ab hiánypótlás
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/10/2019 AB hinyptls
1/55
Kcg`tmjydrso
;9;> Duhkpnst
H`jtb u. 1>-8>.
Xroy< Kcg`tmjyl`ob pkjksz bjhtvjyoyszm< BU /;251-;/49;8.
Xbsztnct Kcg`tmjydrso!
Kcucr`tt . (..) kckttb ckg`s bjhtvjy`z (tkrtzg`hbg< .. kcktt) kz Kcg`tmjydrsorc szc 49;;.vb ACB. trvjy Kdtv. 45. -k 4) dngnzhsn kckplj kz kcddb
kcg`tmjyl`ob pkjksz bjhtvjyt
tnrlnsztntnm nc.-j gnctnzntt cnvncdnj fbjyptcsrk fvtk enc kz
bjhtvjy`zt k tngbjtntdnj, f`oy kz nclrs encttncnbjng k enjjccst bokz`clk, kz bjhtvjydkj
e`ockctkgkt bokz`clk, vkckmbjt bokz`clk, f`oy l`osrncmn gzvntcnjc drb hjtst jcgc gvntgnzntt
dn. Nznj gvc kz Kcg`tmjydrso kz bjhtvjy`zt jybcktg`zktrk fvtk enc, f`oy k sznmcyns khktkb
jybcvj`ssork f`zktkcf`z f`zzlruc-n. K fbjyptcsjkg k pkjksszkc noysons sznrgnzntdnj,
ncnont tnszng k lncnj dnkhvjy`mmkc.
Kz bjhtvjy`z sznmcyns khktkb jybcvj`ssork f zktkcf`z jnm lruc f`zz.
;
-
8/10/2019 AB hinyptls
2/55
; K\ NCLTQ ENCXXNCNBJNG BOK\@CQK
Kz bjhtvjy`z, . khsskc sznmdnj k .. Dkjg \rt. vornfkltst gr grncmrn, hr. gzlnoyz .
s`rszm kcktt vornfkltsb zrkhg gbcctsvkc bjht`ttk mno k drsob vornfkltsb nclrst, 49;;.
`gtdnr f ... jkplj, mncy oydnj . ./49;; szm`j e`okjkt`st`ttk k vornfkltst.
Kz khs k vornfklts mnoszjtntsn brjt pnrt bjht`tt, grtn k . Lrsdrso`t, f`oy k szjtnssn
mno k vornfkltst< ncshcnonsnj, s nsfntcnonsnjkzrt mnrt encng gzttb pnrdncb sznrzhs jnm ltt
ctrn. K encng kz ctkcug kcrt sznrzhssnc tkrts l`ovbsz`jyt gvjtkg ctrnf`zjb. Kz khs sznrzhsb
kgkrktk gcasjjnc vnoyns fbtncsznrzhs mnogtsrn brjyuct, mo k dkjg gcasjsznrzhssnc vnoyns
dnengtntsb sznrzhst gttt (ktbpbgus fbdrbh sznrzhst), kmncy utddb l`ovbsz`jy-ncnm ctrnf`zsrk
kz khsjkg jnm v`ct sznrzhsb kgkrktk, mnrt jnm bs tuh`tt rck. oy k tkrts l`ovbsz`jy ctrnf`zsrk
jnm v`ct k encngjng, gcasjs s noydnfkjoz gbenlnzsvnc ctrnltt sznrzhsb kgkrktk. (Ytg. 49>..
(;-8) dng.) K dkjg kz kcrt sznrzhsdnj kjjkg fbdrbh dnengtntsb tkrtkcmt, s kjjkg mbjhnj
gvntgnzmjyt szjhg`skj nctbtg`ctk kz khs ncc, kz ctkck e`okjkt`stkjh sznrzhs tkrtkcmt
bccntnj mnotvnsztnttn, tvnhsdnj tkrt`ttk, s nzznc kz khsjkg grt `g`z`tt, k fbdrbh-sznrzhsrnv`jktg`z nurpkb s mkoykr l`oszkdcy`gkt mnosrtvn, s k dkjgjkg encrfktkj.
Kz bjhtvjy`z encpnrns grtn k Lrsdrso`t, f`oy k vornfkltst szjtnssn mno ms`hcko`skj, s
vkoycko`skj kzrt, mnrt kmnjjybdnj k sznrzhs ctrn bs ltt v`cjk, k sznrzhs rvjytncnj.
Nzt gvntnj k . Lrsdrso nctt ncse`g`j k 1.Y.. szm`j, mklh k encpnrnsng enccnddnzsn e`cytj
k Xrvjyszg 4.Ye.. szm 49;1. `gtdnr ;. jkplj f`z`tt l`onrs tcntn k vornfkltsb nclrst
mnoszjtnttn.
K l`onrs tcnttnc sznmdnj kz kcpnrns tnrlnsztntt dn enccvbzsocktb grncmnt, kmncy enccvbzsocktb
nclrs lncnjcno k Grbk nctt vkj e`cykmktdkj Yev.B. szm kcktt.
Kz nclrs encttncnbjng enjjccsjkg bokz`csrk k gvntgnzgnt askt`clug
-
8/10/2019 AB hinyptls
3/55
Nzng s`rj k Grbk l`onoysob hjtsnbjng sszneoosdnj, mnolncctg
ccsp`jtujgkt, k hnvbzk kckp fbtncngrn v`jktg`z l`onoysob hjtsng, kz Nurpkb
l`onoysont okrkjtc l`o`g, s kz Nurpkb Drso l`onoysont tnrnmt, s gtncnz
rvjy hjtsnb tgrdnj. K e`oyksztsb sznrzhs nsntj kcgkcmkzkjh Nurpkb
^jbs l`o`t s k Cuxnmdurob Drso prnanhnjsnbdnj trtj mnocckpts`gkt s
tcntb rnjhncgnzsngnt k jnmzntb drso`gjkg gtncnz l`ortncmnzsgjt, s nclrsb
szkdcy`ggjt gncc kcgkcmkzjbug. (asktckg`zsb Qznrzhs s k Cbsszkd`jb Qznrzhs
kckplj.)
^oykjaskg kcgkcmkzkjh kz N^ ctkc szkdcy`z`tt fbdrbh sznrzhsrn< k szbjtntbgus
hnvbzkoycnttnc (dnengtntssnc) nccnjttncnzntt fbtncvbsz`jyrk v`jktg`z N^ l`o, s k
Cuxnmdurob Drso, nznj pjzoyb tnrmgrn v`jktg`z fktr`zktkb.
K mkoykr l`o k Fpt-dnj s g`rddkj k Xgnpbkab Xv-dnj gsdd k dnengtntsngrn
v`jktg`z tv-dnj, szkdcy`ztk mbjh k fbtnc, mbjh k dnengtntsng s`rj encmnrc
l`o`gkt s gtncnznttsongnt.
K encpnrns bjhtvjy`z s kz kcpnrns gztt ctrnltt, Mkoykr`rszo`j hnvbzk-
jybcvjtkrts fbtncjng jnvnzntt sszntntt pjzoyb tnrmg rtgnstsn s`rj, `cykj
tkrts l`ovbsz`jy ltt ctrn, kmncyjng s`rj n l`ovbsz`jyjkg mbjh k fbtncvbsz`jy`grk
(Fpt.), k fbtncgnrnt kckplj jylt`tt gcasj v`jktg`zsdkj k gcasj l`ovbsz`jyrk
(Ytg.), mbjh k dnengtntsrn v`jktg`z l`ovbsz`jyrk (Xgnpbkab tv. Dnengtntsb tv.) l`ob
encttncnbjng, s l`oszkdcykbjkg k l`o`g s gtncnssong v`jktg`zsdkj noysznrrn
s noybhnlcno mno gncc encncjbn. Nzt snm kz kckpoydnj, snm ms oydnj k drso`g,
fbvktg`zs s dbz`jyts flj, nhhbo eboyncmnj gvc fkoytg, oy k Xbsztnct Grbk
l`onoysob hjtsnb bs.K pkjksz-bjhtvjyujgdkj nckh`ttkg kzt k act sz`coclg, f`oy kz bjhtvjy mbjhnj cctsjkg
e`rrst (tkjucmjy, ncnmzs `chkc s dngnzhsszm) mnolncclg. K pjzpbka stkdbcbtsrt encncs
MJD fbvktkc`s ncnmzsnb, s tkjucmjykb, k dkjgszvntso tkjucmjykb, s encncs sznmcyng
mnojybcktg`zskb 4998. nctt mo jnm tkokhlg njjng k pjzoyb tnrmgjng k g`agzktkbt, s
mbdnjctt< fbdrbhjng jnvnzbg.
Gsdd mbjh k tkjucmjy`gdkj k e`cykmktcnrs`gdkj mr mbjh tnrmbj`cobldkj, mbjh
e`cykmktcnrskbdkj kz khsg`agzkt`gkt ncfkccoktlg, s k fbdrbh vkcsot, mbjt rnjhns dkjgb
mghst tkockclg, ncnmzbg. Nzrt snm k gzdnszhdnj, snm kz Q\E-ngdnj, snm kz khsg`agzkt
enctrsdkj, snm kz khs tlg`ztktsdkj, k vbco`j noynhc, k dnengtntssnc vnoyns fbdrbh lnccnotnjjng k l`ovbsz`jydkj k dkjg`g jnm lncnjtnttg mno, s njjng k tnrmgjng k trskhkc`mrk, cckmrk,
s kz khs`g, oy k pnrdncb khs gtncnznttsonbrn oykg`r`ct fktskbt snm. Nzrt grlg k Xbsztnct
Kcg`tmjydrso`t, f`oy k pkjksz rhnmb vbzsocktk s`rj cctskbjgkt k dbz`jytg`g tgrdnj
vbzsoclk mno. Fbvktg`zskbjg tnclns tkrtkcmk k Fbdrbh am dnkhvjydkj tkccfkt mno, lncnj
dnkhvjydkj gbzrcko kz kckpvntsrn tr gb, mbvnc k Xbsztnct Kcg`tmjydrsojkg jnm kz oy
rhnmdnj gncc hjtnjbn.
K dkjg`g, dkjgr`g, pjzoyb gutktg jybcktg`zktkb, MJD tkjucmjy`g, fbvktkc`s gzcnmjyng s
enctrt jybcvj`s khkt`g, kz kcddb p`jt`g mbjhnoybgt tkrtkcmkzzg rszcntnbdnj. K m`zkbg`gdc
1
-
8/10/2019 AB hinyptls
4/55
sszncc k hnvbzk-fbtncnzs nctbtg`ct vkcsok. K mnccgnct dbz`jytg`g; kckplj jnm mb cctlug
mbjhnzngnt, nzrt jnm encttncnzsng. Mkok k dkjgrnjhsznr cnpcnzb cn jmkot
;) K hnvbzkfbtncng, vkoy hnvbzk-jybcvjtkrts, hnvbzk kckp fbtncjng jnvnzntt, k vkcsodkj
fbdrbh-sznrzhsng (e`rbjtfbtnccnc vnoyns dnengtntsb sznrzhsng) mrfnt, s mrfntntcnj
gr`gkt `g`ztkg k mkoykr khs`gjkg (tnrmszntns sznmcyngjng, vcckcg`zs`gjkg,jg`rmjyzkt`gjkg, s kz nosz mkoykr cckmjkg).
4) Nz k gr`g`zs k dkjgrnjhsznrjng (kz kjykdkjglkbggkc, s rnebjkjszr`z dkjglkbggkc gkrctvn)
gbenlnzntt szjhgk v`ct, s jnm muckszts`g nrnhmjyn.
1) Nzng k rnltntt hnrbvktvggkc (szrmkztkt`tt bjj`vktv dkjgb oycntnggnc) nccnjttncnzntt e`rbjt
fbtncng jnm kz khs`gjkg tnrnmtnttng hnvbzke`rrsdc gbgcasjzfnt e`rbjt`t, fkjnm
ppnj nccnjgnzcno, kz khs`g szmjkg s kz khsso`g ssznojng nxp`jnjabcbs
jvngnhsvnc, nxp`jnjabcbskj jvngv szbjtntbgus hnvbzf`z, s hnvbzkmvncntb
cnfntsongfnz luttkttg k dkjgrnjhsznrt. Nzrt gjctg k hnvbzkfbtnct mbjc tdd khsjkg,
gnt k gcasjdc trtj e`oyksztsrk duzhtvk, szjhg`skj ncfkccoktvk k fbdrbh ctfkt, srnltntt gnttssot, s nctbtg`cvk k rnltntt dnengtntsb l`ovbsz`jyjkg k g`agzktkbt, s k vrfkt
gvntgnzmjynbt.
8) K vkcsodkj jnm trtjbg ms, mbjt kz, f`oy k dkjg g`agzkt`s s spngucktv ac pjzpbkab
oycntngnt fklt vorn, EV-swkp s sp`toycntng prfuzkm`s kcgkcmkzsvkc, kz khs`ggkc
gttt fbtncsznrzhs royj, k eutkmbh kcktt s kz oyec pjznszgznbvnc - k sklt fkszjrk.
Nzngnt k dkjg szbjtntbgus e`rrstnrnmtsjng rtncmnzb, hn k vkcsodkj, kz khs jnvj
jybcvjtkrt`tt e`rbjtfbtnct, kz khs jnvj jybcvjtkrt`tt hnvbzktgn-jybcvjtkrtsb nszgzznc
vozntt, hnrbvktv mvncntnggnc nccnjttncnztn. Nz k dntnclnsct ktbpbgus l`ovbsz`jy kz, kmncy k
vkcsodkj ctrnltt, s tnclnsct, s jnm kz, kmbt ctszcko k gcasjoycntnt tkrtkcmkz, kcrt
; Qafnpp \`ctj< Jfjy o`jh`ckt k vct`z gkmkt`zs hnvbzkebjkjszr`zs g`agzktkbrc7 Xkrh`s ojns< Kpjzoyb bjstrumnjtum`g ncszm`csk BKQ ^Q OKKY mkoykr szkdcy`zs7 YQ\E/4 - K mkojszngt`rhnvbzkfbtncnzsjng m`zoktruob7 Asvs Askdk - Qzkd Tnzs< K e`rbjt/hnvbzk EV-swkp szprnhng m`zoktruobk Cnfmkj-ash utjb bhszkgdkj7 Mg BstvjYcns Luhbt< Kz EV-swkp pbka sznrnpn k fkzkb pjzoyb
rnjhsznrdnj7Ycns LuhbtGutb \s`ctAsvs Askdk < K hnvbzkswkp`g sznrnpn k fkzkb dkjgrnjhsznrdnj s kswkppbka vcso kckttb mghsjng vbzsocktk7Dkcs XkmsJkoy Mrt`j< K hnvbzkfbtncng e`rbjtfbtncngrntrtj tvctsk7 Gbss M.J`rdnrtM`cjr \`ctj< F`oykj fktjkg k hnvbzkpbkab sznrnpcg k e`rbjtre`cykmrk7Y`re`cb`.fu< Kmb k hnvbzkfbtncng mott vkj Grhnzzn kz MJD szkgrtbt!7 Kz @rszooycs E`oyksztvhncmbdbz`ttsojkg 49;1. endrur 4>-j, ftej ;9 rk 1 pnrag`r k Gpvbsncb Br`hkfz >54. szm tkjastnrmdnjmnotkrt`tt csrc lnoyzgjyv7Ksztkc`s Od`r - O`c`d`g`v Qznronl - Gurkcb \`ctj - _`ce \`ctj< K pbka, kmncymklhjnm mghbg7A-598/;; sz. Nurpkb Drsob tcnt7Hroddkg cnfntjng k hnvbzkfbtncng ( Y`rtecb`.fu abgg4996. j`v.;9.)7Gnccnmns mnocnpntst `g`z`tt k Tkbeenbsnj (Bjvnst`r.fu abgg 49;1. j`vnmdnr 4?.)7Yuckb Oyroy -Tnppk \`ctj< K votrcnsztsngfnz gkpas`chkj dnvnzntntt lnoydkjgb nur`nckhsb pr`orkm gbkckgtsk smnovkcstsk7AQUQ AQKDK - GA\J ONTONCR - UKTOK CTJX< K edd fkzkb pjzoyb pbka`g mnofktr`zsznrnpcb s lnccnmz gnrnsgnhsb strktobb7 Mkoykr Dkjgszvntso 4998. vb dnszm`c7 DMN zcntbXuh`mjy`g Bjtzntn - Mkgr`okzhksob pjzoyng (DMNOX1>MJ94) Gpzs< Mszkgb mnjnhzsnrmnstnrszkgMQa, Mszkgb mnjnhzsnr mnstnrszkg - Yjzoyb spnabkcbzab, Yjzoy MK, Unznts s sznrvnzs MK Nckhs. Ybka`g s kz bjstkdbcbts - K fkzkb hnvbzkfbtncng dkjgb ebjkjszr`zsjkg gvntgnztntsnb 7Qbm`r Kjhrs (v`ct MJD lnoydkjgncjg)< Jnm v`ct kctnrjktvlk k hnvbzkfbtncjng
8
-
8/10/2019 AB hinyptls
5/55
fbtnc-sznrzhs mutktjb sznrntjn. K vkcso`s gtncnmrc k fbtncsznrzhsng, s k dkjg`g bs
fkccokttkg.
>) Njjng gvntgnztdnj k hnvbzkfbtncng tnrvsznr, s k fbdrbhsznrzhsdc szrmkz, hn kz
khs`ggkc gttt fbtncsznrzhsngdc cn jnm vnzntfnt, mobs kzzkc sznrvnsnj sszntkrt`z
dnengtntsngnj gnrnsztc, k dkjg`g encbsmnrfnt s gbenlnzntt szjhgk, k e`rbjt nccnjbszjtncnj spngucabs p`zab encptsn - s k swkp`gkt rnebjkjszr`z dkjg`ggkc - k
hnrbvktvgdkj rbjtntt hnvbzg re`cykmjkg oy`rsuc mrtg, s dbzt`s hroucsjkg kz
ncbhzsn, re`cykmjynrnso nccctsk v`ct.
5)
Kz khsjkg, s k dkjgjkg nrrn k fbdrbhrn jnm v`ct noydnfkjoz, s noynz kgkrktjybcvjtsk,
mnrt kz khs, k gtncnm dnengtnts-lnccnorc, s kjjkg vkchb g`agzktrc, mo e`rmcbskj
snm tuhfkt`tt s k dkjg szjhgk ncttn rnltvn v`ct.
?) K dkjg kz khst, k fbdrbh sznrzhs mnogtsng`r mnotvnsztnttn, tvnhsdnj tkrt`ttk, s
nzznc gr`gkt `g`z`tt. K hnvbzkfbtnc-sznrzhs jnm f`oy rvjytncnj, hn ctrn snm ltt
sznrzhs. K jylt`tt sz`coctkts`gkt nc gncc k encng gztt szm`cjb j`mbjcbs rtgnj, s Ytg.sznrbjtb gkmkt`ggkc.
