroa)

Finally I would like to thanks all the members of my class who co-operated with me during the

field work plus my mother.

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Table of Contents

DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................ ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................. iii

SECTION ONE: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1

1.1. INTRODUCTION TO FIELD WORK ................................................................................... 1

1.2. Study Area ............................................................................................................................... 1

SECTION TWO: OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY ......................................................... 2

2.1. OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY ................................................................................ 2

2.1.1 Overall Objective ............................................................................................................... 2

2.1.2. Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 3

SECTION THREE: ACTIVITIES IN WAJAALE......................................................................... 3

3.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 3

3.1 Wajaale Veterinary Institutions ................................................................................................ 3

3.1.1 Role of Veterinary Association .......................................................................................... 3

3.1.2 Veterinary infrastructures in Wajaale ................................................................................ 4

3.2 Wajaale Livestock Market ........................................................................................................ 4

3.2.1 Factors that Affect Price in the Market .............................................................................. 4

3.3 Wajaale Milk Market ................................................................................................................ 5

3.2.1 Hygiene of Milk Market in Wajaale .................................................................................. 5

3.2.2 Price of Milk in Wajaale .................................................................................................... 6

3.3.3 Constraints of milk market ................................................................................................. 6

3.4 Treatment and Vaccination of Animals .................................................................................... 6

SECTION FOUR: ACTIVITIES IN HARGEISA ......................................................................... 7

4.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 7

4.1 Maandeeq Slaughter House in Hargeisa ................................................................................... 7

4.2 Hargeisa Livestock Market ....................................................................................................... 9

4.2.1 Market Actors ................................................................................................................... 10

4.2.2 Price Determination.......................................................................................................... 10

4.2.3 Municipality ..................................................................................................................... 11

4.2.4 Infrastructure of Hargeisa Livestock Market ................................................................... 11

4.2.5 Constraints of Hargeisa Livestock Market ....................................................................... 11

4.3 Hargeisa Milk Markets ........................................................................................................... 12

4.3.1 Sources of the milk ........................................................................................................... 12

4.3.2 Price of the Milk ............................................................................................................... 12

4.3.3 Constraints of Hargeisa Milk Market ............................................................................... 13

SECTION FIVE: ACTIVTIES IN BERBERA ............................................................................ 13

5.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 13

5.1 Berbera Quarantine ................................................................................................................. 13

5.1.2 Infrastructure of Quarantine ............................................................................................. 14

5.1.3 Laboratory ........................................................................................................................ 14

SECTION SIX: CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMONDATIONS AND LESSONS LEARNT ........ 14

6.1 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 14

6.2 Recommendations ................................................................................................................... 15

6.3 Lessons learnt ......................................................................................................................... 16

ANNEXES ..................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

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SECTION ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1. INTRODUCTION TO FIELD WORK

This report was implemented by the STVS second year students after 21 days of field work in

Wajaale, Hargeisa and Berbera in Somaliland. The purpose was to improve students’ practical

skills, their knowledge and to collect data from places they were sent to and also to learn more

from those areas. This is one of the activities that are undertaken at the end of each academic

year. Students come back to STVS on 17/06/2011 after finishing their field work activities. This

field trip we exert an urban areas especially livestock markets, slaughter house, milk markets,

quarantine area, and also meat markets in Somaliland.

1.2. Study Area

During the field work activities the student went to Wajaale ,Hargeisa, Berbera these are main

areas which every second year class collects information about livestock sector at the end of

Each second year class to enhance their practical experiences from these areas .as map show us

these are cities that the students visits in particular areas relates to their lectures and these are

including livestock market ,quarantine area ,milk markets ,meat markets .

Wajaale Hargeisa Berbera

Figure one: Map of Somaliland showing the study areas

Wajaale is a major important town situated on the border between Somaliland and Ethiopia. It’s

a busy town that links the two countries and all imports destined to Ethiopia from the major port

of Berbera go through this strategic border town.

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Hargeisa is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Somaliland. The city was the colonial

capital of British Somaliland. Hargeisa was heavily bombed by the Somali military in 1988

because of the SNM activity that was forming in Northern Somalia in the beginning of the

Somali civil war. But ever since 1991, the city rebuilt itself and become better and more

important than it ever was.

