ABC AND INDIA

A.P. Mitra

DELHI, ABC Meeting, 13 Feb 2006.

India - New Initiatives

The range of annual averages of total particulate matter concentrations measured at multiple sites within cities throughout the world for the period 1980 to 1984. Each bar represents a city, as indicated. The orange shading indicates the concentration range recommended by the United Nations Environment Program as a reasonable target for preserving human health.

Indian InterestIndian Interest• Air pollution

– Trace species like CO, BC, NOx, SO2 etc.– Contribution of –

• Local emissions• Transportation

– Contribution of –

• Bio-fuel emission• Fossil fuel emission

• Impacts of air pollution– Hydrological Cycle– Agriculture– Human health

New ProgrammesNew Programmes

• IMD’s EMRC

• ISRO’s Campaign Mode measurements

• Indian Special monitoring sites

• ABC ( Includes Ozone and Precursors)

• MAIRS

MAIRS

Four Major Themes:

Semi arid zones

Urban and peri-urban areas

Coastal Regions

High Mountains

Observing/Monitoring Observing/Monitoring Networks & StationsNetworks & Stations

BAPMoN and

Radiation Network

BAPMoN Stations

Existing Network of Radiation Stations & BAPMoN

Radiation Legend Radiation Network

CPCB National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (NAAQM) Network

ATMOSHERIC MONITORING NET WORKS OPERATED AND COORDINATED BY THE IMD

1Surface observatories:5592Pilot balloon observatories:65aRS/RW observatories:34bOnly RS observatories:13Aviation current weather observatories:714Aviation forecasting offices at national and international airports:195Regional area forecast centre:16Storm detecting radar stations:177Cyclone detection radar stations:108High wind recording stations:49Stations for receiving cloud pictures from satellitesLow-resolution cloud pictures:7bHigh-resolution cloud pictures:1cINSAT-IB cloud pictures (SDUC stations):20dAPT Stations in Antarctica:1eAVHRR station:110. Data Collection Platforms through INSAT:100

11 Hydrometeorological observatories:701

aNon-departmental raingauge stations

iReporting3540

iNon-reporting5039

bNon-departmental Glaciological Observations (Non-reporting)

iSnowgauges21

iOrdinary Raingauges10

iSeasonal Snow Poles6

12. Agrometeorological observatories:219

13. Evaporation stations:222

14. Evapotranspiration stations:39

15. Seismological observatories:58

16. Ozone monitoring

aTotal ozone and Umkehr observatories:5

bOzone-sonde observatories:3

cSurface ozone observatories:6

ATMOSHERIC MONITORING NET WORKS OPERATED AND COORDINATED BY THE IMD

17. Radiation observatories

(a) Surface:45

(b) Upper-air:8

18. Atmospheric electricity observatories4

19. (a) Background pollution observatories:10

(b) Urban Climatological Units2

(c) Urban Climatological Observatories13

20. Ships of the Indian Voluntary Observing Fleet203

21. Soil moisture recording stations49

22. Dew-fall recording stations 80

ATMOSHERIC MONITORING NET WORKS OPERATED AND COORDINATED BY THE IMD

Special Sites and Special Facilities

Darjeeling2500

meters

Sangdongfu4200 meters

North Bengal University, Siliguri

Pyramid Station

5034 meters

Kathmandu ICIMOD-

UCSD Station

Altitude Gradient

CONCEPTUAL NETWORK

POINT-1

G U I D E L I N E S

• Indo- Gangetic PlainsFood Basket of IndiaMajor Source of Pollutants

• Mountain RegionCrucial Region but understudiedWestern and Eastern Himalayas

different

• Sites for Monitoring Transboundary pollutants

• Mapping Strategies : New IMD efforts

• Global Carbon Cycle Project : US-India

Centre on Global Change

Research vessel - Sagar kanya

Hanle

DarjeelingSundarbans

Port Blair

CO ~ 150-600 ppbvO3 ~ 60-80 bbbv

CO ~ 250-700 ppbvO3 ~ 10-45 bbbv

CO ~ 150-650 ppbvO3 ~ 10-40 bbbv

O3~30-60 ppbv

DelhiO3- 10-70 ppbvBC- 5-25 µg/m3

Trace gas measurements facilities in India

Special Observation Sites

Total Ozone : DobsonTotal Ozone : Brewer

Ozone Surface

Ozonesonde

Western Himalayas : Leh, Stakana, Hanle,

Pantnagar3 campaigns in Summer

200020022003

M o n t h l y M e a n S u r f a c e O z o n e

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

J a n M a r c h A p r M a y J u n e J u ly A u g s e p O c t N o v D e c

M o n t h

OZ

(p

pb

)