6)
Kz khs`g hnvbzktgn szmclvkc k dkjg k eutkmbh kcktt e`cykmkt`skj, kz khs tuhtk s
dncnoynzsn jcgc rnjhncgnzntt, nzznc pjzpbkab spngucktv oycntngnt fklt`tt vorn. K dkjg
nznj dnengtntsng gctsonbt rtnrfnctn kz khsrk, mo kz nddc szrmkz pr`ebt`t k dkjg
skltljkg tngbjtb.
Mbrt tbtg`s k hnvbzkfbtncnzs fbdrbh lnccnon, k vkcsot k dkjg`g mbrt tbtg`clg0 Mnrt k tnrmg
dnvnzntsjng aclkb, szjhgkb, s k gvntgnzmjyngrt vkc noy`chkc encncssog cncnpcnzhjn. K
mbjhnj hnvbzk-khsrk gbtnrlnh mno`chs, k vkcso`s tnrmg, vkcso`s gvntgnzmjynbjng
bsmnrntdnj cnfntsons. Kzt gvntnj, f`oy k dkjg`ggkc nc gncc bsmnrtntjb jybcvj`skj, kz ctkcug gtttsznrzhsng royj ncgvntntt asncngmjynbgnt, s jnm tjtntbg enc kzt bjj`vktv, grnktv, s rnjhns
dkjgb mghsjng.K fbdrbh cykj pjzoyb tnrmg, kmncy noysznrrn tkrtkcmkz fbtnckhsb, s dnengtntb
g`agzkt`gkt kz khsrk jzvn. K dkjg askg n gt khs-g`agzkt ncnmzsn, nrrc kz khs tlg`ztktsk
mnccntt jyltfkt`tt v`cjk bcynj fbtnct. K pjzoyb tnrmg l`oszkdcy`g sznrbjtb rtgnstsn nsntj, k
tnrmgjng k e rbjtfbtncngfnz gpnstlncnjtsndd -- khsg`agzktk mnccntt, askg dnengtntb p`zabrk
kcgkcmks khs`g szmrk jyltfkttk v`cjk k fbtnct, khfkt`tt v`cjk njjng tnrfrn gcasjt. Mbvnc kz
khs g`agzktk vkcso`s, k dkjg g`agzktk vbrtucbskj bs lncnjtgtncnj, nzrt kz khs ncc ncfkccokttk
k dkjg k tkrts gtncnm cjynot, mnrt ;. kz khs(`g) bcynj l`ovbsz`jydk jnm cptng v`cjk dn, 4.
l`oszkdcy srncmn jcgc k fbdrbh rtgnstsn, szm`jgrfnt cnjjn, kjjkg jybcvjvkc tkrtkcmk
kckplj k dkjg`j!
Dbz`jyts
Dntfcnjhb Kjhrs - Azntb Xkms - Grng Luhbt - Jkoy Mrt`j - Ykc`tkb Hjbnc - MJD fttrtkjucmjy`g
499>/4 - K mkojszngt`r hnvbzkfbtncnzsjng m`zoktruob
fttp94/ft499>P4v.phe
X`vddbkgdkj< ;. sz. dbz`jytg
Asvs Askdk - Qzkd Tnsz< K e`rbjt/hnvbzk EV-swkp szprnhng m`zoktruob k Cnfmkj-ash utjbbhszkgdkj (MJD)
>
http://www.mnb.hu/Root/Dokumentumtar/MNB/Kiadvanyok/mnbhu_mnbtanulmanyok/mnbhu_hattertanulmany/mnbhu_ht200502/ht2005_2v.pdfhttp://www.mnb.hu/Root/Dokumentumtar/MNB/Kiadvanyok/mnbhu_mnbtanulmanyok/mnbhu_hattertanulmany/mnbhu_ht200502/ht2005_2v.pdfhttp://www.mnb.hu/Root/Dokumentumtar/MNB/Kiadvanyok/mnbhu_mnbtanulmanyok/mnbhu_hattertanulmany/mnbhu_ht200502/ht2005_2v.pdfhttp://www.mnb.hu/Root/Dokumentumtar/MNB/Kiadvanyok/mnbhu_mnbtanulmanyok/mnbhu_hattertanulmany/mnbhu_ht200502/ht2005_2v.pdfhttp://www.mnb.hu/Root/Dokumentumtar/MNB/Kiadvanyok/mnbhu_mnbtanulmanyok/mnbhu_hattertanulmany/mnbhu_ht200502/ht2005_2v.pdfhttp://www.mnb.hu/Root/Dokumentumtar/MNB/Kiadvanyok/mnbhu_mnbtanulmanyok/mnbhu_hattertanulmany/mnbhu_ht200502/ht2005_2v.pdf -
8/10/2019 AB hinyptls
6/55
fttp55P>69PaskvksP;9999161.phe
X`vddbkgdkj< 4. sz. dbz`jytg
Mg BstvjYcns Luhbt< Kz EV-swkp pbka sznrnpn k fkzkb pjzoyb rnjhsznrdnj (MJD)
fttp/mkg-pkcns.phe
X`vddbkgdkj< 1. sz. dbz`jytg
Ycns LuhbtGutb \s`ctAsvs Askdk < K hnvbzkswkp`g sznrnpn k fkzkb dkjgrnjhsznrdnj s k swkppbka
vcso kckttb mghsjng vbzsocktk MJD tkjucmjy`g
fttp-j, ftej ;9 rk 1 pnrag`r k
Gpvbsncb Br`hkfz >54. szm tkjastnrmdnj mnotkrt`tt csrc lnoyzgjyvfttp;.phe
X`vddbkgdkj< >. sz. dbz`jytg
Qafnpp \`ctj< Jfjy o`jh`ckt k vct`z gkmkt`zs hnvbzkebjkjszr`zs g`agzktkbrc
fttp
-
8/10/2019 AB hinyptls
7/55
X`vddbkgdkj< ;;. sz. dbz`jytg
Ksztkc`s Od`r - O`c`d`g`v Qznronl - Gurkcb \`ctj - _`ce \`ctj< K pbka, kmncy mklhjnm mghbg
(Dkjgszvntso)
www.dkjgsz`vntsno.fu/wp-a`jtnjt/upc`khs/49;4/;9/918Ksztkc`s.phe
X`vddbkgdkj< ;4. sz. dbz`jytg
A-598/;; sz. Nurpkb Drsob tcnt
fttp
-
8/10/2019 AB hinyptls
8/55
Qbm`r Kjhrs (v`ct MJD lnoydkjgncjg)< Jnm v`ct kctnrjktvlk k hnvbzkfbtncjng
fttp.] Jbjas e`rrsk k fbtncjng.
Nz kzrt cnfntsons, mnrt k 4999-ns vngrn gbkckguct k jnmzntgzb pjzpbka`j k szbjtntbgus
hnvbzgrk s szbjtntbgus hnvbzggkc vozntt pjzoyb mvncntngrn noy `cykj tnafjbgk s `cykj
oyjnvnzntt bjj`vktv dkjgb mvncntng s tnrmgng, kmncyng jnm bojycbg k e`rrst s jnm
bojycbg k enhnzntnt snm.
K dkjg vkoy k sklt vkoy`jk tnrfrn, vkoy kgr kjykdkjgtc, kgr rnebjkjszr`z dkjgtc encvntt
hnvbzk fttrrnc, vkchb hnvbzk fttrrnc tuhlk enhnzjb s e`rrst dbzt`stkjb k hnvbzk e`rrs
e`rbjt fbtncjng. Hn n hnvbzke`rrs fbtnc nsntj kz khs ebzntgpnssonk dkjg szmrk bs vkcsg`agzkt, mnrt k dkjg mkok bs khsk k e`rrst jylt rnebjkjszr`zjkg. Kddkj kz nsntdnj
6
http://www.origo.hu/archivum/20090212-simor-andras-nem-volt-alternativaja-a-devizahitelnek.htmlhttp://www.origo.hu/archivum/20090212-simor-andras-nem-volt-alternativaja-a-devizahitelnek.htmlhttp://www.origo.hu/archivum/20090212-simor-andras-nem-volt-alternativaja-a-devizahitelnek.htmlhttp://www.origo.hu/archivum/20090212-simor-andras-nem-volt-alternativaja-a-devizahitelnek.htmlhttp://www.origo.hu/archivum/20090212-simor-andras-nem-volt-alternativaja-a-devizahitelnek.html -
8/10/2019 AB hinyptls
9/55
vbsz`jt, f`oy fk k dkjgrnjhsznr bcynj mnjjybso hnvbzk vtncrn jnm nco cbgvbh, bccntvn
noyctkcj jnm kgkr k hnvbzke`rrsskc vkcs g`agzkt`t vcckcjb, s ncnonjh ebzntgpns khsrk
cnfntson jbjas, nddnj kz nsntdnj oyjnvnzntt szbjtntbgus hnvbzt s hnvbzk mvncntngnt f`z
ctrn noy fbtncvbsz`jjykc vnoyns gtncnmdnj
K szbjtntbgus hnvbzk kzt lncnjtb, f`oy vkcs hnvbzk jbjas mottn s vkcs hnvbzk e`rrs snmsznrnpnc k e`rbjt fbtnccnc ebjkjszr`zsrk (vkcldkj k gcasj encttncngjt ctrnf`zkjh dkjgb
fbtnc-p`zab ctrnf`zsrk).
Nzrt njjng k fbtncjng jbjasnj e`rrsbojyn - k tkrtkcgrtk dnebzntsvnc k dkjg k snmmbdc
ctrnf`zzk k fbtncpjzt kz khsk szmrk - s jbjasnj enhnzntn snm s jbjas snmmbcynj gcs
hnvbzke`rrsk snm k fbtnc bjhucskg`r s gsdd snm cnsz e`rrsk njjng k fbtncjng, asupj
kgg`r mnrcfnt enc e`rrsbojy, fk k dkjg k fbdrbhnt dnduglk, vkoy e`rbjt`stsf`z
(hnvbzke`rrs e`rbjtfbtncc trtj kckgtsf`z) vkj nrrn szgso!
K mkoykr dkjgrnjhsznr kz ncmct vngdnj k hnvbzkfbtncnzst jkoyrszt
e`rbjte`rrsdc ebjkjszr`ztk. Kz nddc khh mrcnonj dnccb jybt`tthnvbzkp`zabt k fkzkb dkjg`g lnccnmznj gcechbnggnc gttt EV-swkp
oycntng encfkszjcsvkc enhnzbg.
1. sz. dbz`jytg ;. `chkc ;. dngnzhs
K dkjg`g oy k hnvbzkfbtncnzsdc szrmkz mrcno sznrbjtb p`zablug
(vkoybs k mrcnonj dnccb hnvbzknszgzg s hnvbzke`rrs`g gcjdsojng)
noy rszt EV-swkp oycntng snotsovnc zrlg.
8. sz. dbz`jytg-;1. `chkc >. dngnzhs
K tddcnt hnvbzknszgz cnenhnzsjng nrnhmjyngppnj k dkjg`g vkcldkj
szbjtntbgus hnvbzke`rrs`gkt cctkjkg nc, kzkz e`rbjt e`rrskbgkt
g`jvnrtclg k gvjt hnvbzrk.
;. sz. dbz`jytg ;>. `chkc 4. dngnzhs
K fkzkb dkjgrnjhsznr noszn k e`rbjte`rrs`g noy rszdc oy k
hnvbzkswkpoycntng snotsovnc szbjtntbgus hnvbzke`rrst cct nc. K
hnvbzke`rrs szbjtntbgus nccctsk rnjhsznrszbjtnj lncnjts rszdnj oy
trtjt, f`oy k ckg`ssob s vcckcktb e`rbjtdnttngnt k gcechbnggnc
gttt, rvbh eutkmbhnl hnvbzkswkpoycntng rvj hnvbzke`rrs`grk
g`jvnrtctg k dkjg`g.
8. sz. dbz`jytg- ;1. `chkc >. dngnzhs
EV-swkp oycntngnt kzrt gt k fkzkb dkjgrnjhsznr noszn, mnrt mrcnonj
dncc k hnvbzknszgzg cc`mjyk mnofkckhlk hnvbzke`rrs`g cc`mjyt
(mrcnonj dncc jybt`tt p`zab gncntgnzbg), nmbktt k hnvbzkgbfncynzsng noy
rszt e`rbjte`rrsdc ebjkjszr`zzg.
?. sz. dbz`jytg
Noy hnvbzkfbtnc vbsszkebzntsfnz hnvbzrk vkj szgso. Nz bokz k
hnvbzkkckp fbtncng nsntdnj bs, lccnfnt `tt k hnvbzk jnm gzvntcnjc k
fbtnc vbsszkebzntsfnz, fkjnm kz kzt e`cyst dkjg enhnzntb oycntjngcnzrsf`z gncc.
2
-
8/10/2019 AB hinyptls
10/55
Nzt k e`cykmkt`t cnpcnzb k e rbjt`sts! Nzrt szgsons k m`stkjb e`rbjt`stsf`z 6 mbccbrh Nur
k MJD-tc k gnrnsgnhncmb dkjg`g rszrn.
;5. sz. dbz`jytg 1;. `chkc 1. dngnzhs
W5.]
Askg ctszcko, mbjtfk k gcasj enhnzntn k dkjg ctkc encvntt s k e`cysts mbktt tvct`tt
hnvbzk cnjjn. Kzkz jnm trtjbg ms, mbjtf`oy k e`rbjtdkj trtj e`cystst noysznrnj
hnvbzkgvntncsgjt vnszbg jybcvjtkrtsdk, s nzznc lj ctrn k hnvbzdkj jybcvjtkrt`tt, tnft
k hnvbzk kckp fbtnc.
K dkjg tnft hnvbzt gvntnc oyenctc, hnvbzkgtncnznttson kz`jdkj nddc
khhkj mo jnm gncntgnzbg.
;5. sz. dbz`jytg 1;. `chkc 1. dngnzhs
K hnvbzk jcgcb hnvbzk fbtncnzs gvntgnzmjyn kz, f`oy lncnjts k hnvbzk nszgzg tddcntn
k hnvbzk e`rrs`gf`z gpnst.
K dkjg`gjkg lncnjcno tdd k hnvbzknszgzn, mbjt k hnvbzke`rrsk, oy
mrcnonj dncc jybt`tt p`zabvkc rnjhncgnzjng, kmbt mrcnonj gvc zrjkg
(k hnvbzkswkp sp`t cdk mrcnonj dncc, kjjkg e`rwkrh cdk mrcnonj gvc
vkj).
2. sz. dbz`jytg ;8 `chkc ;. dngnzhs
W?.] K mrcnonj dnccb hnvbzkp`zab = kz khs enhnzntcnj s e`rrs jcgcb hnvbzktgn-jybcvjtkrtsb
szmclvkc. Xnft k dkjg k gcasj e`cystsk nctt, hn mr k hnvbzk jybcvjtkrts fbtnc -
sznrzhs kcrst gvntnj, mrcnonj dncc noysznrrn f`z ctrn kz khsskc sznmdnjb e`rbjt-
gvntncst tkrtkcmkz enhnzntcnj s e`rrs jcgcb et-fbtncszmct (kz khs k eutkmbh kcktt nztk gvntncst trcnsztb mklh k dnebzntsnbvnc)7 s nzznc noybhnlcno kz khsskc sznmdnj
hnvbzktgn jybcvjtkrtsb szmct bs, kf`c k e`rbjtgvntncsjng k hnvbzdkj gbenlnzntt rtgt bs
gvntncsgjt tkrtlk jybcvj kz khsskc sznmdnj. oy kz khs noybhnlcno et-dkj bs, s njjng
hnvbzkrtgvnc bs tkrt`zbg k mrcno sznrbjt. Kz noybg noy jybt`tt e`rbjtfbtnc-p`zab, k msbg noy
(kz khs jnvj jybcvjtkrt`tt hnvbzktgn-jybcvjtkrtsb szmck) jybt`tt hnvbzkp`zab.
K dkjgjkg nz vbrtucbs g`agzkt, mnrt k szmvbtnc szkdcykb sznrbjt noysznrrn gt szmcj bs
gvntncb kz khs noyntcnj ssznorn v`jktg`z ebzntsb fklckjhsot, msrszt mbjhgt jybt`tt
p`zab enhnzntcnj s e`rrs jcgcb.
K dkjg (k szmvbtnc szkdcykb sznrbjt) askg szmcj tkrtfkt jybcvj gvntncst, s nzt hnvbzdkjgvjlk. Kz khs vbsz`jt Et fbtnccnc tkrt`zbg.
K dkjg n gt nszgz`chkcb szmct k fbdrbhnj dncc gt acdc f`zzk ctrn. K fbtncvbsz`jy kc
tkrt`z Et-fbtncszmck jnm sz`ruc mkoykrzktrk. K hnvbzk-jybcvjtkrts kz`jdkj mkoykrzktrk
sz`ruc, kmbtc kz noysznr hnvbzke`rrs e`rbjtfbtncfnz gpnst, k hnvbzk-jybcvjtkrts Et-fbtnc
mbjt fbdrbh-l`ovbsz`jy ctrnlj.
K fbdrbh nsntdnj kz khs hnvbzknszgzjng mbjsc hnvbzktgn jybcvjtkrtsb szmclt k
dkjg mrcno- s dkjgznmb g`agzkt-gnzncs rhngdnj gbvbszb mrcnonj gvcrn. K
pkrtjnrdkjglvkc ncbsmnrtntb noy vbrtucbs oycntdnj (gkmkt-swkp) k enhnzntcnj s e`rrs
jcgcb hnvbzk-szmck-pjz ctt. Mklh kz nccnjttncnz pkrtjnrdkjgb nur`-szmck tnrfrn, vkoy
;9
-
8/10/2019 AB hinyptls
11/55
krrk tngbjtnttnc, Et-gcasjt gkp tcn mrcnonj dnccrn. oy Et-e`rrsskc cttk nc k jybt`tt Et-
fbtncp`zabt (kz khs Et-fbtncszmclt).
Mklh nddc k Et-gcasjdc mrcnonj gvc mnovsr`clk kz khs hnvbzktgn-jybcvjtkrtsj
cv khsskc sznmdnjb hnvbzkgvntncst. Nzznc noybhnlcno k hnvbzk-p`zab BQ enhnzntt szmck
cntt, mklh jy`mdkj vbsszkebzntb k pkrtjnrdkjgjkg k gcasjt, s nzznc zrlk k dnengtntst. Nzznczrhbg nz k rszdnj gjyvnct dnengtnts, kmncy mkok k szbjtntbgus hnvbzk. Jnm e`rrs, jnm
stktbgus szmckpjz, fkjnm nccnjttncnz mvncnts`r, kmncy szgsons k dkjg fbtncnz
p`zabljkg k mnognzhsfnz!