Berbera: It is situated on the southern shores of the Gulf of Aden, and is the major port town of

Somaliland. Its climate is hot and humid with temperatures above 40 degrees Centigrade in the

summer and it has a semi-desert landscape. Berbera has a population of around 50,000 that

decreases with seasonal migration to cooler inland cities during the hot seasons. Berbera, is one

of the oldest towns along the Somali coast, in the current time Berbera is the capital of newly

established Sahil region of Somaliland; it has a lot of veterinary infrastructures such as the

quarantine station the holding grounds and the port.

SECTION TWO: OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY

2.1. OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY

2.1.1 Overall Objective

To discover the various livestock activities occurring in Wajaale, Hargeisa and

Berbera districts.

To find out about the veterinary infrastructures into the attached area.

To improve collecting and processing data skills and report finding.

Specific Objectives

1. To asses the system and infrastructure of slaughter house

2. To establish the presence of certain diseases through clinical examination.

3. To identify the challenges faced the livestock sector of Somaliland in areas of study.

4. To improve and strengthen the practical skills.

5. To examine the producers used in livestock inspection.

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2.1.2. Methodology

Inspection: look at closely typically to assess quality or examine the animals.

Observation: is action or process of closely observing or monitoring animals and to provide

immunity against a disease.

Interview: is asking questions to the people to get information.

Clinical examination: to know the history.

Palpation: examine part of a body by touching specially for medical purpose.

Cut section: to incise a part of organ in order to exam a specific disease.

SECTION THREE: ACTIVITIES IN WAJAALE

3.0 INTRODUCTION

This section consists of the activities that the students have done during the field work in

Wajaale. These include the areas we visited, like the veterinary institution, milk market,

livestock market in which the student carried out vaccination. The students also did a few

treatments in Wajaale.

3.1 Wajaale Veterinary Institutions

The veterinary institution in Wajaale has two doctors, four assistants and one auxiliary staff

member and all these members was ministry of livestock employees as shown in figure 2.

3.1.1 Role of Veterinary Association

1. They do vaccination.

2. They carry out treatment.

3. They do inspection.

4. They do surveillance of the animals.

5. They built crashes for holding the animals before vaccination.

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Figure two: Organizational chart of veterinary association in Wajaale

3.1.2 Veterinary infrastructures in Wajaale

Two buildings.(one is an office and one other is for storing drugs)

Dam

Two toilets.

One ramp-used for loading animals.

One crash for holding animals when vaccinated.

One car.

3.2 Wajaale Livestock Market

Wajaale livestock market is the largest market in Somaliland. Most of the species of livestock

that it handles are cattle, particularly bulls that are purchased from Ethiopia and Somaliland

districts of Allaybaday, Boorame, Gabillay and Wajaale.

3.2.1 Factors that Affect Price in the Market

During the study, it was discovered that grades of the animals was the major determinant of

price. There were three grades, with grade one fetching the highest price ranging between 600$

to 750$ as shown in table one.

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Grades Price in USD.

Grade 1. 600-750$

Grade 2. 450 $

Grade 3. 340 $

Table one: Camel prices according to grade

3.3 Wajaale Milk Market

The Wajaale milk market is located in the middle of town. It is where many people meet during

the day in order to buy and sell milk. The majority of milk traders are women whose lives

depend on the sale of milk. These women sit along the side of the road to buy their milk from the

people who walk past on the road. They store the milk in plastic containers which are

unhygienic. The lack of hygiene is a major problem with in the milk markets and results in a low

quality of milk and a reduction in milk consumption. Most of the milk is from cattle because of

the environment is good for rearing cattle. Camel milk is also available but people prefer cattle

milk due to the price and availability. Milk is delivered to the market from the nomadic people

who settle in areas near the town.

3.2.1 Hygiene of Milk Market in Wajaale

Hygiene is important for a healthy life. Unfortunately, most Wajaale residents are not very

concerned about practicing good hygiene in the milk market. First, the containers that producers

use to bring the milk in to the market are potentially unclean because there are a lot of flies and

sand in the containers.

