abdellaoui ali - automation on board ships diapo
TRANSCRIPT
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People’s Democratic Republic of AlgeriaMinistry of Higher Education and Scientific Research
University of Sciences and Technology of Oran – Mohamed Boudiaf
Mechanical Engineering FacultyMaritime Engineering Department
Option: Management of Naval Propulsion SystemsTheme:
Automation on board ships
Presented by:Mr ABDELLAOUI Ali
Tutor and adviser: Pr. MOKHTARI Abdellah
Presented on June 16th 2015
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Automation on board Ships
1. Introduction
2. Historical Overview of Automation
3. Ship Automated Control System
4. Sensors on board Ship
5. Digital Control System (DCS)
6. Conclusion
Ship Automation
Sensors
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1. Introduction
Automation or Automatic Control is the use of various control systems for operating equipment such as machinery and processes in factories. The biggest benefit of automation is that it saves labor, however, it is also used to save energy and materials and to improve quality, accuracy and precision.
In the maritime industry, the human element of the human-machine system is becoming an endangered species, partly because of the drive towards smaller crew numbers, but largely due to spreading of automation use.
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The Centrifugal governor, which dates to the last quarter of the 18th century, was used to adjust the gap between millstones. The centrifugal governor was also used in the automatic flour mill developed by Oliver Evans in 1785, making it the first completely automated industrial process.
2. Historical Overview of Automation
2.1. The Centrifugal Governor
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2. Historical Overview of Automation
2.1. The Centrifugal Governor
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2. Historical Overview of Automation
2.2. The Chip Log
This method was known as a Dutchman’s log.
The number of knots that had gone over the ship’s stern represent ship’s speed.
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2. Historical Overview of Automation
2.3. The Astrolabe
Mariner’s Astrolabe was used to determine the latitude of a ship at sea by measuring the noon altitude of the sun or the meridian altitude of a star in which the declination is known.
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2. Historical Overview of Automation
2.4. Water level float control
This regulator is the first historical feedback system.
The float detects the water level and controls the valve that covers the water inlet in the Tank.
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3. Ship Automated Control System – Ship Automation
DEFINITION:A control system is an interconnection of components forming a system configuration that will provide a desired system response. The input–output relationship represents the cause and effect relationship of the process. A basic instrument system consists of three elements:
• Sensors• Signal processor• Receiver or output device
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3. Ship Automated Control System – Ship Automation
An open-loop control system utilizes a controller or control actuator to obtain the desired response. An open-loop system is a system without feedback.
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3. Ship Automated Control System – Ship Automation
a closed-loop control system utilizes an additional measure of the actual output to compare the actual
output with the desired output response.
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This system permits the Level gauging, Control of cargo pumps, Valve control, Ballast and ballast pump control, Heeling control, Remote monitoring of temperature, pressure, and flow.
3. Ship Automated Control System – Ship Automation
Cargo control system Signal control
unitComputer unit
Tank level sensors
Cargo temperature sensor
Various other
sensors
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3. Ship Automated Control System – Sensors
The devices used to transform one kind of energy to another is called
Transducer,
When the transducer converts a physical
quantity into electrical current it is called SENSOR
When the transducer converts an electrical current into physical quantity it is called
ACTUATOR
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Sensors can be classified according to several
categories:
3. Ship Automated Control System – Sensors
Passive and active sensors Analogue and digital sensors Wired or Wireless sensors
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It can be classified according to several categories:
3. Ship Automated Control System – Sensors
Passive and active sensors Analogue and digital sensors Wired or Wireless sensors
Passive sensor: Requires an external source of powerActive sensor: The output power is almost entirely provided by the measured signal.
Digital sensor: The signal produced or reflected by the sensor is binary.Analogue sensor: The signal produced by the sensor is continuous and proportional to the measured parameter.
Wired sensor: Needs to be connected via electric cables to the control unit.
Wireless sensor: It is connected via wireless network to the control unit.
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4. Sensors on board Ship
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Level sensorsTemperature sensors
4. Sensors on board Ship
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Temperature sensorsPressure sensors
4. Sensors on board Ships
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Bridge control
installationDraught
measurement
Pressure sensors
4. Sensors on board Ship
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Pressure sensors: Silicone type
This type of sensor work by the resistance principle, the silicon chip flexes as the pressure changes, the amount of silicon chip flexes determine the output voltage signal. As the measured pressure rises, the voltage signal increases.