Mbvnc k fbtnc eutkmbhnljng vobo, k mbjhnjg`rb tnclns fbtnctkrt`zsrk jzvn nzt k dnengtntst
k jybt-zre`cykmkt`t szjtncnjc, gjysznrnj mno gncc ltkjb noy pkrtjnrdkjggkc. Nz k dkjg
vbrtucbs mnoltsb g`agzktk (kmncy jnm tgn-g`agzkt) cc sznmdnj kz khs vkcs
g`agzktvkc. Kmncy kddkj jybcvjuc mno, f`oy
;) kz khs mbjh k trcnszts s`rj mbjh k tgntkrt`zsk hnvbzdkj kz re`cykm-
nmncgnhssnc e`cykmkt`skj j. (K hnvbzke`rrs e`rbjtfbtnc nsntj k tgntkrt`zs jnmnmncgnhjn, mnrt e`rbjtdkj cnjjn jybcvjtkrtvk k fbtncszmcj),
4)
K hnvbzktgn e`cykmkt`skj e`rbjtdc gbnoynjctsrn gnrc< oy e`cykmkt`skj gjysznr,
s szgsosznr hnvbzkvsrcs trtjbg Et-rt. Nz szgsosznrnj mnohrotlk kz khs
hnvbzktgn tkrt`zst, mkot k jybcvjtkrt hnvbzt! Nzznc k dkjg mkok cctlk nc k
hnvbzk hroucst kz EV-swkpdkj sznrnpc hnvbzt, kz nccnjttncnz nurt, kz nurpkb
swkp-pbka`t enhnz h`ccrt. Nzrt k dnengtntb p`zabdk fncynzntt khs (k tuhtk s
dncnnoynzsn s sznrzhsb kgkrktk fbjydkj) mobs vkcs dnengtntbg`agzkt`t vbsnc
nc.
1)
Kz khs dndugsk nsntj, k sznrzhs sznrbjt, noy ssznodnj nsnhgnss vctdnengtntb tgntkrt`zsskc tkrt`zbg k dkjgjkg, kmnccync oy tkrt`zbg (k sznrzhs
mnoszjsn nsntj bs), mbjtfk k sznrzhsn enjjccjk, mbvnc k gsnhncmb
gkmkttkrt`zsk (k sznrzhsng sznrbjt) kz oycntb gkmkt + Ytg. gsnhncmb gkmkt.
8)
Nzrt k dkjgjkg, s k pkrtjnrdkjgjkg jnm rhngn k g`agzkt`s, s cnmbjst
(dkjgcnmbjst, khssocnmbjst, `rszog`agzktb encr, fbtncg`agzktb encrkg
nmncgnhsn, kz cckmkhsso cnmbjstsn std. mbktt), k fbdrbh dnengtntsb `chkcjkg
enjjtkrtsk. ppnj nccnjgnzcno, kz khs(`g) mbncddb dugsdkj rhngnct, mnrt
gvntncsn noysszno, s gvntncsn kz khsskc sznmdnj k enjjcct sznrzhs sznrbjtb
mkrkh.
W6.] Nzrt `cykj hnvbzknszgz gncntgnzbg kmncyjc, fbjyzbg k vkoy`jb rtg gncntgnzsjng k l`ob
sszntnvln! Nzrt k jybcvjtkrts jnm k vkchb nszgz vct`zsf`z gkpas`chbg, jnm k vkchb
nszgzvct`zst roztb, fkjnm k jybcvjtkrtsdkj trtj vct`zst s kzt ncszm`cvk vkcs
nszgzvct`zsjkg mutkt k dkjg. Ukoybs mnovct`zbg k fncyznt, k e`rrs kz jnm kz nszgz
nrnhntt - tucklh`j`sb nrnhntt mutktlk, fkjnm mkok vcbg nszgzz mncyjng jbjas e`rrsk.
K hnvbzkfbtncnzs ncmct vdnj tkpksztkct oy`rs enceutsk jnm fkoytk
rbjtntcnjc k dkjgrnjhsznr mrcnostrugtrlt< k hnvbzknszgzg
hnvbzke`rrs`gf`z mrt tddcntn 4998. vorn g`rddkj s`fk jnm ct`ttszbjtrn, k mrcnoesszno 5,1%-rk (gd. ;999 Mrh e`rbjtrk) nmncgnhntt.
;;
-
8/10/2019 AB hinyptls
12/55
K mrcnonj dnccb hnvbzkp`zab encpcst kz utddb bhszkgdkj e`g`zkt`skj
k hnvbzke`rrs jcgcb hnvbzkfbtnzs mkoykrzzk.
;. sz. dbz`jytg ;8. `chkc 8. dngnzhs
W2.]
K hnvbzkkckp gbenlnzs noy e`rbjtfbtnc cnpcnzntt cckp`tk, kmncyjc jnm k fbtnc jyltsk, fkjnm
k fbtnc ncszm`csk trtjbg k e`cyststc nctr hnvbzkjnmdnj. K cnpcnzntt cckp`trt k
fbtncencvnv jnm gkp nccnjsz`coctktst, hn kjjkg g`agzktt s gctsot vbsncb.
W;9.] Drmbcynj okzhksob-pjzoyb nszmneuttkts mnjtj fkckhujg, k p`corb l`ob cjynont jnm
szkdkh sznm ncc tvnsztnjb. K p`corb l`o kckpvnt szkdcyk sznrbjt k sz`coctktsrt mnoencnc
mrtg nccnjsz`coctkts lr, kmncydc gvntgnznj kddkj kz nsntdnj, fk k dkjg
re`cykmg`agzkt vkoy gkmktencr amj tddcnttnrfnt szm`ct enc kz cctcko`s hnvbzk-
dnsznrzsb tnvgnjyson s hnvbzk g`agzkt mbktt kz khsjkg, nz kz re`cykmg`agzkt vkoy
gkmktencr askg kgg`r lrjk, noyd encttncng gbzr grcmjynb jcgc bs, k rszrn, fk hn
ekat` hnvbzt vntt enc kz kh`tt noynhb gcasj e`cystsf`z gkpas`chkj.
W;;.] K fbtncsznrzhsng szvnodc nosznj dbzt`skj jnm cvksfkt gb, f`oy kz khs tcn eoontcnj
oycntng g`agzktkbt gncc, f`oy g`mpnjzclk, nrrn v`jktg`z tlg`ztktst snm gkp`tt.
Kf`oykj kz snm, f`oy k dkjg hnvbzkmvncntnbrn mnodzst kh`tt v`cjk, vkoy kz`grc,
mnodzs jcgcb hnvbzkmvncntngrc k sznrzhsvnc gkpas`cktdkj tuh`msk cntt v`cjk. Mo
gnvsd krrc, f`oy nz mbcynj tgn- s gkmktgtncnznttsongnt lncnjt k dkjg sznrbjt, k
sznrzhs kckplj, kz khsrk tnrfncfntnj.
W;4.] K sznrzhsgtsg`r kz khs nce`okhtk kzt k encttncrnjhsznrt, f`oy fk k dkjg hnvbzdkj vcckc
re`cykmg`agzkt`t, kgg`r nzt vcckclk bs. Kz re`cykmg`agzktrc szc gb`gtkts bs nrrn
brjyuc, vkoy msgppnj e`okcmkzvk< msrk jnm brjyucfkt 4
W;1.] K vkcsodkj kz`jdkj kz, f`oy k dkjg szmrk snmmbcynj re`cykmg`agzkttkc jnm lr k
szbjtntbgus hnvbzk kckp e`rbjt fbtnc.
K rvbh e`rbjte`rrs`gdc f`sszkdd cnlrkt, hn vct`z gkmkt`zs
hnvbzkkckp fbtncng jyltsjkg rvbh cnlrkt EV-swkp`ggkc vkc enhnzsn
tnft re`cykmg`agzkt`t s gkmktgcjdznt-g`agzkt`t jnm, hn mnoltsb
g`agzkt`t tkrtkcmkz.
8. sz. dbz`jytg- ;6. `chkc 1. dngnzhsK mrcnonj dnccb re`cykmgbtnttso enhnzsdnj s k hnvbzkcbgvbhbts
gnzncsdnj mnofktr`z sznrnpnt ltsz EV-swkp oycntng cnlrktk ctkcdkj
rvbhndd k fbtncgbfncynzsng eutkmbhnljc, nzrt mnoltsb g`agzkt cc
enjj kz nzng snotsovnc trtj re`cykmg`agzkt-gnzncs nsntj. K rvbh
eutkmbhnl EV-swkp oycntng lrkgtsn jnfzsongdn tgzfnt< nce`rhucfkt,
f`oy k dkjg`g askg gnhvnztcnjndd r`j, vkoy rvbhndd eutkmbhj gpnsng
kz`gkt mnoltkjb.
4Hr. Mkrazbjos Cszc jy`mj
;4
-
8/10/2019 AB hinyptls
13/55
1. sz. dbz`jytg 42. `chkc 1. dngnzhs
K szbjtntbgus ncccts k dkjgrnjhsznr rszrc jkoy`dd mnoltsb, bccntvn
cbgvbhbtsb g`agzkt`gkt f`rh`zfkt`tt, mbjt k gzvntcnj gcechb
e`rrsdnv`js k vbzsoct bhszkg lncnjts rszdnj. K gzvntcnj
hnvbzke`rrs`g cnlrktb strugtrlk bs nctrt k hnvbzkfbtncngtc, kmbcbgvbhbtsb g`agzkt`t lncnjt k fkzkb dkjgrnjhsznr szmrk. K swkp cc`mjy
tcko`s ftrkcv eutkmbhnln mo k gzvntcnj hnvbzke`rrs`gjc bs rvbhndd
v`ct. Nddc khhkj k dkjg`gjkg gt gcjdz tpus mnoltsb g`agzktk bs
nmncgnhfnt< nce`rhucfkt, f`oy k gsddbngdnj askg mkokskdd r`j (pc.
gkmkt`g), gnhvnztcnjndd g`jhabg mnccntt tuhjkg ldc e`rrsf`z lutjb,
vkoy szcssons nsntdnj kz`gkt noyctkcj jnm tuhlg mnoltkjb.
8. sz. dbz`jytg 19. `chkc 4. dngnzhs
Kz EV-swkp oycnt pbkab rtgn askg k hnvbzkgkmktrk, s sznmdnj k fktrbhs
oycntnggnc jnm k tnclns tgrn vnttvn eoo k hnvbzkre`cykm cnlrktg`rb
kckgucstc. Kz EV-swkp oycnt oy jmkodkj cjynodnj noy zrt p`zabjkg
tngbjtfnt kddkj kz rtncnmdnj, f`oy askg k hnvbzkgkmktrk ns
re`cykmg`agzkt`t tkrtkcmkzzk.
8. sz. dbz`jytg ?4. `chkc ;. dngnzhs
K dkjgrnjhsznr jnm vcckctk v`cjk k mnoltsb g`agzkt`t k cnmbjstsngg`agzktt, fk jnm
cntt v`cjk `cykj D tnrvn, kmncyfnz k p`cbtbgkb strugtrg jn ksszbsztctkg v`cjk mr k
gnzhntngtc. Jnvnzntnsnj, fk k pkrtjnrdkjg`g mnotkokhlg k szbjtntbgus hnvbzk (mvncnt)
nccctsdkj vkc rszvtncgnt, kgg`r kz nosz dkjgrnjhsznr dnhc kz bcynj fbtncng e`rrs
jcgcb hnvbzkp`zabb mbktt (fbdrbh v`ctk mbktt). Kf`oykj nz mno bs trtjt 4996. `gtdnr
voj. Nzrt szgsosznrnj, s nczntnsnj tuhjbug gnccntt, f`oy k MJD dkjg vkckmnjjyb
pkrtjnrdkjg fncydn dn e`o cpjb, s kz nffnz szgsons 49 mbccbrh Nur BME-NGD fbtnc, kz
nccnjttncnz dkjgb oycntfnz, rnjhncgnzsrn e`o ccjb jkp`g kcktt. Nzt snm kz khs`g, snm k
drso`g jnm tuhtg, s s`gkj jnm tuhlg.
W;8.]
F`oykj gznctfnt mno k jnm sznrzhssznrnj tfrt`tt g`agzkt, vkoy ppnj k jnm ctnz
g`agzkt noydgjt sznrzhssznr tfrtsk, kmncy vkcldkj l`otkckj jynrnso-ncccts,
snmmb ms. K pnrrnc tmkh`tt sznrzhsdc mnocckptfkt, f`oy k dkjg k f`ssz tv,
hnvbzkkckp gcasjsznrzhs jy`mj gncntgnzntt vbrtucbs re`cykmg`agzkt`t
mkrkhgtkckjuc, kz khs e`oyksztrk, kzkz kz khsrk frtlk t. K vbrtucbs re`cykmg`agzkt
vbsncsjng tnrfn kz khs, k vkcs fkszjkpnhbo dkjg. 1
W;>.] Msrszt, sklt e`rrsgctsonbg, s e`rrstnrnmtsg mnojnvnzsvnc vbrtucbs g`agzktugkt
- hn kz khs vkcs g`agzktt - bs mkoug cctlg nc. Kjjkg rhngdnj, f`oy nzctkc
re`cykmvnsztnso amj, kz khsrk frtfkt re`cykmjynrnsont cctskjkg nc, vkcs
g`agzkt jcgc. Ukcldkj k gcasjn sznmp`jtldc szgsotncnj g`agzkt, k dkjg
sznmp`jtldc vbsz`jt jynrnsogpz fbvktg`zs, snmmb tdd, kmbt k gcasjsznrzhsjng
ctsz, vkcldkj fbdrbh-sznrzhs dbkjg gckuzucbj gnrnsztc, encsfktr`g jcgc gvj
1Hr. Mkrazbjos Cszc jy`mj
;1
-
8/10/2019 AB hinyptls
14/55
mnoebjkjszr`ztktjb, k vons tnclnstgpnsso, s vkoy`j, s enhnzntb bjoktckjrtggnc dr
khsskc. Nzznc k fbtncnz k Et-hnvbzk re`cykm r`mcsdc nxtrkjynrnsont rnkcbzc, kmncy k
hnvbzk-jybcvjtkrtsdkj gncntgnzbg, hn kz khs ebzntb mno re`cykm r`mcsdc nrnh
gtncnznttsogjt. ccsp`jtujg sznrbjt kz re`cykm vct`zsdc nrnh khsb
gtncnznttsomh`sucs`g, k dkjg re`cykm-mnofktr`zsdc nrnh sznrzhsmh`sts`g,
kmncyngnt k dkjg mkok cct nc.
W;5.] K gcasj s`rj k dkjg e`rbjt`t d`ast`tt kz khs`g rnjhncgnzsrn, k sznrzhsdc jnm
vnzntfnt cn, f`oy fk k dkjg mo fk hnvbzdkj tkrtlk bs jybcvj kz khs`g tkrt`zst, s ebzntsb
gtncnznttsot, kz k dkjg pusztk jynrnson rhngj tc, mbrt frtfkt t, k gcasj
vbsszkebzntsrn gtncns khs`grk.
W;?.] K Mkoktkrts Ghnx fktcyk gbtnrlnh k Ghnxnt kcr sszns ckg`ssob fbtncnzssnc e`ockcg`z
pjzoyb bjtzmjyrn, oy gnrnsgnhncmb dkjgrk, lnczc`o-fbtncbjtzntrn, ckgs-
tkgkrgpjztrrk, tkgkrg- s fbtncszvntgnzntrn, ebgtncnprn s pjzoyb vcckcg`zsrk,
bhnrtvn k czbjo-, s ekgt`raongnt bs, vkckmbjt k fbtnctnrmgngnt gjc dbzt`stgrk s
jyuohlpjztrkgrk bs.
K Ghnx szkdcy`zzk k ckg`ssob fbtncnzssnc sszneoosdnj tddng gztt k encncs fbtncnzs
ctkcj`s j`rmbt, k sznrzhsgts ncttb fbtncnzb mkoktkrts ctkcj`s ncvnbt s k sznrzhsb
encttncng eutkmbh kckttb noy`chkc mh`stsf`z gkpas`ch szkdcy`gkt.
K fbtncnzg vcckctg, f`oy k ckg`ssob fbtnc-, bccntvn gcasjsznrzhsngdnj kcgkcmkz`tt gkmkt,
hl s gctsotjynzg noy`chkc mh`stsjkg ncvnbt rkzsb Ncvngdnj roztbg, kmncy zcntb
tbtg`t tkrtkcmkzfkt, nzrt jnm jybcvj`s, hn kzt k YQ\E grsrn, kjjkg rnjhncgnzsrn gncc
d`astkjb.Kz rkzsb Ncvng k Ghnxdnj mnofktr`z`tt `g`g eboyncnmdn vtncvnc tkrtkcmkzzg k
cnoe`jt`skdd ncrn ctfkt rkzsb sznmp`jt`gkt, kmncy k sznrzhsngdnj kcgkcmkz`tt gkmkt,
hl s gctso mh`stsrk fktsskc cnfnt.
Tszcnt kz `g-cbstdc
;. K fbtncnzg vcckclg, f`oy gkmkt`t askg kz kcddb `g`g dngvntgnzsn
nsntj mh`stkjkg noy`chkckj.
k Mkoykr cckm vkoy k fbtncnz ctkc gbd`ast`tt gtvjy s Q_KY f`zkmordg
noymsf`z gpnst trtj ncm`zhucsk,
K enjtb ac`g kckplj dnctfkt, f`oy k EV Qwkp (Qwkp f`zkm) kz
k gkmkt-, hl- s gctsoncnmngrn gbfktsskc dr, fuzkm`skdd bhnbo enjjcc `g
kz kh`tt sz`coctktst dne`cys`c encttnc
ncrn ctfkt rkzsb sznmp`jt, kmncy k sznrzhsngdnj kcgkcmkz`tt gkmkt, hl s gctso
mh`stsrk fktsskc cnfnt
cnoe`jt`skdd ncrn ctfkt rkzsb sznmp`jt`g
;8
-
8/10/2019 AB hinyptls
15/55
k sznrzhsb encttncng eutkmbh kckttb noy`chkc mh`stsf`z gkpas`ch s dne`cys`c
encttnc
zcntb tbt`g
Dnctfkt kz bs, f`oy k dkjg k mctdkj k sznrzhs mnogtsng`r, hn k lvrn jzvn bs mbjhnztkz khs`g ncc nctbtg`ctk, s e`cykmkt`skj - dkjgtbt`grk fbvktg`zsskc - nctbtg`clk k dkjg. Ynhbo
nznj oycnt tnrfn kz, kmbt e`rrsgctsogjt k dkjg kz khsrk tnrfnc. Nz kz k szmcke`rokc`m,
kmncy kz khs vkcs g`agzktk.