Moreover, the places the traders use to purchases the milk are totally unclean because there is a

lot of rubbish and contaminated water which has accumulated in these areas due to lack of a

drainage system during the rainy season. In this town there is risk that a lack of hygiene will

bring human health problems if immediate action is not taken toward the sanitation problem.

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3.2.2 Price of Milk in Wajaale

The price of milk varies because the traders have no links at all with one another and there is a

lack of government price control. Each one determines his or her own price in order to attract as

many consumers as possible. Table two shows the average price for milk for cattle and camel.

Species Price/litter

Cattle milk 5000shs/lperlitre

Camel milk 6000shs/lperlitre

Table two: Price of milk according to species

3.3.3 Constraints of milk market

1. Lack of infrastructure

2. Lack of government support

3. Competition from imported milk e.g. (node, hallway coast, mudfish)

4. Lack of hygiene

5. Variability the price of milk in the market.

3.4 Treatment and Vaccination of Animals

Animals are treated against certain diseases and protected against diseases and their Effects.

Students performed mass treatment of animals one day in Wajaale city. During the treatment

two drugs were mainly used.

Ox tetracycline: an intramuscular injection according to the body weight of animal in between

2ml and 3ml of dose.

Albendazole: Albendazole is in the benzimidale group that was used against helmenthiasis and

gave in oral administration. The recommended dosage of this drug differs according to the

animal species, for cattle is 15ml/50kg of body weight but sheep and goat is 1ml/10kgof body

weight. Animal treated with this drug should not be slaughtered for human consumption until

two weeks after treatment and their milk should not be drank for up to four days. The drug must

be stored in dry and dark place at a temperature below 40c.

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FMD vaccinations in Wajaale (30-31 May 2011)

Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material (immunization) to produce immunity of

certain diseases. Vaccines can prevent or ameliorate the effects of infection by a pathogen.

Therefore living animals are vaccinated to provide protection against target diseases.

FMD is highly contagious disease that is caused by Aphthovirus of the family Picornaviridae and

affects mainly cattle. It has seven serotypes which are A, O, C, SAT1, SAT2.SAT3 and ASIA1.

The animals were vaccinated by all the STVS second year students who had been attached to

Wajaale, other students administered ear tags to recognize vaccinated animals. The animals were

owned by local traders who were exporting their livestock to Yemen. The vaccines were brought

from the Ministry of livestock in Hargeisa few days before vaccination. The vaccinated animals

will be shown table three.

Species Sex Number Route of

administration

Dose rate Serotype Disease

Cattle Male 108 Subcutaneous 3ml O & A FMD

Table three: FMD Vaccination

SECTION FOUR: ACTIVITIES IN HARGEISA

4.0 INTRODUCTION

This section we have explored the activities occurring different places in Hargeisa and there are

many concerns about the livestock sector. We visited the areas like Mandeeq slaughter house,

milk markets (Waaheen and Gobanimo). Also we have seen livestock market, which is second

largest market in Somaliland.

4.1 Maandeeq Slaughter House in Hargeisa

Mandeeq is privately owned enterprise and is based on the principles of the public private and

partnership. The enterprise was founded on March 25th

, 2005 by Somaliland citizens Mr.Rashid

Haybe Dubad and Mr.Mohamud Rooble Hirsi who were interested and devoted the social

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economic development of the country. Mandeeq is legally registered with Ministry of Commerce

and Industry and also with Chamber of Commerce.

Mandeeq slaughter house was visited by STVS second year students during the field study with

the aim assessing the place and relating findings with what is learnt in class. The students

worked on small ruminants the first night, while the next day camels and cattle were dealt with.

The slaughter house is located 5 kilometers east from the centre of the capital. Maandeeq

slaughter house is private slaughter house where by the butchers slaughter their animals by

charging a tax of one dollar per animals. The slaughter house is fairly well equipped and has

many workers. The structure of the employees is shown in figure three.

Figure three: Structure of Maandeeq slaughter house administration

Postmortem Examination in Maandeeq slaughter house

It is estimated that every night around 1,300 animals are slaughtered in the slaughter house.