HANLE

Himalayan Chandra Telescope on Mt. Saraswati in Hanle, Ladakh

Hanle, Laddakh Observatory

Lat.: 32046’NLong.: 78057’EAlt.: 14823 feet

Observatory of Indian Institute of Astrophysics

At Mount SarswatiLaddakh, India

Eastern Himalayas : Darjeeling & Sangdongfu

Darjeeling Hills Campaign Measurements July, 1999May, 2001April, 2003 November, 2003

Ozone CO NOx CO2 Aerosol UV

2001 SPOT OF OBSERVATION

C o n c e n t r a t i o n o f o z o n e a n d C O a t D a r j e e l i n g

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

8 0

9 00:

00

1:00

2:00

3:00

4:00

5:00

6:00

7:00

8:00

9:00

10:0

0

11:0

0

12:0

0

13:0

0

14:0

0

15:0

0

16:0

0

17:0

0

18:0

0

19:0

0

20:0

0

21:0

0

22:0

0

23:0

0

T i m e ( I S T )

Ozo

ne

(pp

b)

0

1 0 0

2 0 0

3 0 0

4 0 0

5 0 0

6 0 0

CO

(pp

b) O z o n e

C O

CO, OZONE at Darjeeling

D ir u n a l O z o n e v a r ia t io n a t D if f e r e n t s i t e s

0 . 0 0

1 0 . 0 0

2 0 . 0 0

3 0 . 0 0

4 0 . 0 0

5 0 . 0 0

6 0 . 0 0

7 0 . 0 0

8 0 . 0 0

9 0 . 0 0

1 3 5 7 9 1 1 1 3 1 5 1 7 1 9 2 1 2 3

T i m e

Ozo

ne

(pp

b)

H a n le

D a r je e l in g

P o r t B la i r

S u n d e r b a n

K o lk a t a

Observational Site

Campaigns: Dec 10, 2001- Jan 4, 2002 Apr 11 – Apr 21, 2003 January 2004

Parameters: Ozone CO NOx Aerosol UV

GHG at KaiKhali, Sunderban

0

0.51

1.52

2.53

3.5

10:3

0

17:4

5

8:30

14:1

0

10:2

0

19:3

0

8:35

19:0

0

8:30

18:3

0

7:05

9:45

11.1

0 am

(0m

in)

11.2

5 (1

5m

in11

.40

am(3

0min

)

6.30

pm

22-12-01

22-12-01

23-12-01

23-12-01

24-12-01

24.12-01

25-12-01

25-12-01

26-12-01

26-12-01

27-12-01

28-12-01

28-12-01

28-12-01

28-12-01

28-12-01

Time/Date

CH4

(ppm

), N2

O(p

pm)

0

100200

300400

500600

700

CO2(

ppm

) CH4 (ppm)

N2O(ppm)

CO2(ppm)

SUNDARBAN

PORT BLAIR

Emission Factors

Inventories

Distribution of total CO emissions over the Indian region on a larger scale at State level for 2001.

CO EMI SSI ON FROM PETROL AND DESEL VEHI CELSI NDI A (2001)

CO EMISSION (IN Gg)

Below 5

5-10

10-15

15-20

20-25

25-30

30-60

Above 60

CO EMI SSI ON FROM COALINDI A (2001)

CO EMISSION (I N Gg)

Below 5

5-10

10-20

20-40

40-80

80-200

200-500

Above 500

CO EMI SSI ON FROM ALL SOURCES (BI OFUEL, VEHICELS, COAL AND CROP RESIDUE)

INDI A (2001)

CO EMISSION (IN Gg)

Below 40

40-80

80-120

120-160

160-200

200-300

300-400

400-500

Above 500

<=400

401 - 800801 - 12001201 - 18001801 - 22002201 - 26002601 - 3000

CO emission (Gg)

> 3000

CO emissions Statewise

<=3031 - 60

61 - 9091 - 120

121 - 200

201 - 300

> 300

CO emission (Gg)

CO emissions Gridwise

Agricultural Residue Burning in the Farms of G B Pant University of Agriculture & Technology (Pantnagar)