Nz k fbdrbh-sznrzhs kz khs`g nctt jnm v`ct bsmnrt, uoykjkgg`r k dkjg `cykj dbkjg
gckuzucgkt bgtkt`tt dn k sznrzhsdn, kmncy ctszcko cnfntv tnttn k szmrk, f`oy k
gcasjsznrzhsdn k swkp-mnodzs mbjhnj tnrft tgstvn asnmpsszn dn kz khs`g
tkrt`zsjkg ncszm`csdk.
W;6.]
Mo k gcasjsznrzhs kckplj k fbtncnz szjhgk k mnofktr`z`tt pjzsszno
gcasjkhsvkc k gkmkt, mbjt jynrnso ncrsrn brjyuc, khhbo k hnvbzk kckp sznrzhssnc k
dkjg kz oyenct dnengtntsb oycntjng pksszv rsztvnvlv tnttn. K gkmktjynrnso
krjykbdkj nctrpc kz`j jynrnsong mnccntt, kmncyng kz kcrt sznrzhs kckplj k dkjg
szmrk cnfntv vctkg.
W;2.] K hnvbzk kckp gcasjsznrzhs ncjnvnzs mnocckp`hs troyk noy dnengtntsb sz`coctkts
tlj rtgnstfnt, rnjhgvc mkoks g`agzkt tnrmgv`ct.
K dnengtntssnc vnoyns fbtncsznrzhsjng (fbdrbh sznrzhs), k vkcs trtjsnbjng enctrsk kzt
lncnjtb, f`oy k fbtncsznrzhs, asupj gnzhntn kjjkg, f`oy k dkjg trtncmnzb kjjkg tkrtkcmt,
s noy dnengtntst fklt vorn kjjkg royj.
Kz kcrt fbtnc-sznrzhsdc, jnm vnzntfnt cn k encng gztt, k vkcsodkj ctrnltt, s tkrts
l`ovbsz`jygjt tnclnsc gtncnm. K fbtncvbsz`jy`j tcmnjnj, `cykj dnengtntsb l`ovbsz`jy bs
mnovkcsuct, k dkjg vbrtucbs hnvbzkg`agzktk, s kz khs vkcs g`agzktt nrnhmjynz
gtncnm gnrntdnj, kmncy k sznrzhsnj tcmutkt, tddcnt tjyccs`g vbzsocktt
mnognrcfntntcnjj tnszb.
Kz ctkckm kljc`tt ence`os v`ctkgpp noyekltk hng`mp`zabrk pc. K
hnvbzkkckp, vct`z gkmkt`zs khsp`zabt noy e`rbjtfbtnc s noy
g`agzkt`s dnengtnts g`mdbjablkgjt cctlk nc.
5. sz. dbz`jytg ?5. `chkc 1. dngnzhs
W49.] Kz khs k gcasjsznrzhs kcrsvkc vkcldkj gt dkjgb tnrmgrn v`jktg`z l`ooycnt
tnclnscst mkodkj e`ockc sznrzhst rtkg kc, kmbg`r k dkjg szmcj tkrt`ttk jybcvj k
hnvbzt, mbjt vbrtucbs fbtncpjzt. Nzng gzc kz noybg, noy kcrt sznrzhst, k tucklh`jgppnjb
gcasjsznrzhst s noy msbg, `cykj hnvbzkmvncntngrn v`jktg`z sznrzhst, kmncynt k
dkjg ncfkccokt`tt kz khs ncc, nctbtg`ctk, s nzznc mno bs tvnsztnttn gnt.
Kz k tnrmg, kmbt hnvbzk kckpjkg fvujg, kz noy fbdrbh sznrzhs, kmncy fbdrbh sznrzhs
mkodkj e`ockc noy gcasj jyltsk rhngdnj ctrnf`z`tt fbtncvbsz`jyt s noy nctbtg`ctdnengtntsb sznrzhst. K dnengtntsb sznrzhsjng k jy`mkbt snm ctlug nddnj k
;>
-
8/10/2019 AB hinyptls
16/55
fbtncsznrzhsdnj, fbtnc bccntvn gcasjjyltsb sznrzhsdnj, vbsz`jt k gtncnm rszv vct,
mrk mr mbjhnj gtsont gbzrkj dbz`jytfkt mh`j. Kzrt vct k rszv, mnrt k dkjg
msgjt jnm tuhtk v`cjk s jnm kgkrtk msgppnj k e`rbjtfbtnct e`cystkjb, bccntvn k gcasjt
gbebzntjb.
Jnm k encng ctkc kcrt sznrzhsjng mnoencnc, asupj njjng kcrsvkc cnfntv vct, mssznrzhs mnjt e`okjktdk, kmncyrn k encng sznrzhsb kgkrktjybcvjtsk snm gcasjsnj,
snm noydnfkjozkj jnm cntt gbjybcvjtvk.
Noy fbtnc-swkp ktbpbgus sznrzhs tnclnsct k vkcsodkj. Kz kcrt sznrzhst asupj
gcasjjng kljc (s caz), s mnoszvnonz dkjg sznrzhsgtsb szjhgk, aclk, kgkrktk
jnm kz, kmbt kz khsskc kcrkt`tt, ppnj nzrt, s jnm mucksztsdc jnm tlg`ztkttk kz khst
kz ctkck kcrt sznrzhsjng kz khst enjynont, fktr`g jcgcb g`agzktrc, fkjnm
gbenlnznttnj re`cykmjynrnso onjnrcsk, s mbjc jkoy`dd ttncn v`ct k szjhgk.
K gt l`ooycntdc szrmkz p`corb l`ob l`ovbsz`jyt k l`o gcj-gcj szkdcy`zzk. (Ytg., Fpt.
s k Dszt. szkdcy`zzk, nzt mnoncznj Xpt.). Kz kcpnrns kz`jdkj k gt tnrmgnt noyttnsnjgjctk, kmncy ctkc noy ktbpbgus, gcasjsznrzhssnc, s dkjgb fbtncnzssnc vnoyns hnvbzkasnrn-
mnodzs (swkp) sznrzhs ltt ctrn, noy fbdrbh, k hnvbzt hrot lnczc`opbka`j. Nz k
fkrmkhbggjt dntnclnsct ktbpbgus sznrzhs kz k l`ovbsz`jy, kmncy k vkcsodkj ctrnltt, s
tnclnsct k encng sznrzhsjng kcrskg`r, s jnm kz, kmbt ctszcko k gcasjoycntnt
tkrtkcmkz, kcrt sznrzhs mutktjb sznrntjn. Mo gnvsd k hnvbzkasnrn-mnodzs, mbjt kz
kcpnrns ctkc nctbtg`ct mnocckp`hs. Nz k fbdrbh-sznrzhs kz khs`g nctt jnm v`ct bsmnrt,
uoykjkgg`r k dkjg `cykj dbkjg gckuzucgkt bgtkt`tt dn k sznrzhsdn, kmncy ctszcko
cnfntv tnttn k szmrk, f`oy k gcasjsznrzhsdn k swkp-mnodzs mbjhnj tnrft, mbjt
re`cykm, s gnrnsgnhncmb rrs, bccntvn gjysznrfbtnc gctsont, tgstvn asnmpsszn dn kz
khs`g tkrt`zsjkg ncszm`csdk.
K dnengtntsb pbka`j mgh gzvnttg tnvgnjysot ctkcj`ssodkj dnengtntsb
sz`coctktsjkg jnvnzzg. K mkb mkoykr vbsz`jy`g gztt k tnvgnjysogrn k dnengtntsb
vcckcg`zs`grc s kz rutzshnb sz`coctktgrc, vkckmbjt kz ctkcug vonzfnt tnvgnjysong
szkdcykbrc szc 499?. vb AVVVUBBB. trvjy kz brjykh. Nz k trvjy fktr`zzk mno k
dnengtntsb sz`coctktsb tnvgnjysongnt, vkckmbjt kz j. gbnoszt dnengtntsb sz`coctktsb
tnvgnjysong grt.
>. (;) Dnengtntsb sz`coctktsb tnvgnjysojng mbjsc k rnjhsznrns
okzhksob tnvgnjyso gnrntdnj, pjzoyb nszgzrn v`jktg`zkj vozntt
k) mnodzs encvtncn s t`vddtsk,
d) mnodzs vornfkltsk kz oyec lkvrk,
a) skltszmcs gnrnsgnhs,
8..(4) >6. sklt szmcs gnrnsgnhs< pjzoyb nszgz sklt nszgz tnrfrn
trtj khsvtncn, asnrln,
(4) Gbnoszt sz`coctktsjkg mbjsc
a) k dnengtntsb fbtnc jyltsk,
8..(4) ?. dnengtntsb fbtnc< pjzoyb nszgz vsrcsf`z jylt`tt fbtnc,fk k fbtnct jylt rszt vnsz kz oycnt cnd`jy`ctsdkj,
;5
-
8/10/2019 AB hinyptls
17/55
5. Yjzoyb nszgz
h) kz rtgpkprf`z, hnvbzf`z, gkmktcdf`z vkoy f`zkmf`z gkpas`ch `pab,
fktrbhs oycnt, asnrnoycnt, fktrbhs gkmktcd-mnocckp`hs, vkckmbjt
drmncy ms szrmkztkt`tt oycnt, nszgz, pjzoyb bjhnx vkoy bjtzgnhs,
kmncy ebzbgkb cnszcctsskc tnclnstfnt vkoy pjzdnj gbnoynjctfnt,
8..(4) ;4. asnrnoycnt (swkp)< vkckmncy pjzoyb nszgz asnrlrn v`jktg`z
`cykj sszntntt mnocckp`hs, kmncy ctkcdkj noy kz`jjkcb s noy fktrbhs
khsvtncb oycntdc, bccntvn tdd fktrbhs oycntdc tnvhbg sszn s
ctkcdkj lvdnjb pjzrkmcs`g asnrlt v`jlk mkok utj,W]
K hnvbzke`rrs szbjtntbgus nccctsk k fkzkb dkjgrnjhsznr szbjtlj lncnjts
rszdnj oy trtjt, f`oy k ckg`ssob s vcckcktb e`rbjtdnttngnt k
gcechbnggnc gttt, rvbh eutkmbhnl hnvbzkswkpoycntng rvj
hnvbzke`rrs`grk g`jvnrtctg k dkjg`g. Encmnrc k grhs, f`oy k szbjtntbgus
ncccts fncyntt mbrt jnm gzvntcnj hnvbzke`rrs-dnv`jsrk gnrct s`r.
Kz, f`oy k jntt gcs khsso oy nmncgnhntt, f`oy k gcechb szngt`r kz
kddc khh re`cykmgbtnttso noyrn gbsndd fjykht vbsnctn, jnm v`jtk v`cjk
mkok utj szgsosznrnj k fkzkb dkjgrnjhsznr swkpcc`mjyjkg dvcst
j`mbjcbskj, bccntvn k mrcnoesszno krjydkj rtncmnzvn snm (jnm ncosons
encttnc).
8. sz. dbz`jytg 4?. `chkc 4. dngnzhs
K dkjg`g mrcnodc gbbjhucvk k hnvbzke`rrs dnv`jsjkg noybg cnfntson
k dncechb oyencngtc trtj dnttoylts. K dncechb sznrnpcgtc szrmkz
hnvbzkdnttng cc`mjyk kz`jdkj cjynonsnj ncmkrkh k dncechb sznrnpcgjng
jylt`tt hnvbzkfbtncng cc`mjytc< k dncechb mkojszngt`r rszdnj oy
vcckctk t k jntt gcs khssodc szrmkz e`rbjt encnttb gbtnttso
jvngv fjykht k gcechb szngt`rtc.
8. sz. dbz`jytg 4?. `chkc 8. dngnzhs
K fkzkb dkjgrnjhsznr noszn k e`rbjte`rrs`g noy rszdc oy k
hnvbzkswkpoycntng snotsovnc szbjtntbgus hnvbzke`rrst cct nc.
8. sz. dbz`jytg ;1. `chkc >. dngnzhs
W4;.]
K vkcso kz, f`oy k dkjg`g snmmbcynj vkcs e`rrs hnvbzt jnm vct`ttkg t k gcasjzsrhngdnj, f`oy kzt e`rbjtgjt gbfncynzzg, mbvnc kz szmugrk rnjhgvc gnhvnztcnj.
Fk k dkjg k hnvbzkcbgvbhbtst noy noysznr kz`jjkcb hnvbzkoycnt (g`jvnrzb)
snotsovnc dbzt`stlk, kgg`r kz re`cykmg`agzktb gbtnttson enjjmkrkh, s
nz ptccko`s tgngvntncmjyt v`jfkt mkok utj.
K hnvbzke`rrs fbtncng nsntj...
Fk k tnclns jybt`tt hnvbzkp`zab mnofkckhlk k tccpsng cnv`jsk ncttb
szkvkt`c tgn gt szzkcgt, kgg`r kz ssznstntt jybt`tt p`zab jy`caszzkcgk utj gncc tgt gpnzjb.
;?
-
8/10/2019 AB hinyptls
18/55
1. sz. dbz`jytg 4?. `chkc >. dngnzhs
W44.]
K dkjg nzrt vkcldkj szbjtntbgus hnvbzt cct nc, kz oyec pjznszgzvnc k sklt fkszjrk.
K szbjtntbgus hnvbzk ncccts mkok kz oyeg pjznszgzvnc vozntt dnengtnts, kmncy
nccnjttncnzb nzt k e`rbjt fbtnct. Kz khs hnvbzktgn szmclvkc k dkjg skltlkgjt rnjhncgnzbg,
rnjhns dkjgb mghsjng rtncmnzb asncngnhntt, mnrt msgjt jnm f`zfktj ctrn nzt kfbtncvbsz`jyt.
Kz khs gcasjt grt, k dkjg oy kgkrtk s oy tuhtk jyltkjb nzt k gcasjt, f`oy noy
e`rbjtfbtnc p`zabt mnojybt`tt kz bojynct e`rbjtsszno nrnlbo, nzt zr`ctk k gzlnoyzb
sznrzhs, vkoy gzlnoyzb rsdk e`ockcsg`r mbjhkhhbo, kmo k gcasjt jnm e`cystlk, hn mr
nzt k e`rbjt`t, rnjhncgnzsrn d`ast`ttk kz khsjkg nzznc k fbtncp`zabjkg, bccntvn
fbtncszmcjkg k mnojybtsvkc.
K dkjg`g nctbtg`ctg, f`oy pjznszgz luttktsjkg k enldnj, kz khs`ggkc ebjkjszr`ztktjkg
mno noy szjtncnj swkp-mvncntngnt cnfntv tnv g`jstrugabt, kmncyjng fkszjt k dkjg,mo gctsonbt kz khs ebzntb mno. s k pjznszgz vbsszkebzntsjng rszcntnb s`rj, k
swkpmvncntng fkszjt, k tkrt`zs tgn, s gkmktjvngmjydnj rnkcbzclk k dkjg, k fksz`j
mrtgjng encs fktrk jcgc. K sznrzhsng kz`jdkj kz khs`gkt mnotvnsztvn, tvnhsdnj
tkrtvk, kjykob ncjy mnosznrzsn rhngdnj nctbtg`ctg k dkjg`g vkchb szjhgt, s
sznrzhsgtsb aclt, k l`osznrso ctszkttuoykj mnotnrnmtvn kz kcrt sznrzhsdnj. Kz
khs`gjkg nrrc tuh`msk jnm v`ct, k sznrzhsgtsg`r snm s mbjhnzngrc kz khs`g k
sznrzhs kcktt snm tuhjkg. Mobs nzng k mvncntng g`rctckj g`agzkt`gkt lncnjtnjng k
szmugrk.
K dkjgjkg, cctsk sznrbjt, k vbrtucbs hnvbzk gnzncsrc, mnoltsrc gnccntt o`jh`sg`hjbk.
Ukoybs k hnvbzk re`cykmg`agzktt gnzncjbn gnccntt. Mbgzdnj kz khs vkcs g`agzktt kz khs
rhngdnj noyctkcj jnm gnznctn, f`c`tt nz bs gtncnznttson cntt v`cjk.
Kz khs vkcs g`agzktjkg gnzncsn kz khs rhngdnj jnm trtjt mno, s k vkcs
g`agzkt`ggkc gkpas`ckt`s, jnm e`rmcbs, snmmbcynj tlg`ztkts snm trtjt mno, gcjsnj
jnm k fbdrbhrn v`jktg`zkj. K dkjg`g pruhnjs mghsrn v`jktg`z Fpt. szkdcy`zsvkc
nccnjttns, nzrt l`oszkdcysrt k Et-hnvbzk re`cykmg`agzkt gnzncsjng kz ncmkrkhsk kz
khs rhngdnj.
Kz EV-swkp oycnt kckpvntnj jnm noy ebjkjszr`zsb nszgz, fkjnm noy kh`tt
ebjkjszr`zsb nszgz (pc. fbtnc, dntt) hnvbzkjnmjng asnrlt cnfntv
tnv szrmkztkt`tt tnrmg, oy kckas`jykdd fbtncg`agzkt`t tkrtkcmkz, mbjt
k enhnzntcnj dkjggzb gbfncynzs.
8. sz. dbz`jytg ?. `chkc 4. dngnzhs
Mbjhnzt gbzrcko kz khs g`agzktrk s tnrfrn, k tuhtk, s dncnoynzsn jcgc.
Kz EV-swkp oycnt encptsdc khhkj cnfntv tnszb noyrszt k gcjdz
hnvbzkjnmdnj enjjcc cbgvbh nszgzg (gszpjz,szmckpjz) asnrlt k sp`t
cd`j gnrnsztc, nzznc noybhnlcno kz nmbktt vct`z hnvbzkp`zab enhnzst
k tnrmbj cd`j gnrnsztc. Njjng gszjfntnj kz oycnttnc k szgsons
hnj`mbjabl cbgvbhbts dbzt`stfkt kz nrnhntb hnvbzkp`zab vct`ztktskjcgc. Ukoy msgppnj< k hnvbzkswkpoycnt encfkszjcsvkc noy
;6
-
8/10/2019 AB hinyptls
19/55
ebjkjszr`zsb nszgz hnvbzkjnmn mnovct`ztktfkt, bccntvn noy kh`tt
hnvbzkjnm ebjkjszr`zsb nszgz szbjtntbguskj nccctfkt (fbtnc/dntt +
hnvbzkswkp). uoykjkgg`r kz EV-swkp s sp`toycntng noyttns kcgkcmkzsvkc
k pbkab sznrnpcg szbjtntbgus fktrbhs hnvbzkp`zabt tuhjkg encvcckcjb,
bccntvn njjng rvj k mnocv re`cykmgbtnttsognt zrjb tuhlg< ngg`r kz
EV-swkp oycnt sp`t cdk s kz kzzkc nccnjttns brjy sp`toycnt snmcnonstbnoymst, k mnomkrkh fktrbhs cd pnhbo noy fktrbhs oycnttnc noynjrtg
(4. mnccgcnt).