Voltage signal curve.
4. Sensors on board Ship
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Bourdon tubes are made of spring-like metal alloys bent into a circular shape.
Most pressure gauges use a bourdon tube as their pressure-sensing element.
Pressure sensors: Bourdon tube type Tank monitoring system:
4. Sensors on board Ship
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The sensor emits a microwave pulse towards the process material. This pulse is reflected by the surface of the material and detected by the same sensor which now acts as a receiver.
Level measurement: Radar level sensor
4. Sensors on board Ship
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Level measurement: Pressure based level sensors
4. Sensors on board Ship
By measuring the pressure at the bottom, or in the tank wall in a known height, we can determine the level.
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This system is pressure based, pressure sensors are placed in the ship’s hull, the pressure value varies proportionally to the water level change, so the draught is measured.
Pressure sensor
Pressure sensor
Level measurement: Draught measuring system
4. Sensors on board Ship
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4. Sensors on board Ship
Flow meters – Meshing rotor flow meter
The Meshing rotor type consists of two rotors with lobes. When fluid is forced in, the rotors turn and operate the indicating system.
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4. Sensors on board Ship
Flow meters – Vortex flow meter
The function of vortex flow meters is based on the principle of the Karman vortex street. The measuring tube contains a bluff body, behind which vortex shedding occurs.
The number of vortices passing through the sensor (pressure sensor) determine the flow rate.
Flow direction
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Engine pressure sensor – Piezoelectric type
The word piezoelectricity means electricity resulting from pressure.
Piezoelectric pressure sensor generates certain amount of electricity which is proportional to the value of the applied pressure.
It is used to determine pressure inside cylinders.
4. Sensors on board Ship
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Engine pressure sensor – Capacitance type
It works by capacitance, it contains two metallic discs, when the pressure acts, it causes the change in distance between the two discs, as the gap changes, the capacitance also changes.
4. Sensors on board Ship
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Thermistors are the most common used sensor to measure temperature of engine’s cooling liquid, lubricating oil and the intake manifold.
Engine Temperature sensor – Thermistor type
The resistance of thermistors is inversely proportional to temperature, as temperature increases, resistance decreases.
4. Sensors on board Ship
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A Hall effect sensor is a transducer that varies its output voltage in response to a magnetic field.
Engine Speed sensor – Hall effect type
4. Sensors on board Ship
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5. Digital Control System (DCS)
Definition:A Digital Control System (DCS) is a modern control system for a process or plant, wherein controlled elements are shown and can be adjusted via Human Machine Interface (HMI).
This system shows via several control panels mimic diagrams for the controlled installations, which makes the control much easier.
DCSs are the modern type of the “Automatic Computer Controlled Systems” family, in which we can change functioning parameters only by touching the digital interface.
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5. Digital Control System (DCS)
On a ship, how do we control process using
DCS?
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5. Digital Control System (DCS)
Introduction of the Engine Room Simulator software:Virtual Engine Room 4.8 is a PC-based full mission engine room simulator, It has all consoles, lamps, switches, levers, pushbuttons and analogue gauges and digitized sounds required. The mimic diagrams are similar to those found in real engine room control system interfaces.
Active control mode is possible.
By mean of a digital interface, which includes diagrams of all process elements, with active
control.
A engine room simulator software is used to show the method.
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5. Digital Control System (DCS)
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5. Digital Control System (DCS)
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5. Digital Control System (DCS)
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5. Digital Control System (DCS)
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5. Digital Control System (DCS)
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5. Digital Control System (DCS)
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5. Digital Control System (DCS)
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5. Digital Control System (DCS)
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5. Digital Control System (DCS)
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5. Digital Control System (DCS)
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5. Digital Control System (DCS)
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6. Conclusion
This simple study leads us to better understanding of the automation system, mainly the controlling systems
concerning ships. It shows the importance of automation, its benefits and the way it works.
Next few years, all the processes will be fully automated, wireless sensors and wireless control networks will be
involved as the main technology.
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Thank you for your
attention