However, during the study, students examined 160 animals. Only 10 out of the 160 animals

examined had postmortem abnormalities. This could imply that animals brought to this slaughter

house are to the greatest extent healthy. The students had postmortem equipment such as knives,

forceps and scalpel blades and every organ that is suspected of abnormality were cut and

sectioned for further examination. Table four shows the guide that was used in the examination

of the small ruminants.

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Table four: Postmortem of small ruminants

Out of the 30 Cattle examined during the study, only five were found to be having lesions. Also,

5 of the 35 camels examined were found to be having lesions. However, due to the time

constraints, diseases that could be associated with these lesions were not identified.

4.2 Hargeisa Livestock Market

Hargeisa livestock market is the second largest market in Somaliland and is located in the eastern

corner of city; the area of the market is around 0.5km2. The market consists of four parts: one for

cattle, one for camel, one for donkeys and one for shoats (sheep and goat). All these four

Species Organ Description of lesion Suspect

Sheep Intestines Nodules at the upper surface of the intestines

particularly the ileum and colon

Helminthiasis

Sheep Lungs Color change of the lungs, the color of the lungs has

changed to blackish pale

Atelectasis

Goat Lungs A gas was trapped b/t the capsule and the

parenchyma of the lungs

Emphysema

Sheep Lungs Left caudal calcified lesion

Sheep Liver Hard and inflated liver and fatty infiltration of the

middle lobe of the liver.

Cirrhosis

Liver hyperplasia

Sheep Lungs and

liver

Fatty infiltration of the middle lobe, small cysts in

cranial and middle lobes and hyperemia of the liver,

caseous abscess in the left and middle lobe of the

lungs and adhesion of the lungs in the thoracic

cavity.

On cut section the liver was hard in cutting and

fracture in palpation.

Cirrhosis

Liver hyperplasia

Goat Lungs Lungs were pale in color Anemia

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domestic animals were sold in this market; mostly the male shoats were used for export, while

the females are used for local consumption.

4.2.1 Market Actors

The main actors in the market included: brokers, producers, market actors, interregional and

traders. Below is a brief description of each actor.

Brokers: these people are the link between the buyers and sellers so, if there is no broker the

market doesn’t work probably. The role of the brokers in the market is:

1. Negotiating of the price between buyers and producers

2. Facilitating the market functions

3. Providing the sellers and buyers with a fair price

Producers: these are the people who rear and produce their animals, producers are mainly

pastoralist and they transport their animals to the market using vehicle.

Interregional: these people are that link of the product from one region to the another region

Traders: are those who sell and export their animals abroad to countries such as Yemen and

Saudi Arabia. The animals that are exported by the traders depend on the demand of the

importing countries.

4.2.2 Price Determination

There was no price discrimination in this market according to customers. However, the grade and

sex of the animal playing a big role in determining price. Sheep and goat had the same price

depending on their grade as shown in table five.

Grades Price in s/l shillings Price in dollars

Grade 1. 360,000 55.3 $

Grade 2. 320,000 49.2 $

Grade 3. 252,000 38.7 $

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Table five: Price of Sheep and goats

On the other hand, the camel was the most expensive animal in this market costing up to 800$

depending for male camel that was grade one. Female camels did not fetch as high prices as the

male. When asked why, the camel sellers said that while female camels were mostly for

domestic consumption, most of the male camels were transported to Berbera for export thus

attracting higher prices since there is competition between the local people and the exporters of

these animals. The prices for camel are summarized in table six.

Grades Price in dollars for male

camels

Price in dollars for female camels which are

mainly for local consumption

Grade 1. 800 $ 615 $

Grade 2. 600 $ 461 $

Grade 3, 450-500 $ 300 $

Table six: Price of camel

4.2.3 Municipality

There are 12 municipal members in Hargeisa livestock market, five for branding, three for the

security of market and four for collection of taxes and keeping the sanitation of the market.

4.2.4 Infrastructure of Hargeisa Livestock Market

The market has two rooms of buildings one for the Government that is used to collect the tax and

one for Maandeeq slaughter house. The market also has seven shades and seven ramps, and these

are used to provide shade for the people who participate in the buying and selling of the animals

and facilitating unloading of animals.