8. sz. dbz`jytg 2. `chkc ;. dngnzhs
Mbjhnz k fbtncrccn jnm vcksztfkt, kzzkc sznrvnsnj noytt mnovkcsuc fbdrbh.
Kz oycnt njjc e`ovk kcgkcmks mbjh e`rbjt-, mbjh hnvbzke`rrs dnv`jsrk,
kz kz`jjkcb (sp`t) pbka`j trtj g`jvnrzb s re`cykmgbtnttso encvcckcskjcgc.
1. sz. dbz`jytg 48. `chkc 5. dngnzhs
K dkjg sznmp`jtldc. Jnm oy kz khs sznmp`jtldc, kgb mbjt dnengtnt (k tuhtk s
dncnnoynzsn jcgc) k e`rbjtfbtnccnc N\X k vkcs dnengtntbg`agzkt`t vbsncb.
K szbjtntbgus hnvbzke`rrs sznrzsn nsntj k gcechbng EV-swkp + e`rbjt
cckmpkpr strktoblk tngbjtfnt szbjtntbgus hnvbzkfbtnc jyltsjkg. K
gcechbng sp`t + EV-swkp strktoblk oykg`rcktbcko szbjtntbgus fktrbhs
(rvbh e`rbjt) p`zab encvtnct lncnjtb.8. sz. dbz`jytg ;8. `chkc ;. dngnzhs
K szbjtntbgus e`rrsdnv`js k fkzkb dkjgrnjhsznr sznmp`jtldc
ssznssodnj noy `casdd ebjkjszr`zsb cnfntsont lncnjtfntntt.
8. sz. dbz`jytg 46. `chkc 1. dngnzhs
Kz khs szmrk pnhbo mrfntntcnj g`agzkt`t, kjcgc, f`oy nrrc tuh`tt v`cjk.
K hnvbzkswkpoycntng encfkszjcsvkc noy ebjkjszr`zsb nszgz hnvbzkjnmn
mnovct`ztktfkt, njjng mnoencncnj kz oycnt kcgkcmks k fkzkb dkjgrnjhsznr
e`rbjt e`rrsdc trtj hnvbzkfbtncnzsn mbkttgncntgnz mrcno sznrbjtbhnvbzkp`zab enhnzsrn. K rvbh eutkmbhnl EV-swkp oycntnggnc vkc enhnzs
kz`jdkj cbgvbhbtsb s mnoltsb g`agzkt`t tkrtkcmkz.
8. sz. dbz`jytg 56. `chkc 4. dngnzhs
W41.]
K vkcsodkj jnm trtjbg ms, mbjt kz, f`oy k dkjg g`agzkt`s s spngucktv ac pjzpbkab
oycntngnt fklt vorn, EV-swkp s sp`toycntng prfuzkm`s kcgkcmkzsvkc, kz khs`ggkc
gttt fbtncsznrzhs royj, k eutkmbh kcktt s kz oyec pjznszgznbvnc - k sklt fkszjrk.
Nzngnt k dkjg szbjtntbgus e`rrstnrnmtsjng rtncmnzb, hn k vkcsodkj, kz khs jnvj
jybcvjtkrt`tt e`rbjtfbtnct, kz khs jnvj jybcvjtkrt`tt hnvbzktgn-jybcvjtkrtsb nszgzznc
vozntt, hnrbvktv mvncntnggnc nccnjttncnztn. Nz k dntnclnsct ktbpbgus l`ovbsz`jy kz, kmncy k
;2
-
8/10/2019 AB hinyptls
20/55
vkcsodkj ctrnltt, s tnclnsct, s jnm kz, kmbt ctszcko k gcasjoycntnt tkrtkcmkz, kcrt
fbtnc-sznrzhs mutktjb sznrntjn. K vkcso`s gtncnmrc k fbtncsznrzhsng, s k dkjg`g bs
fkccokttkg. s nzznc mbjh kz nurpkb, mbjh k mkoykr l`oszkdcy`gkt mnosrtnttg, mnrt k
pjzoyb tnrmgnt jnm fbdrbhgjt, fkjnm fbtncgjt rtgnstnttg!
Kz khsjkg, s k dkjgjkg nrrn k fbdrbhrn jnm v`ct noydnfkjoz, s noynz kgkrktjybcvjtsk,mnrt kz khs, k gtncnm dnengtnts-lnccnorc, s kjjkg vkchb g`agzktrc, mo e`rmcbskj
snm tuhfkt`tt s k dkjg szjhgk ncttn rnltvn v`ct.K dkjg`g kzrt fkccokttg nc nzt, mnrt
nddnj kz nsntdnj k fbtncjc bs g`agzkt`skdd tnrmg rtgnstsn nsntj ngg`rk sszno, s
nxp`jnjabcbskj mnojvnct khs, s khsso cc`mjyt jnm ptfnttng v`cjk enc, s ngg`rk
jynrnsont jnm rfnttng v`cjk nc dkjgb g`agzkt`g jcgc. MQ fbtnccc`mjy encptsrn
pnhbo jnm v`ct cbgvbhbtsug.
Kz khs`g hnvbzktgn szmclvkc k dkjg k eutkmbh kcktt e`cykmkt`skj kz khs tuhtk s
dncnoynzsn jcgc rnjhncgnzntt, nzznc pjzpbkab spngucktv oycntngnt fklt`tt vorn.
K hnvbzk swkp s`rj k dkjg k fbtncsznrzhst, mbjt swkp mnodzst, k fbtnc bjoktckjenhnzntt,
mbjt k swkp bjoktckj-enhnzntt rtncmnzb, kz khs gtncnznttsovcckcst k fbtnc f`ssz-
cnlrkt rszcntngdnj ebzntst, k swkp gbnoynjctsrn v`jktg`z gtncnznttsovcckcsgjt
rtncmnzb, nzctkc k dkjg`g kz khs`g fbtncsznrzhsdnj vcckct gtncnznttsonbt mnofkckh,
dnengtntb gtncnznttsongnt nrnhmjynz l`ovbsz`jyt tnrfncjng kzkhs`grk, dnengtntb l`o`g
jcgc.
Kz khs`g hnvbzktgn jybcvjtkrtsb szmclk rszn k swkpjkg, kz khs gtncnznttsovcckcst
k fbtnc f`ssz-cnlrkt rszcntngdnj ebzntst, k dkjg kz nctbtg`ct pjzpbkab mvncntng, k swkp
gbnoynjctsrn v`jktg`z gtncnznttsovcckcsgjt s ebjkjszr`zskgjt rtncmnzb s mbjhnz
k swkp k fbtncenhnzntb bjoktckjjkg swkp enhnzntngjt vkc rtncmnzst encttncnzb, nzngdnj kdkjggzb trkjzkgabdkj. Xnclnsnj ms`hcko`s kz, f`oy nzt k dkjg jnm noynhb sznrzhsnjgjt,
fkjnm kz khs`g hnvbzktgn-jybcvjtkrtsb szmcljkg p`rte`cbdkj trtj gnzncsvnc
vkcst`ttk mno. Mbjhnj noynhb hnvbzk-jybcvjtkrts sznrzhsfnz tkrt`zbg szbjtntbgus
hnvbzk(dnengtntsb mvncnt).
Kz khsjkg k sznrzhsdnj vcckct e`rrsgctsong mnoebzntsrn v`jktg`z dbkjgj gnrnsztc
rtncmnzb k dkjg k dnengtntsb ncnmnt, k fbtnc rszngjt. Kjjkg nccnjrn, f`oy nz k gcasj
jyltsjkg ncnjonhfntntcnj encttncn nddnj k g`jstrugabdkj, k dkjgrnjhsznr ctkc
rtgnstntt tpussznrzhsdnj, tpus-pjzpbkab tnrmgdnj (Q\E-dnj), mosnm tlg`ztktlk
nrrc kz khst, s kz nddc nrnh dbzt`skj tnclnsc g`agzkt`gkt, k dbzt`skj dngvntgnztnclnst gpnsso nccnfntntcnjcst, f`c`tt krrc k dkjgjkg k sznrzhs mnogtsng`r mr
tuh`msk v`ct.
K hnvbzkfbtnc e`rbjte`rrsdc ltt ctrn, nz k e`rbjte`rrs jnm ms, mbjt kz khsjkg jylt`tt
vbrtucbs Et fbtnc szmcj ncgjyvnct fbtncsszno k gzlnoyzb sznrzhs kcrskg`r, kmncynt k
dkjg zr`c k swkp cnd`jy`ctsk, s k gcasj gbebzntsjng bhnlbo.
Ukoybs nszgz `chkc`j trtjjng k mvncntng< kz khs pjznszgznbt gnzncb k dkjg, nrrn
v`jktg`z mnodzs jcgc. K hnvbzktgn-jybcvjtkrtsb szmck bs nszgz, s jnm e`rrs. Kz
nzznc vozntt dnengtnts (szbjtntbgus hnvbzk) bs nszgz`chkcb mvncnts`r.
49
-
8/10/2019 AB hinyptls
21/55
K fbtncjylt dkjg hnvbzkfbtnc jyltsk nsntj gzvntcnjc hnvbzkdntt-
szmct jybt, bccntvn jvnc, hnvbzkkckp(hnvbzk-jybcvjtkrts) fbtnc
nsntdnj e`rbjtdnttszmct jybt, bccntvn jvnc.
8. sz. dbz`jytg ;5. `chkc ;. dngnzhs
K msbg cnfntso, f`oy k dkjg mrcnodnj k e`rbjt cbgvbh nszgzgasggnjjng kz nszgz `chkc`j, vkoybs cjynodnj mkok k dkjg "gtb mno"
bmpcbabt mh`j k enjtb oycntnt kz oyeccnc(g`jvnrzb).
Fk nzt bs eboyncnmdn vnsszg, kgg`r k gvntgnz trtjbg< k dkjg
e`rbjttkrt`zsk j k e`rrs `chkc`j,kz ncszm`csb szmcknszgz `chkc`j k
e`rbjtdntt ncfncynzsdc khhkj, mklh k dkjg e`rbjtszmclk asggnj k
hnvbzkszmclk j kz EV-swkp sp`t cdjkg gszjfntnj kz nszgz `chkc`j,
mklh k fbtnc jyltst gvntnj asggnj kz hnvbzkszmck-pjz, nmncgnhbg k
hnvbzkgvntncs7
?. sz. dbz`jytgKz oycnt njjc e`ovk kcgkcmks mbjh e`rbjt-, mbjh hnvbzke`rrs dnv`jsrk,
kz kz`jjkcb (sp`t) pbka`j trtj g`jvnrzb s re`cykmgbtnttso encvcckcsk
jcgc.
1. sz. dbz`jytg 48. `chkc 5. dngnzhs
K hnvbzkkckp fbtncng nsntdnj k fbtnc jyltskg`r k e`rbjtrk vctst,
trcnsztsg`r k hnvbzrk vctst k fbtncjylt dkjg kut`mktbguskj,
gzvntcnjc vornfkltlk vkoy k sklt, vkoy kz oyec jnvdnj. Fk k
gbfncynzntt hnvbzkssznont kz oyec lkvrk noy msbg dkjggkc gttt
sp`toycnt rvj vctlk e`rbjtrk, kgg`r kz tvctsf`z fkszjct sp`toycntkz kh`tt dkjg mrcnodnj jnm lncnjbg mno. Fk k dkjg sklt mkokvctlk k
hnvbzkssznont e`rbjtrk kz oyec szmrk (dncs g`jvnrzb), kgg`r kz EV-
swkp sp`t cdj sznrzntt hnvbzt k dkjg kz kz`jjkcb hnvbzkpbka`j (sklt
jnvdnj) nckhlk s e`rbjt`t vnsz rtn, s ngg`r k sp`toycnt mnolncnjbg k
dkjg mrcnodnj (kz utddb nsntnt bccusztrclk k 8. drk). Nz k sp`toycnt
nccnjttns brjy kz EV-swkp oycnt sp`t cdvkc (ngg`r k dkjg tnft noy
sp`t- s noy swkpoycntnt bs gt). K hnvbzkkckp fbtnc trcnsztsn s`rj
nzznc nccnjttns brjy trkjzkgabgrk gnrc s`r.
8. sz. dbz`jytg ;8. `chkc ut`cs dngnzhs
K gt fbtnctpus (hnvbzk, bccntvn hnvbzkkckp, mnolnoyzs< vkcldkj hnvbzk-
jybcvjtkrts) nsntdnj kz EV-swkppkc vkc enhnzs tngbjtntdnj
ssznssodnj kz k gcjdso, f`oy k fkzkb dkjg`g hnvbzkfbtncng jyltsk
nsntdnj k hnvbzkcbgvbhbts nccctsrk s kz re`cykmg`agzkt enhnzsrn
noyttnsnj, hnvbzkkckp fbtncng jyltsk nsntdnj fk k sklt jnvdnjvctlk
t k hnvbzkssznont e`rbjtrk pnhbo kz re`cykmg`agzkt enhnzsrn
kcgkcmkzzg k hnvbzkswkpoycntngnt.
8. sz. dbz`jytg ;5. `chkc 4. dngnzhs
N fbtncng jyltsf`z k dkjg`gjkg jbjas szgsog hnvbzknszgzrn(mnolnoyzs< vkcldkj e`rrsrk), noy j. dncs g`jvnrzbvkc rbg nc kzt,
4;
-
8/10/2019 AB hinyptls
22/55
f`oy k mrcnogdnj mnolncnj e`rbjtdkj hnj`mbjct fbtnc hnvbzknszgzgjt
vbsncgnhlnj.
;?. sz. dbz`jytg ;5. `chkc 8. dngnzhs
K hnvbzkkckp fbtncnzsdc nrnh e`rbjtgnrnscnt tnft k dkjg`g
gzvnttsvnc lncnjbg mno k hnvbzkpbka`j.
;?. sz. dbz`jytg ;5. `chkc 8. dngnzhs
Mnohrotvk nzznc k hnvbzt k e`rbjtf`z gpnst, nzznc re`cykm jynrnsont cctkjkg nc kz khs
grrk.
K fbtnct encvnv oyencng k fbtnc e`cystsk s`rj e`rbjtgnrnscnttnc, k
fbtnc trcnsztsn s`rj e`rbjtgjckttkc rnjhncgnzjng, bccntvn lncnjjng mno
k dkjg gzvnttsvnc kz kz`jjkcb hnvbzkpbka`j. mnolnoyzs< k X^HXK Q
DNCNNORN\QN JCGC!
2. sz. dbz`jytg 6. `chkc 1. dngnzhs k hnvbzkgvntncsng nmncgnhjng, mo k hnvbzkgtncnznttsong vct`zktckj
szbjtnj mkrkhjkg
1. sz. dbz`jytg 4?. `chkc >. dngnzhs
499> ncnln tk ccjkg rnjhncgnzsjgrn khkt`g k dkjg`g sp`t hnvbzkpbkab
dncs g`jvnrzbbrc, kzkz k dkjg`g trnksuryj gvcb noysonb ctkc
vornfklt`tt trkjzkgabgrc. 499> e`cykmj k ckg`sso ssznsnj mbjtnoy ?99
Mrh e`rbjtjyb e`rbjt mnccnttb p`zabt vcckct enc bjoktckj, bccntvn
e`oyksztsb hnvbzk(kckp) fbtncencvtncdc nrnhnj. mnolnoyzs < Ukcldkj
e`rrs jcgcb szbjtntbgus hnvbzvkc nccnjttncnzntt s jnm kckp,fbtncnzsng s`rj.
K hnvbzk jybcvjtkrtslnczc`ofbtncng pbkaj nccct`tt re`cykmjynrnso k jnm lnczc`okckp
(oplrmfbtncng, czbjong, ruvsrcsb fbtncng) nsntdnj askg, mbjt djusz-jynrnso lncnjt
mno k dkjgjc. Qnmmbcynj hnvbzkkckpso snm v`ct nzngdnj k sznrzhsngdnj. K hnvbzrk
trtjt fbvktg`zs kz noynhb sznrzhsngdnj, jnm drt vkcso`s hnvbzk jybcvjtkrtsskc< jnm
v`ct hnvbzktgn jybcvjtkrts, jybt`tt hnvbzkp`zab, hnvbzke`rrs snm v`ct. Asupj enclnoynztg
kzt k sznrzhsdnj, mbjt re`cykm jynrnso l`okckplt k hnvbzk-kckpso`t. Nzrt nzng k
sznrzhsng mbjhnj l`okckp jcgc, s hnvbzktrcnsztsrn utkc khsb gtncnznttso jcgc
sznhtng dn gjyvncntcnjc re`cykmjynrnsont. Btt szbjtntbgus hnvbzk snm v`ct uoykjbs. shnvbzk-e`rrs snm!
;?. sz. dbz`jytg ;5. `chkc >. dngnzhs
W48.] K dkjg szbo`r szkdcy`g gztt gnzncfntb k pjzoyb nszgzgnt, kz`g dnengtntsrn bs gcj
szkdcy`g v`jktg`zjkg. Kz khs pjzoyb nszgznbjng gnzncsrn mo szbo`rdd szkdcy`g
v`jktg`zjkg. (499?. vb AVVVUBBB. trvjy, k dnengtntsb vcckcg`zs`grc s kz rutzshnb
sz`coctktgrc, vkckmbjt kz ctkcug vonzfnt tnvgnjysong szkdcykbrc, s k 499;. vb AVV.
trvjy, k tgnpbkarc.)
44
-
8/10/2019 AB hinyptls
23/55
Nz k dntnclnsct ktbpbgus l`ovbsz`jy kz, kmncy k vkcsodkj ctrnltt, s tnclnsct, s jnm kz, kmbt
ctszcko k gcasjoycntnt tkrtkcmkz, kcrt fbtnc-sznrzhs mutktjb sznrntjn. K vkcso`s
gtncnmrc k fbtncsznrzhsng, s k dkjg`g bs fkccokttkg.
K dbz`jyts k Ycns LuhbtGutb \s`ctAsvs Askdk < K hnvbzkswkp`g sznrnpn k fkzkb
dkjgrnjhsznrdnj s k swkppbka vcso kckttb mghsjng vbzsocktk (MJD)(fttp
-
8/10/2019 AB hinyptls
24/55
-
8/10/2019 AB hinyptls
25/55
K fbtncjylt dkjg oyec e`rbjtdntt-szmct jybt, s kz oyec fbtncszmclt jvncb k gcasj ssznovnc. K
dkjg fbtncnzs acldc kz kh`tt pjznszgz ecttb rnjhncgnzsb (fkszjcktb) l`o`t tkhlk mbvnc kz nszgz
`chkc`j kz khsjkg (khsskc sznmdnjb gvntncsgjt) ncgjyvncb s lvrlk k fbtncssznont k fbtncszmcj. K
Dkjg k gcasj e`rbjt nccnjrtgt k lncnj gcasjsznrzhs mnogtsjng jkplj, noy ssznodnj e`cystlk
`cy mh`j, f`oy kzt lvrlk Khs xxxx szm Dkjgszmclj, mklh k lvrt ssznont k Dkjgszmcj zr`clk.