CO Emission from Field Burning of Combine Harvested Wheat Straw on 10th & 11th May, 2003

0.1

1

10

0:00 1:12 2:24 3:36 4:48 6:00 7:12 8:24 9:36 10:48 12:00 13:12 14:24 15:36 16:48 18:00 19:12 20:24 21:36 22:48 0:00

Time (hrs)

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

pp

mv

)

10-May

11-May Burning Event

NO Emission from Field Burning of Combine Harvested Wheat Straw on 10th & 11th May, 2003

0.1

1

10

100

1000

0:00 1:12 2:24 3:36 4:48 6:00 7:12 8:24 9:36 10:48 12:00 13:12 14:24 15:36 16:48 18:00 19:12 20:24 21:36 22:48 0:00

Time (hrs)

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

pp

mv)

10-May

11-May

Burning Event

Wheat Straw Burning May 2003 Rice Straw Burning November 2003

J&K

RJ1455

UP4375

MP2175

HP 285

555

BR2256

MH2857

OR1099

WB2318

13SK AR 28

AS 624

MZ20

NA 38

M 57MG58TR87

AP2396

KA1592

TN2094

3 LK

A&N 111163 KR

GJ1485

48 GOA

653 PB

1000 0 1000 2000 Kilometers

N

EW

S

State-wise CO emissions from biofuels(fuel wood and dung) for 1990 (Gg)

1990 1992 1997 1998 2000 2002

1990

CO2

CH4

 

-Fossil -Fuel, -Rice-Animals

1990

CO2

CH4

 

-Transport, -Coal mines,-1992 CH4

camp. -Tier-II method animals  

1990

CO2 , CH4

N2O, NOx,CO, NMVOC

Additional sources:Biomass burning, cement manufacturing, oil & methodologyor animal manure,crop residue, soils and municipal solid waste

Base year

Gases

Sectors

Ref. Mitra, 1991

Mitra, 1992

ALGAS, India, 1998

1998

CH4

 

1998 methane campaign, CH4 emission coefficients developed for rice paddied grown on organicallyamended soils in India 1990, 1994,

1998 and 2000

N2O,

Mostly all sources

MAC Asia report, 1999

Present report

Chronology of development of Inventory by NPL

Year ofOperation

1990 1992 1997

CH4

IPCC accepts seasonally integrated approach and new classification of rice fieldsbased on water regimes

1990-1995

1996-1998 1998 2002

Parashar et. al., 1997

CO2 emissions in India in 1990 and 1994CO2 emissions in India in 1990 and 1994

 

Key  0-5 million tons  6-10 million tons  11-15 million tons  16-20 million tons  21-50 million tons  51-100 million tons

Key  0-5 million tons  5-10 million tons  11- 21 million tons  21 – 50 million tons  51- 100 million tons  51-100 million tons  100-150 million tons

 

0

300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

States

Met

hane

Emis

sion

(Gg)

Statewise Methane Emission

Distribution of Methane Density

Region wise Distribution of Methane

State wise CH4 Emissions for 1994

District wise CH4 Emission for West Bengal for 1994

Regional NOx Emission Strength for INDIA

Source Year Mean NOx

(Tg(N)/yr)

Emission strength

References/

Remarks

MATCH 1997 (met)

1990-emission

EDGAR

Mean: 1.72

Max: 2.3 (April)

LT: 15-20 hrs

Area: MATCH grids-Indian domain (present study)

GOME 1997 1.87

(an improved one from GOME)

LT: 27 hrs. Area: Extended

Indian region including neighbouring nations

Wenig (2002)

GOME 1997 2.95 LT: 27 hrs. Area: Extended Indian region including neighbouring nations.

Leue et al.(2001)

RAIN-ASIA 1990 1.52 Aardenne et al.(1999).based

on anthropogenic sources.

ENERGY

STATISTICS-INDIA

1995 3.46 Garg et al.(2001)

Based on sector analysis-India

CO2, BC, CO and SO2

Note : On a per capita basis BC emissions from China and USA roughly equal ; Indian’s emission slightly smaller.

Modeling EffortsModeling Efforts

• MATCH

• MOZART

• WRF-CHEM

• GIS

OH concentration from MATCH over Indian region

http://envis.tropmet.res.in/

WRF-CHEM model - Atmospheric Chemistry Group (NCAR)

Applications:

• Capability to simulate chemistry and aerosols online as well as offline

within the WRF model.