4.2.5 Constraints of Hargeisa Livestock Market

Lack of water storage and limited shade.

Lack of good roads.

High taxation.

Reduction of milk in drought time.

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4.3 Hargeisa Milk Markets

There are two common milk markets in Hargeisia; one is in the center of the town and known as

Waaheen, the other is located in the north of the city - Gobanimo. These two markets are very

crowded and operate between 9:00am to 5:00pm. The markets have stalls which are intended for

selling of milk. The milk is sold in plastic containers which is not hygienic. Most of traders in

this market are women whose livelihoods are solely dependent on selling milk. This market

creates jobs for women and men. These jobs include: drivers, mediators, cleaners, tea shop

owners.

4.3.1 Sources of the milk

Hundreds of Jerry cans are brought to the markets per day, during the summer time an average of

700 liters are sold by each seller and can exceed in the spring (the rainy season). Most of the

milk in the market is transported from areas far from Hargeisa. Some of it is from the northwest

area like Geed-ballaar, Gebilay and Alla-ibaday while some is from places like Illimaha,

Faraweyne and Balligacas. In the west it is transported from Quraca Abriin and Waddo

miikaahiil. In the South it is transported from Balli-gubadle and Haro-haadlay and the eastern of

the town there is a lot of places that the milk from.

4.3.2 Price of the Milk

The milk is consumed by Hargeisa local community and is priced according

to the demand and supply. Both cattle and camel milk are highly consumed and

are sold for 3000 S/L shillings per milk cup; they measure a cup of 750ml which

means each liter is about 4000 S/L shillings. Goat milk is the least preferred, each cup is sold

about 1500 S/L shillings and sheep is not milked because of the culture of the Somali

communities. Table seven summarizes the prices according to species.

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Milk type Price/milk cup

Camel milk 4000 S/L shillings

Cattle milk 4000 S/L shillings

Goat milk 2.500S/L shillings

Table seven: Milk price in Hargeisa

4.3.3 Constraints of Hargeisa Milk Market

1. Lack of roads

2. High taxation

3. Hygienic problem

4. Lack of training

5. Lack of enough sheds

SECTION FIVE: ACTIVTIES IN BERBERA

5.0 INTRODUCTION

It is good to mention the main events going on in Berbera. It is a seaport town and it has a lot of

places which are important to the livestock stakeholders. We went to these areas during field

work activities the quarantine area was visited. In the quarantine there is a laboratory that we

also visited. Finally, there is also a holding ground near the quarantine area which is intended for

containing the animal before shipment.

5.1 Berbera Quarantine

The quarantine is located on eastern part of the town and its area is about 5km2 .the capacities of

animals that the quarantine can hold is 4200,000. This includes 300,000 shoats, 70,000 cattle and

42000camel. It has played a critical role in reducing the risk of the spread of disease in

Somaliland. During the field trip, the students visited Berbera quarantine station to see how it

works. During all sections of the quarantine were visited and below is the description of the

place.

Before the animals are taken into the quarantine, they are kept in pens or holding grounds. This

pace is near the quarantine. The quarantine station has two 2km2 buildings, it has two doors,

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entrance door and exit door which an animal gets to access into the quarantine station and exit

door which animals exit after testing. It has holding closures in which the animals are allowed to

rest for maximum of 14 days. Water and food are provided to the animals at a charge of 7$ per

head. This is paid by the exporter or trader.

5.1.2 Infrastructure of Quarantine

The quarantine has 17 shades, two ramps, water troughs, feeding system places, five offices, one

pool, three toilets, and disinfectant places.

5.1.3 Laboratory

The laboratory is inside the quarantine and it consists of two departments; the serology department and

the bacteriology department which is well equipped. There are at least six expert laboratory technicians

with four assistants. The type of test that doctors make depends on the conditions of importing countries

because each country has different regulations. For instance, animal exports to Saudi Arabia are tested for

brucellosis while animals exporting to Yemen are tested for FMD.