K hnvbzk kckp fbtnc e`rbjt e`rrsdc lj ctrn.
K fbtncsznrzhs asupj gnzhntn kjjkg, f`oy k dkjg trtncmnzb kjjkg tkrtkcmt s noy dnengtntst fklt von kjjkg royj k eutkmbh kcktt kz MJDtkjucmjyk kckplj. K hnvbzkfbtnc e`rbjte`rrsdc ltt ctrn. K e`rbjte`rrs jnm ms, mbjt kz khsjkg jylt`tt Et fbtnc szmcj ncgjyvnct fbtncsszno kz
nszgz chkc`j, kz khsskc sznmdnjb gvntncsgjt, kmncynt k dkjg zr`c k gzlnoyzb gtncnznttso vcckcs s noyd e`cystsb encttncng tnclnscsbo s
k swkp s hnrbvktv oycntng cnd`jy`ctsk bhnlrn, mncyrc kz khsjkg snmmb tuh`msk jbjasnj, hn nzngnt k dkjg kz khs tuhtk s dncnoynzsn jcgc
vozb. K dkjgjkg k e`rbjt tkrt`zsk jvngszbg k e`rrs chkc`j k mr kz nszgz chkc`j kz khsjkg ncgjyvnct s k fbtncszmcj lvrt fbtncsszno mbktt.
4>
-
8/10/2019 AB hinyptls
26/55
K dkjgjkg k e`rbjt tkrt`zsk jvngszbg k e`rrs `chkc`j k mr kz nszgz `chkc`j kz khsjkg ncgjyvnct s k fbtncszmcj
lvrt fbtncsszno mbktt. Nzt gvntnj k hnvbzkcbgvbhbts jvngszbg kz EV Qwkp oycnt sp`t cdk mbktt k mrcnonj dnccszbjtj nszgz `chkc`j s asggnj kz nszgz `chkc`j lvrt e`rbjt cbgvbhbts, mbjt kz kz khsskc sznmdnjb ncgjyvnct
gvntncs. Nz k tjy bokz`clk kzt bs, f`oy kz khs`g hnvbzktgn jybcvjtkrtsb szmclk rszn k swkpjkg nszgz chkc`j.
Kz khs hnvbzkszmclk njjng k Et fbtncjng k hnvbzdkj gbenlnzntt rtgn k sznrzhsgts jkplj. Kz khs hnvbzkszmclvkc s wkpp`c k dkjg mrcnonj
gvc, kz khs tuhtk, f`zzlrucsk, mnodzsk jcgc. K gcasj, kz oy swkpp`ct hnvbzkszmclk mvncntjngzrskg`r, k hnvbzk szmcj ctrnf`z`tt hnvbzke`cystsg`rb rtgn, kmbt kz khs gcasjgjt gzfnz gkp, drmbcynj rnjhncgnzsrn cc Et nszgzdc. Ngg`r zrlg k swkp dnengtntst, vkoybs ctrnf`ztg
k fbtncvbsz`jyt, s kz khsjkg gbebzntfntbg k fbtncgnrnt tnrfrn k Et-gcasjt. Nz k szbjtntbgus hnvbzk ncccts, s k szbjtntbgus hnvbzvkc nccnjttncnzntt Et-
fbtnc ncs cpsn. K dkjg k sklt vbrtucbs hnvbzkg`agzktt nzznc gnzncb, cbgvbhbtst cct nc, f`oy g`rctckj szm s sszno fbtnct jylts`j vkcs g`agzktk
jcgc, k vkcsotc ncszkgkhvk, hn kz khs vkcs g`agzktt nccctvk, tuhtk, dncnnoynzsn jcgc, mbjhnzngrc s fktskbrc kz khs jnm tuh.
45
-
8/10/2019 AB hinyptls
27/55
K hnvbzk swkp s`rj k dkjg k fbtncsznrzhst, mbjt swkp mnodzst, k fbtnc bjoktckjenhnzntt, mbjt k swkp bjoktckj-enhnzntt rtncmnzb, kz khs
gtncnznttsovcckcst k fbtnc f`ssz-cnlrkt rszcntngdnj ebzntst, k swkp gbnoynjctsrn v`jktg`z gtncnznttsovcckcsgjt rtncmnzb k dkjg. K dkjg jnm
k mrcnonoynjscyf`z szgsons enhnzntgjt, fkjnm mrcnonj gvcb pjzpbkab mvncntjng, swkpjkg vntb kc kz khs hnvbzktgn jybcvjtkrtsb) hnvbzkszmclt
nszgz `chkc`j. K hnvbzkswkp zrskg`r k hnvbzkszmct, mbjt gcs hnvbzke`rrst rtncmnzb k Et fbtncjng kz`jdkj nz snm jnm e`rrs, snm jnm dkjgb gcs
pjz. Nz bs kz khs pjzn< k Et fbtnc, s k hnvbzk tgn jybcvjtkrtsk noymsskc sznmdncctvk. Nzt k dkjg kz khs tuhtk s dncnoynzsn jcgc vozb. K dkjg kz
khst dnengtntb p`zabdk fncynztn, k dnengtntsngrn v`jktg`z l`oszkdcydkj roztntt l`o`g jcgc . Kz khs hnvbzktgn szmclvkc k dkjg skltlkgjt
rnjhncgnzbg, rnjhns dkjgb mghsjng rtncmnzb asncngnhntt, mnrt msgjt jnm f`zfktj ctrn k fbtncvbsz`jyt.
Mbvnc kz`jdkj k fbtnct encvnv oyencng k fbtnc e`cystsk s`rj e`rbjtgnrnscnttnc, k fbtnc trcnsztsn s`rj
e`rbjtgjckttkc rnjhncgnzjng (MJD) nzrt e`rbjt vtnc trtjbg k sp`tpbka`j, nzt k vtnct kz ncz EV-swkp oycnt ebjkjszr`zzk, kzkz kz EV-
swkp`j mnosznrzntt hnvbzk kz`jjkc nckhsrk gnrc. Nz k sp`tpbkab oycnt szbjtj nszgz chkc`j trtjbg, mbjt kz khs tnrfrn ncgjyvnct gvntncs, hn kz
khs tuhtk jcgc.
4?
-
8/10/2019 AB hinyptls
28/55
K dkjg kz khs hnvbzktgn jybcvjtkrtst dnvbszb noy dnengtntsb oycntdn k rncsznrzhs eutkmbhnln kcktt e`cykmkt`skj kz khs tuhtk s dncnoynzsn jcgc,
mklh nzt k dnengtntst rtnrfncb kz khsrk. Kz khs hnvbzktgn jybcvjtkrtsk rszn k swkpjkg s k dkjgjkg nddc nxtrk pr`ebtlk bs szrmkzbg, hn nzng k mvncntng
cctlg nc kz khs pkrttkckj g`agzktt. K dkjg kz khst dnengtntb p`zabdk fncynztn k dnengtntsngrn v`jktg`z l`oszkdcydkj roztntt l`o`g jcgc, k dkjg
mnosznotn nzznc k gtncnssot kz khskbt mnotvnsztnttn, tvnhsdnj tkrt`ttk, grt g`z`tt encrfktkj, s fkszjk szrmkz`tt dnccn. K dkjg nznj dnengtntsdc
s rnltntt hnrktvdc nccnjttncnztn k Et-fbtnc szmcj k gjyvnct e`rbjt fbtnct k mrcnonj dncc. Nzngnt kz nszgz chkcb dnengtntsngnt k dkjg e`rrsgjt rtncmnzb,F@C@XX mbjh k hnvbzktgn jybcvjtkrts, mbjh k Et-fbtncszmck MTCNONJ DNCCB NQ\G\ U@CX NTNHNXBCNO kz khs pjznszgzn kz khs jnvj s kz khs. K
vkcsodkj jnm trtjbg ms, mbjt kz, f`oy k dkjg g`agzkt`s s spngucktv ac pjzpbkab oycntngnt fklt vorn EV-swkp s sp`toycntng prfuzkm`s
kcgkcmkzsvkc k fbtncsznrzhs royj gcasjsznrzhsjng cazvk k eutkmbh kcktt kz oyec pjznszgznbvnc. Nz k dntnclnsct ktbpbgus l`ovbsz`jy kz, kmncy k
vkcsodkj ctrnltt, s tnclnsct k encng rncsznrzhsjng kcrskg`r, s jnm kz, kmbt ctszcko k gcasjoycntnt tkrtkcmkz, kcrt rncsznrzhs mutktjb
sznrntjn.
K dkjg tnft hnvbzt gvntnc oyenctc, hnvbzkgtncnznttson kz`jdkj nddc khhkj mo jnmgncntgnzbg.;5. sz. dbz`jytg 1;. `chkc 1. dngnzhs
46
-
8/10/2019 AB hinyptls
29/55
42
-
8/10/2019 AB hinyptls
30/55
W4>.] K e`oyksztsb sznrzhsrn v`jktg`z khsb tnrmgdbz`jyts kz, f`oy k gtncnm tnclnscsfnz
ncnjonhfntntcnjc gkpas`chbg kz khs`g hnvbzktgn jybcvjtkrtsvkc vozntt (kz khs`g
jnvj cv hnvbzkszmck, kmncy kz khs szmclk), prfuzkm`s sp`t, s EV swkp dnengtntsb
oycntng, vbsz`jt k dnengtntsrn, s kjjkg ncrn jnm ctfkt scy`s gvntgnzmjyrn s kjjkg
g`agzktkbrk jnm v`ct kz khsjkg sznrzhsb kgkrktk, st f`zzlrucsk. Nz k fbdrbh, kmbrn jnmv`ct sznrzhsb kgkrktk kz khsjkg, jnm bs cnfntntt, mnrt jnm tuh`tt rck. Msrszrc k fbtnct
nccnjttncnz dnengtnts ctszcko`skj askg noy nccnjttncnz oycnt, hn vkcldkj nccctlk k
fbtncvbsz`jydkj kz noybg ec, kz khs vnsztnsot k fbtncnz fkszjrk, kz khs`g
gtncnznttsot, kz re`cykmhroucs dkjgb nccctsvkc k dkjg oy mkok bhztn nc.
Kz khs vkcs g`agzktjkg gnzncsn kz khs rhngdnj jnm trtjt mno, s k vkcs
g`agzkt`ggkc gkpas`ckt`s, jnm e`rmcbs, snmmbcynj tlg`ztkts snm trtjt mno, gcjsnj
jnm k fbdrbhrn v`jktg`zkj.
K dkjg k e`rrsgctso amj k gcasjsznrzhst s k gcasj fbtncsznrzhsb l`ovbsz`jyt noy
dnengtntsb sznrzhsjng bs rtncmnzb, mnrt oy bs lr nc gsdd.
K dkjg kz oyecjng k gcasj enhnzntngjt enckljc`tt bjoktckjt k dnengtnts enhnzntngjt
rtncmnzb, s kz oyecjng kzt k gtncnznttsot, f`oy f`ssz tv`j gbebzntb, vbsszkebzntb nzt k
gcasjt gkmktkbvkc, kzt pnhbo k dnengtnts mnodzskgjt rtncmnzb kjcgc, f`oy nrrn kz khs
encfktkcmkzst kh`tt v`cjk s tjycnonsnj nz k dnengtntsb sznrzhs ctrnltt v`cjk s k
dnengtntsrn v`jktg`z g`agzkt`gkt enctrtk v`cjk.
Nz k fbdrbh, kmbrn jnm v`ct sznrzhsb kgkrktk kz khsjkg, jnm bs cnfntntt, mnrt jnm tuh`tt
rck. Msrszrc k fbtnct nccnjttncnz dnengtnts ctszcko`skj askg noy nccnjttncnz oycnt,
hn vkcldkj nccctlk k fbtncvbsz`jydkj kz noybg ec, kz khs vnsztnsot k fbtncnz fkszjrk,
kz khs`g gtncnznttsot, kz re`cykmhroucs dkjgb nccctsvkc k dkjg oy mkok bhztn nc.
Nzrt k hnvbzk kckpjkg jnvnzntt tnrmg, rnltntt hnrbvktbvggkc szbjtntbgus hnvbzkmvncntnggnc
nccnjttncnzntt e`rbjtfbtnc.
K dkjg k enhnzntcnj e`rbjtfbtnct nccnjttncnzb enhnzntcnj gjyvncsb tnafjbgvkc (EV Qwkp),
kgg`r nrrc tlg`ztktjbk gnccntt v`cjk kz oyencnt, f`oy nz oy trtjbg, s tlg`ztktjbk gnccnt
v`cjk kz oyencnt kjjkg mbjhnj g`agzktrc.
K fbtncvbsz`jy`j tcmnjnj, `cykj dnengtntsb l`ovbsz`jy bs mnovkcsuct, k dkjg vbrtucbs
hnvbzkg`agzktt, s kz khs vkcs g`agzktt nrnhmjynz gtncnm gnrntdnj, kmncy k
sznrzhsnj tcmutkt, tddcnt tjyccs vbzsocktt, k drso rszrc mnognrcfntntcnjjtnszb, mbjhnz kz - ncshcnonsnj kcgkcmkzkjh - N^-s l`ookc (21/;1 NOG. Brjyncv - k
e`oyksztvhncnmrc)s kz Nurpkb Ykrckmnjt s k Xkjas 4998/12/NG k pjzoyb nszgzg
pbkakbrc szc brjyncv, mbjh k mkoykr e`oyksztvhncmb l`oszkdcy ggkc nccnjttns.
Kz nurpkb ujbs l`o`j kckpuc l`okcgkcmkzsb, s l`ortncmnzsb oykg`rckt`t hnm`jstrc, k
Cuxnmdurob Drso ctkcb fbvktg`z`tt tcnt bs, kz nurpkb l`o, mbjt kz ncshcnonsnj
kcgkcmkzkjh l`o kckplj, k dkjgjkg kcgkcmkzjbk gnccntt v`cjk k dnengtntsb sz`coctkts`g
jyltsrk v`jktg`z l`oszkdcy`gkt bs, vkckmbjt k jnmzntb l`o kcgkcmkzst askg kz khs, k
e`oykszt vhncmrn szbo`rdd l`ovbsz`jy szkdcy`zs gnrntdnj tngbjtb l`osznrjng kz
nurpkb ujbs l`o.
19
-
8/10/2019 AB hinyptls
31/55
K hnvbzkfbtncng, vkoy hnvbzk-jybcvjtkrts, hnvbzk kckp fbtncjng jnvnzntt sznrzhsng k
vkcsodkj fbdrbh-sznrzhsng k gtncnm tnclnscsdc mnocckptfktkj, e`rbjtfbtnccnc
vnoyns dnengtntsb sznrzhsng.
K hnvbzk kckp fbtnc k vkcsodkj noy `cykj fbdrbh gtncnm, kmncy fbtnccnc vnoyns dnengtntsb
sznrzhs, kmncyjng k dnengtnts ncnmn ncvcksztfktktckj rszn, st encttncn, k Et-fbtncjng sk tnrfrn jyltkjh gcasjjng. Kz`jdkj nz k dnengtnts rnltntt kz khs ncc, rnltntt k
jybcvj`sso ncc bs, s kjjkg g`agzktkb bs. Kz k tnrmg, kmbt hnvbzk kckpjkg fvujg, kz noy
fbdrbh sznrzhs, kmncy fbdrbh sznrzhs mkodkj e`ockc noy gcasj jyltsk rhngdnj
ctrnf`z`tt fbtncvbsz`jyt s noy nctbtg`ct dnengtntsb sznrzhst.
K A-598/;;. sz. oydnj kz Nurpkb Drso ctkc f`z`tt tcnt mnonrstb k 4998/12/NG brjyncv
;2. p`jtldkj e`ockct rnjhncgnzsngrn v`jktg`z gtncnznttsont - k jyltkjh sz`coctkts
kcgkcmkssojkg s mnoencncsojng rtgncsn grdnj - fk vkckmncy pjzoyb tnrmg
(kckptnrmg), mncyjng sznrvns rszngjt (fbdrbh), kz 4998/12/NG nurpkb pkrckmnjtb s tkjasb
brjyncvdnj B. mnccgcntjng A szkgkszdkj mnofktr`z`tt pjzoyb nszgzgrn v`jktg`z,
s k encs`r`ct nszgzg drmncybgfnz gkpas`ch kz brjyncv B. mnccgcnt K szkgkszdkj
encs`r`ct sz`coctkts`g s tnvgnjysong drmncybgt vozbg.
Nzrt k szdkj e`ro pjzoyb tnrmgnj dncc kz kckptnrmgjng (fbtnccnc vnoyns gcasjjng)
uoykjkjjkg k l`oszkdcyb gvntncmjyngjng gncc mnoencncjbn, mbjt kz kjjkg sznrvns rszt
gpnz dnengtntsb sz`coctktsjkg, mbvnc kz k tnrmg sznrvns rszt gpnzb - kgg`r bs, fk kz`g
dnoykz`ttkg bccntvn rnltnttng. K dnengtnts (szbjtntbgus hnvbzk) jnm noysznrnj dkjgb
enhnzntb mvncnt, kmbfnz kz khsjkg snmmb gzn, fkjnm nz k pjzoyb tnrmg rszn. s
jnm enhnzntb mvncnt, jnm e`rrstnrnmts. Fkjnm kz oyec tucklh`jt gpnz hnvbzktgn
jybcvjtkrtsb szmclvkc vozntt dkjgb nccnjttncnz oycnt. Mbvnc kz khs szmclvkc
vozb k dkjg, s njcgc k fbtncvbsz`jy snm ctnzjn, k dnengtntsngrn v`jktg`z szkdcy`g
sznrbjt tnfntj nzt mno k dkjg, kz oyec f`zzlrucsvkc, s gzs g`agzktvbsncssnc. Hn
nz jnm oy trtjt.
K A-598/;;. sz. oydnj K DTQO XCNXN (jnoynhbg tkjas) 49;1. mlus
19.(*)/5;;/NOG s k 21/5/NOG tkjasb
brjyncv, s k 4999/;4/NG nurpkb pkrckmnjtb s tkjasb brjyncv
mh`stsrc, vkckmbjt k 21/44/NOG tkjasb brjyncv fktcy`j gvcfncynzsrc szc, 4998. prbcbs 4;-b 4998/12/NG nurpkb pkrckmnjtb s
1;
-
8/10/2019 AB hinyptls
32/55
tkjasb brjyncv ;2. abggjng (2) dngnzhst oy gncc rtncmnzjb, f`oy
noyrszrc vkckmncy dnengtntsb sz`coctktst askg kgg`r jyltlg k pjzoyb
tnrmg rszngjt, fk kz n pjzoyb tnrmg sznrvns rszt gpnzb, kmbg`r kzt
kz oyecjng gjclg, msrszrc pnhbo kff`z, f`oy n sz`coctktsrk jn
v`jktg`zzkjkg k fbvktg`z`tt ;2. abggdnj ncrt gtncnznttsong, kz n
rnjhncgnzs ctkc fbvktg`z`tt ujbs szkdcy`zsjkg s gzs nurpkb j`rmgjkgcnfntv gncc tnjjbg kz oyencng g`agzktkbjkg rtgncst, s/vkoy kz
oyencng tlg`ztktsrk v`jktg`z cykj gvntncmjyngnt gncc tkrtkcmkzjbug,
kmncyng v`jktg`zjkg k szdkj e`ro pjzoyb tnrmg sznrvns rszt gpnz
dnengtntsb sz`coctktsrk bs.