• To simulate the coupling between dynamics, radiation and chemistry.

• Forecasting chemical weather, testing air pollution abatement strategies, planning and forecasting for field campaigns and the assimilation of satellite and in-situ chemical measurements

Chemistry package consists of :

• Dry Deposition coupled with the soil/vegetation scheme.

• Two choices for biogenic emissions :

1) Online calculation of biogenic emissions (as in Simpson et. al 1995 and Gunther et. al 1994) includes emissions of isoprene, monoterpenes, and nitrogen emissions by soil.

2) The EPA Biogenic Emissions Inventory System (BEIS) version 3.11.      

• Anthropogenic emissions are computed from the EPA NEI-99 data inventory (for US and Canada)

• The RADM2 chemical mechanism (Quasi steady state Approximation method with 22 diagnoised, 3 constant and 38 predicted species)

•  Photolysis (Madronich scheme coupled with hydrometeors)

• Aerosols (MADE/SORGAM aerosol parameterization

Chemistry package consists of :Dry Deposition coupled with the soil/vegetation scheme.• TTwo choices for biogenic emissions

1. Online calculation of biogenic emissions (as in Simpson et. al 1995 and Gunther et. al 1994) includes emissions of isoprene, monoterpenes, and nitrogen emissions by soil.

2. The EPA Biogenic Emissions Inventory System (BEIS) version 3.11.      

Chemistry package consists of :

Dry Deposition coupled with the soil/vegetation scheme.

• Two choices for biogenic emissions

1. Online calculation of biogenic emissions (as in Simpson et. al 1995 and Gunther

et. al 1994) includes emissions of isoprene, monoterpenes, and nitrogen emissions

by soil.

2. The EPA Biogenic Emissions Inventory System (BEIS) version 3.11.      

• Anthropogenic emissions are computed from the EPA NEI-99 data inventory (for US and Canada)

• The RADM2 chemical mechanism (Quasi steady state Approximation method with 22 diagnoised, 3 constant and 38 predicted species)

•       Photolysis (Madronich scheme coupled with hydrometeors)

• Aerosols (MADE/SORGAM aerosol parameterization

HEAT – ISLAND characteristics of HEAT – ISLAND characteristics of DELHIDELHI using using WRF-CHEM model WRF-CHEM model

• Chemistry not included• Domain: No. of Grids in x-direction = 50 No. of Grids in y-direction = 50 Grid spacing in x and y – direction = 1000m vertical levels = 15• Run hours - 36, • Run mode - 3-Dimensional• Initialization - 5:30 IST• Input Meteorological data - GFS 10 resolution data for

every 6 hours (NCEP)

1 2 4 5 7 8 16

1. Urban2. Dry land Cropland and Pasture4. Mixed Dry land, Irrigated Cropland and Pasture 5. Cropland / Grassland and Mosaic7. Grassland8. Shrub land16. Water bodies

                 

 

         

Temperature distribution in and around Temperature distribution in and around DELHIDELHI on the simulation day on the simulation day

44 44

http://envis.tropmet.res.in/

Temperature distribution in and around Temperature distribution in and around DELHIDELHI on the simulation day on the simulation day

44 44

44 44

Wind field in and around DELHI on the simulation day

0 10 20 30 40 50

50

40

30

20

10

0

Distance in x-dirn(km)

Distance in y-dirn(km)

= 0.85

Wind field at 5:30 IST on 01/12/2004

0 10 20 30 40 50

50

40

30

20

10

0

Distance in x-dirn(km)

Dist

ance i

n y-di

rn(km)

= 1.79

Wind field at 11:30 IST on 01/12/2004

0 10 20 30 40 50

50

40

30

20

10

0

Distance in x-dirn (km)

Distance in y-dirn (km)

= 2.08

wind field at 14:30 IST on 01/12/2004

Simulated diurnal variation of temperature and Simulated diurnal variation of temperature and comparisons with observations at Safdurjung and comparisons with observations at Safdurjung and Palam Palam

8:30 14:30 20:30 2:3012

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30 Temp(Safdarjung) WRF model

Tem

p (D

eg C

)

Time (hrs)

8:30 12:30 16:30 20:30 00:30 04:3016

18

20

22

24

26

28

Palam WRF model

Tem

p (D

eg C

)Time (hrs)

Indo-Gangetic Plains