There were various diagnosis tests that laboratory of the quarantine of which, the agglutination test is the

most widely used as it is has the simplest methods. The used in this laboratory include:

1. Diagnosis of PPR for ELISA TEST

2. Agglutination test, for Brucellosis

3. Precipitation test Brucellosis

4. Complement fixation for FMD

SECTION SIX: CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMONDATIONS AND LESSONS LEARNT

6.1 Conclusions

The 21 days that were spent in the field were very worthwhile. Visiting different livestock

activities in Wajaale, Hargeisa, and Berbera was a great opportunity that enabled the students to

have a hands-on experience especially with dealing with large numbers of animals.

In Wajaale, students vaccinated cattle bulls with the help of veterinarians who were in the field

with us. The vaccine used was inactivated of serotype A and O named Fotivax in activated foot

and mouth disease.

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In Hargeisa we visited the milk market, Maandeeq slaughter house, and the livestock market. In

milk market we found that the most common milk is from cattle. The major challenges students

identified in the milk market was the long time it takes for milk to be delivered to the market and

the unhygienic use of plastic and traditional container. In Mandeeq slaughter house, the major

slaughterhouse in Hargeisa, we observed that the hygiene was poor and the workers were not

concerned about the sanitation of the place.

In the Hargeisa livestock market animals are taxed differently. For goats the tax is 0.14$ and

0.17$ for cattle and camel respectively. The infrastructure in the livestock market is poor: there

is no shade for animals to take rest and there is not enough water.

In Berbera, we visited Berbera quarantine although at that time there were no animals, we

interviewed the people that are involved in carrying out activities in the quarantine. All the

places visited, Berbera quarantine was the most organized and well coordinated.

6.2 Recommendations

The field work was successful, however there were gaps which are needed to be filled therefore

these recommendation are destined to all livestock stakeholders

1. In Wajaale the ministry of livestock should provide enough syringes instead of using one

syringe for all animals. For example, they only use one syringe to vaccinate all cattle

bulls.

2. Livestock market of Wajaale and Hargeisa are open places, shades and water should be

provided for animal.

3. The Government or NGOs should construct stalls for the selling of milk in both Hargeisa

and Wajaale.

4. Sanitation of Maandeeq slaughter house should be improved upon and the workers

should be provided with trainings on hygiene and sanitation.

5. Ministry of Livestock should employ veterinary inspectors to check on the meat being

slaughter plus the milk brought to the market.

6. The taxation of slaughtered animal should be reduced by the Government.

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6.3 Lessons learnt

During the field work activities in wajaale, Hargeisa and Berbera the lesson learned are as follow:

A First lesson is dedication and commitments in the field work, also strengthen the skills of

technically and practically.

Inspection of the exporting animals and the abnormality which can be seen during the inspection.

Understanding the parts and functions of Berbera quarantine station and laboratory.

Preparing and administering of FMD vaccine and performing of ear tags.

The different institutions on attached area.

Working with livestock owners and making them help in the field.

ANNEX

Annex one: Interview guide for the livestock market

Interview guide for trader

1. How many agents work in the market?

2. How do you evaluate the animal?

3. Do the traders have license from the government?

4. Do you give out commission to the brokers?

5. At what season do the animals have the highest demand for the traders?

6. Do you give out any veterinary services to the animal?

7. Do you transport live animals?

8. What is cost of each animal?

9. What is the tax of each animal?

10. Where do you buy from the animal?

Interview guide for producers

1. Which system do you use for rear the animals?

2. What is the highest or lowest price you sell your animals?

3. What drugs do you give the sick animal?

4. Where do you get drugs from?

5. Which season do you supply your products to the market?

6. What is the process do you use for your animals to take to the market?

7. Do you have direct contact with traders?

8. Do you any help from the government?

9. Do you have veterinary services?

10. Do you give any tax to the government?

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Interview guide for brokers

1. How many animals do you sell per day?

2. Do you have licenses from the government?

3. How do you communicate with farmers and traders?

Interview guide of milk markets

1.What is the price of one litter of milk?

2.Do you have license from the government?

3. Where do you get milk from?

4. Do you pay taxes?

5. How many litters do sell per day?

Interview guide of Maandeeq Slaughter house

1. Do you have inspection team?

2. How many animal do you slaughtered per night?

3. How many workers do you have?

4. When did you establish this company?

5. Do you export meat to the outside or do you produces only for local?