4)K 4998/12 brjyncv 8. abggn (;) dngnzhsjng 8. p`jtlt oy gncc
rtncmnzjb, f`oy fk pjzoyb g`agzkt`g gnzncsrn brjyuc sznrzhst
gjcjkg kz oyecjng k ms pjzoyb tnrmgng gkmktvct`zskbdc nrnh
g`agzkt enhnzsrn, kzt kjjybdkj gncc kz n rnjhncgnzs rtncmdnj vntt
dnengtntsb tkjaskhsb sz`coctktsjkg tngbjtnjb, kmnjjybdnj kz bcynj
pjzoyb g`agzkt`g gnzncsrn brjyuc sznrzhs lnoyzsrn v`jktg`z
kljcs `cykj, f`oy kzt kz oyec szmrk mnoencncnj vkoy sklt`s
grcmjynbjng vbzsocktrk kckptvk, dnengtntb mbjsorn tngbjtnttnc
jyltkjkg, s kzt jnm gbzrcko tnrlnsztsb askt`rjg tlj tnszbg gzz
vkoy jnm gbzrcko k jybcvj`ssojkg szjlg.
1)Kz noyns tkocckm`g dncs l`ornjhljng enckhktk mnofktr`zjb k 4998/12
brjyncv ;2.abggjng (8) s (>)dngnzhsdnj ncrt rtgncsb gvntncmjyng
vkckmncy dnengtntsb sz`coctktst gjc dnengtntsb vcckcg`zs ctkcb dn
jnm tkrtsjkg sznrzhsns l`ogvntgnzmjynbt, tbsztncntdnj tkrtvk kz
noynjrtgso s k tjycnons rvjynscs ncvt.
;1. sz. dbz`jytg
Kz BKQ 12 tokj fktr`zzk mno k pjzoyb bjstrumnjtum e`okcmt. Dncntkrt`zbg
k gszpjz, k gvntncsng s fbtncvbsz`jyt mnotnstnst rtgpkpr`g s
dnengtntsng, gtncnznttsong, encvntt fbtncng s k hnrbvktv`g (kgg`r bs,
fk dnoykz`ttkg bccntvn rnltnttng).
;;. sz. dbz`jytg 5?. `chkc ;. dngnzhs
Bhjgjt nce`rhuc, f`oy noyns sznrzhsngdnj, mncyng tnclnssogdnj jnm
encncjng mno k hnebjabjkg mnotkccfktg `cykj tucklh`jso`g, kmncyng
szrmkzg`s oycntngfnz fks`jckg. K tnclns sznrzhst tngbjtlg nz nsntdnj
k ,fbdrbh bjstrumnjtumjkg, kmncy noy ,kckpsznrzhs s noy ,rnltntt
szrmkzg`s oycnt g`mdbjablk
;;. sz. dbz`jytg ?;. `chkc 1. dngnzhs
W45.] Nrrc k l`ooycntrc, k dkjg vkchb szjhgrc, sznrzhsgtsb aclrc, s kz khsrk (ctkck
jnm tuh`tt, jnm encmrfnt, vncn jnm bs gzct) gszd jcgcb tnrfngnt r`v, ktbpbgus
sznrzhsrc, kmncynt k dkjg ncfkccokt`tt kz khs`g ncc, kz khs`gjkg tuh`msk jnm v`ct,
jnm bs cnfntntt.
14
-
8/10/2019 AB hinyptls
33/55
K vbrtucbs hnvbzk-nccnjttncnzs rvbhcnlrkt dkjggzb mvncntnggnc vkc vbrtucbs
g`agzktgnzncsn, k sznrzhs eutkmbhnln kcktt e`cykmkt`skj gctsonggnc lr, s nzt
gzvntcnjc kz khsrk frt`ttk k dkjg e`rrsgctsorn fbvktg`zsskc. Kz khs`g f`ssz-cnlrkt
gcasjfnz gpnst, k hnvbzk mbjhujtkckj vkc uj. mnoltsk, swkpp`csk, k
sznrzhsgtsg`r k dkjg ctkc bsmnrt szbjtntbgus hnvbzke`rrs tnrnmts, s mnoltsb
mvncntng ncfktr`z`tt szjhg`g v`ctkg. Nzt, s kzt bs, f`oy nzng k mvncntng mbgjt s mbcynj
g`agzkt`t lncnjtnjng kz khsrk, k dkjg nctbtg`ctk, f`c`tt ppnj nzng jvnctg mno kz oyencnbg
tgn, s gkmkttkrt`zst, s e`rrsgctso e`rmldkj k trcnszt rszcntngnt
Hroddkg cnfntjng k hnvbzkfbtncng
Noy nhhbo szbjtn szrnvtcnj gctsoncnm rnjhgvc jkoy nmncgnhsn mbktt
ncgpzncfnt, f`oy 4-1 fjkp mcvk lncnjts fkvb trcnsztrszcnt-
nmncgnhssnc sznmdnscjng k mkoykr`rszob fztkrtsb hnvbzkfbtncnsng. Mbjhnz
oy bs dngvntgnzfnt, f`oy gzdnj k e`rbjt vbsz`jycko stkdbc mkrkh s k
gcechb hnvbzg gkmkttkrtkcmk mo asggnj bs. K g`rmjy s k jkoy
gnrnsgnhncmb dkjg`g ctkc mct pjtngnj dnlncnjtntt mnocckp`hs jmbcno
snotfnt k fncyzntnj, hn k lncng sznrbjt k g`rmjy bjgdd askg ctszcko
kgkrlk mnovhnjb k hnvbzkkhs`gkt k jvngv pjzoyb tnrfngtc.
Noy "l" gctsoncnm
K mkoykr fztkrts`g hnvbzkfbtncnbjng fkvb trcnsztrszcntnbrn k s`gsz`r
bsmtnct e`rmuck sznrbjt jkoyrszt k e`rbjt kh`tt hnvbzvkc (hjt rszdnj
k svlab erkjggkc, bccntvn kz nurvkc) sznmdnjb mbjhnjg`rb re`cykmk, gbsndd
sccykc kz kh`tt hnvbzk gkmkttkrtkcmk (cjynodnj k lnoydkjgb brjykh rtk
szbjtln) oykg`r`c fktst (fk jnm eutkmbh-ruokcmks fbtncrc v`ct sz). Fk
oynjoct k e`rbjt, s/vkoy nmncgnhntt k hnvbzk gkmkttkrtkcmk, kgg`r ke`rbjtdkj e`cyst`tt hnvbzkfbtnc fkvb trcnsztrszcntn mnonmncgnhntt. Kz
ncmct vngtc bjhucvk nosznj bhj sznptnmdnrbo nzng k tjynzg
oykg`rcktbcko tnclns mrtgdnj mkoykrz nrg v`ctkg k trcnsztrszcntng
kckgucsrk, bjokh`zsrk. (K f`sszkdd eutkmbhnl hnvbzkfbtncng bjgdd k
gcechb gkmktcdrk, mo k rvbhnddng bjgdd kz re`cykmrk rzgnjynddng.)
Kz utddb fntngdnj gbkckguct rnjhgvc enszct oc`dcbs pjzpbkab fncyznt
mbktt kz`jdkj dncpntt noy t`vddb e`jt`s gctsoncnm, kmncy k
trcnsztrszcntng kgr lncnjts mnonmncgnhsjng g`agzktt bs mkodkj
f`rh`zzk. Nz pnhbo k hnvbzkfbtncng mottb, k dkjgb re`cykm-enhnzntb
g`jstrugabg mnogtsrn sz`coc j. BT- s EV-swkp pbka rnjhgvcb
fncyzntrn vnzntfnt vbsszk. Cnnoysznrstvn nz kzt lncnjtb, f`oy k dkjg`g
s`ggkc jnfnznddnj, s oy mnouor tddcntgctsonggnc tuhlg askg kz
re`cykmbjokh`zs nccnj t`vdd enhnzjb k mr mnocv hnvbzkfbtncnbgnt.
Tpghjng k mjusz`g
K dkjg`g ctkc jylt`tt hnvbzkfbtncng s k ABTQ (aurrnjay bjtnrnst rktn
swkp), bccntvn EV-swkp pbka oy gkpas`chbg noymsf`z, f`oy fk noy dkjg
nurdkj vnszb enc gcechj k e`rrst, kgg`r kzt k e`rbjtdkj trtj
e`cysts rhngdnj k ABT-, bccntvn kz EV-swkp pbka`j tuhlk ncasnrcjb
e`rbjtrk re`cykmenhnznt mnccntt. (Kz EV-swkp oycntng lnccnmznj jnmf`sszkddkg mbjt noy v, mo k ABTQ kjjc f`sszkdd -;9-49-19 v- bs cnfnt. K
11
-
8/10/2019 AB hinyptls
34/55
svlab erkjgkckp fbtncjc k dkjgjkg t`vddb EV-swkp oycntnt gncc dnbgtktjbk
k cpss`r`zktdk.) K hnvbzkfbtncng eutkmbhnln rnjhsznrbjt lvkc f`sszkdd
(pc. >-49 v), mbjt kjjkg kz EV-swkp oycntjng k eutkmbhnln, kmncy mottn
cc, oy k hnvbzkfbtnc eutkmbhnln s`rj k dkjgjkg szm`s kcgkc`mmkc mno gncc
ltkjbk kz ABT-, bccntvn EV-swkp p`zablt, kzkz ldc nc gncc asnrcjbn
k gt ebzntnszgzt. K t`vddbkgdkj k ABT- s EV-swkp`gkt ssznv`jvk askgEV-swkp`ggjt lncclg.)
K dnengtntg oc`dcbs g`agzktgnrc mkoktkrtsk, k e`g`z`tt vkt`sso `hk
vnzntntt, f`oy jnfzgns mnoltkjb nznj p`zabgkt, bccntvn mnohrouctkg
nzng kz nclrs`g. (Fk k dkjg jnm tuhlk mnoltkjb p`zablt kz EV-swkp
pbka`j, kgg`r kz re`cykm sznmp`jtldc enhnzntcnjj vcbg k hnvbzkfbtnc-
p`zablk gkpasj, kmb bonj gnccnmntcnj s lncnjts g`agzkt`gkt lncnjt.)
Kz EV-swkp pbkab tddcntgctsong oyencngrn trtj rszdnjb tfrtsk mr
mnognzhhtt, s vkcszjcno kz l fbtncngjc nrtnclnsndd cnfnt mklh, mbjt
k mnocv fbtnccc`mjyjc.
Kz tfrt`tt gctsong kz bhnb v votc, lv v ncnltc rzhfntjng
noyrn bjgdd k gkmktebxcsb pnrbhus`g, bccntvn kz EV-swkp mnolts`g
nsnhgnsson mbktt s kgr ;9-19%-`s fkvb trcnsztrszcnt-nmncgnhst bs
ncgpzncfntjng tkrtujg (vct`zktckj gcechb gkmkt- s re`cykm-encttncng
mnccntt bs), kmncy rkhsuc ppnj kgg`r lncnjtgnzfnt, kmbg`r k dkjg`ggkc
gttt, mct pjtngb mnocckp`hs noyns "mnjtncnmnbjng" rvjynsson mr
cnlr.
;8. sz. dbz`jytg
W4?.] Kz khs`g hnvbzktgn szmclvkc k dkjg k eutkmbh kcktt e`cykmkt`skj kz khs tuhtk s
dncnoynzsn jcgc rnjhncgnzntt, nzznc pjzpbkab spngucktv oycntngnt fklt`tt vorn. K dkjg
nznj dnengtntsng gctsonbt rtnrfnctn kz khsrk, mo kz nddc szrmkz pr`ebt`t k dkjg
skltljkg tngbjtb.
Kz nctbtg`ct dnengtnts mbjhnj tnrfn kz khs`j, s mbjhnj fkszjk k dkjgjc rnkcbzch`tt s
ctszcko cnokcbzch`tt.
Gnccnmns mnocnpntst `g`z`tt k Tkbeenbsnj
K gnrnsgnhsb dnvtncng ncss`rdkj kz `r`sz s mkoykr cnjy`gjc vozntt,
hnvbzkkckp trkjzkgabg sbgnrnssojng gszjfntnj uor`ttkg mno, mbvnc k
hnvbzkre`cykm`g m`zosk p`zbtv fktst oykg`r`ct k ao pjzoyb nszgznbrn.
18
-
8/10/2019 AB hinyptls
35/55
;>. sz. dbz`jytg
W46.] Kz khs`g jnm tuhfkttg, f`oy hnvbzk swkp s`rj k dkjg k fbtncsznrzhst, mbjt swkp
mnodzst, k fbtnc bjoktckjenhnzntt, mbjt k swkp bjoktckj-enhnztt rtncmnzb, kz khs
gtncnznttsovcckcst k fbtnc f`ssz-cnlrkt rszcntngdnj ebzntst, k swkp gbnoynjctsrn
v`jktg`z gtncnznttsovcckcsgjt rtncmnzb
K szkgbr`hkc`m mbjhnzngnt @XA hnrbvktv tnrmgtpus`gjkg, szrmkztkt`tt oycntngjng
jnvnzb, kf`oykj noy 4991-dkj noy Dkjgszvntso ctkc gsztntt tkjucmjy bs
-
8/10/2019 AB hinyptls
36/55
brjydk, fbsznj szmugrk asupj k vos gbebzntsb eoovjy noysznrson k
mrvkh.
Nzngnt kz oyencng tlg`ztktsrk v`jktg`z grcmjyns tjynzgnt k dkjgrnjhsznr
gkrtnccdnj mnognrctn s gcasjsznrzhsjng caztg k sznrzhsgtsb szjhgugkt.K dkjg
szjhg`skj ncfkccokttk k fbdrbh ctfkt, s rnltntt gnttssot, s nctbtg`ctk k rnltnttdnengtntsb l`ovbsz`jyjkg k g`agzktkbt, s kjjkg k vrfkt gvntgnzmjynbt.
K dkjg`g gkrtnccdnj mnonoynztng, f`oy mbjhnzngnt g`agzktenctr jybcktg`zktkbgdkj
gcasjsnj ncfkccoktlg.
K gt g`agzktenctr jybcktg`zkttkc gkpas`ckt`skj kz mnrct enc, f`oy k
fbtncnzs gkpasj k vtncb l`o`j s kz re`cykmg`agzkt`j gvc mo s`g
fks`jckj jkoy g`agzkt (gkmkt-, trcnsztsb-, gnznsb-, vkhgb g`agzkt)
rb kz oyencnt, mosnm cnfnt kz ssznsrc gcj jybcktg`zkt`t gsztnjb. K
dkjg`g mbjhnjnsntrn e`jt`sjkg tkrt`ttg, f`oy n jybcktg`zkt`g mbjhnj dkjgjc
noysonsng cnoynjng, jnf`oy kz oyec utcko dugs nsntj kzt m`jhfkssk,f`oy noy msbg dkjg szvnon s`ggkc l`ddkj enctrtk k g`agzkt`t, s kjjkg
kckplj jnm vnttn v`cjk enc k fbtnct.
;6. szm dbz`jytg 49. `chkc 8. dngnzhs
Kz khs`g hnvbzktgn szmclvkc k dkjg k eutkmbh kcktt e`cykmkt`skj kz khs tuhtk s
dncnoynzsn jcgc rnjhncgnzntt, nzznc pjzpbkab spngucktv oycntngnt fklt`tt vorn k tzshj
gvcb szkdcy`zktckj @XA pbka`j.
Fk tuhtg v`cjk kz khs`g, kf`oykj jnm tuhtg, jnm bs tuhfkttg, s kf`oykj k dkjg`g
tuhtg, s njjng k fbtncnzsb g`jstrugabjkg ppnj kz khs`g gbe`sztsk rj, k mbjc jkoy`dd
dkjgb fksz`j ncrsn, k dkjg`g hnvbzf`z luttktsk v`ct k aclk, kgg`r noyntcnj khs jnm rtkv`cjk kc k sznrzhst. K mottns vkcsorc k dkjgjkg tuh`msk v`ct, kz khsjkg snmmb
tuh`msk jnm v`ct, hn kz tuhfkt, f`oy kddkj k l`ovbsz`jydkj jnm gvjt v`cjk rszt vnjjb.
Tszcnt Xkrh`s ojns< K YJ\ORB BJQXT^MNJX^M@G NCQ\M@CQK BKQ ^Q OKKY
MKORKT Q\KDCR@\Q am tkjucmjydc (Dkjgszvntso - Fbtncbjtzntb Qznmcn 4991) ;;. sz.
dbz`jytg.
Bhjgjt nce`rhuc, f`oy noyns sznrzhsngdnj, mncyng tnclnssogdnj jnm
encncjng mno k hnebjabjkg mnotkccfktg `cykj tucklh`jso`g, kmncyng
szrmkzg`s oycntngfnz fks`jckg. K tnclns sznrzhst tngbjtlg nz nsntdnj
k ,fbdrbh bjstrumnjtumjkg, kmncy noy ,kckpsznrzhs s noy ,rnltnttszrmkzg`s oycnt g`mdbjablk.
K grnktv o`jh`cg`hg, k rnltntt szrmkzg`s oycntngrn v`jktg`z
szkdcyrnjhsznrjng gszjfntnj jnm gnrcfntbg nc kz BKQ 12 s kz ^Q OKKY
kcgkcmkzst noysznrnj kzzkc k ,tnafjbgvkc,f`oy noy szrmkzg`s oycntnt
dnoykzjkg noy msbg, ctfktkj jnm szrmkzg`s sznrzhsdn.
;;. sz. dbz`jytg ?;. `chkc 4. fksd ;. dngnzhs
K dkjgrnjhsznr mr 4991-dkj kz ctkcug gsztnttnt tkjucmjy kckplj tuhktdkj v`ct kjjkg
f`oy fk k Et-fbtnct, rnltntt hnrbvktvggkc nccnjttncnzb kgg`r k sznrzhst tngbjtlg nz
nsntdnj k ,fbdrbh bjstrumnjtumjkg, kmncy noy ,kckpsznrzhs s
15
-
8/10/2019 AB hinyptls
37/55
noy ,rnltntt szrmkzg`s oycnt g`mdbjablk. s nznj,tnafjbgvkc, noy
szrmkzg`s oycntnt dnoykzjkg noy msbg, ctfktkj jnm szrmkzg`s
sznrzhsdn.
;;. sz. dbz`jytg ?;. `chkc 4. fksd ;. dngnzhs
Nz nsntdnj m`jhlk k tkjucmjy - kgg`r jkoy`j grnktvkgjkg gncc cnjjbn k dkjgr`gjkg sgrnktvkg cnfntjng, mnrt jbjas szkdcy`zvk, f`oy kzt jn cnfnssnj mnocckptkjb, f`oy nz
szkdcynccnjns.
W42.] Fk tuhtg v`cjk kz khs`g, kf`oykj jnm tuhtg, jnm bs tuhfkttg, s kf`oykj k dkjg`g tuhtg
kzt, s k dkjgjkg tuh`msk v`ct k MOXXNQ UKCQOTC-j, ftej ;9 rk 1 pnrag`r k
Gpvbsncb Br`hkfz >54. szm tkjastnrmdnj mnotkrt`tt csrc
Krrc f`oy k dkjg kz khsp`zabt noy e`rbjtfbtnc s noy g`agzkt`s
dnengtnts g`mdbjablkgjt cctlk nc. 5.sz.
dbz`jytg ?5.`ch. 1. dngnzhs
K dkjg ncfkccokttk kz khs
ncc kzt, f`oy k sznrzhsn
gkpasj rszt vnsz khnvbzkpbka`j,
szmrk bsmnrntcnj pjzpbkab
mvncntngdnj
K fbtnct encvnv oyencng k fbtnc e`cystsk
s`rj e`rbjtgnrnscnttnc, k fbtnc trcnsztsn
s`rj e`rbjtgjckttkc rnjhncgnzjng,bccntvn
lncnjjng mno k dkjg gzvnttsvnc kz kz`jjkcb hnvb
zkpbka`j. 2. sz. dbz`jytg 6. `chkc 1. dngnzhs
K hnvbzkkckp fbtncnzsdc nrnh e`rbjtgnrnscnt
tnft k dkjg`g gzvnttsvnc lncnjbg mno k
hnvbzkpbka`j.
;?. sz. dbz`jytg ;5. `chkc 8. dngnzhs
cjynodnj mkok k dkjg "gtb mno" bmpcbabt mh`j k
enjtb oycntnt kz oyeccnc (g`jvnrzb). ?. sz. dbz`jytg
K dkjg ncfkccokttk kz khs
ncc nctbtg`ctk, s nzznc mno
1?
-
8/10/2019 AB hinyptls
38/55
bs tvnsztnttn
t krrk jzvn bs, f`oy K szbjtntbgus hnvbzke`rrs sznrzsn nsntj k
gcechbng EV-swkp + e`rbjt cckmpkpr strktoblk
tngbjtfnt szbjtntbgus hnvbzkfbtnc jyltsjkg. K
gcechbng sp`t + EV-swkp strktoblk oykg`rcktbcko
szbjtntbgus fktrbhs (rvbh e`rbjt) p`zabencvtnct lncnjtb. 8. sz. dbz`jytg ;8. `chkc ;. dngnzhs
K dkjg`g mrcnodc gbbjhucvk k hnvbzke`rrs
dnv`jsjkg noybg cnfntson k dncechb oyencngtc
trtj dnttoylts. K dncechb sznrnpcgtc
szrmkz hnvbzkdnttng cc`mjyk kz`jdkj cjynonsnj
ncmkrkh k dncechb sznrnpcgjng jylt`tt
hnvbzkfbtncng cc`mjytc< k dncechb mkojszngt`r
rszdnj oy vcckctk t k jntt gcs khssodcszrmkz e`rbjt encnttb gbtnttso jvngv fjykht k
gcechb szngt`rtc. 8. sz. dbz`jytg 4?. `chkc 8. dngnzhs
K fkzkb dkjgrnjhsznr noszn k e`rbjte`rrs`g noy
rszdc oy k hnvbzkswkpoycntng snotsovnc
szbjtntbgus hnvbzke`rrst cct nc.
8. sz. dbz`jytg- ;1. `chkc >. dngnzhs
Kz EV-swkp oycnt kckpvntnj jnm noy ebjkjszr`zsb
nszgz, fkjnm noy kh`tt ebjkjszr`zsb nszgz (pc.
fbtnc, dntt) hnvbzkjnmjng asnrlt cnfntv tnv
szrmkztkt`tt tnrmg, oy kckas`jykdd
fbtncg`agzkt`t tkrtkcmkz, mbjt k enhnzntcnj
dkjggzb gbfncynzs.
8. sz. dbz`jytg ?. `chkc 4. dngnzhs
Fbdrbh tnrmg< `cykj strugturct hnrbvktvk,
kmncyjng gbebzntsb eoovjyn tdd pbkab ekgt`r
kckgucstc eoo s stktbguskj jnm enhnzfnt
noysznr hnrbvktv`g snotsovnc. K fbdrbh-g`agzkt
enhnzsn hbjkmbgus mnjnhzsmnjtnt bojync, k tnrmgrtgt dne`cys`c tjynzg gzttb g`rrncabg
eboyncnmdn vtncvnc.
;4. sz. dbz`jytg e`okcmkg
K hnvbzk kckp sznrzhssnc k sz`coctkt kz oyenct dnengtntsb oycntng pksszv rsztvnvlv
tnttn s vbsnctn kz oycntdnj k gcechbng EV-swkp + e`rbjt cckmpkpr e`rbjt
encnttb gbtnttso jvngv fjykht k gcechb szngt`rtc
K Mkoykr Jnmzntb Dkjg szkgrtb vcnmjyn sznrbjt nz tngbjtfnt hnvbzkfbtnc jyltsjkg!
16
-
8/10/2019 AB hinyptls
39/55
oy kz kjykdkjg cnenhnztn kz cckmpkpr e`rbjtf`zkmt, k cnjydkjglj gnrnsztc kzt k mkoykr
khs`grk tnrfnctn. Fk r`mc`tt k e`rbjt, uoykj asggnjt nurdkj szm`cvk kz cckmgtvjy
f`zkmk, hn jtt k cnjydkjg dnvtncn k mnojvngnh trcnsztsnggnc. Kzkz k mkoykr
fztkrts`g enhnztg s enhnzbg kz cckmgtvjyng, lnoydkjgb gtvjyng jkoy f`zkmt k
jnmzntgzb dkjgb gkpas`ckt`g lkvrk.
Mbjhnz k dkjg vkchb sznrzhsb kgkrktk, kmncy kz khsskc k dkjg vkchb szjhgrc,
sznrzhsgtsb aclrc, s kz khsrk - ctkck jnm tuh`tt, jnm encmrfnt, vncn jnm bs gzct
- gszd jcgcb tnrfngnt r`v, ktbpbgus sznrzhsrc, kmncynt k dkjg ncfkccokt`tt kz khs`g
ncc, kz khs`gjkg tuh`msk jnm v`ct, jnm bs cnfntntt.
W19.] K hnvbzkhroucs `gkbt kz k dkjgrnjhsznr mkok bhztn nc, kmncyjng rsznsn k pnrdncb
pjzbjtznt bs. K dkjg k dkjgrnjhsznr rszngjt, k hnvbzkhroucsdkj jnm askg rhngnct, hn
pbkab sznrnpcgjt gzvntcnj ncbhzln v`ct. K hnvbzkfbtncng tnrvsznr, s k
fbdrbhsznrzhsdc szrmkz, hn kz khs`ggkc gttt fbtncsznrzhsngdc cn jnm vnzntfnt,
mobs kzzkc sznrvnsnj sszntkrt`z dnengtntsngnj gnrnsztc, k dkjg`g encbsmnrfnt sgbenlnzntt szjhgk, k e`rbjt nccnjb szjtncnj spngucabs p`zab encptsn - s k swkp`gkt
rnebjkjszr`z dkjg`ggkc - k hnrbvktvgdkj rbjtntt hnvbzg re`cykmjkg oy`rsuc mrtg,
s dbzt`s hroucsjkg kz ncbhzsn, re`cykmjynrnso nccctsk v`ct.
Nz k gcasjsznrzhs jnm ctnzbg k rnltntt hnrbvktvg jcgc s kz`g nccnjttncnzsb mvncntnb
jcgc, nzng jcgc k dkjg jnm bs kgkrt fbtnct khjb s uoykjkgg`r kz k dnengtnts `cykj
g`agzkt`t lncnjtntt, kmbt jnm trtkg enc, jnm bs m`jhtkg nc k dkjg`g k mkb jkpbo.
Njjng gvntgnztdnj k hnvbzkfbtncng tnrvsznr, s k fbdrbhsznrzhsdc szrmkz, hn kz
khs`ggkc gttt fbtncsznrzhsngdc cn jnm vnzntfnt, mobs kzzkc sznrvnsnj sszntkrt`z
dnengtntsngnj gnrnsztc, k dkjg`g encbsmnrfnt s gbenlnzntt szjhgk, k e`rbjt nccnjb
szjtncnj spngucabs p`zab encptsn s k swkp`gkt rnebjkjszr`z dkjg`ggkc k
hnrbvktvgdkj rbjtntt hnvbzg re`cykmjkg oy`rsuc mrtg, s dbzt`s hroucsjkg kz
ncbhzsn, re`cykmjynrnso nccctsk v`ct.
K e`rbjt nccnjb spngucab nz k dkjg s k mkoykr dkjgrnjhsznr (kz kjykdkjglkbggkc, s
rnebjkjszr`z dkjglkbggkc gkrctvn) ctkcug ncbhzntt s ncrn tnrvnzntt szjhg`g v`ctkg, mnrt
k tnrmg mkodkj rnltnttn nzt, kf`oykj nrrc mr 4991-dkj tuhtkg s tbsztdkj v`ctkg, mbjt
kf`oy kzzkc bs tbsztdkj v`ctkg mbcynj jynrnsorn e`ojkg nznj gnrnsztc sznrt tnjjb, kmbt kz
khs ebznt mno.
K sznrzhsdc mbjhnzng jnm hnrcjng gb, f`oy nz oy e`o trtjjb, mbjt kf`oy kz snm, f`oy k
dkjgrnjhsznr s nz k dkjg bs `cykj tmnons hnvbzk-jybcvjtkrts fbtnccc`mjyt e`o
encfkcm`zjb, kmb vkcldkj k e`rbjt nccnjb spngucabt nrstb mno.
Nz k tkrts l`ovbsz`jy jnm mghbg k dnengtnts jcgc, k Mkoykr Dkjgszvntso s k Mkoykr
Jnmzntb Dkjg tuhtk s ncbsmnrtn tdd tkjucmjydkj, f`oy nz noy rnltntt hnrbvktvggkc
nccnjttncnzntt e`rbjtfbtnc, nzrt k dnengtntsngdc szrmkz g`agzkt lncnjbg mno k gcasj
trcnszt rszcntnbdnj. Gzvntcnjc mnolncnjbg, s kz re`cykmvct`zsskc dnrkzhbg
K dkjgrnjhsznr k hnvbzk kckp fbtncnzs gkpasj spngucktv ac pjzpbkab oycntnggnc
nccnjttncnztn k Et fbtncszmcj gjyvnct fbtnct. Kz oycnt cnrs tnclnsnj noynz k 8. sz.
12
-
8/10/2019 AB hinyptls
40/55
dbz`jytgdkj s tkjucmjydkj enccncfnt Hnvbzkkckp fbtnc jyltsk ncjnvnzs e`cykmkt
drlvkc, mncynt k vkcsodkj ctrnltt l`ovbsz`jy tjyccsjkg tngbjtjg.
1. Hnvbzkp`zab encvtncn EV-swkp s sp`toycntng prfuzkm`s
kcgkcmkzsvkc. Kz kckpvntnj spngucktv ac strktobk s`rj k
hnvbzkp`zabt encvnjjb gvj sznrnpc noy sp`t- s noy nccnjttns brjyEV-swkp oycnt kcgkcmkzsvkc kckgt gb j. szbjtntbgus fktrbhs p`zabt.
Kh`tt hnvbzdkj trtj rvbh p`zabencvtnc nsntj pchuc k sp`tpbkab
nckhst kz kh`tt sznrnpc (bjhuc cd`j) nccnjttns brjyEV-swkp oycntdc
ebjkjszr`zzk, kzkz kz EV-swkp`j mnosznrzntt hnvbzk kz`jjkc nckhsrk gnrc
k sp`t hnvbzkpbka`j. Bcy mh`j kz bjhuc cd`j jbjas jntt pjzrkmcs, k
tnclns jntt hnvbzkp`zab kz EV-swkp fktrbhs cdrk g`rct`zhbg, kmncyjng
brjyk kz`j`s k sp`toycntvnc. K gvjt p`zabvcckcs brjyt tnft k
sp`toycnt khlk mno.
;9. sz. dbz`jytg 1. `chkc 4. fksd
Nznj dbz`jytg s MJD tkjucmjy gzp`jtb tmlk F`oykj fktjkg k hnvbzkpbkab sznrnpcg k
e`rbjtre`cykmrk (MJD). Kz khs`g mrfntntcnj g`agzktk cjynotncnj, szgsosznr
vnsztnso, szcjb snm rhnmns nrrc!!!
K tkjucmjy kzzkc e`cytkthbg, f`oy k dkjg ctkc k fbdrbh e`cystsk s enjjtkrtsk rhngdnj
gttt spngucktv oycntnggnc k gcechbng e`rbjt nccnjb p`zabt vnszjng enc. `chkc 1. dngnzhs
K mctdncb khkt`g kzt mutktlg, f`oy k jkoy gcechb sznrnpcg (dkjgfzkg,dnengtntsb s enhnzntb kckp`g std.) e`rbjt oynjocsn brjydk encvntt
spngucktv p`zabb rnjhsznrbjt jkoymrtg e`rbjtoynjocssnc lrjkg
noytt.
;5. sz. dbz`jytg 11. `chkc 1. dngnzhs
K fbtncnzs enceutsk k e`rbjt nrshsfnz, k trcnsztsng k e`rbjt
oynjocsfnz vnzntjng. mnolnoyzs
;2. sz. dbz`jytg ;6. `chkc
W1;.]
K mnjngc hnvbzdkj jybcvjtkrt`tt MBJHNJ mkoykr hnvbzk-jybcvjtkrts (jg`rmjyzktb,vcckcg`zsb, ckg`ssob) fbtnc, mbjhnjg`rb XNCLNQ ssznot, Et/hnvbzk g`jvnrzbjkg vntb kc k
dkjgrnjhsznr, nzznc k fbdrbhtnrmggnc. Ukoybs mbjhnj pbcckjktdkj Et-rt mnjngc hnvbzt gncc
vbrtucbskj vsr`cjb k fbdrbh e`cystsk, s enjjtkrtsk rhngdnj. Kz bcynj gjysznr s
vtbznhngrn enjjcc gnrnscnt k mnjngc hnvbzt DB\X@QKJ, Q NCTNCXFKXKJ
MNOHTOXLK, k Et-tkc sznmdnj. K dkjg`g oy nccct`ttg kz re`cykm-jynrnsognt. K
fbdrbhrc, mbjhnzngrc k dkjg`g tlg`ztktst k sznrzhs mnogtsng`r kz khs`gjkg jnm
khtkg.
Nz ncrnctfktkj k e`rbjt cnrtgnchsfnz vnznt. K dkjgrnjhsznr k fbdrbh enjjtkrtsk
rhngdnj, uoykjkz`j g`jvnrzbjkg vntb kc k gcasjg mbjhnjg`rb s tnclns ssznot, mncynt
k votrcnsztsjc kcgkcmkztkg, mncyjng fktskbt kzt mnoncznj kz MJD k gvntgnzgppnj
ssznonztn.
Kmnjjybdnj k fbtncbjtzntng k votrcnsztsngfnz szgsons hnvbzt k
hnvbzkpbka`j noysznrrn, jkoy v`cumnjdnj gvjtg v`cjk mnosznrnzjb e`rbjt
nckhsvkc, kz k pbka`j fbrtncnj enccp e`rbjtgjckt s hnvbzkgnrnscnt
fktsrk k e`rbjt fbrtncnj cnrtgnchst nrnhmjynztn v`cjk.
;5. sz. dbz`jytg 1. `chkc 8. dngnzhs
K fkzkb dkjg`gjkg k mrcnonj dncc oy e`rbjttkc sznmdnjb gbtnttson (c`johnvbzk, sf`rt e`rbjt p`zablk) gncntgnzbg.
1. sz. dbz`jytg 4?. `chkc >. dngnzhs
K hnvbzkfbtncnzs ncmct vdnj tkpksztkct oy`rs enceutsk jnm fkoytk
rbjtntcnjc k dkjgrnjhsznr mrcnostrugtrlt< k hnvbzknszgzg
hnvbzke`rrs`gf`z mrt tddcntn 4998. vorn g`rddkj s`fk jnm ct`tt
szbjtrn, k mrcnoesszno 5,1%-rk (gd. ;999 Mrh e`rbjtrk) nmncgnhntt. K
mrcnonj dnccb hnvbzkp`zab encpcst kz utddb bhszkgdkj e`g`zkt`skj
k hnvbzke`rrs jcgcb hnvbzkfbtnzs mkoykrzzk.
;. sz. dbz`jytg ;8. `chkc 8. dngnzhsn
84
-
8/10/2019 AB hinyptls
43/55
K fkzkb dkjgszngt`r oy lncnjts EV-swkp p`zabt oront, kf`c kz kz`jjkcb
cd`j hnvbzf`z lut. Nz k swkpcc`mjy mnocnfntsnj mkoks, k Cnfmkj-asht
mnoncz noy vdnj ? s ;1 mbccbrh nur gztt bjokh`z`tt (jvrtgnj
gbenlnzvn). mnolnoyzs< Hn kzt gvntnj, gcjsnj 4996-dkj nxp`jnjabcbskj
mnojvnctg k dkjg`g, kz khs`g gznco dugst ncrn tuhvk, s kgkrvk, kz
bcynj hnvbzk-jybcvjtkrts fbtnccc`mjyt. Mnrt nzznc, otcs`g, s
g`agzkt`g jcgc, dbzt`s jynrnsorn tnszjng sznrt.
4. sz. dbz`jytg >52. `chkc 1. dngnzhsn
K mnojvngnhntt gnrnscnt mnohrotlk k hnvbzt k e`rbjt tnrfrn. Jnm vcntcnj pbkab
e`cykmkt`gjkg gszjfnt k lncnjcnob re`cykm ncm`zhucsk, k mkoykr khsso AHQ encrjkg
jvngnhsn, fkjnm p`jt`skj k spngucabs e`okhs`g, kz nctbtg`ct, sznrzhsdc khh